Th« JW.HALC COM I N British Take Tripoli As Axis Rear Guard
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World Bank Document
n0--- -* ARe. At - f nin -Irmu,3-~ ~ ~ lu.±1-I 177~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Rp. No. AS-70-7 Public Disclosure Authorized «is; repor is to. be, published. nor may/It/ 1i' ~UCEqVuUU/S i )/eCreskwjnyI1n/1ne DaIIK,s';v'vie'WS. , INTERNATTONAL BANK FPOR RECONSTTRUjCTTON AND DEVEL OPTMFNT Public Disclosure Authorized THE ECONOMY OF LIBYA A Background Reference Paper Public Disclosure Authorized October 15, 1958 Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Operations South Asia and Middle East --4 ,-0 -Q 0 C) c)c en[-4 .,-43.4C 0. 1) U)l %.4 ' u n. - CONTENTS Pane No. FYnRFW.CRn ANM 'RFTnTOr.RAPNY 2 RPA.TnM TA TTRqTTfl CHAPT7R T = HTRPTRIAT. RTMGHW 6 CHAPTER !I = STRUTCTLTRr OF THE ECONTOMY (A 1Nat+uralnR ,so,rrces 0 (B) Production and Employment 10 (kC )0 LVerseas Tra%de and Pa,,ynJentus ')..L4 (D) Internal Finance 15 CHAPTER III - PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT 18 STATISTICAL APPENDIX 22 Table 1. Libya's Balance of Payments 23 2. Composition of EYports 24 3. Destination of Exports 24 4. Composition of Civil Imports, 5. Source of Civil Imports 26 6. Quantities of Selected Imports 26 7. Consolidated Balance Sheet of National Bank 27 8. Currency in Circulation 28 9. Commercial Banking Statistics 28 10. Cost of Living Index in Tripoli 28 11. Government Revenue and Expenditure 29 12. Receipts of Foreign Aid 30 130 Contributions to Development Funds 30 14. Expenditures of Development Agencies 31 15. Agricultural Production in Tripolitania 32 16. Estimated Annual Range of Libyan Livestock, 32 1950-56 17. Libyan Industries by Size and Number of 33 Employees, 1956 18. -
Headquarttrs Royal Air ?O May-December* Iq42
MIDDLE EAST auto iSfclly SiiliOM) UUo.il L If 77/e R.A.F. Middlv East Review is Secret. It is intended for ttw information of all officers and flying crews, under conditions of security approve ' by the Commanding Officer, who is to ensure that within these limits it has as wide a circulation as possible. No quotation may be made from it without the authority of S.A.S.O. H.Q., R.A.F., M.E. ; neither are any of its contents to be communicated to anyone outside the Services. All persons are hereby warned that the unauthorised retention or destruction of this document is aa offence against the Official Secrets Act, 1911-1920. Any unauthorised \ person obtaining posses^iqn of a copy should immejjiafely Jgeward it Ja a closed unstamped envelope to H.Q. RJ.Fjjfcg,,. HEADQUARTTRS ROYAL AIR ?O MAY-DECEMBER* IQ42 MIDDLE EAST REVIEW NOI HEADQUARTERS ROYAL AIR FORCE MIDDLE EASUi * AiMnirn 1 fit Contents The Battle for Egypt Page 5 r 52 Air Attack on Coastal Traffic ' The War at Sea 54 Provisioning Malta in the Dark Days of 1942 67 R.A.F. Operations from Malta 74 The Eyes of the R.A.F % „ 84 Enemy Devices to makes Aerodromes Unserviceable ,, 88 Back from the Blue „ 90 The Entry of the U.S.A.A.F. into the Middle East 94 Takoradi to Cairo ,, 97 Stratospheric Reconnaissance -99' Foreword The purpose of the R.A.F. Middle East Review is to present the story of air force activities in the Middle East, and various aspects of those activities for their instructional as well as their informative value. -
Durham E-Theses
Durham E-Theses The growth and functions of Tripoli, Libya Khuga, Mahmud Ali How to cite: Khuga, Mahmud Ali (1969) The growth and functions of Tripoli, Libya, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8127/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE. GROWTH AND FUNCTIONS OP TRIPOLI, LIBYA BY MAHMUD ALI KHUGA, B A , M Litt A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durham, June, 1969 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged Ill PREFACE The study of towns in all developing countries is of vital importance to the understanding of the process of the urban growth and of the functions of these towns and cities Rapid urban growth, the -
Eu-Icc-Case-EU-Migration-Policies.Pdf
