Safer Cycling Networks in Auckland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Safer Cycling Networks in Auckland SAFER CYCLING NETWORKS IN AUCKLAND RAHELEH JAHANBANI A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Landscape Architecture at Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand, 2020 1 by Raheleh Jahanbani ID: 1525556 Master of Landscape Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture Unitec, New Zealand No material within this thesis may be used without the permission of the copyright owner ii2 ABSTRACT High-density cities worldwide are trying to reduce the amount of motorised transportation mode usage and use a sustainable alternative such as cycling. It is clear that cycling offers significant environmental, financial, and health benefits. This paper is set up to investigate how the cycling network can be made safer in Auckland. Auckland is the largest urban region in New Zealand and has the challenges of a growing population and, accordingly, ongoing urban growth. A Snapshot of Cycling in Auckland (2017), released annually by the Ministry of Transport, shows the rate of cycling in 2016 was only two percent, in comparison to the other travel modes, such as motorised vehicles, public transport, and so on. In a recent report, The Stuff (Flahive, 2019) comments that Auckland riders had increased by 8.9 percent in a year, compared to the previous 12 months. The increasing trend in biking requires more facilities, safer cycleways, and convenient routes. As well, reducing car dependency can preserve Auckland’s green network and help keep future growth ecofriendly and sustainable. This thesis concludes with pragmatic solutions to enhance the biking corridor’s safety and make cycling an irresistible option. In this paper, Auckland’s current characteristics and its future challenges and plans are investigated. The project method defines appropriate environmental, social, and technical criteria drawn from the literature relating to New Urbanism and Sustainable Mobility and tests three different case studies. Furthermore, relevant road codes and Te Aranga principles are studied. This paper offers a safe practical design that is evocative of interest in cycling as a prime form of transportation by retrofitting five high-risk zones including intersections, T-junctions, driveways, parallel parking, and bus stops. Moreover, an entertainment/ social zone is promoted to expand social willingness and economic growth. ii3i i4v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis could not be completed without the tremendous help I received from many people. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Nikolay Popov, for all his support, comments and motivation during the learning process. His help and encouragement motivated me to complete my academic paper. Furthermore, I would like to extend my thanks to Matthew Bradbury for his knowledgeable guidance that led me to widen my point of view. He helped me to look at my research from various perspectives. I am also grateful to all the critics for their insightful comments and encouragement that extended my research from different views. And my special thanks go to my beloved husband, Masoud, and two sons, Bardia and Parsa, for their immense support throughout this journey. تقدیم با عشق به همسرم، مسعود، و بزرگترین نعمتهای زندگانیم، بردیا و پارسا، که گر یاری اینها نبود، م ار چه یا اری رفتن. 5v vi6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iii Acknowledgements v List of Abbreviations x List of Tables and Figures xi Part I, Introduction 14 1.1 Research Question 15 1.2 Research Rationale 15 Current Characteristics of Auckland 15 Future Challenges 15 Safety Analysis 16 Urban Cycling Crashes 17 1.3 Aim & Objectives 20 1.4 Methodology 20 1.5 Summary of the Chapter 21 Part II, Theoretical Background 22 2.1 Literature Review 22 New Urbanism 22 Sustainable Mobility 25 2.2 Case Studies 27 Copenhagen, Denmark 27 Vancouver, Canada 30 vi7i Auckland, New Zealand 33 2.3 Design Strategies & Principles 35 New Zealand Cycle Trail Design Guide 35 Auckland Transport Code of Practice 37 AT Roads and Streets Framework 39 2.4 Te Aranga Principles 42 2.5 Summary of the Chapter 43 Part III, Site Assessment and Analysis 46 3.1 Context Analysis 46 Background 46 Social structure 47 Manukau Harbour 50 Great South Road 50 3.2 Traffic Analysis 51 3.3 Land Use Analysis 54 3.4 Geography 55 3.5 Cycling Catchments 58 3.6 User Target 59 3.7 Summary of the Chapter 60 Part IV, Design 61 4.1 Design Scope & Objectives 61 4.2 Preliminary Tests 61 Conceptual Scheme 1 61 Conceptual Scheme 2 63 Conceptual Scheme 3 65 4.3 Design Development 66 Intersection of