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NEW NEW PAMPHLETS PAMPHLETS OF OF WORLD WORLD SIGNIFICANCE! SIGNIFICANCE! VOL. XVIII, No. 12 DECEMBER, 1939 'Jhe COMMUNIST A MAGAZINE OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF M.,.RXISM-LENINISM PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE U.S-<\. EDITORS: EARL BROWDER, ALEX BITTELMAN, V. ]. JEROME

CONTENTS

Peace to the People-MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL 1091 ' . Review of the Month A. B. 1097 Defend the Civil Rights of Communists ELIZABETH GURLEY FLYNN 1114 Joseph Stalin's Sixtieth Birthday EARL BROWDER 1116

Lenin and Stalin a~ Mass Leaders WILLIAM Z. FOSTER 1120 Early Writings of Stalin Moissaye Joseph Olgin-a Tribute NATIONAL COMMITTEE, C.P.U.S.A. 1138 The War and the Canadian Working Class TIM BUCK 1139 For the Victorious Outcome of China's War of Liberation STATEMENT OF COMMU- NIST PARTY OF CHINA 1150 The Collapse of the Versailles System of Peace Treaties STUDY MATERIAL

Book Reviews \. A. H. HERBERT BIEL Index-Volume XVIII, 191!9

Entered as second class matter November 2, I927, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March J, I879· Send checks, money orders and correspondence to THE CoMMUNIST, P. 0. Box I48, Sta. D (5o E. IJth St.), New York. Subscription rates: $2.00 a year; II.oo for six months; foreign and Canada $2.50 a year. Single copies 20 cents. PRINTIID IN u;s.A. ~209 WORLD ACCLAIM!

THE HISTORY OF THE COMMIIIST PARTY -OF THE SOVIET 11101

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MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL ON THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION, NOVEMBER 7, 1939.

ROLETARIANS and working people The Stalinist friendship of the Pthroughout the world! peoples inhabiting the U.S.S.R. is On November 7 the working peo­ gathering strength. The Soviet people ple of all lands greet the twenty-sec­ are united as never before, they are in­ ond anniversary of the great October separably bound up with their Com­ Socialist Revolution. On November munist Party and their Soviet govern­ 7 the peoples of the U.S.S.R. take ac­ ment. The military strength of the count of the epoch-making results of land of socialism is growing at a the victories of socialism won under steady pace. The frontiers of the the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, Soviet land are more and more un­ the glorious Party of Lenin and assailable. The weight of the Soviet Stalin. The Soviet people, completing Union in the international arena has the building of a classless socialist so­ increased immeasurably. The Soviet ciety, are advancing to communism. people, by their great achievements, The land of Soviets has made great are opening a new page in their his­ achievements. Every day, every hour, tory, a brilliant page in the life of all sees the continued growth of socialist mankind. industry. The socialist foundations of the collective farm countryside are be­ coming more and more stable. The The working people of the capital­ well-being of the masses of the people ist countries greet this noteworthy an­ is rising with each new socialist vic­ niversary in absolutely different con­ tory. The joyous and happy life ofthe ditions. They greet it in the midst of peoples of the Soviet country is in full the second imperialist war begun by swing. The young generation looks their governments. with confidence into its bright future. For more than two years now the Vigorous talents are being brought to Japanese imperialists have been tear­ the surface by the Soviet land. Mir­ ing at the flesh of China, which is acles are being worked by the Stakh­ fighting for its independence. anov movement. New detachments of War is being waged in the very the Soviet intelligentsia are coming heart of Europe. The ruling circles of up which serve the cause of socialism Britain, France and Germany are with fullest devotion. waging war for world supremacy.

Soviets. Soviets. of of land land the the against against Poland Poland ing ing by by it it prepared prepared They They nature. nature. perialist perialist

incit­ were were They They prepared. prepared. had had they they im­ brutal brutal their their up up cover cover to to phrases phrases

war war the the of of responsibility responsibility the the off off throw throw p·eaceful p·eaceful allegedly allegedly pacifist, pacifist, using using

to to masses, masses, the the of of vigilance vigilance the the lull lull blocs, blocs, and and conferences conferences agreements, agreements,

to to negotiations negotiations the the utilize utilize to to striving striving their their by by it it prepared prepared They They years. years. for for

were were They They different. different. something something at at ing ing war war this this prepared prepared bourgeoisie bourgeoisie The The

aim­ were were war war of of provokers provokers the the But But people. people.

France. France. and and Britain Britain of of millions millions of of hundreds hundreds for for slaughter slaughter

of of governments governments the the with with negotiations negotiations bloody bloody and and destructive destructive a a paring paring

undertook undertook It It pre­ peace. peace. were were save save to to classes classes effort effort ruling ruling last last the the that that again again

a a made made Union Union and and again again Soviet Soviet the the evitable, evitable, working people people working the the warned warned

in­ already already was was They They war war war. war. a a that that such such everyone everyone against against fought fought ways ways

to to clear clear al­ became became it it have have when when even even Communists Communists And And The The war. war. a a such such

peace. peace. of of cause cause the the support support uphold uphold cannot cannot to to class class tinued tinued working working The The

con­ Union Union Soviet Soviet the the states. states. belligerent belligerent chinations, chinations, the the of of classes classes

ma­ these these all all of of ruling ruling spite spite the the in in on on However, However, primarily primarily and and ments, ments,

• • • • • • govern­ capitalist capitalist the the all all on on falls falls war war

this this for for blame blame U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the The The ing ing war. war. imperialist imperialist

isolat­ of of policy policy fanatical fanatical reactionary, reactionary, their their unjust, unjust, an an tinued tinued is is which which war, war,

this this of of meaning meaning con­ real real They They the the is is This This proposals. proposals. its its all all rejected rejected

governmentl> governmentl> bourgeois bourgeois the the But But populations. populations. colonial colonial

huge huge the the and and reserves reserves gold gold food, food, front. front. peace peace stable stable

materials, materials, raw raw a a of of of of sources sources the the establishment establishment the the vantage, vantage, help help to to power power

its its in in everything everything ad­ did did own own It It their their to to security. security. tive tive anew, anew, divide divide to to

want want They They period. period. collec­ of of later later a a at at organization organization pansion pansion the the and and ment ment

ex­ colonial colonial of of disarma­ arena arena the the partial partial and and entered entered general general proposed proposed

which which states, states, It It capitalist capitalist frontiers. frontiers. other other its its the the on on are are provocation provocation of of acts acts

mastery mastery own own their their for for constant constant of of and and face face the the premacy premacy in in firmness firmness and and

restraint restraint su­ supreme supreme world world displayed displayed their their It It peace. peace. against against Fighting Fighting

of of preservation preservation the the for for easily. easily. struggle struggle more more ing ing masses masses the the ceive ceive

de­ to to order order in in increas­ an an democracy democracy of of fought fought has has phantom phantom Union Union Soviet Soviet

the the decades decades two two false false the the than than with with more more For For peoples, peoples, oppressed oppressed the the

of of exploitation exploitation the the people, people, wars. wars. working working new new of of means means by by

contradictions contradictions the the of of these these solve solve to to exploitation exploitation trying trying the the up up are are cover cover They They

subjection. subjection. in in and and mankind mankind system system of of capitalist capitalist one-half one-half the the of of tradictions tradictions

con· con· than than insurmountable insurmountable more more the the hold hold in in They They tangled tangled hands. hands. their their in in

en­ hopelessly hopelessly are are became became resources resources they they economic economic cause cause Vast Vast materials. materials.

be­ war war this this raw raw began began of of sources sources bourgeoisie bourgeoisie main main The The the the seized seized They They

markets. markets. and and Pact. Pact. routes routes nich nich world world portant portant

Mu­ the the by by war war im· im· this this most most the the prepared prepared over over sway sway directly directly hold hold America, America,

They They China. China. of of invasion invasion the the by by Spain, Spain, of of States States United United the the and and France France land, land,

in in intervention intervention the the by by Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Eng· Eng· states, states, richest richest the the of of Three Three

on on attack attack the the by by war war this this prepared prepared capitalism. capitalism. of of camp camp

They They Soviets. Soviets. the the of of land land the the against against the the in in strife strife imperialist imperialist of of years years many many

·provocations ·provocations and and intrigues intrigues their their the the of of continuation continuation the the is is war war This This

COMMUNIST COMMUNIST THE THE PEACE TO THE PEOPLE 1093

While engaged in negotiations with states and the Baltic countries into the U.S.S.R., they were surreptitiously the war. It is frustrating the ma­ trying to. incite Germany against the chinations of those who are striving U.S.S.R. to transform the European war into By concluding a non-aggression a world war. The working people of pact with Germany, the Soviet Union all countries will never forget this foiled the insidious plans of the pro­ great service by the Soviet Union. vokers of an .anti-Soviet war. By this However, the sinister forces of war pact it removed its people from the continue to rage. They want war "to confines of the bloody slaughter and a victorious conclusion," they want narrowed the arena of the European war until their imperialist aims are war conflagration. achieved. It is for this that they are And when the Polish state, a real driving the peoples to the slaughter. prison of the peoples, fell apart, the But, proletarians and working peo­ Soviet Union gave a helping hand to ple, what do you stand to gain from the brother peoples of the Western this war? Ukraine and Western Byelo-Russia. It Now, reaction is already undertak­ wrested 13,000,000 from the quag­ ing a furious offensive everywhere. mire of war, liberated them from the Now the bourgeois dictatorship is al­ oppression of the Polish landlords ready cynically casting aside the and. capitalists. It gave them the right "democratic" mask, it is crushing the themselves to determine their politic­ movement of the working people and al and social order .and guaranteed is establishing ·a regime of military them freedom of national self· terror. Now the bourgeoisie are al­ determination. ready worsening your conditions both The U.S.S.R., by its mutual assis­ in the warring and the non-warring tance pacts with Esthonia, Latvia and countries. Now they are already Lithuania, defended these countries taking from you the remnants of from the predatory designs of the im­ your rights and achievements. perialist states. It has given all its They are shamelessly plundering might to defense of their indepen­ you by lengthening the working day, dence and strengthened the security cutting wages, raising the price of of the Soviet frontiers. By handing to articles of mass consumption. They Lithuania the city of Vilna, which are throttling millions of peasants had been seized twenty years ago by with still higher taxation. They are the Polish gener~ls, the U.S.S.R. gave laying villages waste, leaving the fields an unparalleled example of respect uncultivated, . by taking the peasants' for the national rights of small sons away to the war. Your blood and nations; your sufferings are a source of profits The Soviet Union, by its call for for the parasitic gang of speculators cessation of the war and its amity and and war freebooters. They are brazen­ frontier pact with Germany, has made ly revelling in the rear while com­ a new contribution to the cause of pelling you to rot and die in the peace. It is hindering the provokers trenches at the front. of war from drawing the Danubian The bourgeoisie of the so-called 1094 THE COMMUNIST neutral states are also warming their earth. The boasted democrats of hands at the fire of war. Under the France throw Communist deputies in­ pharisaical mask of "neutrality" they to jail, suppress the Communist press are growing rich on war orders. and abolish political liberties. The American bourgeoisie are in­ It is not for the f'reedom of the na­ terested in the spread of the war, they tions that they are fighting but for are repealing the embargo on the ex­ their enslavement. Not for the preser­ port of arms to the warring countries vation of democracy from fascism, but because war orders guarantee enor­ for the triumph of reaction. Not for mous profits to the uncrowned a stable peace, but for new imperialist kings of the war industry, the manu­ conquests fraught with new wars. facturers of guns, planes and other But the bourgeoisie could not have types of military supplies. . begun or have waged this war had it The Italian bourgeoisie are only not been ·aided by the treacherous top waiting for a suitable moment to hurl leaders of the Social-Democratic themselves on the vanquished and parties. These leaders are now taking snatch their share of the booty. All their place as the vanguard of re­ the governments of the · "neutral" action. countries are using the war to plunder It is they who are taking up the the masses of the people, to intensify bankrupt anti-Comintern banner. It reaction and to crush the working is they who are now calling on the class movement. workers to die to restore the reaction­ ary regime of the Pilsudski clique. • • • It is the Blums who disrupted the Workers! Do not believe those who united working ~ass and People's summon you to the war under the Front in France at the instructions of flag of national unity. What can there reaction. It is on the demand of Blum be in common between you and those that the members of the Communist who trade in guns and human blood? parliamentary group are being court­ What unity can there be between the martialled, that Communist munici­ exploited and the exploiters? pal councils are being disbanded and Do not believe those who are drag­ that Communists are being ·arrested ging you to the war under the false by the thousands. It is Blum who, pretext of the defense of democracy. with Jouhaux, is splitting the French What right have those who oppress trade unions on orders from the India, Indo-China, the Arab coun­ magnates of finance capital. It is the tries, who hold half of the world in Blums who, together with the British the chains of colonial slavery, to speak Labor leaders, prevented united of democracy? The bankers of action of the international proletariat. London and Paris have in the past Proletarians and working people! by their loans saved, and they con­ More than ever before you need fight­ tinue to save, the worst reactionary ing unity for the struggle against war, regimes in Europe. reaction and the capitalist 9ffensive. The lords of Britain maintain re­ But now this unity is possible only action on all the five continents of the separate from and against the leaders PtACE TO THE :P:E6PLE i695

of Social-Democracy, who have wholly people of the city and the countryside, and completely gone over to the ser­ who bear on their backs all the bur­ vice of the imperialists. There can be dens and sacrifices of the imperialist neither a united workers' front nor a war begun by the ruling classes. The people's front with them, or with the working class by coming forward as leaders of the other petty-bourgeois the basic force of the united people's parties that are supporting the war. front of struggle against war and re­ Now working class unity and the action thereby upholds the interests united people's front must be estab­ of all working people, of the entire lished from below, in a struggle people, for whom the war means against the imperialist bourgeoisie, countless hardships and the intensifi­ against the top leaders of the Social­ cation of capitalist oppression. Democratic and other petty-bourgeois By conducting a struggle against parties who have gone bankrupt and the enemy in its own country, the joined the camp of the imperialists, working class hammers out unity be­ in a struggle to halt the imperialist tween the proletariat of all lands, war which is bringing ruin, starvation hammers out the most unfailing in­ and death to millions of working strument of its victory. people. Brother proletarians! The Commu­ Hundreds of thousands of Social­ nist International calls you to the Democratic workers now stand at the struggle against the imperialist war. parting of the ways. Where is their It calls on you "to be true to the place, in the camp of imperialist re­ end to the cause of proletarian inter­ action or with their class brothers nationalism, to the cause of the fra­ waging a struggle against it? With the ternal alliance of the proletarians of instigators of imperialist war or with all countries." (Stalin.) the millions of workers and peasants The Communist International calls who yearn for peace? With the stran­ you to its ranks under the great ban­ glers and butchers of liberty or with ner of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. those who are self-sacrificingly defend­ The Communist International calls ing it? Their place is in the common on you to strengthen the fraternal fighting front of the great army of alliance with the toilers of the city · labor whidl is fighting for peace, and the countryside, with the enslaved bread and freedom, peoples of the colonies. It calls on you In a ruthless struggle against the to defend the Chinese people against bourgeoisie, against the treacherous the imperialist bandits. Social-Democratic ·leaders, the Com­ Proletarians, working people! By munist and Social-Democratic workers your joint efforts, halt the nefarious will hammer out unity in their ranks. crime which is being committed. Take The working class, at the same time a stand against those who favor con­ that it is exposing the predatory char­ tinuation of the war! Expose them as acter of the present war and mobiliz­ abettors of the imperialists who are ing the widest masses against it, comes hurling millions of people into de­ fprward as the defender of the vital, struction for the sake of their mer­ fundamental interests of all working cenary interests, their criminal aims! 1096 THE COMMUNIST

Demand the release of the imprisoned Down with the imperialist war! vanguard fighters of the working Down with capitalist reaction! class! Demand the arrest of the war Down with the instigators of war, freebooters and profiteers! Fight for the profiteers and the freebooters! the freedom of your organizations, for freedom of assembly and for your No ~upport for the policy of the honest working class press! · Defend ruling classes directed toward con­ every inch of your rights and your tinuation and spread of the imperial­ achievements. Do not allow the bour­ ist slaughter! geoisie to throw all the burdens of the Demand the immediate cessation of war on your backs. Wives, mothers, the predatory, unjust, imperialist war! sisters, do not furtively wipe the tears Peace to the people! from your eyes but demand-so that Bread, rights and freedom for the all can hear-that your husbands, sons working· people! and brothers are returned to you from · Long live the fraternal alliance of the trenches. the workers of the entire world! Rally closer, working people, Long live the U.S.S.R., the bulwark around the great land of socialism, of peace, freedom and socialism, the give supreme support to its socialist fatherland of the working people of peace policy directed towardS the wel­ fare of all nations. all lands. Let your battlecry ring out to the THE EXECUTIVE COMMITIEE OF THE whole world: COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL. REVIEW OF THE MONTH

Who Wants Continuation and Extension of War1 Dimitroffs Analysis. Lifting of Emba,rgo Brings Consequences. Finland and Japan. American Imperialists Want Bad Relations With the Soviet Union. The American People Seek Good Relations. Major Slogans for Keeping America Out of War. Effects of War Upon Nation's Economy. Needs of Masses Sacrificed to War Profits and Military Preparations. Tendencies to War Economy. Tricks to Circumvent Cash and Carry. What Is Happening to People's Housing and Health? Militarism and the "M Plan." Development of Political Reaction. New Dangers to Free and Independent Trade Unions. How to Fight for Labor Unity. Stalin's "Foundations of Leninism." ·A Great Thinker and Leader. The November Elections and I940. Anti-War Camp of Masses Faces Serious Political Tasks. Perspectives and Orientations.