Communication to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Pursuant to the Article 15 of the Rome Statute EU Migration Policies in the Central Mediterranean and Libya (2014-2019) “[S]erious and widespread crimes allegedly committed against migrants attempting to transit through Libya…I am deeply alarmed by reports that thousands of vulnerable migrants, including women and children, are being held in detention centres across Libya in often inhumane conditions. Crimes, including killings, rapes and torture, are alleged to be commonplace… I am similarly dismayed by credible accounts that Libya has become a marketplace for the trafficking of human beings… The situation is both dire and unacceptable… my Office is carefully examining… opening an investigation into migrant-related crimes in Libya... We must act…” Fatou Bensouda, ICC Prosecutor, in a statement to the UNSC, 9 May 2017 2 Omer Shatz, Adv.1 Dr. Juan Branco, Adv.2 __________________ __________________ Students of the Capstone on Counter-Terrorism and International Crimes PSIA – Sciences Po (Paris) 2017/2018, 2018/2019:3 Paula STUURMAN, Joanna PICKERING, Elise LAURIOT DIT PREVOST, Maxine BOTH, Matthew ABBEY, Jeanette TRANG, Milena Reig-AMETTE and Francesco PINOTTI 1 Israel Bar (2009), Lecturer in International Law at Sciences Po (Paris), Yale Law School (LLM) 2 Paris Bar (2017), École Normale Supérieure (PhD) 3 This communication is the result of a pro-bono clinical project on international law and migration policies during the academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, part of the Capstone on Couther-Terrorism and International Crimes, the Master Degree in Human Rights and Humanitarian Action, Public School of International Affairs, Sciences Po (IEP). -
Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890-1980
WOMEN, RESISTANCE AND THE CREATION OF NEW GENDERED FRONTIERS IN THE MAKING OF MODERN LIBYA, 1890-1980 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw, M.A. Washington, D.C. November 15, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw All Rights Reserved ii WOMEN, RESISTANCE AND THE CREATION OF NEW GENDERED FRONTIERS IN THE MAKING OF MODERN LIBYA, 1890-1980 Katrina Elizabeth Anderson Yeaw, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Judith E. Tucker, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Women, Resistance and the Creation of New Gendered Frontiers in the Making of Modern Libya, 1890-1980 examines the gendered transformation in the territory that became Libya from the late Ottoman period until after independence. Questioning the official version of Libyan nationalism that understood colonialism as a masculine, and at times violent, interaction between male Italian colonists, soldiers, and administrators and colonized men, I demonstrate the multi-faceted ways in which Libyan women interacted with the modernizing Ottoman, Italian and later British states, whether through the introduction of new forms of education, the policing of community boundaries, or through the military suppression of armed resistance. I found that European colonial governance dismantled existing local institutions including the Ottoman education system. Consequently, Italian policies undermined previous Ottoman attempts at modernizing reforms while distorting many of the existing social structures. My dissertation utilizes a variety of Arabic and Italian sources from archives in Italy, the US, and the UK. -
LIBYA* a GEOPOLITICAL STUDY Di S A© Rt at I on Presented in Partial
LIBYA* A GEOPOLITICAL STUDY Di s a© rt at i on Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By ABDUL AMIR MA.JEED, A-B-, M-A- The Ohio State University 1952 Approved by: / Adviser A G K N OVVT jBD GEMEHT S This study could not; have been carried out without the assistance of a number of individuals. The patient, time-consuming, and thorough criticism and assistance of my adviser, Professor John R. Randall, during the progress of this study is gratefully acknowledged. The writer is greatly indebted also to Professor Guy-Herald Smith, Chairman of the Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, for his many helpful suggestions and criticisms through out the course of the work. The aid of Professor Sydney M« Fisher of the Department of History, The Ohio State University, is appreciatedo Thanks are due Miss Genevieve Clark who has done the cartographic work. I must express my gratitude to the staffs of Ohio State University Library and the Library of Congress both of whom gave invaluable aid* TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I NTRODUCTION.................................................. 1 PART I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT I. LIBYA IN HISTORY ............................................ 5 Early Records ..................... 5 Greek Settlements ................... 7 TRe Roman Period ................... 12 The Arab Invasion 14 Period of* Turkish Rule ................ 17 Conclusion ...... ................ 19 II. THE ITALIAN ACQUISITION OF L I B Y A ......................... 22 Italy and Modem Imperialism ............. 22 The Diplomatic Struggle Over Tripoli and Cyrenaica • • 29 Italian-Turkish Relations and The Tripoli War ..... 35 Italian Colonial Policy in Libya ..... -