Great South Road with Kerrs Road 67 Bus Stop 70 vi8ii Parallel Parking and Driveways 71 Social Zone 73 T-Junction of GS Road with Lakewood Court 74 Manukau Crossing Zone 75 4.4 Summary of the Chapter 76 Part V, Design Proposal 78 5.1 Great South Road 80 5.2 X-Intersection 82 5.3 Bus Stop 85 5.4 Parallel Parking and Driveways 89 5.5 Entertainment Zone 94 5.6 T-Junction 98 5.7 Manukau Crossing 100 5.8 Summary of the Chapter 102 Part VI, Conclusion 103 References 105 ix9 I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AT - Auckland Transport CAS - Crash Analysis System DSI - Death and Severe Injury GIS - Geographic Information System GS Road - Great South Road NZ - New Zealand RbD - Research by Design 10x I LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.3.1. Gradient requirements for on-road trails (NZCT Design Table 2.3.4. Minimum cycle lane width (Auckland Transport Code of Guide, 2019). Practice 2013). Table 2.3.2. Gradient requirements for off-road trails (NZCT Design Chart 3.1.1. Comparison of Various Factors Between South Auckland Guide, 2019). and NZ (Author’s own, 2020). Table 2.3.3. Recommended surface types for off-road trails (NZCT Design Guide 2019). Figure 1.1. The Volume of Trips Among all Aucklanders in 2016, Source: Figure 2.2.13. Arbutus Greenway Map in Vancouver (City of TRA (Author’s own, 2020) Vancouver, 2021). Figure 1.2. Death Serious Injury (DSI) in Auckland 2008 - 2018 (Author’s Figure 2.2.14. Arbutus Greenway Project (City of Vancouver, 2021). own, 2020) Figure 2.2.14. Beach Road Walking and Cycling Project (Auckland Figure 1.3. Junction Type in Urban Cyclist Fatal, Serious and Minor Transport, 2014). Crashes 2008–2018 (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.2.15. Beach Road Typical Section (Auckland Transport, 2014). Figure 1.4. Risk of injury to cyclists based on impact speed (source: Figure 2.2.14. Beach Road Cycleway Map (Auckland Transport, 2014). Mackie Research Ltd) Figure 2.3.1. Cycle operating space (NZCT Design Guide, 2019). Figure 1.5. Vehicles Involved in Urban Cyclist Deaths in All New Zealand 2008–18 (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.3.2. Summary of facility types by category (Auckland Transport Code of Practice, 2013). Figure 2.1.1. Traditional Neighbourhood Structure proposed by Duany (Newurbanism.org, n.d.). Figure 2.3.4. Cycle Facilities (Auckland Transport Code of Practice 2013). Figure 2.1.2. Walkability, New Urbanism (Hazel Borys, 2017). Figure 2.3.4. Nine typologies for Auckland (AT Road and Street Figure 2.1.3. Green Transport (SOM, 2019). Framework, 2020). Figure 2.1.4. Perry’s Version of Neighborhood Unite (Perry, 1929). Figure 2.3.5. Modal Priority Assessments (AT Road and Street Figure 2.1.5. Duany Pater-Zyberk’s Verssion of Neighbourhood Unite Framework, 2020). (Duany,2002). Figure 2.3.6. Urban Street and Road Design Guide (AT Road and Street Figure 2.2.1. The Development of Pedestrian Areas in Copenhagen (Gehl Framework, 2018). & Gomzoe, 2000). Figure 2.3.7. Urban Street and Road Design Guide (AT Road and Figure 2.2.2. A nation of cyclists (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Street Framework, 2018). n.d.) Figure 3.1.1. South Auckland (Te Ara, n.d.). Figure 2.2.3. Bicycle Traffic and Policy Strategy in Copenhagen (Gehl & Figure 3.1.2. GIS Mapping of Local Board Areas South Auckland Gomzoe, 2000). (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.2.4. Danish separated bicycle tracks segregated by a curb (The Figure 3.1.3. Papatoetoe Omnibus (Te Ara, n.d.). City of Copenhagen, 2011). Figure 3.1.4. Auckland Botanic Garden (Te Ara, n.d.). Figure 2.2.5. Safety through design (The City of Copenhagen, 2011). Figure 3.1.5. South Auckland Youth (Te Ara, n.d.). Figure 2.2.6. Green and Blue Bicycle Connections (The City of Copenhagen 2011) Figure 3.1.6. GIS Mapping of Traffic Crashs South Auckland 2008- 2018. Source: GIS & CAS (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.2.7. Bicycle Snake Project (ArchDaily, 2014). Figure 3.1.7. Members of the Royal Artillery working on Great South Figure 2.2.8. The Bicycle Snake (awol.junkee.com). Road, 1863. (Photo by William Temple, Urquhart album, Alexander Figure 2.2.9. AAA Guideline (The City of Vancouver, 2017) Turnbull Library). Figure 2.2.10. Bike Paths in Vancouver (The City of Vancouver, 2017). Figure 3.1.8. The Project Zone (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.2.11. Before and After of Hornby Street Project (Vancouver.ca, Figure 3.2.1 Speed Limits of Project Zone (Author’s own, 2020). 2017) Figure 3.2.2 Cycle Facility Network (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 2.2.12. Hornby Street Project (Vancouver.ca, 2017) Figure 3.3.4. Site Location and Context (Author’s own, 2020). Figure 3.2.3. The Relation of Cycle Crash Severity with Cycle Facilities Figure 3.3.5. Current Land Use of Site (Author’s own, 2020). (Author’s own, 2020). Figure Figure 5.4.4. 3D View of Driveway (Author’s own, 2020). 11xi Figure 3.4.1 Digital Elevation Model (Author’s own, 2020).
