DOCSLIB.ORG

THE CASE of Ethioâ•Fi ERITREA BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLEM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE CASE of Ethioâ•Fi ERITREA BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLEM Golden Gate University School of Law GGU Law Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 4-27-2016 ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF AFRICAN BOUNDARY DELINEATION LAW AND POLICY: THE CASE OF ETHIO– ERITREA BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLEMENT Lantera Nadew Anebo Golden Gate University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Anebo, Lantera Nadew, "ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF AFRICAN BOUNDARY DELINEATION LAW AND POLICY: THE CASE OF ETHIO– ERITREA BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLEMENT" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 70. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF AFRICAN BOUNDARY DELINEATION LAW AND POLICY: THE CASE OF ETHIO– ERITREA BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLEMENT A dissertation submitted to Golden Gate University School of Law, Department of International Legal Studies, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the conferment of the degree of Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (SJD). BY LANTERA NADEW ANEBO April 27, 2016 San Francisco, California DISSERTATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS: 1. Professor (Dr.) Chris Okeke 2. Professor Sophie Clavier 3. Professor Gustave Lele ©2016, Lantera N. Anebo All rights reserved. ii Dedication Dedicated to the memory of my late mother, W/ro Dalbe Kabero, who offered all she had for the success of my education at all levels. iii Acknowledgement At the outset, I would like to praise Lord Jesus Christ who guides me throughout my life and has enabled me to complete this work. Next, heartfelt thank goes to numerous people who supported me in varying degrees for the success of this study. Though it is not possible to mention names of all generous people in this limited page, some deserve express appreciation. I don’t have good words to express my gratitude to Professor (Dr.) Christian Okeke, distinguished Professor of International Law and Director of SJD and LL.M programs in International Legal Studies whose extraordinary intellectual advise and guidance has enriched this study. Professor Okeke has been in touch with me before my admission to the Golden Gate University and built my confidence and future goals. My deepest appreciation also goes to my Graduate Research Committee members, Professor Sophie Clavier and Professor Gustave Lele, who devoted their precious time to read lengthy chapters and forwarded encouraging feedbacks that fueled my energy to work hard and complete this study within the scheduled time framework. I am very grateful to Gold Gate Law Library staff, especially Professor Michael Daw, Professor Mohammed Nasralla, Mrs. Janet Fischer, and Mrs. Jennifer Pesetsky, and others technical staff members whose professional assistance has enriched this work. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation, love, and indebtedness to my wife W/ro Tereza Boshe, my daughters Tsigereda Nadew, Selamawit Nadew, and my son Temesgen Nadew who have been always in my side in pursuit of this painstaking research work. iv Abstract Africa is poor in the midst of plenty. Though multiple causes and reasons may be claimed for Africa’s shrinking state of development, disruptive effects of colonialism takes forefront. Present-day Africa is literally free but colonial footprints are still apparent in the borderlands. The study pinpoints how natural borderline development was thwarted by the infamous Berlin Conference of 1884 -1885. As result, people, ethnic groups, nations and nationalities have been disintegrated. Ethnic disintegration and arbitrary colonial boundaries lines have been source of unavoidable intra and inter state conflicts in Africa. Ironically, in fear of opening “Pandora’s Box” that would further unlock unmanageable conflict, founding fathers of OAU have decided to abide by the colonial boundaries “whether they are good or bad” in Cairo Resolution of 1964, thereby suppressing Kwame Nkrumah’s vision of forming United Sates of Africa by removing colonial boundary lines. The study argues that Africa has missed the best opportunity that would avoid boundary conflict that constitutes 90% of African interstate conflicts. This study proves deficiencies of the Cairo Declaration of 1964 that has honored colonial boundaries, as boundaries between independent African States taking Ethio-Eritrean boundary as case study. The Ethio-Eritrean boundary meant to be defined by the three successive colonial treaties of 1900, 1902, and 1908 that were concluded between Italy, Ethiopia and Great Britain, but the actual boundary line never been drawn on the ground and cannot be define in accordance with the awkward terms of the treaties. Any attempt for strict application of the elusive treaty wordings exacerbates the complexity, confusion and ultimately fuels up conflict. The study focuses on resolving the current impasse between Ethiopia and Eritrea by drawing an acceptable boundary line through constructive dialogue. A true and acceptable boundary line cannot be drawn simply on the basis of elusive colonial treaties, but through constructive and honest dialogue. Drawing a line of separation is not a goal by