GSP Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Activity 1
REGIONAL MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE CENTRE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA (REMPEC) ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTING SITUATION AND NEEDS OF THE GSP LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA REGARDING PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES FOR COLLECTING SHIP-GENERATED GARBAGE, BILGE WATER AND OILY WASTES IN THE PORTS OF TRIPOLI, MISURATA, KHOMS AND ZAWIA TERMINAL ACTIVITY 1 COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES FINAL REPORT August 2004 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ENGINEERING S.A. The present document and related study have been produced with the financial assistance of the Technical Co-operation Fund of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) under Programme PG 616. However, the views expressed herein should in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). This study was executed by Environmental Protection Engineering (E.P.E. ) S.A., Greece, contracted by and under the responsibility of REMPEC. E.P.E. S.A. were also contracted by REMPEC to carry out a parallel study on the collection and treatment of oily ballast waters from tankers (Activity 2), which is the subject of a separate report. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IMO, UNEP, MAP and REMPEC concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. General 1 1.1 Subject and scope of the Activity 1 of the project -
Ottoman Mobilization and Resistance in the Italo-Turkish War
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Anti-Colonial Empire: Ottoman Mobilization and Resistance in the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jonathan Claymore McCollum 2018 © Copyright by Jonathan Claymore McCollum 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Anti-Colonial Empire: Ottoman Mobilization and Resistance in the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 by Jonathan Claymore McCollum Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor James L. Gelvin, Chair The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912), now remembered primarily as Italy’s war for what is now Libya, swelled from a localized colonial invasion into a significant Mediterranean conflict and a global cause célèbre that attracted support and aid for the embattled Ottoman regime from diverse locations both inside and outside the borders of the empire. This dissertation examines the means by which the Ottoman Empire erected an asymmetric defense of its last North African provinces to preserve its territory and empire from Italian occupation and annexation. Drawing on sources in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, and Judeo-Spanish, this study demonstrates how ii the Sublime Porte and the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) initially deployed a rhetoric of unity, constitutionalism, and international law to protect the empire from the Italian invasion. Due to the efficacy of Italian diplomacy, the Ottomans, unable to enlist Great Power support for the preservation of imperial territory, developed a defensive strategy for its North African territories that relied primarily on humanitarianism and volunteerism. This dissertation, therefore, investigates the vital contribution of pan-Islamism and the broad appeal of a loose ideology of Muslim anticolonialism in the empire’s attempts to bolster its forces with international aid and volunteers. -
2 the Province of Tripoli and Its Significance for German Interests (1870–1884)
2 The Province of Tripoli and its Significance for German Interests (1870–1884) This chapter highlights the geographical, strategic and economic significance of the province of Tripoli to Germany from 1870 to 1884. Like many other parts of the Arab world the province of Tripoli was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire during this period. Tripoli integrated Ottoman Empire when Suleiman I (1494–1566) was the sultan and Sinan Pasha (1506–1596) ruled this new region of the Empire in 1551,1 expelling the Spanish from Tripoli.2 The period from 1551 to 1711 is known as a ‘direct Ottoman rule’3 and was followed by a dynasty called al-Kāramanlī between 1711 and 1835.4 This time is seen as independent or more autonomous from the central power in Istanbul.5 The Ottomans elimi- nated this dynasty and restored their direct control over the province in 1835. The following period, known as “the second Ottoman period”6 lasted until 1911, when the province was occupied by Italy. As the 19th century approached its final quarter, rule in Libya was increasingly determined by world powers such as Britain, France and after 1871, Germany, meaning it was probably determined 1 Pasha is a Turkish title given to honor some governors with military ranks in the Ottoman Empire and it was given to the governors of the Ottoman provinces, Ṣabān, Suhail, al-Muʿjam al-mausuʿi li-l-mṣṭalahat al-ʿūthmānīyyā al-tārīkhiyya, al-Riyyad, 2000, p. 52. 