Recommended publications
  • Preparing for a New Golden Age of Cycling
    Chainlinks ChainlinksPreparing for a new golden age of cycling CHAINLINKS 2009 Issue 4, December 2009 December 4, Issue 2009 CHAINLINKS ISSUE 4, December 2009 MAGAZINE OF THE CYCLING ADVOCATES NETWORK (NZ) Editorial Chainlinks March From CAN’s new chair Bevan Woodward It’s an honour and a pleasure to be elected as Chair of CAN. It is also a long way from my first involvement in cycle advocacy, when in 1999 I began writing letters to Transit asking about the possibility of a walk/cycleway on the Auckland Harbour Bridge. Things evolved from there and a few years later I joined Cycle Action Auck- land, having the role of chair from 2005 to 2008. I now live 85 km north of Auck- land and cycle each day on rural (80 and Bevan Woodward 100 km/h!) roads to my office in Wark- sign road Taranaki worth. I’m a self-employed transport groups, so many key projects, and an consultant and am studying Transpor- outstanding reputation for the quality of tation through Canterbury University’s CAN’s advisory work, is a great achieve- Post-graduate programme. I had a few ment. previous careers, namely: Accountant, IT The new CAN committee is a great sales, and owning an outdoors store on bunch of talented folk who I’m excited to Articles by 12 Feb the North Shore. have the opportunity to work with. We’ll Local group content : 27 Feb be implementing a new structure for It’s been an eye-opening experience to be Bikewise stories and pics: 27 Feb an advocate for cycling.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 ISSUE 4, December Magazine of the Cycling Advocates
    Chainlinks CHAINLINKS 2010 Issue 4, December 4, Issue 2010 CHAINLINKS 2010 ISSUE 4, December MAGAZINE OF THE CYCLING ADVOCATES NETWORK (NZ) Chainlinks March regions is critical. Interestingly, it seems Editorial transport policies have been a factor in On November 1 local government in voters’ election choices. The challenge Articles by 9th February Auckland was profoundly changed with now for the mayors of Auckland and Wel- Bike Month material the birth of the new Auckland Council. lington, and indeed those of many other Replacing seven territorial authorities cities and towns, is to develop more sus- Local group repor ts and the Auckland Regional Council is tainable transport modes within current by 25th February government policy settings that are a new unitary authority. It is assisted in Email content to: extraordinarily narrow and unbalanced. its governance role by a raft of council- [email protected] The excessive amount of investment in controlled organisations including Pictures: >500kb, 1024 x 768 pixels seven roads of national significance has the Auckland Transport Agency. The preferred significantly reduced funding available campaign for the Auckland mayoralty Advertising: [email protected] dominated TV coverage of local elections for roads in most other parts of the by 9th February and for those in the community cam- country and even exacerbated the ne- paigning for sustainable transport, Len glect of public transport, walking and Brown’s election is regarded as a positive cycling. Although central government step. The success of Celia Wade-Brown, contributions to local government for a familiar face at CAN, Living Streets roading and public transport services and Cycle Aware Wellington events, is a are a significant component of the total road sign Taranaki further fillip for cycling advocates.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycle-Map-West-Auckland
    Y L Rarawaru KAUMATUA N E " 5 6 U 7 Inlet 8 9 T RES 10 11 O N A L E IK JACK L D A V TA A A A MASSEY WEST PRINGLE G O AD R LINCOLN Massey K RO PARK R REYNELLA R PARK DON T HARBOUR High Sch B E A E Weekend bike rides U Y P C K RES NELLA Lincoln Twin Streams Shared Path RIV R D O LET D R A N Heights RAMLEA E VIEW D L I A N EW O School H PARK O UN H H l G R l INC L l WAIM U UMU T R RES A LegendO Henderson TE ATATU PENINSULA T A A Twin Streams and Henderson D THE SPRINGBANK Shared path or pedestrian link ................................................. CONCOURSE ESPLANADE E Local bike store - see list ... N l Creek U l O STRAND E N D R T Creek shared paths T E A H Dedicated cycle lane ..................................................................... O V Train station .......................... R W I A WA T E IMUM l S U R T A I E IA Shared bus/cycle lane (transit) ................................................... E Bus station ............................. A R V N SARAJEVO N N l I l R I D OR C G These popular scenic routes follow the RES R l D H L l GL P E Route on quieter roads recommended by cyclistsIA ............. Cycle parkingN (indicative). AR RE OAD THE M HIA R O GLORIA A T CONCOURSE IT P I Z R I PARK entire length of the Opanuku and Oratia Route with space for cyclists, may be on busy roads ......