itself, but it would perpetuate peace, create good neighborhood, and contribute for rebuilding sense of brotherhood by avoiding animosity and mistrust. Peaceful coexistence, coupled with effects of globalization, therefore, would stimulate economic and political integration that would ultimately remove restraining effects border walls. This will effectuate AU’s Border Program that aims to change the nature of borders from barriers to bridges thereby enable everyone to freely move all over Africa once again. v Acronyms ARDUF: Afar Revolutionary Democratic United Front AU: African Unity AUBP: African Union Border Program BMA: British Military Administration CIA: Central Intelligence Agency CSCE: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe EEBC: Eritrea Ethiopia Boundary Commission EECC: Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone ELF. Eritrean Liberation Front. EPLF: Eritrean Peoples’ Liberation Front EPRDF: Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front ESAT TV: Ethiopian Satellite Television EU: European Union FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation GA General Assembly HIV: Human Immino Deficiency Virus IBC: International Boundary Commission IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICJ : International Court of Justice IGAD: Inter Governmental Authority on Development IMF: International Monetary Fund vi LLDC: Land Locked Developing Countries ML : Muslim League OAU: Organization of African Unity PFDJ: Peoples’ Front for Democracy and Justice PSC: Peace and Security Council S.C. : Security Council TLF: Tigray Liberation Front TPLF: Tigray Peoples’ Liberation Front U.N. : United Nations U.S.S.R: United Soviet Socialist Republic UNDP: United Nations Development Program UNMEE: United Nations Mission in Eritrea and Ethiopia UP: Unionist Party VCLT: Vienna Convention on Law Treaty WTO: World Trade Organization WW: World War vii Table of contents Acknowledgement. …………………………………………………………. i Abstract ……………………………………………………………… ii Acronym ……………………………………………………………… iii – iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………… v - viii 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1. Background…………………………………….………………. 1 - 10 1.2. Statement of Problem…………………………………………… 10 – 16 1.3. Significance of the Study ………………………………………. 16 – 18 1.4. Methodology ……………………………… …………………. 18 1.5. Coverage and Design of Dissertation…………………………… 19 – 22 2. The Creation and Nature of Boundary line ………………… 23 2.1. The Significance and Implications of Boundary …………………… 23 – 35 2.2. The Origin and Nature of Boundary ……………………………… . 35 2.2.1. How Boundary System was created?...................................... 35 - 42 2.3. Terminology and Basic Concepts …………………………………. 42 2.3.1. Boundary, Border, or Frontier: Distinct or Similar? ………. 42 – 45 2.3. 2. Boundary: Meaning, Nature and Scope……………………… 45 – 48 2.3.3. Border ………………………………………………………. 49 – 53 2.3.4. Frontier …………………………………………………….. 53 - 59 2.4. Creation of International Boundary ……………………………….. 60 2.4.1. Brief Overview of Emergence of Borders in Medieval World 60 – 64 2.4.2. Modern Nation State System and Delineated International Boundary……………………………………………… 65 - 67 2.4.3. Globalization and Changing Nature of Border: Is Borderless world Possible or Desirable?............................. 67 – 90 3. International law and Territorial Boundary Delineation Norms………… 91 3.1. Introduction………………………………………………………… 91 – 93 3.2. Territoriality and State Sovereignty………………………………… 93 - 96 3.3. Determining Title to Territory …………………………………….. 96 – 99 3.3.1. Occupation …………………………………………………… 99 - 103 3.3.2. Accretion …………………………………………………….. 103- 104 3.3.3. Cession ……………………………………………………… 104- 106 3.3.4. Conquest (Annexation)……………………………………… 106- 108 viii 3.3.5. Prescription………………………………………………….. 109 3.3.6. Contemporary Approach……………………………………. 109- 116 3.4. The Doctrine of Uti Possidetis ……………………………………. 117 3.4.1. Nature and Origin ………………………………………….. 117- 123 3.4.2. Contribution of the Principle………………… ……………… 123- 126 3.4.3. Limitations of the Principle…………………………………… 126- 132 3.4.4. The Status of Doctrine of Uti Possidetis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report1
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons TTCSP Global Go To Think aT nk Index Reports Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) 1-2019 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report James G. McGann University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks Part of the International and Area Studies Commons McGann, James G., "2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report" (2019). TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 16. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 2019 Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the University of Pennsylvania, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program. All requests, questions and comments should be sent to: James G. McGann, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, International Studies Director, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program The Lauder Institute University of Pennsylvania Email: [email protected] This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report Abstract The Thinka T nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania conducts research on the role policy institutes play in governments and civil societies around the world. Often referred to as the “think tanks’ think tank,” TTCSP examines the evolving role and character of public policy research organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Starving Tigray