2 Ibn Ghalbūn al-Ṭarābulsī, Abū ʿAbd al-llāh Moḥammad bin Khalīl, al-Tadhkār fī man malak Ṭarābulis wa mā kān bihā min Akhbār, ṣaḥḥaḥahu al-Ṭāhir Aḥmed al-Zāwī, Dār al-madār al- islāmī, Bayrūt, 2004, p. -
Reimagining Mediterranean Spaces: Libya and the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912
Diacronie Studi di Storia Contemporanea N° 23, 3 | 2015 Mediterraneo cosmopolita Reimagining Mediterranean Spaces: Libya and the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 Jonathan McCollum Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/diacronie/2356 DOI: 10.4000/diacronie.2356 ISSN: 2038-0925 Publisher Association culturelle Diacronie Electronic reference Jonathan McCollum, « Reimagining Mediterranean Spaces: Libya and the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 », Diacronie [Online], N° 23, 3 | 2015, document 1, Online since 29 October 2015, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/diacronie/2356 ; DOI : 10.4000/diacronie.2356 Creative Commons License Diacronie Studi di Storia Contemporanea www.diacronie.it N. 23 | 3|2015 Mediterraneo cosmopolita: le relazioni culturali tra Turchia ed Europa 1/ Reimagining Mediterranean Spaces: Libya and the Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912 Jonathan McCOLLUM * The Italo-Turkish War, a struggle over the territory that the Italian occupiers later re- christened as Libya, became a heated ideological battleground for the emerging nationalisms of the Mediterranean. This paper delineates the contours of the geographical imaginaries of Italian and Ottoman imperial nationalisms and how participants and pundits of the conflict incorporated Libya into their national spaces. Examining the writings and publications of influential nationalist leaders Enrico Corradini and Enver Pasha, it compares the idealization of territory and the material limits of national imaginaries in response to European colonialism, the hardening of borders, and the emergence of a world system of nation-states. 1. Introduction rnest Gellner’s enduring definition of nationalism – that it is «a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent» – though admirable for its terse precision, fails to capture a E most significant and contentious aspect of nationalism and the state- building projects in which it is implicated, namely that nations and political units must ultimately reside in a specific geographic space1. -
Game Manual Contents
GAME MANUAL CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION – IMPORTANT CHANGES IN GARY GRIGSBY’S WAR IN THE WEST 4 1.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 4 1.2. INSTALLING THE GAME 5 1.3. UNINSTALLING THE GAME 5 1.5. RE-DOWNLOADING YOUR GAME 6 1.6. GAME FORUMS 7 1.7. TECHNICAL SUPPORT 7 1.8. MULTIPLAYER SETUP 7 2. SCENARIOS IN NORTH AFRICA 8 2.3. SCENARIO 3: TORCH TO TUNISIA 42-43 (10 NOVEMBER 1942 – 26 JULY 1943) 13 3. SCENARIOS IN ITALY AND SOUTHERN FRANCE 17 4. THE AIR CAMPAIGN SCENARIOS (POINTBLANK & WEAKEST LINK) 23 OVERVIEW 23 DESIGNER’S NOTES 24 5. THE CAMPAIGN SCENARIOS 26 6. NORTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN HISTORY (8 NOVEMBER 1942 – 13 MAY 1943) 33 6.1. STRATEGIC OVERVIEW 33 6.2. PLANNING FOR OPERATION TORCH 35 6.3. WESTERN TASK FORCE 36 6.4. CENTER TASK FORCE 38 6.5. EASTERN TASK FORCE 40 6.6. CEASE FIRE AND FRENCH COOPERATION 41 6.8. THE BATTLE OF EL AGHEILA 44 6.9. THE RACE FOR TUNIS – MOVEMENT TO CONTACT 45 6.10. THE RACE FOR TUNIS – ALLIED OFFENSIVE 48 6.11. 10TH PANZER ATTACKS! 51 6.13. THE BLOODY BATTLE OF LONGSTOP HILL 55 6.14. INITIAL AIR CAMPAIGN OVER TUNISIA 57 6.15. ALLIED LOGISTICAL CONSTRAINTS 59 6.17. THE DEFENSES AT MARETH 62 6.18. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE MOUNTAIN PASSES 64 6.19. ON THE ROAD TO KASSERINE 66 6.22. MONTGOMERY CRACKS THE MARETH LINE 78 6.23. PATTON TAKES CHARGE OF II CORPS 83 6.24. THE LAST LINE IN SOUTHERN TUNISIA IS BROKEN 87 6.25.