HE toiling masses of all countries siderable moral indignation. They T want the war stopped, while the demand to know whether it isn't true imperialists want the war continued that Germany was the aggressor and and extended. This is evident from that England and France are merely de­ everything that transpired in the past fending themselves. To which one could month. It is also becoming evident answer briefly by asking: defending that: what? Not their national freedom and independence, which are not at stake, " ... it is the British and French imperial· but their colonial possessions, their ists who now come forward as the most rights to exploit and oppress other zealous suporters ·of the continuation arid further incitement of war." • peoples and nations, their world dom­ ination. And since this is exactly what Upon hearing this said, some of the England and France are "defending," spokesmen of American imperialism does this make their side of the war become very much excited, almost ·any more just than is the German side blue in the face. One would think which is fighting to acquire all these that they were already in alliance with privileges? the Anglo-French imperialist bide. Or Said Dimitroff: is it merely a guilty conscience? . "The character of a war, as Lenin taught, The apologists of American im~ 'depends not on who attacked and on whose perialism have been working up con- side the "enemy" is, but on which class is waging the war, what policy is being con­ • Georgi Dimitroff, The War and the tinued by the given war.'" • Working Class in the Capitalist Countries, p. 7· Workers Library Publishers, New York. • Ibid., p. 5· 1097 1og8 THE COMMUNIST

And to these questions, there is drag our country into it. Hence, the only one answer possible. The class vital importance of rallying the that is waging the Anglo-French war masses around the slogans issued by is the imperialist bourgeoisie, con­ the Communist International in its tinuing by warfare the policy of im­ manifesto on the twenty-second anni­ perialist robbery, exploitation and ag­ versary of the October Revolution. grandizement. Substantially the same The slogans: as on the German side. "Down with Imperialist War"; "No Sup­ It is insisted that Germany started port for the Policy of the Ruling Classes it. Sure it did. And so did Italy and Aimed at Continuing and Spreading the Im­ Japan. This was in the first stage of perialist Slaughter"; "Demand the lmmedi· the war, when these powers took the ate Cessation of the Plunderous, Unjust, Im­ offensive, perialist War"; "Peace to the Peoples."• " ... while the other capitalist states-Eng­ Thus and only thus can the Amer­ land, France and the U .S.A.-retreated, in _the ican people fight successfully for endeavor to avoid a decisive clash with their keeping America out of war. rivals and to turn their expansion in another And this fight, the fight to keep direction, against the land of socialism." • America out of the imperialist war, is Now, however, the war is in a sec­ just beginning. This too has to be ond stage. Now; as Dimitroff correctly fully realized. The lifting of the arms points out, embargo is transforming this country into an arsenal for the Anglo~French " .•• the imperialists of Britain and France have passed over to the offensive, have hurled bloc, enabling Big Business to fatten their peoples into war against Germany, en­ on blood money while creating new deavoring in every way to win a number of dangers for this country's involve­ other states to their side.''• ment. Some of these new dangers Now, the imperialists of Britain and arose almost immediately upon the France, " ... having taken the path of passage of the new "Neutrality Act." war, do not want to leave it.'' They We have in mind the maneuver to seek to continue the war, to expand transfer American ships to foreign it, to transform it into a world registry. This seemingly innocent lit­ slaughter. These are the plain facts of tle trick aims to. accomplish at least the situation. two things. If allowed to succeed, it Anglo-French imperialism is desper­ would place American ships (minus ately seeking to draw other peoples American seamen) directly in the ser­ into the war. This is the meaning of vice of the Anglo-French bloc with all their "diplomatic" activities in Tur­ the consequent dangers of involve­ key, in the Balkans, in Finland, in ment. It would also open up a new the Scandinavian countries, in the chapter of imperialist rivalry formar­ Far East and in the Americas. We kets, sea routes and spheres of influ­ must therefore fully realize that the ence, as part of the objective of Amer­ present war threatens to become a ican finance capital to strengthen its world war, a world slaughter, and to imperialist positions and to consoli-

•Ibid., p. 7· •• See p. 1091 of this issue. REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1099

date its domination of the seas and imperialists. We are quite definitely oceans. No wonder, therefore, that witnessing a spreading out of im· Thomas McGowan, Boston represen­ perialist activities and interventions tative of the National Maritime by American finance capital in prac­ Union, felt moved to speak of the tically all parts of the world. What is ship transfer as "gambling with Amer­ the meaning of it? ica's peace by Big Business," placing. All of a sudden the government be­ upon it and the government the re­ comes tremendously interested in Fin­ sponsibility for the consequences. land, to the point of actually inter­ We also have in mind another im­ vening in the current negotiations be­ mediate result of 'the embargo lifting. tween that country and the Soviet It became publicly known through a Union. And what kind of interven­ report in The New York Times from tion was that? Obviously to stiffen the its Washington correspondent, which resistance of the ruling circles of Fin­ said: · land to the peace and friendship pro­ posals of the Soviet Union. This can­ "The French government has completed arrangements to finance the construction of. not be successfully disputed or hid­ additional domestic aircraft factories in this den. The question, therefore, is: why country in order to speed production and should the American government be give the powers opposed to Germany decisive interested in preventing the peaceful control of the air." (Nov. 3·) co-existence of these two countries? Superficially, this might l_ook like a What particular American interest genuine attempt to make the Anglo­ demands that this be done? French bloc finance its own war pro­ We know, of course, that there are duction needs in this country, thus various imperialist theories trying to obviating the danger of subsequent justify such interventions. One of American credits. But it may very these is peddled around by The New easily produce the opposite effect. York Times. Its roving correspondent, French and American capital will be­ Otto D. Tolischus, reporting from come integrated in aircraft produc­ Helsinki, Finland, on October 29, tion and auxiliary services; and as this says this, for instance: process develops, it will become a sim­ "Having darkened the ~altic, the shadow ple matter for American big battkers of Russia's bolshevist imperialism now is actually to finance the Anglo-French spreading to Scandinavia, where it approaches war under the guise of financing some­ the Atlantic and therewith begins to encircle thing else. Thus another avenue will America's continental side of the world." be created for circumventing the On'e should not miss the deliberate cash and carry provisions of the "Neu­ fraud of this correspondent's geo­ trality Act," establishing another dan­ graphy, in which Finland becomes ger point for American involvement. Scandinavia, the Gulf of Finland is • • • made out to be the Atlantic, and the huge expanse of the Atlantic becomes QUALLY, if not more threatening identical with "America's continental E to America's peace, is the activi­ side of the world." It would almost zation of the foreign policies of our appear as though the Soviet-Finnish 1100 THE COMMUNIST negotiations directly involve the safety plot thickens and the situation evi­ of the Atlantic coast of the United dently becomes more confused. But States. Which is, of course, sheer non­ only for a brief moment. Because we sense. But nonsense with an ominous are soon told by the same Clapper purpose. The purpose is to misrep­ that: resent the Soviet Union as an enemy ". . . If Moscow and Tokyo ·succeed in of America, as a country which threat­ forming some working arrangement, the bal­ ens the security of the United States. ance in the Western Pacific will be drastically Considering this fraudulent play altered and our problems in the Far East with geography and the equally dis­ will become more difficult. "Perhaps that possibility is in the back of honest attempt to . picture a socialist official minds here as they take swings now state as being nationalist and im­ at Moscow." perialist (something it cannot be by its very nature), it is evident that Again, therefore, it is not Finland Wall Street, for· some reason, is very we are trying to serve but "ourselves," anxious to make the American people and we shall see in a moment that this believe that the socialist Soviet Union means American imperialism, not the is a "national" enemy of America. American people. And that's why Why? What is that reason? Washington officials are taking "swings Raymond Clapper, who often now at Moscow." speaks loudly the quiet thoughts of Very well. What do we want in the government circles, may help us shed Far East? According to Clapper, of­ some light on the matter. In one of ficial Washington does not want Mos­ his columns in the World-Telegram cow and Tokyo, the Soviet Uni?n and (Nov. 4), he gives expression to the Japan, to live in peace. This is a ter­ following: rible admission to make, but he did it in the above-cited quotation. It fol­ "When the President moved into the nego­ lows that official Washington seeks to tiations between Moscow and Finland, it prevent the establishment of good and seemed on the surface something addressed entirely to the European situation." peaceful relations between Japan and the Soviet Union, which means work­ Yes, that's what many Americans ing against peace in the Far East. And thought. They were led to believe this is diametrically opposed to the that the President's intervention was wishes of the American people, who motivated by sheer love of Finland and desire peace in the Far East as well as peace. But, says Clapper, this only in the rest of the world. It follows, seemed so "on the surface." In reality furthermore, that official Wash~ngton there may have been other reasons. is interested, according to Clapper, And he continues: not in peace, but in the maintenance " ... it is possible that one thought behind of some sort of "balance in the West­ this sudden American interest in Russia had ern Padfic," which means world to do not primarily with Europe but with power, imperialist domination, Wall the Pacific." Street aggrandizement. The thing is So it is not Europe, nor Scandinavia obviously becoming clearer. . or the Atlantic, but the Pacific. The It is worth noting that Clapper says REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1101 nothing in his piece about the nation­ cotton and other necessities of war­ al interests of China. And for good fare. reason. American imperialism, whose Does one need a clearer admission objectives official Washington is try~ of the war-inflaming, predatory im­ ing to realize, is opposed tQ the na­ perialist policies of Wall Street in the tional interests of China. The United Far East? No, that is clear enough. States has been and still is supplying And· when we know this, we can also Japan with the mean.s of warfare know why American imperialism is so against China. That does not mean anxious to present the Soviet Union that Wall Street is indifferent to as a "national" enemy of America. As China. Not at all. What it means is a socialist state, the Soviet Union is that, interested in peaceful relations with '" ... under the flag of neutrality the Amer­ its neighbors, in this case, with Japan. ican imperialists are inflaming war in the The Soviet Union is interested in Far East, .so as to enfeeble Japan and China,· world peace, also in peace in the Far and then, basing themselves on their might, East. Finally, the Soviet Union is to dictate their conditions to the belligerent interested in a free and independent countries and firmly to establish themselves in China." • China. And the policies of the Soviet government clearly pursue these ob­ One of our most brazen imperialist jectives. But Wall Street imperialism, war inciters, the World-Telegram, al­ as we have just demonstrated, pursues most· admits that much itself. In an policies that are radically different. editorial dealing with Japanese-Amer­ American imperialism works for war ican relations (Nov. u), this paper in the Far East. It seeks to weaken and makes a plea to Japan for improving exhaust both China and Japan so it her relations with the United States, can step in later and take charge. Nat­ on these grounds: urally and inevitably the imperialist "Various Senators, ·including Pittman, war-inflaming policies of Wall Street Borah and Schwellenbach, have advocated various forms of embargoes on shipments to come into conflict with the peace pol­ Japan. And in view of the European war, icies of the socialist Soviet Union. The Japan would have a hard time finding a sup­ peace. policies of the Soviet Union be­ plier if we clamped down. Without our oil, come an obstacle to the designs of all scrap metal, cotton and other necessities, her imperialists to continue and extend effort to consolidate her China conquest and to keep Chiang Kai -shek in the back country the war. Hence, the imperialist anti­ -and Russia at bay-would be very much Soviet incitements. embarrassed." The New York Times calls these This confirms Dimitroff's analysis incitements "the present unpleasant­ with a vengeance. It tells Japan, in so ness of diplomatic attitude" (Nov. u) many words, to go ahead, make war and tries to explain it by the Soviet on China, . keep Chiang Kai-shek in theory of government which is "un­ the back country and Russia at bay, friendly to an:y genuine democracy." but remember that we alone can con­ But this is obviously an attempt to tinue to supply you with oil, metal; hide the real reason. The Soviet gov­ ernment is more than twenty-two years • Georgi Dimitroff, The War and the old and its "theory of government" is Working Class in Capitalist Countries, p. 6. 1102 THE COMMUNIST