    [Show full text]
  • Enews : Cycle Action – the Voice for Auckland Cyclists
    Cycle Action eNews October 2009 Cycling is an integral part of a vibrant and liveable city That was the message Joel Cayford conveyed at the Cycle Action Auckland AGM held at Bike Central in September. Joel encouraged Cycle Action to continue with the excellent work it has been doing in promoting cycling in Auckland and in the media. He also emphasised the effectiveness of letter writing to the media as an advocacy tool. This excellent work is guaranteed to continue with the election of an extremely competent committee led by the newly elected Chair, Mark Bracey and supported by Barbara Cuthbert (Deputy Chair) and Barbara Insull (Secretary). Mark has been active within the organisation for many years and is looking forward to making a significant contribution over the next 12 months. Mark has first hand knowledge of cycling issues because he has been cycling all his life. He is able to recall riding a bike as a normal part of life while growing up in Auckland. He laments the fact that his own children are currently missing the experiences of freedom and independence that cycling offered to him when he was growing up. The Cycle Action committee would also like to acknowledge all the members and friends who have expressed support over the last week. As unfortunate as it is for the cyclists injured in the Tamaki Drive crash, this incident has highlighted the barriers to turning Auckland into the first class city that Joel Cayford describes. Please take the time to read this edition of eNews to see what events are happening and how you can help.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering the Hindrance of Walking and Cycling in Auckland’S Urban Form
    DISCOVERING THE HINDRANCE OF WALKING AND CYCLING IN AUCKLAND’S URBAN FORM. MEYER NEESON A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Urban Design at the University of Auckland, 2020. Abstract Active transport is a fundamental element in a city’s movement network that promotes a sustainable and resilient urban future, yet can only be viable in an urban setting that supports small-scale infrastructure with appropriate street environments. The 1950’s planning regimes have been dominant within Auckland’s transport development with perpetuated traditional aims of increased efficiency and high level infrastructure which enables travel in the comfort of a private vehicle. Attitudes have formulated the urban fabric through funding and investment intervention which resulted in a strong motorway network and low density, sprawling residential suburbs. Psychological public response to this environment is reflected in the heavy reliance on the private vehicle and low rates of walking and cycling. Although Auckland’s transport framework identifies the need for walking and cycling to actively form a strand of Auckland’s transport network, institutional and intellectual embedded ideas of the 1950’s prevent implementation on the ground. The failure of Auckland’s urban form was highlighted in the period of the Covid-19; post lockdown the public reverted back to old transport habits when restrictions were lifted. This pandemic put our city in the spotlight to identify its shortfalls and the urgent need to support a resilient future. Therefore, this research aims to discover the inherent infrastructure and funding barriers that hinder the growth of walking and cycling as a transport method in Auckland.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipenz Transportation Group Conference 2016 Research Paper: Evaluating the Factors Which Encourage Cycling Facility Use by Tertia