    Starving Tigray How Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities Have Destroyed an Ethiopian Region’s Economy and Food System and Are Threatening Famine Foreword by Helen Clark April 6, 2021 ABOUT The World Peace Foundation, an operating foundation affiliated solely with the Fletcher School at Tufts University, aims to provide intellectual leadership on issues of peace, justice and security. We believe that innovative research and teaching are critical to the challenges of making peace around the world, and should go hand-in- hand with advocacy and practical engagement with the toughest issues. To respond to organized violence today, we not only need new instruments and tools—we need a new vision of peace. Our challenge is to reinvent peace. This report has benefited from the research, analysis and review of a number of individuals, most of whom preferred to remain anonymous. For that reason, we are attributing authorship solely to the World Peace Foundation. World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School Tufts University 169 Holland Street, Suite 209 Somerville, MA 02144 ph: (617) 627-2255 worldpeacefoundation.org © 2021 by the World Peace Foundation. All rights reserved. Cover photo: A Tigrayan child at the refugee registration center near Kassala, Sudan Starving Tigray | I FOREWORD The calamitous humanitarian dimensions of the conflict in Tigray are becoming painfully clear. The international community must respond quickly and effectively now to save many hundreds of thou- sands of lives. The human tragedy which has unfolded in Tigray is a man-made disaster. Reports of mass atrocities there are heart breaking, as are those of starvation crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • 20Th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies ፳ኛ የኢትዮጵያ ጥናት ጉባኤ
    20th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies ኛ ፳ የኢትዮጵያ ጥናት ጉባኤ Regional and Global Ethiopia – Interconnections and Identities 30 Sep. – 5 Oct. 2018 Mekelle University, Ethiopia Message by Prof. Dr. Fetien Abay, VPRCS, Mekelle University Mekelle University is proud to host the International Conference of Ethiopian Studies (ICES20), the most prestigious conference in social sciences and humanities related to the region. It is the first time that one of the younger universities of Ethiopia has got the opportunity to organize the conference by itself – following the great example set by the French team of the French Centre of Ethiopian Studies in Addis Abeba organizing the ICES in cooperation with Dire Dawa University in 2012, already then with great participation by Mekelle University academics and other younger universities of Ethiopia. We are grateful that we could accept the challenge, based on the set standards, in the new framework of very dynamic academic developments in Ethiopia. The international scene is also diversifying, not only the Ethiopian one, and this conference is a sign for it: As its theme says, Ethiopia is seen in its plural regional and global interconnections. In this sense it becomes even more international than before, as we see now the first time a strong participation from almost all neighboring countries, and other non-Western states, which will certainly contribute to new insights, add new perspectives and enrich the dialogue in international academia. The conference is also international in a new sense, as many academics working in one country are increasingly often nationals of other countries, as more and more academic life and progress anywhere lives from interconnections.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 21. Ethiopia, Yemen and Democratic Yemen P997
    CHAPTER 21 ETHIOPIA, YEMEN AND DEMOCRATIC YEMEN Contents Page Introduction 997 Yemen 999 Democratic Yemen 1003 Ethiopia 1004 Background 1005 Delays in launching an eradication programme 1007 The programme begins, 1971 1009 The second year, 1972 1016 A year of hope, 1973 1018 A year of turmoil, 1974 1020 The final phase, 1975-1976 1024 Morbidity and mortality data 1032 Exportation of cases 1034 Conclusions 1034 INTRODUCTION also, the smallpox-free status of Democratic Yemen had to be regarded with some scepti- The execution of successful eradication cism. programmes was a challenge to all countries, Recognizing that effective national eradi- but for those which in 1967 had only just cation programmes would take time to estab- begun to develop national infrastructures for lish, WHO began to explore the possibility of health, transport and communication it pre- developing such programmes in each of the 3 sented a staggering problem . Ethiopia, with a countries as soon as the Intensified Pro- population of 25 .5 million (in 1970), was by gramme was launched in 1967 . Four years far the largest and most populous of countries elapsed, however, before eradication activities in this category . Across the Red Sea lay the had been established in all 3 countries . Plans much smaller states of Yemen (population, for a programme in Yemen had been dis- 4.8 million) and Democratic Yemen, with its cussed by government and WHO staff as early sparse population of 1 .5 million (Fig . 21.1). as 1959, a plan of operations had been signed The problem was complicated by civil strife, in 1961 and some vaccine had been provided .