much older. So, whether this theory viet Unon. Where Wall Street and its is friendly or unfriendly to Wall agents work for war,· the Soviet Union Street's ideas of "genuine" democracy, works for peace. And the growing in­ this cannot explain the imperialist fluence of the Soviet Union in inter­ anti-Soviet incitations of recent weeks. national affairs naturally makes the There must be some ~ore recent Soviet peace policy ever more effec­ reason. tive. All imperialist powers, bellig­ It is true, of course, that Wall Street erents as well as neutrals, feel that. So has always hated the Soviet state be­ does Wall Street imperialism. Hence, cause it is a socialist state and a work­ the changed "tone" towards the So­ ers' state-a true democracy of the viet Union in American imperialist people. For the same reason, ever circles. Hence, official Washington's larger numbers of American workers, diplomatic "swings" at Moscow. farmers and middle class people have Hence, the deliberate effort of the come to regard the Soviet Union with imperialist press to sharpen the rela­ the greatest affection. Yet it was not tions of this country with the So­ always so that Wall Street and its viet Union. agents would seek deliberately to From this it is clear that a worsen­ create "unpleasantness of diplomatic ing of relations with the Soviet Union attitude" with the Soviet government. is only in the interests of the Amer­ And this is exactly what they have ican imperialists, warmongers and been doing since the beginning of the war inciters. It is in the exclusive in­ big war. Why? The answer has al­ terests of those who, under the flag ready been indicated. of neutrality, are seeking to drag this With the beginning of the war, country into imperialist adventures .American imperialism has become and war. It is, therefore, not in the "activized." Under the flag of neu­ interests of the American people. It is trality, the imperialist bourgeoisie against t~ interests of the American seeks the spreading of the European workers, toiling farmers and exploited war for the sake of profits and power. middle classes. It is against the inter­ It aims to utilize the war in order to ests of all those who genuinely and drive its rivals out of the world mar­ sincerely wish to keep America out of kets (say,. in Latin America, in the war and who want to see the war Far East and in other parts of the brought to an end. And these are the world), to strengthen its imperialist overwhelming majority of America. positions generally and to consolidate To the masses of the American peo­ its domination on the oceans and seas. ple it should become evident that the In the Far East, American imperial­ imperialists and !War-inciters are as ism is definitely seeking to prolong much the enemies of the American the war so as to weaken China and people as they are the enemies of the Japan for the purpose of establishing Soviet Union. Wall Street imperial­ its own domination in China. ism, the chief promoter of the anti­ In the pursuit of these predatory ob­ Soviet campaign, is the worst enemy jectives, Wall Street imperialism en­ and exploiter of the masses in the counters the peace policies of the So- United States. And the Social-Demo- REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1105 cratic warmongers are serving Wall fare projects. In the face of such devel­ Street. Contrariwise, the peace pol­ opments, what is likely to happen to icies of· the Soviet Union are in the housing, ~lectrification and other so­ best interests of the American masses. cially useful and progressive projects, The . interests of the Soviet peoples in which the people are so vitally and of the American people are the interested? What is going to happen same. Far from quarreling, as Wall to the building of new schools, hos­ Street desires, they have every reason pitals, to the improvement of sanitary to be Close friends and collaborators. conditio~ in the cities as well as The socialist peace policy of the So­ rural communities? How are we going viet Union is aimed at promoting the to tackle the tremendous problems of well-being of all nations and peoples. the people's health? In short, how are That's why we say: Support the social­ the people going to promote all these ist peace policy of the Soviet Union. projects-all of them requiring build­ Give no support to the Wall Street ing materials-in the face of rapidly policies of continuing and spreading expanding war industries which are the imperialist slaughter. Work for eating up all these materials? the immediate cessation of the plun­ This is, first of all, a question of derous, unjust, imperialist war. rising prices, which means rising costs. But not only that. After a while, al­ • • • ways provided the war continues, ALTHOUGH this cout;ttry is not a essential raw materials may become r1. belligerent, its economy is being subject to rationing and allocation by geared to war needs, tending to as­ the government in conjunction with sume many characteristics of a devel­ Big Business. Rationing and alloca­ oping war economy. This is some­ tion on the basis of certain "priori­ thing to think about and act upon be­ ties" determined by the war needs of ~,:ause the consequences of this process, England and France and by the war if not combated, will be everything preparations of the American govern­ but favorable to the well-being and ment. Under such circumstances, even social security of the Am e r i can without an actual shortage of raw people. materials, the tendency will be to Certain things are already visible. keep raw materials in reserve for war Due to the war orders of the English needs. With what consequence? With and French governments, and to the the consequence that, either through military preparations of the American a rationing priority system or through government, an expansion is taking the working of the "price mechan" place in such industries as aircraft, .ism," industries producing for peace arms and munitions, and shipbuild­ time needs will find the supply of ing. As the war continues, these in­ their raw materials seriously curtailed dustries will continue to expand, con­ and, above all, public projects de­ suming tremendous amounts of raw signed to meet essential needs of the materials which are ordinarily avail­ masses (housing, health, sanitation, able for housing, road building, rural rural electrification) will find them­ electrification and similar public wei- selves so down on the list of "prior- 1104 THE COMMUNIST ities" as to become virutally elimin­ omy in the United States will be ated. greatly accelerated. And a war econ­ W~at are the people going to do omy, in the words of Stalin, means: to combat these tendencies towards a ". . . giving industry a one-sided, war war economy which spell the sacrifice direction; developing to the utmost the pro­ of the most vital needs of the masses? duction of goods necessary for war and not That much can be done goes without for consumption by th~ population; restrict­ saying. But this requires a clear i?g to the utmost the production and, espe­ understanding of the task. It is the c~ally, the sale of articles of general consump­ t~on-and, consequently, reducing consump­ task of energetic struggle against all tiOn by the population and confronting the attempts of the imperialists and Big country with an economic crisis." • Business to place the burdens of a Still another danger arising from developing war economy upon the war economy tendencies, now becom­ masses of the people. ing more imminent, is rising prices Another side of the same problem ~nd ~ar profiteering. Most disturbing · is the danger of this country bei1.1g m th1s connection is the evident ten­ manipulated into granting large:scale dency in New Deal administration credits to England and France. Al­ circles to take a rather "liberal" and ready the ground is being prepared tolerant view of the growing trend for such credits. It is pointed out towards rising monopoly prices and with a certain show of objectivity that monopoly in general. Recent hearings England is compelled to curtail im­ before the Temporary National Eco­ portation from the United States of nomic Committee on monopolistic many peace time commodities (to­ practices in the oil and steel industries bacco, automobiles, women's apparel, plainly indicate that influential mem­ shoes, hosiery, dried fruits, barley, bers of President Roosevelt's Admini­ etc.) because it needs all the money stration in charge of the hearings at its disposal in this country to buy (~enderson, Frank, Arnold), while ·arms and munitions. The November ddfering on some important details, issue of the Guaranty Survey, organ are adopting a somewhat new attitude of the Guaranty Trust Co., states flat­ on monopolies. "More flexible," is the ly that "in the absence of unforeseen way the Wall Street ]oumal calls it changes in credit conditions, these re­ or more "realistic," as Mr. strictions will place limitations on any Henderso~ himself does. · large-scale movement of American goods abroad." If this is the position that is going through, there will most certainly be This plainly suggests the idea that increases in steel prices with con­ if we want large-scale movements of sequent rises in the prices of all other American goods abroad we must do commodities. War profiteering will away with existing credit "restric­ begin pressing on us from all direc­ tions." It suggests the abolition or tions. And the growth and strength- circumvention or both of the so-called "cash" provisions of the "Neutrality • Joseph Stalin, From Socialism to· Commu­ Act." Should this be done, as is very nism in the Soviet Union, pp. 8-g. Inter­ likely, the tempo towards a war econ- national Publishers, New York. • REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1105 ening of the monopolies and monop­ a relative rise of employment in the oly exploitation of the workers, farm­ industries working for war and war ers and middle classes will go on with preparations accompanied by a lag governmental blessing in the form of and eventual curtailment of employ­ governmental "supervision" and "di­ ment in the other industries. rection." Hence the problem of jobs, wage We now come to the most crucial standards, relief and social security question posed by the "war boom." will become aggravated, not ~ti­ What will it do to unemployment? gated. Correspondingly, the struggle There are now about eleven million of the masses for .the solution of these unemployed in the country. Already it problems will become, is becoming, is seen that the rapid increase in steel more urgent and more necessary. production has had a totally dispro­ What about agriculture? Certain portionate effect on the rise in em­ branches will probably benefit by in­ ployment. The Department of Labor creased foreign demands for their (Bureau of Labor Statistics) "cau­ produs:ts (lard, pork, cotton, some tions" American workers not to ex­ canned fruits), but offsetting this, as pect large-scale employment as a re­ The New York Times points out, will sult of war orders, for the reason, probably be smaller sales abroad of among others, "that there are now im­ other products (fresh fruits, barley, proved machines and techniques that tobacto, feeds and wheat). As to the have been thoroughly tested and are home market, no considerable in­ readily available for vastly increasing crease in mass purchasing power is to the productivity of labor." Officials of be expected, as shown in the fore­ the Steel Workers' Organizing Com­ going. mittee (C.I.O.) have demonstrated But this is not all. Large masses of recently that the introduction of new farmers would benefit little, if at all, machinery, such as the high speed even if there were a serious improve­ sheet and strip mills, has prevented ment in agriculture, for which there the employment of 75,000 to 1oo,ooo is no outlook. We speak of the mil­ men. lions ofsmall owners, poor tenants and Here we are dealing, not only with sharecroppers who have little or noth­ increasing productivity of labor, but ing to sell. For them there is cer­ also with increasing intensification of tainly no perspective of improvement labor (speed-up), which means greater through the "free" processes of eco­ capitalist exploitation. nomic development, especially as it But these are not the only factors is going in the direction of a war econ­ that militate against a substantial re­ omy. Consequently, farm relief and duction in the anily of unemployed. rehabilitation will be needed more in What will be the effect on employ­ the coming period, not less. Hence, ment of the one-sided developments the alarming nature of the intimation in the national economy, the expan­ that comes from Senator Byrnes, Dem­ ~ion and over-expansion of war-indus­ ocrat, of Alabama, who said, accord­ tries at the expense of consumers' ing to a report of The New York goods an

administrators being pushed and not the President's intervention in drawn to the reactionary camp. This the relations .between the C.I.O. and is the result of the activized imperial­ the A. F. of L. carries with it the ism of the American bourgeoisie and threat of actually placing the trade of its pres~nt aims of prolonging and union movement under government extending the war to grab profits and control for the realization of Wall strengthen its world domination. The Street's imperialist policies? Whether tendencies , towards a war economy, or not an attempt is being projected with the "M Plan" as a point of to make labor impotent for the de­ orientation, are deliberately acceler­ ·fense of its interests and positions? ated to serve these predatory imperial­ Certainly, this possibility is there. ist and war purposes. So are the re­ And so, far from such government actionary attacks upon the civil rights efforts being a help to labor unity, and liberties of the masses, in which they may actually tum out a menace the Communists, as usual, are attacked to the very existence of free labor first and most recklessly. It is now unions .. The least, therefore, that has clear to the widest circles of the peo­ to be said is that labor must be on its ple that this is precisely the meaning guard-both the A. F. of L. and the of the indictment and persecution of C.I.O.-as it never was before, to de­ Comrade Browder. fend the freedom and independence However, other things too are be­ of the trade union movement. Its coming clearer. It is reported (The rights to organize, to strike, to col­ Nation, Nov. n) that representatives lective bargaining. And only in the of the Army have been sounding out struggle for these rights, and on the the leaders of the C.I.O. and the A. basis of defending these rights, the F. of L. on their attitude to the "M American trade union movement will Plan." The report has it that labor become united. Consequently, labor was confronted with "a Hobson's unity today is more needed than it choice between what amounts to at ever was before, unity to protect and least temporary self-extinction should defend the freedom and independence this country go to war, and the risk of of the trade unions. forcible extinction at the hands of a The major conclusion from all war-time government." these considerations is the need of 1 It is in the light of these soundings building and strengthening the mass that labor must view the latest at­ organizations of the workers and toi1 tempts of the Administration "to ing farmers. The primary need of or­ help" bring about labor unity. Con­ ganizing the unorganized into the sidering the nature of the present unions and of cementing more firmly domestic and foreign policies of the the bond of collaboration with the government-active imperialist inter­ toiling farmers and exploited middle . ventions, war preparations, intensified classes. The primary need of daily political reaction, orientation on a struggle against the consequences of war economy and its development the developing war economy upon the towards the "M Plan"-considering all masses, against the rising political re­ of this, the question arises whether or action, against the imperialist and 1108 THE COMMUNIST war-inciting policies of the bour­ thus will labor and its allies be able geoisie. to protect their fundamental interests, All of these tasks are bound up in­ their future, as well as their most im­ separably. It is a dangt;rous illusion­ mediate and burning economic and a trap set by the enemy-that labor political interests. will maintain its economic and trade union positions if "only" it acquiesces • • • in, and gives up opposition to, the ·THE appearance of a new and pop- imperialist, war-inciting, war-prepar­ ular mass edition of Stalin's ing policies of Wall Street. On the Foundations of Leninism will be greet­ contrary, by falling into this trap, ed with enthusiasm by all who have labor would not only sacrifice its most come to appreciate the importance of fundamental class interests, which de­ revolutionary theory for the working mand opposition to imperialism and class and its progressive movements. imperialist war, labor would also be The job is to give it the q'!lickest and surrendering its free and independent widest distribution. Its publication trade unions, thus giving up its most during the month that marks Stalin's elementary and basic weapon for the sixtieth birthday should be an added protection of its daily and immediate incentive for the broadest distribu­ interests and needs. Remember that tion and study of this basic Marxist­ Gompers fooled and sold out Amer­ Leninist classic. ican labor in the first world imperial­ Foundations of Leninism is one of ist war precisely with the argument Comrade Stalin's earlier and perhaps that, if we support the war and the greatest theoretical works. Origin,ating government's imperialist policies, we from a series of lectures delivered shall save our unions. This treachery some fifteen years ago, Foundations proved very costly to American labor. of Leninism is the first work, we Its effective recurrence must therefore believe, that presents Leninism as be prevented. the continuation and further de­ Only by fighting against imperial­ velopment of Marxism, in fact, as ism and imperialist war, by fighting the Marxism of the epoch of imperial­ against Wall Street's policies of seek­ ism and the socialist revolution. We ing to prolong and extend the war, are given in this work a beautiful by fighting to keep America out of presentation and development of war, by helping to bring the war to Marxism-Leninism as a complete, an end, by fighting unitedly for the scientifically consistent theory and freedom and independence of the philosophy of communism and the trade unions, by fighting consistently Com111unist Party. And in doing so, against every attempt to shift the bur­ Stalin already enriches and develops den of the developing war economy further the scientific theory of Marx­ on the shoulders of the masses, by ism-Leninism, inspired by a profound fighting against every expression of sensing of the new problems and tasks political reaction and every attack more definitely associated with the upon the rights and liberties of the subsequent period of the unfolding masses and their organizations-only and victory of socialist construction REVIEW OF THE MONTH uog