    Tertiary Students Cycling in Auckland Rowan De Costa & Athul Harris Page 0 IPENZ TRANSPORTATION GROUP CONFERENCE 2016 RESEARCH PAPER: EVALUATING THE FACTORS WHICH ENCOURAGE CYCLING FACILITY USE BY TERTIARY STUDENTS IN AUCKLAND CITY Authors: Bevan Clement BCA, MBA IPENZ Transportation Group, Professional Teaching Fellow, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland [email protected] Rowan De Costa Graduate Civil & Environmental Engineering BE(Hons) The University of Auckland [email protected] Athul Harris Graduate Transportation Engineer Civil & Environmental Engineering BE(Hons) The University of Auckland [email protected] ABSTRACT Cycling is a growing phenomenon as people recognise the need for sustainable forms of transport. It is becoming a popular mode of transport in many developed cities around the globe. This research project seeks to identify the key attributes, which influence tertiary students cycling to university and prioritise them. The top five most influential factors affecting non- cyclists were found to be weather, distance to destination, travel time, secure bike parking and availability of dedicated cycle ways (most to least influential). The ‘Availability of Dedicated Cycle Ways’ factor was ranked within the top five by non-cyclists unlike the cyclists (the remaining four factors were common for both groups), demonstrating a critical difference in perception. Changing perception to cycling being seen as a viable form of transport, improving infrastructure and educating the general public about use of cycling facilities will have an immense impact on the number of students choosing to cycle to university. The universities could focus on making bike parking more secure, strategic placement of parking facilities to reduce chances of theft and improved surveillance of bike parking facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport Evidence
    BEFORE THE CHRISTCHURCH REPLACEMENT DISTRICT PLAN INDEPENDENT HEARINGS PANEL IN THE MATTER of the Resource Management Act 1991 and the Canterbury Earthquake (Christchurch Replacement District Plan) Order 2014 AND IN THE MATTER of the Transport Proposal (Part) STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE OF PETER GORDON ROGAN NUNNS ON BEHALF OF CHRISTCHURCH CITY COUNCIL TRANSPORT ECONOMICS 26 May 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 4 3. SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................................. 7 4. USING PLANNING REGULATIONS TO MANAGE TRANSPORT OUTCOMES .................. 8 5. MINIMUM PARKING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................... 12 6. CYCLE PARKING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................... 25 7. END OF TRIP CYCLE FACILITY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................ 32 8. INTEGRATED TRANSPORT ASSESSMENTS (ITAs) ......................................................... 38 26249703_1.docx 2 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 My name is Peter Gordon Rogan Nunns. I hold the position of Senior Economist at MRCagney Pty Limited, a consultancy. I have been in this position since May 2014. 1.2 I hold the academic qualifications
    [Show full text]
  • PO Box 6491, Auckland. Email: [email protected]
    CYCLE ACTION AUCKLAND NEWSLETTER, ISSUE 9, NOV-DEC 2002 Cycling advocacy news, events, and activities in the Auckland region PO Box 6491, Auckland. www.can.org.nz, email: [email protected] CAA Strategy Sessions Recent campaign activities: CAA is running a series of Strategy Sessions to Bikes and trains formulate a campaign strategy, so we can prioritise our activities more effectively. At the ARTNL held a workshop on generic station preliminary session in September we discussed design for the newly revamped rail network. With CAA’s input these will include bike CAA’s overall goals, and identified some of the barriers in our way. It was agreed that stands, bike lockers and good bike access. CAA’s overall aim is essentially to “improve ARC held a forum on the design of new rolling quality & quantity of cycling in Auckland”. stock. Each train will include 4 dedicated bike Some of the main barriers identified were: spaces, clearly marked inside and outside the Infrastructure (incl. safety & convenience train, probably of the vertical ‘meat-hook’ issues), Image (incl. media portrayal), variety. Information (awareness etc). Political: five Tranz Metro are trying again to introduce a different cities; lack of political “will” to plan charge for bikes on trains- though only $1 this for and fund cycling-friendly infrastructure. time rather than $3. We argue that bikes should Geographical: Isthmus location; Harbour go free on trains (as they do on ferries) as an Bridge; narrow multi-lane arterial roads. incentive not to drive instead. Tranz Metro say Since then Jo Mackay and Tricia Allen (from they have to charge because bikes take up lots Auckland Regional Council) have got of space on the trains- but this is only because involved, and offered to lead us through a the current trains have no proper bike-carrying series of four structured strategy-building facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Factors Influencing Choices of Cyclists and Potential Cyclists: a Case Study at the University of Auckland