    [Show full text]
  • War in Tigray Ethiopia’S Test of Power
    LAURENZ FÜRST War in Tigray Ethiopia’s Test of Power Abstract In November 2020, war broke out in Ethiopia’s northernmost province of Tigray. What started out as a struggle of a breakaway province soon turned into a full- scale war, pitting the Tigrayan Peoples Liberation Front against the Ethiopian central government. Not being able to crush the insurrection on its own, Ethiopia invited troops from neighbouring Eritrea and potentially even Somalia to put down the rebellion. When Abiy Ahmed assumed the office of Prime Minister of Ethiopia in April 2018, one thought that the winds of change had finally reached Ethiopia. It seemed that Ethiopia was able to perform the transition from an authoritarian one-party state to a Western- style democracy on the one hand and on the other hand be a force for stability and reconciliation in the Horn of Africa. FÜRST: WAR IN TIGRAY Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................................1 Love thy neighbour or how war returned to the Horn of Africa ...........................................................2 Ex Africa semper aliquid novi ..............................................................................................................3 The Amhara expansion and the making and defending of modern Ethiopia ........................................4 Ityopya teqdam: the Amhara fortress under siege ..............................................................................6 1995 constitution:
    [Show full text]
  • Download E-Book (PDF)
    African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Volume 11 Number 9 September 2017 ISSN 1996-0832 ABOUT AJPSIR The African Journal of Political Science and International Relations (AJPSIR) is published monthly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations (AJPSIR) is an open access journal that publishes rigorous theoretical reasoning and advanced empirical research in all areas of the subjects. We welcome articles or proposals from all perspectives and on all subjects pertaining to Africa, Africa's relationship to the world, public policy, international relations, comparative politics, political methodology, political theory, political history and culture, global political economy, strategy and environment. The journal will also address developments within the discipline. Each issue will normally contain a mixture of peer-reviewed research articles, reviews or essays using a variety of methodologies and approaches. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJPSIR Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editors Dr. Thomas Kwasi Tieku Dr. Aina, Ayandiji Daniel Faculty of Management and Social Sciences New College, University of Toronto Babcock University, Ilishan – Remo, Ogun State, 45 Willcocks Street, Rm 131, Nigeria. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Prof. F. J. Kolapo Dr. Mark Davidheiser History Department University of Guelph Nova Southeastern University 3301 College Avenue; SHSS/Maltz Building N1G 2W1Guelph, On Canada Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Dr. Nonso Okafo Graduate Program in Criminal Justice Dr. Enayatollah Yazdani Department of Political Science Department of Sociology Norfolk State University Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics University of Isfahan Norfolk, Virginia 23504 Isfahan Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3
    Aram Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3 SOMALIA'S JUDEAO-CHRISTIAN HERITAGE: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY Ben I. Aram* INTRODUCTION The history of Christianity in Somalia is considered to be very brief and as such receives only cursory mention in many of the books surveying this subject for Africa. Furthermore, the story is often assumed to have begun just over a century ago, with the advent of modem Western mission activity. However, evidence from three directions sheds light on the pre­ Islamic Judeao-Christian influence: written records, archaeological data and vestiges of Judeao-Christian symbolism still extant within both traditional 1 Somali culture and closely related ethnic groups • Together such data indicates that both Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam to the lowland Horn of Africa In the introduction to his article on Nubian Christianity, Bowers (1985:3-4) bemoans the frequently held misconception that Christianity only came recently to Africa, exported from the West. He notes that this mistake is even made by some Christian scholars. He concludes: "The subtle impact of such an assumption within African Christianity must not be underestimated. Indeed it is vital to African Christian self-understanding to recognize that the Christian presence in Africa is almost as old as Christianity itself, that Christianity has been an integral feature of the continent's life for nearly two thousand years." *Ben I. Aram is the author's pen name. The author has been in ministry among Somalis since 1982, in somalia itself, and in Kenya and Ethiopia. 1 These are part of both the Lowland and Highland Eastern Cushitic language clusters such as Oromo, Afar, Hadiya, Sidamo, Kambata, Konso and Rendille.