and with the newer developments of It should also contribute to a wider the world situation. and more intense study of Stalin's One can't help admiring the econ­ other works. A good deal of them are omy of words, the scientific precision found of course between the covers of of dialectical formulations, the mas­ the two-volume edition of Leninism, terful simplicity which has always not to mention his earlier writings been recognized as the true mark of on the national question. But depth and profundity; By its very na­ many of the newer things are not ture, it is a work of broad generaliza­ yet there and these include some. of tions on matters of theory, strategy the most outstanding products of his and tactics; and yet it is always con­ genius during the last several years. crete, alive with the problems a:nd These are today available in individu­ struggles of the working class and its al pamphlets. We have in mind such allies for the dictatorship of the prole­ jewels as Mastering Bolshevism and tariat, with not a trace of academic most particularly his report to the abstractness which so. often vitiates Eighteenth Congress of the Commu­ worthwhile theoretical efforts of less nist Party of the Soviet Union, From expert Marxists. It is truly in the best Socialism to Communism in the So­ traditions of the theoretical works of viet Union. Of the latter, it is no ex­ the giants of our movement-Marx, aggeration to say that there is no bet­ Engels, Lenin. ter and safer guide to the present As one studies and restudies this world situation, let alone the newer work, one is impressed also with its developments contained there of the tremendous power of stimulation to Marxian theory of the state and the theoretical effort. It is clear that this laws governing the transition from work was produced by the same Stalin socialism to communism. who, on some particular occasion, Then there is the History of the made this far-reaching remark. He Communist Party of the Soviet Union said, in effect: There is a dogmatic which, as is known, was produced with Marxism and a creative one; I believe the collaboration and direct super­ in the creative Marxism. This work is vision of Comrade Stalin. In fact, one testimony not only to Comrade Sta­ couldn't miss Stalin i~ this book, even lin's belief in creative Marxism but if one did not know of his collabora­ also to his powers to create, to enrich tion and supervision. Moreover, it with new ideas, propositions and laws transpires that one particular section the golden treasure of advanced of this book, the one which develops human thought, of the science of the principles of dialectical and his­ Marxism-Leninsm. torical materialism, is completely Sta­ . Many of us· have felt the powerful lin's. That too was evident from the stimulation to theoretical effort eman­ contents and style of the work. One ating from Stalin's works. More of us now feels gratified to know that this should respond to it and follow his is actually so. guidance. The new edition of Founda­ Well, let us make a thorough and tions of Leninism should contribute effective mass distribution of the new greatly to that end. edition of Foundations of Leninism, 1110 THE COMMUNIST encouraging in the process the study same will be the policy of the two of other Marxist-Leninist works. bourgeois parties in 1940? Subject to Millions of Americans already know some very important reservations, the and admire Stalin the political leader, answer would seem to be: yes. For the great working class strategist and these reasons: (a) the ruling circles of tactician-the guide of the peoples of the two major parties have no funda­ all countries. It might be well to help mental disagreements on questions of these millions understand that Stalin foreign policy. Both parties, as parties, does greatly because he thinks greatly are moved by the imperialist interests and-vice versa. of the bourgeoisie. Both are inclined, for the present, to sail under the "neu­ • • • trality" flag, to use America's power for prolonging and extending· the A SIDE from their own importance war, to enable Wall Street to amass r\,for the various localities and profits and to strengthen the domina­ states, the results of the November tion of American imperialism. Hence, elections this year contain several there would seem to be nothing very . significant indications of national serious to fight about, as far as the trends and perspectives for 1940. dominating forces of these two parties Changes in these trends are, of course, are concerned; and (b) the pressure still possible. The course of the war of Big Business is quite evidently be­ and the relations of this country to it ing directed towards preventing the may assume forms and tempos which "politicians" in the major parties will deeply affect the internal political· from making foreign policy a party situation and hence the next Presi­ issue in 1940, but to treat this ques­ dential elections. With this in view, tion on the basis of some sort of "na­ one can profitably examine some of tional unity." the ·national implications of the last If these were all the forces at work, elections. one could say definitely that foreign 1. What will be the position of the policy will be no serious issue be­ two capitalist parties on the funda­ tween the two capitalist parties in mental questions of war and peace? 1940. But there are other important The manner in which the candidates forces. There are elements in and of these two parties carried on the around both parties-not in the dom­ election campaign in November in­ inating circles-that are very suscep­ dicates the pressure of strong influ­ tible to the vague anti-war and anti­ ences against making the war question imperialist attitudes of the farmers a party issue in 1940. The fact is that and of sections of city middle classes. in the recent election struggle both Furthermore, some of these elements Republicans and Democrats have in the two major parties depend upon studiously avoided dealing with the labor votes and have political ties questions of war and foreign policy. with labor, and will therefore find As far as these two parties were con­ ·themselves under considerable pres­ cerned, these issues did not exist. sure from the more conscious and Can we assume, therefore, that the militant anti-imperialist attitudes of REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1111 large sections of workers. Consequent­ tic issues? On these also it was not ly, as t~e anti-imperialist and anti­ easy to find much serious division and war movement gathers strength among struggle between Republican and the masses, especially as it achieves Democratic candidates in the N ovem­ a certain modicum of organization, ber elections. Especially on questions we may find considerable forces in the affecting the economic needs, civil two major parties seeking to give liberties and social security of the partial expression to the moods of the masses. Here too, with some slight ex­ masses, thus raising the question of ceptions, it seemed as though an ex­ foreign policy as a major issue in the traordinary effort was being made to elections. avoid every national implication even This will undoubtedly precipitate of those local questions that did be­ serious internal fights in the two come an issue. parties. It will also raise the possibil· Can we say, therefore, that this will ity of a third party anti-imperialist be carried over to 1940? It is certain and anti-war movement. Should such that the same thing could not be re­ a development assume serious propor­ peated in 1940, for the simple reason tions, it is safe to say that the ruling that, in a national election, the two circles of the Republican Party-as the major parties have to bring forward party of "opposition"-may find them­ national issues, even though their in­ selves compelled to execute a maneu­ trinsic worth for the masses may be ver. They may decide to seize the anti­ negligible. They can't fight a national war issue from the mass movements election without issues. If they tried and from their opponents within the it, in the present situation, they would party and to make it the issue of the throw the door wide open to third Republican Party against the Demo­ party movements. Hence, the two cratic Party. In other words, they may major parties will have issues on try to present the Republican Party domestic questions. This is certain. as the party of peace, especially as the But how deep-going will they be? bulk of the Republican delegation in Will they, at least, continue along the Congress, having voted against the lift­ lines of New Deal and anti-New Deal? ing of the embargo, has established a The answer to this last question, "record" of opposition to Roosevelt's seems to us, no. As far as the ruling foreign policy. This is a practical pos­ circles of the two major parties are sibility. But what would it really mean? concerned, the present trend, also It would mean that the ruling circles of demonstrated in the November elec­ the Republican Party, safely domi­ tions, is to keep in the background all nated by Wall Street, would carry those domestic issues which tend to through in 1940 a sham battle with line up the bulk of the people against the Democrats, in order to "appease" Big Business and the bourgeoisie. the anti-war forces in their own party This means to reduce to a minimum­ and to prevent the crystallization of a within .the requirements of a "two­ third party on the issue of anti-im­ party" system-divisions and struggles perialism and peace. on such domestic questions as are of ~, What about the so-called domes- real importance to. the. w.~. This. 1112 THE COMMlJNIST means also to build up into major as the dominating forces of the two issues such questions as will be least · major parties are concerned, they will likely to arouse the masses and pre­ undoubtedly seek to give the 1940 cipitate class divisions and class strug­ campaign, as much as possible, the gle. same or similar character as in the · We already see President Roose­ "good, old times." Namely, a cam­ velt's Administration swinging away paign between ins and outs, basically from the New Deal, as understood along the lines of the traditional two­ and fought for by the masses. We have party system, adjusted to the peculiar­ shown in the foregoing the changing ities of the new situation. These "ad­ attitude towards monopolies on the justments" will be very important; part of New Deal administration but they couldn't change the fact that circles, and on civil liberties, and on both parties will be standing sub­ the importance of continuing the pro­ stantially for the same things, as far gram of social security. We have also as labor and its allies are concerned. seen the new "tone" that is being 3· It therefore follows, as a matter adopted towards labor. Clearly, the of perspective and. orientation, that political division between the Admin­ the working class and its allies (the istration and its opponents from the toiling farmers, the exploited middle Right, in the Republican Party as classes, the Negro people) cannot look well as in the Democratic Party, is forward to a situation in 1940, in continually narrowing. And it may which they would be able to support become very thin, almost invisible, by the national platform and presiden­ 1940. tial candidates of either the Repub­ What will the Republicans do? lican or Democratic parties. They They can build up a new type of couldn't do so without seriously com­ election issue, or revert to old issues promising and sacrificing, not only in new forms. For example, the tariff .. their future, but their most immedi­ That is not wholly dead, as is seen ate and burning interests. It follows from ·the smoldering friction around further that the forces of the anti­ Secretary Hull's "Reciprocity Trea­ imperialist front of the people have ties." Monetary issues can be projected to orientate on the creation of new in such a form as to limit the fight to political instrumentalities-im anti­ division of interests within the bour­ imperialist party of peace-which geoisie itself. Even the acute farm alone can check the imperialist war­ questions could be brought down to mongering of the bourgeoisie, help the same level, as they used to be bring the war to an erid, protect the treate~ in elections prior to 1929. social gains of the masses and con­ In other words, there will be do­ tinue them further, save the people mestic issues between the two capital­ from the heavy burdens of war prep­ ist parties in 1940. And the more vocal arations and war economy, save the and active the progressive elements in civil liberties and rights of the masses, these two parties will be, the more keep America out of the imperialist real will be the importance of these war. issues to the masses. However, as far This means active daily struggle on REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1113 such a platform, also in preparation elements which give expression (no for the next session of Congress. It matter how inadequately as yet) to means building and strengthening all the people's struggles against reaction, the independent progressive mass or­ imperialism and monopoly exploita­ ganizations-es-pecially the unions. It tion. It means, finally, as in the case means struggle for labor unity to pre­ of the American Labor Party in New serve and further develop free and York, to free this political labor or­ independent trade unions. It means ganization of all imperialist and war­ building Labor's Non-Partisan League mongering influence in policy and into a democratically organized mass leadership (Waldman and Co.), as the political power. It means extending only way to united labor action and labor's ties with the toiling farmers to a united people's anti-imperialist, and exploited middle classes, encour­ anti-war front. aging and supporting all forces and A. B.

"Under the capitalist system the exploited masses do not, nor can they, really participate in the admimstration of the country, if for no other reason than that even with the most democratic system under capitalism, the governments are set up not by the people, but by the Rothschilds and Stinneses, the Morgans and Rockefellers. Democ­ racy under the capitalist system is capztalist democracy, the democracy of an exploiting minority based upon the restriction of the rights of the exploited majority and directed against this majority. Only under the dictatorship of the proletariat is real 'freedom' for the exploited and real participation in the administration of the country by the proletarians and peasants possible. Under the dictatorship of the proletariat, democracy is proletarian democracy-the democracy of the exploited majority based upon the restriction of the rights of the exploiting minority and directed against this minority."-J. V. Stalin, Foundations of Leninism, page 52. DEFEND THE CIVIL RIGHTS OF COMMUNISTS!

UNGRY for huge war profits, the achievements of the Soviet Union and H barons of Wall Street are speed­ in the whole world Communist move­ ing to involve the American people ment. The banner of socialism waves in the imperialist war raging in Eu­ triumphantly over one hundred and rope. The blackout of civil liberties is eighty million people, and enjoys the part of Wall Street's war drive. Capi­ love and devoted support of millions talist reaction is intent upon depriv­ and millions more in the capitalist ing the ·Communists of their civil and colonial world. rights as the preparation for an attack To halt the steadily moving current on the economic standards and civil toward socialism is the compelling rights of the trade unions, of the motive of capitalist policy throughout working class, of all who oppose the world today. To this end, capital­ American involvement in the imper­ ism resorts with increasing fury and ialist war. Immediate and powerful violence to "the branding reproach defense of the civil rights of the Com­ of Communism" against all progress­ munists is, therefore, of the utmost ive measures and movements, trade urgency for the entire labor move­ unions and peace organizations. Be­ ment and all who stand for progress hind this smokescreen there is a plan and peace. with these definite objectives: to The Communist movement is the plunge the U.S.A. into the second im­ product of the historic struggle of ,the perialist war; to deliver the country working people for emancipation to the reactionary candidates of Big from capitalist exploitation and op-. Business in 1940; and to smash the pression and for the establishment of Communist Party as the condition socialism. Marx and Engels developed precedent for the fulfillment of these the basic theory of this struggle, and aims. ninety-two years ago founded the It is neither new, strange, nor acci­ Communist Party to organize ils con­ dental that the Communist Party, the summation. The utopian dream of only party of socialism in the United many generations was transformed in­ States, should be the object of the to sCientific theory and practice. The most vicious attacks by the reaction­ living realization of the scientific ary bourgeoisie and its apologists. truths discovered by Marx and Engels Born in the anti-war struggles of the almost a century ago and brilliantly American people against the first im­ advanced by the genius of Lenin and perialist World War, the Communist Stalin is embodied in the glorious Party today is the main organizer of 1114 DEFEND THE CIVIL RIGHTS OF COMMUNISTS! 1115 mass resistance against America's in­ vival of criminal syndicalism laws and volvement in the second imperialist the arrest of Party leaders in Iowa­ war. The Party is in the very fore­ these are evidences of an organized front of the struggle to expose the attack, which, if not checked now, will predatory, reactionary nature of the be directed, before long, against the war, the anti-Soviet aims of Anglo­ democratic rights of labor and the French imperialism; and to defeat the entire people. plans of the American monopolists to The Defense Committee for Civil reap billions in bloody profits from Rights for Communists, consisting of the war as the prelude to America's Robert Minor and myself, are author­ actual participation in it. ized to receive contributions for the The pack of the master class is bay­ defense of the legal existence of the ing over the radio and in the press, Communist Party under the Bill of trying to win sympathy for the hypo­ Rights. We call upon all members of critical "anti-Hitler" slogans of Anglo­ the Communist Party, all workers, French imperialism, and to create friends, sympathizers and others who prejudice against the Land of Social­ believe in democratic rights and civil ism. Increasingly, reaction is directing liberties to contribute. We appeal for its attacks against the Communist loans for a Bail Fund necessitated by Party. The indictment of Earl Brow­ the refusal of bonding companies to der, General Secretary of the Commu­ make bail. Threats of further arrests nist Party, on petty passport charges make it imperative for us to raise a long dropped as untenable by an large People's Bail Fund. If one earlier administration, and the bar­ thousand persons will lend us $1 oo rage against him and the whole Party each we can have such a reserve bail in the entire capitalist press; the bar­ fund for all emergencies. Address: ring of the Communist councilmanic Room 524, 799 Broadway, New York candidates in New York City on the City. flimsiest of technicalities; extradition Help defend the right of the Com­ proceedings against Sam Adams munist Party to educate and organize Darcy, State Secretary of the Commu­ the American people against involve­ nist Party of Eastern Pennsylvania, for ment in the imperialist war, for the prosecution on equally flimsy grounds; protection of their living standards denial of the use of the radio to the and civil rights from reactionary at­ Communist Party; the refusal of Har­ tacks, and for the transition to social­ vard and Princeton Universities to ism, for which America's material permit Comrade Browder to deliver scheduled addresses and the deliber­ productive forces are riper than in ate press distortion of his recent any capitalist country, and upon speeCh at Boston; the organized hooli­ which depends the permanent pros­ gan attack upon the Detroit meeting perity, peace, and well-being of our addressed by William Z. Foster, Na­ people. tional Chairman of the Party; the re- ELIZABETH GURLEY FLYNN JOSEPH STALIN'S SIXTIETH BIRTHDAY

By EARL BRO.WDER

osEPH STALIN is sixty years of age on expense of the masses, but that it has JDecember 21, 1939. This anniver­ lost the capacity of producing great sary is of exceptional interest to the individuals even on its own terms. entire world, but above all to those No philosopher or statesman of the who have found in his words and his bourgeois world is able to command work!! the sure guide to the building the respect and allegiance of more of the new world, the World of To­ than a fraction of his world, nor even morrow. this for long. There are no more In the United States, the mercenary "great men" in the world of capital­ press carries on an unprecedented ism, except in the most pitifully tran­ campaign of calumny against Stalin, sitory and fragmentary sense, nor as their particular contribution to this even a "great tradition" being upheld anniversary. That is but the inexo­ and continued by men of lesser stat­ rable product of the struggle of the ure, in anything more than empty decaying old world against the new phrases. Senile and decaying monop­ world of socialism that is being born. oly capitalism has poisoned the so­ In the volume and intensity of the ciety it dominates so thoroughly that rage against Stalin that erupts from greatness of the individual in thought all the ideological servants of monop­ and achievement is no longer possible, oly capitalism, we have presented to except in the strtiggle to free society us, in negative form, a measure of from its incubus-a struggle that Stalin's greatness. With this char­ engages more and more the working acterization :we may dismiss the whole class, and together with it everything mass of calumny, which has the same healthy and decent from the other historical significance in principle as classes that can escape from the uni­ the attacks against all great leaders versal decay of the old order. and thinkers produced by mankind. Joseph Stalin emerges before the The higher the waves of calumny whole world as the greatest figure of mount, all the more conclusive is the our time. This fact is attested alike by evidence of the stature in history of friend and enemy. the personality against which it is di­ When one looks for an explanation rected. of this historic stature of Stalin, this It is one of the most glaring contra­ is found, first of all, in his role as dictions of bourgeois society that its continuator of the work of Karl Marx, ideology glorifies the individual at the Frederick Engels, and Vladimir Len-