    This is a repository copy of Understanding factors influencing choices of cyclists and potential cyclists: A case study at the University of Auckland. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82492/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Wang, JYT, Mirza, L, Cheung, AKL et al. (1 more author) (2014) Understanding factors influencing choices of cyclists and potential cyclists: A case study at the University of Auckland. Road and Transport Research: a journal of Australian and New Zealand research and practice, 23 (4). 37 - 51. ISSN 1037-5783 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Understanding factors influencing choices of cyclists and potential cyclists: A case study at the University of Auckland Judith Y. T.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Progress in Urban Road Safety
    CPB Corporate Partnership Board Monitoring Progress in Urban Road Safety Safer City Streets Monitoring Progress in Urban Road Safety Safer City Streets The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 62 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre- negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uzbekistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Enews : Cycle Action – the Voice for Auckland Cyclists
    Cycle Action eNews March 2010 Cycling is on a roll! From the Chair Whether you are currently enjoying the pleasures of cycling or still thinking about getting your bike out, 2010 is looking very promising for you. Take time to enjoy this new bumper edition of Cycle Action Auckland's eNews (we were aiming for six editions a year - but at the moment, we seem to be going for three double-sized ones instead). So read about all the cycling events that have been taking place in Auckland over the summer as well as the exciting cycling projects that are in the pipeline. And finally, help us "get more people on bikes more often" by passing this eNews on to all your friends and family. After all, cycling is common sense! Cycling champions of BikeWise Month February's BikeWise month was a biggie for cycling and Cycle Action Auckland. In addition to joining all the regular events, Cycle Action organised four rides all across the region, and we were stunned by the large number of first time riders who joined us (a challenge for novice event organisers - but also a sign that cycling is now making a comeback amongst those who were only thinking about it before!). Two champions deserve public accolades as star BikeWise performers: Debbie Lang - North Shore's Sustainable Transport Co-ordinator took BikeWise into the stratosphere with a spectacular and original programme of events. She has so many new riders meeting to cycle and have fun that she is struggling to keep up with their enthusiasm.
    [Show full text]
  • A Social History of Women and Cycling in Late-Nineteenth Century New Zealand
    A SOCIAL mSTORY OF WOMEN AND CYCLING IN LATE-NINETEENTH CENTURY NEW ZEALAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Clare S. Simpson Lincoln University 1998 MEMORANDUM The Academic Registrar Lincoln University This is to certify that this thesis entitled: A Social History of Women and Cycling in Late -Nineteenth century New Zealand. is the work of Clare S. Simpson and has been supeNised by me. SupeNisor: Professor Grant Cushman HOD: Dr Jenny J. Ross Date: 25 November 1998 thes is J"or PD:~l Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. A SOCIAL mSTORY OF WOMEN AND CYCLING IN LATE-NINETEENTH CENTURY NEW ZEALAND by Clare S. Simpson In the final decade of the nineteenth-century, when New Zealand women began riding the bicycle, they excited intense public debate about contemporary middle-class ideals of femininity. The research question posed is: "why did women's cycling provoke such a strong outcry?" Three nineteenth-century cycling magazines, the New Zealand' Wheelman, the New . Zealand Cyclist,and the New Zealand Cyclists' Touring Club Gazette, were examined, along with numerous New Zealand and British contemporary sources on women's sport and recreation, etiquette, femininity, and gender roles. The context of the late-nineteenth century signifies a high point in the modernisation of Western capitalist societies, which is characterised in part by significant and widespread change in the roles of middle-class women. The bicycle was a product of modern ideas, designs, and technology, and eventually came to symbolise freedom in diverse ways.
    [Show full text]