    [Show full text]
  • A Commentary on the September 2011 Eritrea Operational Guidance Note
    THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD BE USED AS A TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING RELEVANT COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION. IT SHOULD NOT BE SUBMITTED AS EVIDENCE TO THE UK BORDER AGENCY, THE TRIBUNAL OR OTHER DECISION MAKERS IN ASYLUM APPLICATIONS OR APPEALS. November 2011 A commentary on the September 2011 Eritrea Operational Guidance Note This commentary identifies what the ‘Still Human Still Here’ coalition considers to be the main inconsistencies and omissions between the currently available country of origin information (COI) and case law on Eritrea and the conclusions reached in the September 2011 Eritrea Operational Guidance Note (OGN), issued by the UK Border Agency. Where we believe inconsistencies have been identified, the relevant section of the OGN is highlighted in blue. An index of full sources of the COI referred to in this commentary is also provided at the end of the document. This commentary is a guide for legal practitioners and decision-makers in respect of the relevant COI, by reference to the sections of the Operational Guidance Note on Eritrea issued in September 2011. To access the complete OGN on Eritrea go to: http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/countryspecificasylum policyogns/ The document should be used as a tool to help to identify relevant COI and the COI referred to can be considered by decision makers in assessing asylum applications and appeals. This document should not be submitted as evidence to the UK Border Agency, the Tribunal or other decision makers in asylum applications or appeals. However, legal representatives are welcome to submit the COI referred to in this document to decision makers (including judges) to help in the accurate determination of an asylum claim or appeal.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report1
    University of Pennsylvania Masthead Logo ScholarlyCommons TTCSP Global Go To Think aT nk Index Reports Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) 1-2019 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report James G. McGann University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks Part of the International and Area Studies Commons McGann, James G., "2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report" (2019). TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports. 16. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 2019 Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the University of Pennsylvania, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program. All requests, questions and comments should be sent to: James G. McGann, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, International Studies Director, Think aT nks and Civil Societies Program The Lauder Institute University of Pennsylvania Email: [email protected] This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/16 For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2018 Global Go To Think aT nk Index Report Abstract The Thinka T nks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania conducts research on the role policy institutes play in governments and civil societies around the world. Often referred to as the “think tanks’ think tank,” TTCSP examines the evolving role and character of public policy research organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition
    Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition Africa Report N°200 | 28 March 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Beginning of the End for President Isaias Afwerki? ................................................ 3 A. The Incident at Forto ................................................................................................. 4 B. 2012: The President’s Annus Horribilis? ................................................................... 6 III. The State of Eritrea ........................................................................................................... 10 A. The Foundation of a One-Man State ......................................................................... 11 1. The Dream Disintegrates ..................................................................................... 12 2. The Stifling of Dissent .......................................................................................... 13 3. The Removal of Checks and Balances .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho People of Eritrea, in Spite of Their Important Role During the Eritrean Struggle for Independence
    Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Education Centre for Peace Studies The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho people of Eritrea, in spite of their important role during the Eritrean Struggle for Independence Romodan Abdellah Esmail Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation: SVF-3901 University of Tromsø, Norway June 2015 Foreword This thesis is written as a completion to the Master of Peace and Conflict Transformation at the University of Tromsø, Norway. The research focuses on structural violence against the Saho people of Eritrea, a cultural minority group. There is very little information about the Saho people in general and about structural violence on the Saho people in particular. Moreover, under the contemporary despotic government of Eritrea, minority voices become unheard and even forbidden. Their suffering as well has become unrecognized. From these perspectives and as a member of the population being studied, the topic was initiated and selected by myself. The main intention of the research is to hopefully give a reader deeper insight and understanding about the overall situation, mainly the question of structural violence, on the Saho people under the current regime of Eritrea. The full scope of the research is the Saho people therefore it has mainly relied on understandings and narrations of the Saho people. As a true revealing task, the research has chosen to link a human rights and justice perspective to the topic, in line with the research field. Since the current situation of the Saho people are products of pre independence historic processes, as a background, pre independence history of the Saho people has been covered.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H. Hawley Jr. (Richard Howard) Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION By RICHARD H. HAWLEY, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Political Science Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Richard H. Hawley, Jr. defended this dissertation on August 26, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Heemin Kim Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant University Representative Dale Smith Committee Member Charles Barrilleaux Committee Member Lee Metcalf Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my father, Richard H. Hawley, Sr. and To my mother, Catherine S. Hawley (in loving memory) iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made this dissertation possible, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. Above all, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Heemin Kim, for his understanding, patience, guidance, and comments. Next, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Dale Smith, a committee member and department chair, for his encouragement to me throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. I am grateful for the support and feedback of my other committee members, namely Dr.
    [Show full text]