1116 JOSEPH STALIN'S SIXTIETH BIRTHDAY 1117 in. The thought and work o~ these in the throes of its deepest and sharp­ four giants of the proletariat, extend­ est crisis, of which the second great ing over ·more than ninety years, is imperialist war is the most dramatic one monolithic whole. It arises in expression. All its resources, material history as the mighty synthesis of all and spiritual, are thrown into the previous human wisdom which is game of mutual mass destruction, to raised to new levels, and represents decide which members of the "family" mankind in the process of mastering of capitalist powers shall have the its own fate, society becoming captain privilege of carving from the living of its own destiny, through socialism: bodies of the others, in the attempt to the first stage of communism. solve the insoluble problems of a It is found, secondly, in his close moribund capitalist system. From this identification with the masses, the bourgeois world there are rapidly dis­ broadest many-million masses, upon appearing the last pretences of sus­ whom Stalin always bases himself in tained rational thinking about the thought and action, and who always major problems of the world, and the find in Stalin their most consistent last illusions of hope that the bour­ and steadfast representative, guide geoisie can bring anything better to and teacher. the world. It is found, thirdly, in Stalin as the Even the United States, the "giant" leader of the Party, the vanguard of of the capitalist world and its great­ the working class, which realiz<;:s the est stronghold, while still technically potential power of that class, and neutral in the war, shares fully in the gathers its allies around it in unshak­ world crisis of capitalism. For over able solidarity; the Party which finds ten years it has been partially para­ in Stalin the embodiment of all its lyzed, one-third of its population best and strongest qualities. must be maintained by extraordinary Communism, the science of social measures outside its orthodox princi­ development, the final step by which ples and at a scandalously low and man becomes master of his fate; the declining level; the more it accumu­ working class, . at the head of the lates wealth and productive resources broadest toiling masses of the popula­ the more insoluble become its difficul­ tion, which is "mankind" in the con­ ties. And now, when the imperialist crete, the fundament of society and war breaks out, this United States, the bearer of its future; the Party, ruled by Wall Street, can see in it which unites science with the masses, nothing but the opportunity to seize thought with action, consciousness without war some of the profits and with will-these are the three great booty, for which it prepares later to pillars which have raised Joseph enter the war, when the easy pickings Stalin to his eminence at the head of are exhausted. Capitalist America, humanity in its struggle for that self­ while protesting its "peaceful" nature, realization which is freedom. has already become the most war­ The system of capitalism, of the minded of all nations of the world; it bourgeoisie, which has dominated the is feverishly adjusting its entire econ­ world for hundreds of years, is today omy and political resources to serve 1118 THE COMMUNIST the war and prolong it; nothing and rapidly rising also in the U. S.­ rouses its hysterical denunciation so the socialist Soviet Union celebrates fiercely as a serious demand for the its great Stalinist Constitution, the cessation of the war, and movements most democratic of all history, which among the people to that end. has placed one-sixth of the earth ir­ But the world of socialism, the So­ revocably in the hands of its entire viet Union, headed by the Commu­ one hundred and eighty-three million nist Party and Stalin, emerges above people. the chaos of the capitalist world, calm While the capitalist nations can not and confident in its great and rapidly ·or dare not inform their own peoples multiplying strength, a fortress of and the world about their aims, pol­ prosperity and peace for its peoples, icies and commitments, for fear of an example to the oppressed masses popular uprisings and revolutions of all lands. from outraged masses-the socialist So­ While the capitalist world has been viet Union confidently and calmly in­ closing down its factories, destroying forms the whole world of all its aims its own economies, throwing millions and policies, thereby confounding the upon millions of its population into diplomacy of the capitalist world unemployment and starvation, the so­ which is based upon falsehood, trick­ cialist Soviet Union has multiplied its ery and deception, knowing full well national production by ten-fold, that the more intimately the world brought employment and security to knows all about the Soviet Union, the all its people, raised living standards stronger will be its support among the many hundred per cent, created a cul­ toiling and oppressed peoples of all tured life for its masses, and forged lands. an invincible wall of protection Less than twenty years ago, Lenin against a hostile world around it. evaluated the relation of forces be­ While the capitalist world has de­ tween the world of socialism and the troyed the foundations of orderly re­ world of capitalism in the following lations between nations and reduced words: these relations to the basis of naked "We are, from the military and economic force, the Soviet Union has welded its standpoint, infinitely weak. We have not own great family of nations in the un­ one-hundredth of the forces of the combined breakable unity of peaceful collab­ imperialist states, and yet they are unable to stifle us." oration, and given the only example among great powers of a government Compare that relationship of forces which observes to the end every inter­ to the one that exists today.. From the national pledge and responsibility. military and economic standpoint the While the capitalist world is rapidly Soviet Union has emerged as the discarding all the remnants of demo­ mightiest power in Europe. What the cratic self-government, which was its imperialist powers gained, in their proudest achievement of the past, and post-War recuperation, they have is going over to open military and largely lost in the protracted crisis and fascist dictatorships, a trend fully the new war. Even before the new realized in the belligerent countries imperialist war is well under way, JOSEPH STALIN'S SIXTIETH BIRTHDAY 1119 the capitalist class is already faced by Thanks to Stalin and to the Com­ a mass of workers and peasants who munist Party which he heads, as its are against the war and who demand outstanding guide, the world of so­ peace. Behind the capitalist powers cialism is invincible. are disillusioned and rebellious popu­ Thanks to Stalin, and to the genius lations; behind the Soviet Union the which he inherited and developed unexampled enthusiasm of peoples further from Marx, Engels and Lenin, without oppression or class divisions, the working class and oppressed peo­ rising rapidly in economic and cul­ ples of all lands have a mighty ex­ tural advancement, new men and ample and ally in their struggle women boldly masters of their own against capitalist exploitation, oppres­ destiny. sion and war. Thus the relation of forces between The whole world enters the period the socialist and capitalist worlds is in which the transition to socialism is infinitely more favorable to the Soviet being placed on the order of the day. Union than it was in 1920, ·when The words and deeds of Joseph Stalin Lenin noted the inability of imperial­ and the Communist Party furnish the ism, a hundred-fold stronger, to stifle only clear guide to the world for the the socialist world. most orderly and efficient mastering All capitalist leaders and statesmen, of the world crisis, and the inaugura­ with their Social-Democratic, Trot­ tion of socialism. skyite and Lovestoneite hangers-on, That is why the sixtieth birthday are dreaming about how to transform of Joseph Stalin will be noted by all the present imperialist war into a gen­ men in all lands. The capitalists, reac­ eral assault of all the capitalist world tionaries, monopolists and all their against the Soviet Union. They ab­ servants will continue to rage against jectly beg Hitler to "come back and calumniate this man. The work­ home" and head this holy crusade for ing class and the oppressed peoples them. But their dream has lost greet his name with joy and hope, as the material foundations for its real­ the harbinger and beacon of a new ization. and better world. LENIN AND STALIN AS MASS LEADERS

By WILLIAM Z.. FOSTER

HE great revolution of October, ed by organized mass struggle must T 1917, which abolished Russian remain sterile. Like Marx and Engels capitalism and landlordism and set before them, Lenin and Stalin have up the Soviet government, resulted shown superlative capacities in trans­ in the · establishment of socialism lating their socialist principles into throughout one-sixth of the earth, and successful mass action. is now surging forward to the build­ The work of Lenin and Stalin, so ing of communism, constitutes the graphically portrayed in the History deepest-going, farthest-reaching, and of the Communist Party of the Soviet most fundamental mass movement in Union, is full of urgent and vital les­ all human history. The two chief fig­ sons for the Communist Party of the ures in the Communist Party heading United States and the whole popular this epic struggle-Lenin and Stalin­ mass movement in these days of im­ have continuously displayed, in its perialist war. This article will under­ course, unequalled qualities as polit­ take to point out some of these les­ ical leaders of the working class and sons, paying special attention to the of the toiling people generally. organizational aspects of the work of Lenin and Stalin have evidenced Lenin and Stalin. their outstanding brilliance as mass GREAT MARXIAN THEORETICIANS leaders in every revolutionary require­ ment: in Marxian theory, political The main foundation of the bril­ strategy, the building of mass organ­ liant successes of Lenin and Stalin as izations, and in the development of the leaders of the Russian Revolution the mass struggle. The characteristic lies in their deep mastery of Marxian feature of their work is its many­ theory. With unmatched ability, they sidedness. Both men of action as well analyzed the innumerable objective as of thought, they have exemplified and subjective complexities of decay­ in their activities that coordination ing capitalism and growing socialism; of theory and practice which is so in­ and drew the necessary practical con­ dispensable to the success of the clusions therefrom. Better than any­ every-day struggles of the masses and one else, they pointed out clearly to the final establishment of socialism. the Communist Party and the broad Both have worked in the clearest real­ masses, both in the Soviet Union and ization of the twin truths that there throughout the world, the unfolding can be no revolutionary movement path to prosperity and freedom. without revolutionary theory, and Lenin's great theoretical work ad­ that revolutionary theory unsupport- vanced and expanded Marxism in

ll~O LENIN AND STALIN AS MASS LEADERS lUl

many fields. His major achievements the whole position of international .include his analysis of imperialism as capitalism. They resulted in a deci­ parasitic, decaying capitalism; his sur­ sive victory for the leadership of the vey and evaluation, in the light of Communist Party and, thereby, of so­ dialectical materialism, of many cialism. branches of current science; his elab­ Marx and Engels laid the founda­ oration of the theory of the uneven tions of socialism by establishing its development of capitalism and its ef­ main scientific principles. Lenin was fects upon imperialist war, proletarian especially the theoretician of the rev­ revolution and the realization of so­ olutionary seizure of power and the cialism in a single country. He elab­ establishment of the fundamental in­ orated the method of transforming stitutions of socialism. He further imperialist war into civil war; he an­ developed the profound Marxian alyzed the capitalist state and the dic­ analysis of the capitalist system and tatorship of the proletariat; he the class struggle, carrying it into the presented a deep theoretical work on epoch of imperialism. Stalin has the national question; he clarified the raised the whole Marxist-Leninist role of the peasantry in the revolu­ structure still another stage higher by tion. His annihilating polemics revealing the path to the actual build­ against the Narodniks, Economists, ing of socialism and the development Mensheviks and the whole network toward communism. of international Social-Democracy, Without the profound work of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists, Lenin and Stalin, the Party and the Syndicalists, Trotskyists, and other masses could not have found their way pseudo-revolutionary groups; and his through the maze of thorny problems solution of innumerable additional that beset them. The mastery of Marx­ theoretical and practical problems ism-Leninism is Stalin's great main­ were of the utmost significance in stay in piloting the Soviet Union welding the theoretical and organiza­ through the present complicated tional strength and unity which world situation. charted the Bolshevik Party on the course of victory. BRILLIANT POLITICAL STRATEGIST Stalin has further developed Marx­ As masters of Marxian theory, ism-Leninism through many invalu­ Lenin and Stalin could develop their able theoretical accomplishments. profound ability as political strate­ His principal contributions to Marx­ gists. The Marxist method of analy­ ian theory lie in indicating the path sis, enabling them to gauge accurately of the actual building of socialism in the relationship of classes and the gen­ the U.S.S.R. Thus, his powerful po­ eral economic and political forces at lemics against Trotsky, Zinoviev, work in a given situation, equipped Bukparin and their counter-revolu­ them to determine when, how and tionary affiliates comprised the great­ where the Party and the masses could est ideological struggle of our times. strike the most effective blows . .They clarified every aspect of the vast Lenin was bold, resourceful and and unique problem of building so­ flexible in his political strategy. Time cialism in one country, anStalinism also was and blood to their Marxian theory the theoretical basis of the interna­ and strategy. Lenin said, "The prole­ tional policy of the people's front, the tariat has no other weapon in the historically imperative tactic to unite struggle for power except organiza­ the masses of workers, fanners, pro­ tion." The writings of both Lenin fessionals and small business people and Stalin are saturated with a pro­ in the capitalist and colonial countries found appreciation of the decisive in effective struggle against fascism political significance of organization,. and for democracy. The people's front and their work is full of organiza­ policy was connected with the Soviet tional tasks carried out to their re­ world peace policy which sought to motest detail. create an international front of the Lenin was a superlatively great or­ democratic peoples to stop the fas­ ganizer. He worked out, in practice cist aggressor powers. This policy as well as in theory, the fundamental would undoubtedly have been suc­ organizational principles of the Com­ cessful in preventing war, but primar­ munist Party, the most advanced and ily because the Social-Democratic complicated form of political organ- leaders of England and France did not . ization yet forged by mankind. He support it, Chamberlain and Dala­ organized to the smallest details the dier were able to reject it. Undeterred publication of the first· all-Russian by this defeat of the international Marxist newspaper in Russia, the peace front and, the outbreak of the Iskra, within whose columns were war, the Soviet Union, guided by the published outstanding contributions brilliant strategy of Stalin and the to Marxist literature, and which enor­ Communist Party, has developed a mously assisted the ideological and new policy in the struggle for world organizational unity of the Russian peace and democracy. As it has rap­ Social-Democratic Labor Party. In i~.ly unfolded, this policy has amazed sharp conflict with opportunists of the world with its boldness, some of various brands, he hammered out the • The word is derived from N.E.P. (New conceptions of the Party's vanguard Economic Policy). role, of iron discipline, democratic 1124 THE COMMUNIST

centralism, monolithic unity, self­ of Lenin's fruitful life was his pro­ criticism, factory unit form of organ­ found article upon the organization ization, legal and illegal methods of and tasks of the cooperatives. work, the role of the professional rev­ Stalin, like Lenin, also possesses olutionist, etc. This made the Com­ surpassing merit as a mass organizer. munist Party of the Soviet Union a At the Seventeenth Congress of the party of the new type and enabled it Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to lead the Russian Revolution suc­ he stated that one of the Party's basic cessfully. tasks was "to raise organizational lead­ Lenin personally led in organizing ership to the level of political lead­ the Communist International. He not ership." This principle has guided his only laid down its basic theoretical active political life. groundwork and indicated the key Stalin was a close collaborator with moment of its launching, but he also, Lenin in all his brilliant organiza­ in the midst of his stupendous activ­ tional work; and since Lenin's death, ities as le;;tder of the Russian Revo­ he, as leader of the Party, has been lution, wprked out the main lines of called upon constantly to exercise his its program and much of its detailed great mass organizing talent. His main structure and procedure. The guiding organizing work, like his theoretical hand of Lenin can be seen through and strategical contributions, related the fibre and being of the Commu­ chiefly to carrying through socialist nist International. construction. This vast task involved Lenin applied himself closely to rearing millions of skilled workers organizational tasks in many other and engineers out of an industrially forms of mass activity, with the usual backward population, building up brilliant results. Thus, he developed unique economic organs, developing the theory of the role and structure new methods of mass work, and a of the Soviets, following up personally thousand other grave organizational their many complicated organization­ problems. A gigantic feature of this al problems. He also turned his pow~ work was the historic collectivization erful intellect and gigantic energies of Soviet agriculture. In all this so­ upon organizing the Red Army which cialist construction Stalin was the militantly defended the country dur­ chief organizer, leader and teacher of ing the three years of bitter civil war. the Party and the masses. He, furthermore, was the main au­ Under Stalin's leadership, too, the thority in setting up the unique and Red Army has been built into the difficult forms of socialist economic most formidable military force in the organization, labor discipline, financ­ world. Every detail of organization ing, etc., in Soviet industry. His work has been under his constant surveil­ also in solving the complexities in lance. Stalin has also led the Party in the relations of the trade unions to that basic aspect of social organiza­ the Party, to the state, to industry, tion, the elaboration and crystalliza­ iJ.nd to the workers' interests gener­ tion of growing socialist democracy. i!lly, was of inestimable value; his This highly political development, writings on trade unionism remain like all other features of Soviet life, ~lassipp, Qn~ of tlle last lichievelJl,ep.t!! hils its ~ompliqtted orgflni~lt-tional LENIN AND STALIN AS MASS LEADERS sides. The expanding Soviet democ­ seizure of power in Petrograd; and on racy has given birth, as its legal ex­ the night of October 24, just before pression, to the new Constitution, the decisive action began, when Lenin most advanced in the world, fitly arrived in the city, Stalin was named after Stalin. assigned personal leadership of the uprising. PEERLESS MASS ACTIVIZERS Time and again during the Revolu­ In our foregoing analysis of Lenin tion these two leaders developed and Stalin as mass leaders, we have veritable miracles of mass activization briefly reviewed their great genius as and struggle, with few organized re­ Marxian theoreticians, as political sources and in the face of gigantic strategists and as builders of mass or­ obstacles. By realizing in struggle the ganizations. They also display no less identity of interest of the Party and brilliance in that other fundamental the people, they could bind the Party requirement of effective leadership: to every fibre of the working and the ability to bring into struggle the peasant masses and convey to these broadest masses and to animate them masses a high degree of the Party's with an invincible fighting spirit. clearsightedness, systematic methods This requires a thoroughgoing coor­ of work, resoluteness, unflinching dinatjon of Marxian theory, sound courage, firm unity, iron discipline strategy . and tactics, solid organiza­ and unbreakable fighting spirit. tion, good methods of work, bound­ The October Revolution itself fur­ less militancy and resoluteness. The nished the best illustration of Lenin's final test of good political generalship great activizing ability; of his capac~ in the class struggle is to be able to ity, by the coordination of theory mobilize to the utmost all available and practice, to involve huge masses and potential fighting forces. This re­ in struggle around a relatively small quires the closest contact with, and organized force. When this gigantic understanding of, the masses. Lenin movement was carried through, the and Stalin have always been com­ Communist Party which headed it pletely identified with the working had hardly more than 3oo,ooo mem­ class and its natural allies. ·They have bers in a population ·of 16o,ooo,ooo. excelled in their knowledge of how But the Party, clear-headed and ca­ the people have felt and thought at pably led, with a sound policy, using any moment. Their ear at all times practical methods of work, and in­ has been close to the ground. They fused with the tireless and dauntless have been able to voice at any given fighting spirit of Lenin, was able by time the deepest aspirations of the prodigious effort to reach the masses. masses and to point the way for real­ It educated them, set them in motion, ization of their most basic needs. and led their millions in successful Lenin and Stalin have been master revolutionary struggle against capi­ mobilizers of the people. Never were talism. they mere "cabinet" generals, but Another brilliant example of this functioned directly on the firing line. supreme ability of Lenin and the Thus, Stalin was head of the commit­ Party to mobilize and activize the tee that prepared the revolutionary whole people in struggle was shown 1126 THE COMMUNIST in the bitterly fought Civil War. ing with farm collectivization, and de­ When the Revolution took place in clared that the individualistic peas­ October, 1917, the Russian army, be­ ants could never be organized to carry trayed by its tsarist officers and de­ it out. feated by the Germans, was rapidly But the Communist Party, headed disintegrating and about to fall to by Stalin, was undeterred by this pes­ pieces. World military experts de­ simism, by the sabotage of Trotsky­ clared it impossible for the war-weary, ites and other wreckers. It proceeded starving Russian people to be re­ to a tremendous mobilization and organized to fight against the impe­ activization of the whole Soviet peo­ tialist intervention, launched by Eng­ ple. The pessimists said the Plan land, France, Japan and the United could not be accomplished in five States. But the job was done. The years; very well, the Party resolved to Communist Party, led by Lenin, in make it in four. The result is now the fire of civil war, with industry and history, a glorious page in the life agriculture prostrate and with daily of the Russian Revolution. By super­ rations as low as two ounces of bread human efforts, based upon the educa­ per person, was able to build the Red tion of the masses; by organizing, in-. Army into an invincible force of spiring, and straining every resource 5,o0o,ooo soldiers who victoriously of the people to the limit, the Five­ drove the counter-revolution from Year Plan was carried through in four Soviet Russia's borders. To perform and one-quarter years. Huge plants this "impossibility" required a tre­ sprang up almost like magic; the mendous mobilization of the people, farms were collectivized in a vast and to bring this about taxed all the sweeping movement; multitudes of understanding, tenacity and fighting workers and technicians were rapidly spirit of the Party. trained. Never before had the world Stalin, like Lenin, is distinguished seen such a swift advance in industry by high ability as a mass activizer. and agriculture, such a tremendous His great capacity in this key phase energizing of a vast people. The So­ of leadership was graphically shown, viet Union leaped into second place among other major campaigns, by the among the world's industrial coun­ Party's great drive to carry through tries. Stalin stood forth as a superla­ the First Five-Year Plan. When this tive mass organizer. plan became known internationally, In the present troubled world the it evoked a chorus of sneers from practical political significance of this bourgeois economists and statesmen. rapid progress (continued under the These wiseacres pronounced the Second and Third Five-Year Plans) is whole thing fantastic, a mere propa­ that it made the Soviet Union an in­ ganda stunt. Many declared it would vincible fortress of peace in the path require, not five, but fifty years to of war-makers. Should the U.S.S.R. fulfil, because the Soviet government be drawn into the present war, in was deeply deficient in capital, indus­ spite of all efforts to keep out, this trial experience, engineers and skilled Bolshevik ability to mobilize and ac­ workers. These people especially tivize the masses in struggle will play ridiculed the section of the plan deal- a role fatal to the program of the im- LENIN AND STALIN AS MASS LEADERS perialists who seek the downfall of tem; nor do they realize that only the Soviet Union. socialism can solve the problems that are wrecking the present social order. SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Their estimation of the relationship The above-presented brief indica­ of classes is unclear; their conception tions of Lenin's and Stalin's activities of the class struggle and the growth as mass leaders do not constitute a of fascism: and reaction is superficial. complete picture of their work, but This theoretical weakness hinders the serve at least to throw some highlights working class from developing the upon the four major aspects of their necessary class consciousness; it affects leadership: Marxian theory, political adversely all phases of its strategy, or­ strategy, mass organization, and mass ganization and struggle. activization. The work of these lead­ The theoretical confusion of trade ers has many lessons for the Commu­ union and. other popular mass leaders nist Party and for the American toil­ is now climaxed in their wrong atti­ ing masses. If we are to profit from tude toward the war. With few excep­ them, however, we must not mechan­ tions, they are accepting the capitalist ically apply here the methods used contention that Great Britain and by Lenin and Stalin in Russia, but France are defending democracy adapt them to the particular needs against Hitlerism. Thus they walk and special problems of our American straight into the trap of the imperial­ movement. ist war-makers and try to draw the Lenin and Stalin themselves have masses in after them. Reactionaries given the clearest examples of how to like Green and Woll, lieutenants of apply international Marxism to spe­ capitalism in the ranks of labor, take cifically national conditions. They a pro-war position as a matter of pol­ have always stressed the need for the icy; but there are also many honest Communist Parties of the various mass .leaders, especially of the lower lands to know their peoples well; to categories, who follow the war-mak­ analyze the national traditions and ers simply through ignorance and in­ peculiarities of their countries; and ability to analyze the complex clash to apply Marxism, not mechanically of social forces. but specifically, to their native condi­ A wider knowledge of Marxism­ tions. Let us, therefore, briefly indi­ Leninism, both among the leadership cate a few of the major applications and the rank and file, is essential to to our American situation. the success of the whole class strug­ First, in the matter of Marxian gle. It is a supreme task of the Com­ theory, the leaders of American trade munist Party to advance this knowl­ unions, farm organizations, and other edge throughout the broad. mass mass bodies are, with rare exceptions, movement. extremely weak. There is deep con­ Secondly, in the matter of political fusion among them as to what is ac­ strategy, organically related to theo­ tually happening to capitalism. They retical understanding, the mass organ­ do not clearly understand the eco­ izations would also do well to absorb nomic, political and social forces at some lessons from Lenin and Stalin. work undermining the capitalist sys· Gross weaknesses are evident among THE COMMUNIST them; for example in the lack of any advances in organizational forms and plan for actually building an alliance methods. Then there is the lack of of workers, farmers, professionals, and mass political organization of labor, small business elements, the move­ aside from such beginnings as Labor's ment largely drifting in that direction Non-Partisan League. In each recur­ under pressure of events and with ring election we see the deplorable much confusion and lost motion. spectacle of organized labor, without Then there is the lack of anything organization of its own, trailing that might definitely be called labor's along after the capitalist party candi­ political or economic program in the dates. war situation. Next, there is the bad Such organizational backwardness generalship which causes the workers is, of course, based upon conservatism to approach the crucial 1940 elections in political theory and strategy. It with a split trade union movement. cries out 'for an application of the Again, there is little conception of brilliant lessons given by Lenin and labor's necessary independent role po­ Stalin. litically. Then there is confusion in Fourthly, in the matter of mass labor and progressive ranks on how activization, also, highly profitable to meet the vicious red-baiting cam­ lessons can be learned by American paign of the reactionaries, especially progressives from the work of Lenin the Dies Committee and its attack and Stalin. Contrast the latter's tre­ upon the Communist Party. Al­ mendous mobilization of the Soviet though obviously the red-baiters' aim people with the desultory activization is to destroy, not only the Communist of the masses in the American class Party, but the whole labor and pro­ struggle. There is, for example, the gressive movement, even the most pro­ A. F. of L.'s clumsy inability to mo­ gressive trade union leaders fail to bilize its big membership for united fight these reactionary demagogues. action in political elections, in strikes, All such confusion and weakness is or in organizing campaigns. This remote indeed from the brilliant po­ great, lumbering movement is in­ litical strategy of Lenin and Stalin. capable, with its present leadership Thirdly, in the matter of mass or­ and policies, of concerted motion in ganization, our movement has like­ any direction. wise much to learn from those expert Other examples were the recent organizers, Lenin and Stalin. Ob­ failures of the trade unions and other serve the generally haphazard, lacka­ mass organizations to act militantly daisical methods of work and adminis­ in the Congressional fights over the tration in American mass organizations Supreme Court, government reorgani­ of all kinds. The classic example of zation, W.P.A., the lending bill and this is the way A. F. of L. leaders neutrality. In these important strug­ desperately cling to the outworn craft gles only the most sketchy efforts were form of trade unionism in a highly in­ made to rouse the masses and swing dustrialized country like ours. The them into action behind the New present split in the labor movement Deal program, so that the popular was caused by the A. F. of L. officials' cause was repeatedly defeated, al­ failure to adopt obviously necessary though the majority was on its side. LENIN AND STALIN AS MASS LEADERS 1129

At present we are being given an ex­ exemplified in the Communist Party of the hibition of characteristically weak Soviet Union and its world-historic building of socialism." . activization of the masses by the straggling way the trade unions are Today our Party confronts gigantic fighting against the rising cost of liv­ problems of teaching the masses that ing and for the organization of the this is an imperialist war, in mobiliz­ unorganized. ing them to struggle for peace and to The general effect of these weak­ keep America out of the war, in or­ nesses in activization (as well as in the ganizing them to defend their civil spheres of theory, strategy, and or­ rights, living standards, and social ganization) is dangerously to restrict legislation; in enlightening them in the political fighting power of the the principles of socialism. Our Party mass movement. This cannot be can fulfill these difficult tasks only if tolerated in these days of well-organ­ it learns and practices the profound ized and militant reaction. All sec­ lessons that Lenin and Stalin have to tions of the American mass movement teach us in Marxian theory, political could profit from studying the work strategy, mass organization, and mass of those expert mobilizers of the peo­ activization. ple, Lenin and Stalin. Those workers and other militants It is not simply a case, however, of determined to learn the most effective applying these lessons to the trade ways of battling against imperialist unions, farmers' organizations, and to war in the fight for democracy and the mass movement generally. We socialism must study the great prin­ Communists, above all, must learn ciples of analysis and struggle out­ from Lenin and Stalin to equip our­ lined and applied by Lenin and selves for our role of vanguard. Our Stalin, and adapt them to the Ameri­ Party is still weak in theory; our po­ can class struggle. To this end we are litical strategy often leaves much to fortunate in having at our disposal be desired; our organizational meth­ the History of the Communist Party ods need drastic improvement, and in of the Soviet Union~ • which contains mobilizing the members of our Party the whole instructive and dramatic for specific struggle, as well as activiz­ story of the lives and struggles of ing the mass organizations generally, these leaders. This great book should we still display many deficiencies. not only be read and studied, but also Thus, our Party building resolution used as a practical Marxist-Leninist­ of the Tenth Convention urged: Stalinist guide in shaping the strug­ gles of the masses for freedom, democ­ "The leading bodies of our Party have the task to assimilate and master more con­ racy and socialism. sciously and systematically the lessons o£ " Published by International Publishers, Comrade Stalin's leadership so gloriously New York. EARLY WRITINGS OF STALIN

HESE are times when the great "An Answer to a Social-Democrat," T figure of Stalin rises ever more which subjected the Menshevik the­ distinctly before working men and ory of spontaneity to devastating crit­ women. His wisdom is reaching the icism. It developed the ideas, so bril­ proletariat; for it is the wisdom of liantly propounded by Lenin in What one who knows the secrets of the Is to Be Done?, concerning the com­ enemy and the might. of its gravedig­ bination of theory and practice and ger, the proletariat. For Communists, the introduction of socialist conscious­ the writings of Stalin, like those of Iless into the labor movement. Marx, Engels and Lenin, are the Bol­ Stalin's attack was directed prima­ shevik arsenal, storing the highest­ rily at the Georgian Mensheviks who calibered theoretical weapons, which, were at this time endeavoring to pre­ when grasped by the masses, become vent the revolutionary upsurge of the the force to uproot the old and build Batum and Tifiis workers. But Sta­ the highways to the new world order lin's formulations are classic and uni­ of socialism. versally applicable wherever capital­ The greatness of Stalin today has ism exists. its roots in the Stalin whQ taught and We quote from A Glance at Party fought, organized and led, in Trans­ Disagreements: caucasia from 1896 to 1910. The eventful book by L. Beria, • "A spontaneous labor movement, a Stalin's Early Writings and Activi­ movement without socialism, inevit­ ties, •• gives us this early Stalin, his ably becomes petty and takes on a role as theoretician and as founder of craft-unionist complexion, subordin­ the Transcaucasian Bolshevik organ­ ates itself to bourgeois ideology. izations. It gives us some of Stalin's "But may the conclusion be drawn early writings, which are of highest from this that socialism is everything importance for Communist theory, and the labor movement nothing? writings which are architectural in Certainly not! Only idealists can their solidity and mobile like an ever­ claim this. Ultimately, economic de­ living, steady flame. . velopment will surely lead the work­ In 1905, Stalin wrote the illegally ing class to the social revolution and published pamphlet, A Glance at liberate it from bourgeois ideology, Party Disagreements,. and the article but the point is that it is a path of zigzags and digressions. • Formerly Secretary of the Communist Party of Transcaucasia, now a leading mem­ "On the other hand, socialism out­ ber of the Soviet government. side the labor movement remains a •• International Publishers, New York, 1939· phrase and loses its meaning, no mat- EARLY WRITINGS OF STALIN ter on what scientific grounds it consciousness from without.' " Lenin stands. But may it be concluded from and Stalin, possessing. this highest this that the labor movement is every- type of socialist consciousness, were thing and socialism nothing? Not in able to build the Bolshevik Party the least. The only people who can with its powerful principle of demo­ think so are those quasi-Marxists for cratic centralism. whom an idea loses all meaning and Stalin was with Lenin the greatest has no meaning just because it has proponent of democracy in the Party been worked out by life. But social- and in the Soviet state. In the follow­ ism can be introduced into the labor ing passage from an article written in movement and transformed from an 1906, he sets forth the reality of de­ empty phrase into a powerful weapon. mocraey and rejects all fetishism of it. "What is the conclusion? The labor "Real democracy means that the movement must unite with socialism; Party membership functions in the practical activity must be closely Party organization, that the Party bound up with theory, and so give membership decides Party questions the spontaneous labor movement a , and general practical questions as Social-Democratic• meaning and char- well, that the Party membership acter... .'' (Quoted in Stalin's Early passes its own resolutions, and obliges Writings and Activities, pp. 53-54.) its organizations to put these resolu- tions into effect. And from Stalin's article, "An An- "Democracy does not consist only swer to a Social-Democrat": in democratic elections. Democracy in elections cannot yet be called real de­ " .. ~ what meaning has mere social­ mocracy. Napoleon III was elected by ist consciousness if it is not dissemin­ universal suffrage; but who does not ated among the proletariat? It will know that this elected emperor was remain an empty phrase and nothing one of the greatest oppressors of the more. Matters will take an entirely people? different turn if this consciousness "What we are referring to is de­ spreads among the proletariat: the mocracy in action, whereby the Party proletariat will realize its position and membership decides ·questions itself will press on towards a socialist life and acts itself. And we must say that at a more rapid pace... .'' (Ibid., pp. this is just the kind of democracy that 55·56.) must be fundamental in our Social­ Lenin thought so highly of Stalin's Democratic organization.'' (Ibid., p. article that he wrote a summary of it 57·) in the central organ of the Party, Democracy of deed and word, in­ Proletary. He valued it because it was separably combined-such is the Com­ "an excellent formulation of the ques­ munist principle embodied in the tion of the famous 'introduction of highest type of political document­ the Stalin Constitution. • The name of the revolutionary party was at that time the Russian Social-Demo­ Stalin, whose whole life has been a cratic Labor Party.-The Editors. sharp struggle against all enemies of THE COMMUNIST the working class, knows how to char­ they act this way? Because it was acterize their class essence and to tear more to their advantage at the time; off their disguises. This ability en­ everyone knows that it is not so easy abled him to expose the Trotskyites, to ridicule or abuse a victor. Now Bukharinites, Mensheviks, bourgeois­ that the wind has veered to reaction nationalist deviators, etc., who wound and turned the wheel back, these gen­ up their miserable careers as fiends try have changed their color and are of counter-revolution. reviling the party of the same prole­ In 1906, in an article exposing the tariat for all they are worth. Why? nationalist Georgian Federalist Party, Because today it is apparently more which sought to divide the working advantageous for them-they know class of Transcaucasia by subordinat­ that they will 'get away' with this ing it to the nationalist bourgeoisie, filthy demagogy. And what else can Stalin devastatingly generalized the they do but bark? . . . Of course the characteristics of such political chame­ tail-wagging bourgeoisie has nothing leons. The article is sharply relevant left to do but play the chameleon, the to those "liberals" today who have consequence being that they will al­ lowered their sails to ride with the ways try to change the people into a "wind of reaction." chameleon too so as to get the politi­ cal reins into their own hands. That " ... The chameleon's distinguish­ is why our bourgeois gentlemen have ing feature is· that he is forever completely assimilated the chame­ changing his color. It is a well-known leon's art in politics-blood is thicker fact that every animal has its own than water. particular coloring; but the chaine­ "But all this means that the prole­ leon's nature is not satisfied with this; tariat must watch the field of battle he assumes a lion's color when he is soberly, it must not be deceived by with the lion, a wolf's when he is outward glitter but must fight relent­ with the wolf, a frog's when he is with lessly both against the pillars of reac­ the frog, depending on which color tion and against the chameleon tricks is more to his advantage at the time; of the bourgeoisie. like a man who is hypocritical and "The interests of the proletariat de­ unprincipled, he is mine when with mand this." (Ibid., pp. 58-59.) me, yours when with you, a reaction­ ary with a reactionary, a revolution­ Stalin's admonition to "fight relent­ ary with a revolutionary, provided he lessly both against the pillars of reac­ can somehow creep into a loophole tion and against the chameleon tricks and get what he wants. . . . of the bourgeoisie" points out the task "Time was when the party of the of the working class today, so sharply proletariat roared and shook the coun­ emphasized by Dimitroff in his recent try. How did these anarchist-Federal­ article on the imperialist war and ist babblers act then? They looked at the Party's role in breaking down the this party with envy, coveted its lot varied influences of imperialist social­ for themselves, and, hiding round_ cor­ democratism. Today the fundamental ners, applauded it discreetly. Why did issue in the capitalist world is the EARLY WRITINGS OF STALIN struggle for socialism. The workers exposition of dialectical and historical in the course of struggling against the materialism by Comrade Stalin today war will realize, in Stalin's words, in Chapter Four of the History of the that "The proletariat will not be able Communist Party of the Soviet Union. to achieve socialism by conciliating We present from Stalin's writings the bourgeoisie-it must without fail in 1906 the following passages: enter upon the path of struggle, and this struggle must be a class struggle, On the connection between Marxist the struggle of the whole proletariat philosophy and scientific communism: against the whole bourgeoisie." "Marxism is not only a theory of (Ibid., p. 104.) Then Stalin reminds those who reveal tendencies of Leftist socialism; it is a complete world out­ sectarianism: "The socialist revolu­ look, a system of philosophy, from tion is not an unexpected and instan­ which the proletarian socialism of taneous blow-it is the prolonged Marx logically ensues. This philo­ action of the proletarian masses, who sophical system is called dialectical materialism." attack and capture the positions of the bourgeoisie." (Ibid., p. 104.) On the dialectical method: This theory of proletarian revolu­ tion is critical and revolutionary, a "What is the dialectical method? dialectic theory of social development. ... It is said that life consists of con­ Stalin's writings, like those of Marx, stant growth and development, and Engels and Lenin, are brilliant illus­ this is true. Social life is not some­ trations of his mastery of the science thing that is immutable and set, it of dialectical materialism. Indeed, never stays on the same level-it is in precisely because dialectical material­ perpetual motion, in a state of com­ ism is the theory of development of ing into being and passing away. Not the emergence of the new and. the for nothing did Marx say: 'Perpetual struggle with the old, it is impossible motion, perpetual coming into being to understand it without constantly and passing away-such is the essence studying Stalin's works. For Stalin of ·life.' Therefore in life there is al­ reveals the essence of the turns of his­ ways the new and the old, the grow­ tory, the essence of shifting class and ing and the dying, revolution and political relations, the essence of revo­ reaction-in it something is always lutionary strategy and tactics in the dying and.at the same time something epoch of imperialism and the victory is always being born.... of socialism. Thereby he deepens and "The dialectical method states that extends dialectic theory. life must be considered exactly as it Thirty-three years ago ·stalin re­ exists in reality. Life is in uninter­ vealed this superb skill. The solidity rupted motion; it is our duty there­ and mobility of his style, its direct­ fore to consider life in its motion, in ness and simplicity, rivet the reader's its coming into being and passing attention upon the heart of theory. away. Where is life going, what in life The young Stalin wrote what is now is dying and what is being born, what ~ v~tal supplement tg th~ masterly is passin~ away and wha~ is ~oJD,in~ THE COMMUNIST

into being-these are the questions struggle for 'freedom.' And why? Be­ that must interest us primarily. This cause the peasantry, as an estate, is is the first deduction of the dialectical being destroyed from day to day, is method. breaking up into the proletariat and "Whatever in life is born and grows the bourgeoisie, whereas the prole­ from day to day is invincible, it is tariat as a class is growing and be­ impossible to stop its forward move­ coming stronger from day to day. Nor ment, its victory is inevitable; that is is poverty of decisive importance here: to say, if, for instance, the proletariat 'tramps' are poorer than the peasants, comes into being and grows from day but no one can say that they will to day, then no matter how weak and take upon themselves the 'liberation small it may be today, in the end it of Russia.' will nevertheless be victorious. And, "The only point is: who in life is conversely, whatever in life is dying growing and who is ageing? Since the and heading towards the grave must proletariat is the only class which is inevitably suffer defeat; that is to say, constantly growing and striving for if, for instance, the bourgeoisie · is life, our duty is to stand side by side losing ground and retrograding from with it and to recognize it as the main day to day, then no matter how force of the Russian revolution-this . strong and numerous it may be today, is what the Marxists answered. As you in the end it must nevertheless suffer see, the Marxists regarded the ques­ defeat and pass to its grave. From this tion from the dialectical point of view, arises the well-known dialectical pos­ while the Narodniki reasoned meta­ tulate: All that really exists, i.e., all physically, because they regarded life that grows from day to day is rational. as something 'congealed at one point' "This is the second deduction of the (Cf. Engels' Anti-Duhring.) dialectical method. "This is how the dialectical method "In the 'eighties of the nineteenth looks at the dynamics of life. century, an interesting dispute arose "But there is motion and motion. among the Russian revolutionary in­ The 'December Days,' when the pro­ telligentsia. The Narodniki said that letariat straightened its back, stormed the main force which could under­ the arsenals and attacked the reaction, take the 'liberation of Russia' was the constituted motion, movement in so­ poor peasantry. Why? they were cial life. But the movement of the asked by the Marxists. Because, they preceding years, when the 'appeased' said, the peasantry is more numerous proletariat established small unions and at the· same time poorer than all and went on strike here and there, others in Russian society. The Marx­ must also be called motion, movement ists replied: It is true that today the in social life. It is clear that motion peasantry constitutes the majority and has various forms. The dialectical is very poor, but is this really the method says that motion has a dual point? The peasantry has long been aspect: evolutionary and revolution­ in the majority, but up to now, with­ ary. A movement is evolutionary when out the assistance of the proletariat, the progressive elements spontaneous­ it has not shown any initiative in the ly continue their everyday work and \ : \ EARLY WRITINGS OF STALIN

introduce small, quantitative changes course of natural phenomena is an in the old order. A movement is revo­ empty form of the development of lutionary ·when these same elements ideas. These people were called ideal­ unite, become imbued with a single ists. · Subsequently they divided into idea, and with hastened step rush several trends. Others say that two upon the hostile camp in order to mutually opposed forces-idea and destroy the old. order with its quali­ matter-have existed in the world tative features from its very roots, and from the beginning, that accordingly establish a new order. Evolution pre­ phenomena are divided into two pares and provides the ground for groups: the ideal and the material, revolution, whereas revolution crowns between which a constant struggle is evolution and facilitates its further . going on. Thus, according to this work." view, the development of natural phe­ nomena represents a constant struggle On the contradiction between form between ideal and material phenom­ and content in the process of dialec­ ena. These people are called dualists, tical development: and, like the idealists, are divided "Consciousness and being, idea and into various trends. matter, are two different forms of one "The materialist theory of Marx and the same phenomenon, which, absolutely rejects both dualism and speaking generally, is called nature. idealism. It goes without saying that Therefore, they do not negate one ideal and material phenomena actual­ another, and at the same time do not ly exist in the world, but this does represent one and the same phenom­ not at all signify that they negate one enon.... another. On the contrary, ideal and "This in no way contradicts the material phenomena are two different idea that there is a conflict between forms of one and. the same phenom­ form and. content. The point is that enon; they exist together and develop the conflict exists not between con­ together; there is a close connection tent and form in general, but between between them. Therefore, we have no an old form and new content which grounds for thinking that they negate is seeking a new form and striving to­ one another. Thus so-called dualism wards it." falls to pieces. Nature, single and in­ divisible, expressed in two different On the materialist theory: forms-the ideal and the material­ "What is the materialist theory? this is how we must regard the devel­ Everything changes in the world, ev­ opment of nature. Life, single and erything in the world is in motion, indivisible, expressed in two different but the question is how this change forms-the ideal and the material­ takes place, and in what form this this is how we must regard the devel­ motion proceeds. . . . opment of life. "Some say that nature and its de­ "Such is the monism of the mate­ velopment were preceded by a cosmic rialist theory of Marx. idea, which afterwards became the "At the same time Marx also rejects basis of this development~ so that the idealism. The conception that the THE COMMUNIST idea, and, in general, the spiritual side life, its content; and legal, political, of its development, precedes nature, religious and philosophical develop­ and the material side in general, is ment is the 'ideological form' of this false .... content, its 'superstructure'; there­ "It follow~ that for the develop­ fore Marx says, 'With the change of ment of the spiritual sjde itself, a the economic foundation, the entire certain structure of the organism and immense superstructure is more or development of its nervous system are less rapidly transformed.' indispensable. It follows that the de­ "In life, also, the external, material velopment of the spiritual side, the conditions change first, and then the development of ideas, is preceded by mentality of people, their world out­ the development of the material side, look. The development of content the development of being. It is clear precedes the rise and development of that the external conditions change form. Of course, this in no way means first, that matter changes first, and that in the opinion of Marx content that then consciousness and the other is possible without form, as S.G. con­ spiritual phenomena change accord­ sidered. (Cf. Nobati,"' No. 1, 'A Crit­ ingly~the development of the ideal icism of Monism.') Content is impos­ side lags behind the development of sible without forni, but the point is material conditions. If we call the that because a particular form lags material side, the external conditions, behind its content, it never fully cor­ being, etc., the content, then the ideal responds to this content, and thus side, consciousness and similar phe­ the new content is often 'compelled' nomena, must be called the form. to be temporarily clothed in the old Hence arises the well-known material­ form, which evokes a conflict between ist postulate: in the process of devel­ them. Today, for instance, the social opment content precedes form, form character of production does not cor­ lags behind content. The very same respond to the private character of holds true for social life. Here too the appropriation of the commodities material development precedes ideal of production, and it is precisely on development, here too the form lags this ground that the present social behind its content. Capitalism existed 'conflict' is taking place. On the other and a fierce class struggle was going hand, the conception that idea is a on before scientific socialism was even form of existence does not at all thought of; socialist thought had not mean that in its nature consciousness yet arisen anywhere when the process is the same as matter. Only the vulgar of production had already acquired a materialists (for instance, Buchner social character. and Moleschott), who fundamentally "Therefore Marx says: 'It is not opposed the materialism of Marx, and the consciousness of men that deter­ whom Engels justly ridiculed in his mines their being, but, on the con­ Feuerbach, reasoned thus.... trary, their social being that deter­ mines their consciousness.' Thus, in • Nobati (The Call)-a weekly legal news­ the opinion of Marx, economic devel­ paper of the Anarchist Party, pul;>lished in Georgian in Tiflis, from March 25 to June 2, opment is the IIJ.aterial basis of social IIJ06. Altogether fourteen numbers appeared. EARLY WRITINGS OF STALIN

"It is not difficult to understand economic content, it is clear that we what significance the monistic mate­ must work for the radical reconstruc­ rialism of Marx and Engels must have tion of economic relations in order for the practical activity of men. Since that the habits and customs of the our world outlook, our habits and people and the political system of the customs are engendered by external country may change from the roots conditions, since the unfitness of legal up together with them." (Ibid., pp. and political forms arises from the 99-103.) -

"Leninism is Marxism in the epoch of imperialism and of the pro­ letarian revolution. Or, to be more exact, Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution in general, the theory and tactics of the dictatorship of the proletariat in particular. Marx and Engels lived and worked in the pre-revolutionary epoch (we have the prole­ tarian revolution in mind) when developed imperialism did not yet exist, in the period of the preparation of the proletarians for the revolution, when the proletarian revolution was not yet a direct, practical inevitability. Lenin, the disciple of Marx and Engels, lived and worked in the epoch of developed imperialism, in the epoch of the developing proletarian revolutiOn, the epoch when the prole­ tarian revolution has triumphed in one country, smashed bourgeois democracy and ushered in the era of proletarian democracy, the era of the Soviets. "That is why Leninism is the further development of Marxism."- J. V. Stalin, Foundations of Leninism, page 8. MOISSAYE JOSEPH OLGIN MARCH 24, 1878-NOVEMBER 22, 1939

STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST PAR'I:Y OF THE U.S.A.

HE NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE his first public speech since he w;-.s T COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE U.S.A. stricken. No one present at that meet­ records with the deepest sorrow the ing can forget the demonstration death of Moissaye J. Olgin on the Comrade Olgin received on that oc­ morning of November 22, 1939. casion, which fittingly registered the Comrade Olgin was the outstand­ deep mass affection for him that lives ing and most beloved figure in the in the hearts of the workers, fruit of Jewish community, whose influence · his long years of selfless devotion to extended far beyond the borders of their interests; the 22,000 workers in America, as well as a leading member that audience did not realize that they of the Communist Party since 192_2. were exchanging the final greetings As editor of the Morning Freiheit with one of the most outstanding of since its foundation, ·he was mainly their representatives, on behalf of the responsible for its growing influence, hundreds of thousands, yes, millions, and for the high literary quality who will mourn the great .loss we have which characterized its pages, reflect­ all suffered in his death. ing his wide culture and his own dis­ Comrade Olgin would have asked tinguished talents as an artist, which no better setting for his last days than attracted many worthy collaborators. this active service in the cause of the Unexcelled as an orator, Comrade working class, of socialism, of the Olgin wore himself out meeting the Communist Party, which he carried demands upon his services as speaker, on to his last hours, in which he found among the broadest masses as well as the fullest realization of his life-l?ng directly for the Party, whose candi­ aspirations.' date he was in many election cam­ Moissaye J. Olgin wrote his name paigns in New York. indelibly in the hearts of the masses After almost two years' illness, dur­ whom he served. The National Com­ ing which Comrade Olgin continued mittee of the C.P.U.S.A. joins with from his sickbed a prolific literary these masses in their sorrow, and calls work for the Freiheit, for the Daily upon all who felt Olgin's inspiring in­ Worker, and as special correspondent fluence to close their ranks, with the of the Pravda, Moscow, he had ap­ same enthusiasm he showed, for vic­ parently improved in health so great­ tory in the battles now beginning. ly that he appeared in Madison WILLIAM Z. FosTER, Chairman S

p~8 THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING CLASS

BY TIM BUCK Dominion Secretary, Communist Party of Canada

HEN Canadian troops were de­ plained afterwards, making the gov­ W mobilized after the World War ernment's task more difficult. The of 1914-1918 the majority of Cana• Liberal Prime Minister, Mackenzie dians hoped that it marked the end King, reciprocated. He gave Cham­ of the era of automatic involvement berlain unqualified support through­ of Canada in Britain's wars. As po­ out the period and endorsed the Mu- litical leaders one after another prom­ . nich betrayal. He thereby justified ised that it should be so, this hope Dr. Manion's silence and satisfied became confident conviction. The Chamberlain's supporters in both Conservative Party even abandoned parties. its traditional "Ready, aye, ready" at­ Generally speaking, the leaders of titude during parliamentary debates both the parties of big capital have on foreign policy. Individual toties paid lip service to the line advanced continued to wave the flag and extol by Mackenzie King in a House of the glories of the Empire, but people Commohs debate on foreign policy became increasingly conscious of dis­ during May, 1938. The keynote of tinct Canadian interests not at all his speech on that occasion was con­ identical with those of British impe­ tained in the following quotations: rialism. Thus, for some years, the "Our forejgn and external policy is a public speeches of tory party leaders, policy of peace and friendliness, a policy of like the pronouncements of the Con­ trying to look after our own interests and to servative Party's national convention understand the position of other govern­ ments with whi.ch we have dealings. in July, 1938, were noteworthy for "Canada cherishes no design of aggression their caution on Canada's role in fu­ or expansion or revenge. We have no ancient ture British wars. grudges, no envy for others' possessions, no Little if any difference has been no­ ambition for controlling others' destinies .•• ticeable between the present leaders nor are we inclined to organize or join in crusades on other continents. . • • of the Liberal and Conservative Par­ "There is no more likelihood of Canada of ties on this issue. D ·. Manion, na­ her own motion intervening in Europe today tional leader of the Conservatives, than there is of Sweden or Bulgaria or Swit· maintained silence throughout the zerland intervening in America." Munich crisis; to avoid, as he ex- During the same debate, and as

1139

be be involveq involveq in in war war beyond beyond a~ain a~ain the the without without reference reference to to parli

" " Meaning Meaning by by advice advice of of the the Prime Prime Minister Minister

come come what what might, might, Canada Canada would would not not

plete plete assurances assurances so so far far given given that, that,

and and regulations regulations made made under under the the Act Act

what what appeared appeared to to be be the the most most com­

Section Section two two provides provides that that orders orders

shortly shortly before before war war broke broke out, out, with with

production production and and manufacture." manufacture." Thus, Thus, parliament parliament adjourned adjourned very very

"(e) "(e) Trading, Trading, exportation, exportation, importation, importation,

scription scription

for for overseas overseas service. service.

and and things; things;

the the sea, sea, there there need need be be no no fear fear of of con­

and and the the control control of of the the transport transport of of persons persons

sending sending

an an

expeditionary expeditionary force force across across "(d) "(d) Transportation Transportation by by land, land, air air or or water water

being being no no question question of of Canada's Canada's again again vessels; vessels;

torial torial waters waters of of Canada Canada and and the the movement movement of of gave gave emphatic emphatic assurances assurances that, that, there there

"(c) "(c) Control Control of of harbors, harbors, ports ports and and terri­

On On that that premise, premise, all all three three of of them them

portation; portation;

be be limited limited entirely entirely to to home home defense. defense.

''(b) ''(b) Arrest, Arrest, detention, detention, exclusion exclusion and and de de

war, war, Canadian Canadian military military activity activity would would means means of of communication; communication;

ent ent in in the the event event of of Britain's Britain's going going plans, plans, to to photographs, photographs, communications communications and and

pression pression of of publications, publications, writings, writings, maps, maps, be be in in the the legal legal position position of of a a belliger­

"(a) "(a) A A censorship censorship and and the the control control and and sup­

while while Canada Canada would would in in all all probability probability

jeined jeined in in identical identical assurances assurances that, that, is is to to say, say,

obviously obviously speaking speaking to to :French :French Canada) Canada) subjects subjects hereinafter hereinafter enumerated, enumerated, that that

and and the the Minister Minister of of Justice Justice (the (the latter latter matters matters coming coming within within the the classes classes of of

Minister, Minister, the the Leader Leader of of the the Opposition Opposition welfare welfare of of Canada," Canada," in in regard regard to to "all "all

present present war. war. In In that that debate, debate, the the Prime Prime security, security, defense, defense, peace, peace, order order and and

short short time time before before the the outbreak outbreak of of the the clares clares "necessary "necessary or or advisable advisable for for the the

in in the the House House of of Commons Commons only only a a to to enforce enforce any any measure measure which which it it de­

on on this this point point in in an an elaborate elaborate debate debate Dominion Dominion cabinet cabinet arbitrary arbitrary authority authority

An An effort effort was was made made to to satisfy satisfy fears fears provisions provisions are are sweeping. sweeping. It It gives gives the the

Canada Canada is is at at war war also." also." war, war, invasion invasion or or insurrection." insurrection." Its Its

Laurier: Laurier: "When "When Britain Britain is is at at war, war, governor governor in in council* council* in in the the event event of of

reality reality to to the the words words of of Sir Sir Wilfred Wilfred to to confer confer certain certain powers powers upon upon the the

allegiance allegiance to to England's England's king king gave gave grim grim acted acted in in 1914. 1914. It It is is entitled: entitled: "An "An Act Act

bership bership in in the the British British Empire Empire and and her her The The War War Measures Measures Act Act was was en­

unreality unreality about about them. them. Canada's Canada's mem­ Act. Act.

but but there there was was always always an an element element of of the the powers powers of of the the War War Measures Measures

People People welcomed welcomed these these assurances, assurances, prehended prehended state state of of war" war" and and invoked invoked

ada ada out out of of war." war." Prime Prime Minister Minister proclaimed proclaimed "an "an ap­

of of foreign foreign policy policy was was to to "keep "keep Can­ increase increase naval naval forces. forces. On On the the 23rd, 23rd, the the

the the Dominion Dominion government government in in matters matters tional tional Defense Defense called called for for recruits recruits to to

ance ance that that the the main main consideration consideration of of On On August August 22 22 the the Minister Minister of of Na­

icy. icy. To To this this he he added added a a facile facile assur­ titude titude of of the the government government changed. changed.

autonomous autonomous in in matters matters of of foreign foreign pol­ liament liament were were home, home, however, however, the the at­

declared declared that that Canada Canada was was completely completely Almost Almost before before the the members members of of par­

the the leading leading :French-Canadian :French-Canadian Liberal, Liberal,

THE THE VOLTE VOLTE FACE FACE OF OF MACKENZIE MACKENZIE KING KING

Minister Minister of of Justice, Justice, Ernest Ernest Lapointe, Lapointe,

pledge pledge of of the the Prime Prime Minister, Minister, the the vice vice was was a a thing thing of of the the past. past.

though though to to underline underline the the implied implied sea sea and and that that compulsory compulsory military military ser­

1140 1140 THE THE COMMUNIST COMMUNIST THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING GLASS 1141 shall have the full force of law and ment to decide, eight days before Hit­ may be enforced "in such manner and ler invaded Poland. Using the powers by such·courts, officers and authority" of that Act, made possible by his de­ as may be convenient to the Bowers clared "apprehended state of war," that be, that they may be varied, ex­ he used the period before parliament tended or revoked, and that such met to such obvious advantage that variations shall not invalidate other when the members of parliament did rulings; "nor shall any right, privi­ come together, their task, if they had lege, obligation or liability acquired, decided against war, would have been accrued, accruing or incurred there­ to get Canada back to a peace footing. under be affected by such variations, THE TECHNIQUE OF BETRAYAL extension or revocation." The Act thus gives the government A proclamation was issued on Sep­ dictatorial powers. It suspends opera­ tember 1, calling parliament to meet tion of the habeas corpus act and on September 7, "in the event of the of those decisive sections of the Brit­ United Kingdom becoming engaged ish North America Act which give in war in the effort to resist aggres­ provincial governments authority over sion." On September 3, within a few civil and property rights. The framers hours of the British declaration of of the Act betrayed the scope of their war, Mackenzie King broadcast to the purpose when they added to all its world solidarizing the government of sweeping provisions a warning that Canada with the war aims of the nothing stated in it should be inter­ Chamberlain government. preted so as to limit the generality of When parliament met, Canada was its intent. already, to all intents and purposes, Mackenzie King, who boasts of be­ at war. The militia had been called ing the grandson of the revolutionary, for active service and put on a war William Lyon Mackenzie, had hither­ footing with the permanent forces. to always posed as an opponent of Naval services and air force were on Canadian entanglement in imperial­ active service, and consultations were ist war schemes. He had refused to proceeding hour by hour with the commit himself to a definite policy British government. ·A special British on the ·plea that "parliament must mission had just landed to place. decide." At the same time, he always large orders for munitions with Can­ prevented a . parliamentary decision ada's profit-hungry manufacturers and against participation. "We are op­ to survey the entire field of Canada's posed," he argued in May, 1938, "to capacity to produce munitions arid making proclamations in advance of war supplies. A censorship was in full neutrality or abstention that would be operation. No more could have been used to encourage aggressive designs." done by the most jingoistic tory than On August 23, none of these con­ had been done by Mr. Mackenzie siderations hindered Mr. King. He King to gear Canada into Chamber­ proclaimed "an apprehended state of lain's war plans. war" and invoked the War Measures Even so, he insisted in the course Act, without bothering to ask parlia- of an extremely long speech to the 1142 THE COMMUNIST

House that "parliament would de­ The immediate reason for this was cide." the slump in Canadian funds. • The "I wish to make perfectly clear at more basic purpose is to aid in mo­ this moment," he emphasized, "tha:t bilizing Canadian resources to help parliament is here today to decide finance Britain's large-scale purchases that question." But he immediately in the United States. · added. the following significant warn­ Nationals of all territories now oc­ ing to rank-and-file members who cupied by Germany were ordered to might be inclined to overestimate report. The press was advised not to their own importance: publish the names of "enemy aliens" "The government have made their decision committed to concentration camps or as to what their policy is, they have an­ their location. The French language nounced their policy,• and it is for the hon­ working class weekly, Clarte, was sup­ orable members of this House to say whether pressed, the only reason given by the or not they stand by the government's policy censors being that its publication was as it has been announted and as it is being announced today." "not in the public interest." During the first month, a .score or Thus, in effect, the members of more ·of workers were arrested and parliament were not invited to decide sentenced to varying terms for re­ for war or peace, but for 'war or a marks of an anti-war character. The general election. Mackenzie King, remarks varied. Some were simply whose main task had hitherto been to contrasting the lavish manner in prevent decisions, now confronted which the government was" spending them with a fait accompli. hundreds of millions for destruction

CANADA AT WAR with its stubborn refusal to feed hun­ gry men. In one case, at least, work­ Declaration of war was followed ers were arrested for asking soldiers quickly by a series of measures aimed what they were fighting for. at intensifying the war effort. A "For­ While repression against workers eign Exchange Control Board" was who questioned the justness of the announced and elaborate regulations war was swift and harsh, no action were promulgated. Holders of foreign whatever has been taken against the exchange or securities of a value ex­ ~ar profiteers. The only action so far ceeding $1,000 were instructed to de­ taken or threatened has been against clare their holdings. Export of capital housewives accused of buying larger was prohibited. The amount of mo­ amounts of sugar than usual. Against ney that Canadians may carry out of the speculators who forced up the the country at one time is limited to prices of sugar, potatoes, etc., while $100 and this amount can be carried large stocks were available, nothing out or transferred abroad only once whatever has been done. in each month. The value of gifts Almost hysterical efforts are being that may be sent out of the country is made to cultivate the idea that in­ limited to $.25 a month. creasing participation in the ~ar will

~ferring to his statement -issued to the ---;u:s. funds were at a premium of 10 per press on Aug. 25 and his broadcast of Sept. 3· cent within two weeks. THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING CLASS 114s be "good for business" and that Can­ now in progress to stir up chauvinis­ ada is 'headed for abounding pros­ tic passions is vicious in the extreme. perity.. Typical of this is .the following In the course of his lengthy speech from an editorial in the Toronto to the House, Mackenzie King had Globe and Mail for October 7: intimated that the government had no immediate intention of proposing an "Prime Minister Chamberlain has been careful to explain that this is not a war expeditionary force. Almost as soon against the German people. It is difficult, as parliament had adjourned, how­ nevertheless, to consider Jfitlerism as other ever, an expeditionary force was an­ than a new chapter of Germanism. . . • The nounced, and preparations commenced notion of German superiority and contempt for it to sail overseas before the end for the inferiority of others is nothing new . . . sinking a passenger liner fits in with the of the year. policy of frightfulness." Preparations are under way to make Canada the headquarters of an This line was carried further in the "Imperial Air Training Plan." The same paper two days later by a col­ plan is to establish large training umnist whose daily contribution. is fields in Canada, to which Britain, one of the war features of the paper. Australia and New Zealand• will send According to this specialiat in hate, boys for training as pilots. It is an­ the "Cease fire" order on November nounced that facilities will be extend­ II, I9I8, "was a horrible mistake." ed rapidly to provide for twenty-eight "This time," he urged with gusto, weeks of training to 25,000 pilots per "the error should not be repeated. year. The scheme will cost seven hun-. Once the Hun is on his knees again, · dred million dollars, and war con­ the boots should be put to him: with­ tract sharks are already licking their out mercy and without end." chops in anticipation. The crass chauvinism expressed in THE JINGOISTS AT WORK such propaganda is even exceeded in the venomous anti-Soviet propaganda The jingoists are in clover. The by which the ultra-reactionary press character of the war is well illustrated strives to cultivate the idea that "the by the sudden metamorphosis of most eventual enemy" is. the U.S.S.R. of Hitler's e:r:stwhile Canadian boost­ This started immediately after war ers into the most vociferous and chau­ broke out. The leader of the Ontario vinistic proponents of the hypocritical tories, himself an avowed admirer of pretense that this is "a war to smash the Nazi regime, an enemy of demo­ Hitlerism." cratic progress and a propagandist of The about-face of public men who Nazi ideology, harangued an audience were recently avowed admirers of Hit­ of ex-servicemen on September 3, a ler was not without elements of hu­ · few hours after the British declara­ mor, • • but the concentrated effort tion of war, urging them to "deal • South Africa refused to join in the ruthlessly" with radicals. "We must scheme. •• Manion, the tory leader, so far forgot be as stern as the occasion demands," himself as to launch mto a laudatory solilo­ insisted the gallant gentleman, ap­ quy on Hitler during his speech to the House supporting the declaration of war. parently oblivious to the fact that 1144 THE COMMUNIST right at that moment, the government complete and unqualified support of was checking up on his own friends, its war aims, and promised that there the Canadian Nazis. His line was should be no disturbance of indus­ seized upon by the reactionaries, and trial relations, without so much as a it is an exceptional day when the tory reservation on the question of con­ press fails to carry vicious anti-So­ scription. They made no secret of the viet propaganda, of which the fol­ fact that they hoped, by this means, lowing, over the name of one of the to receive favors in the way of closed­ editors of the Toronto Globe and shop conditions in munitions plants, Mail, is typical: etc.• To the surprise of the entire working class movement the national "Mr. Chamberlain has made it very plain that this is a war against regimes.... Indeed leadership of the C.I.O. in Canada, the persistence of the British propaganda despite the militancy of their rank drive in .Germany and the constant leaflet and file, followed suit with similar 'raids' give life to . the suggestion that, if assurances. The leaderships of the so­ Stalin's Russia is to be the eventual enemy, called "Canadian Unions," ·the All­ a Germany shorn of Nazism will be harnessed to the Allied machine." Canadian Congress of Labor, and the Canadian Federation of Labor, each The contrast between such bare­ followed the same line of betrayal. faced expression of the anti-Soviet On the other hand, several of the dreams of Chamberlain's most con­ local leaders of the Catholic Syndi­ sistent supporters in Canada and Mac­ cates in QHebec have taken a position kenzie King's smooth assurance, "nor frankly against the war. _are we inclined to organize or join in Employers and governments, Do­ crusades on other continents," is ex­ minion and provincial, hurried to ex­ plained by the fact that King was at ploit the stand of the A. F. of L. The that time defending Chamberlain's Hepburn administration in Ontario strangulation of democracy in Spain is urging employers not to sign agree­ by "non-intervention." ments with unions of the C.I.O. A WAR, THE TOUCHSTONE OF CLASS government regulation has been is­ RELATIONSHIPS sued ruling that straight time only shall be paid for the first thirteen War has sharpened class relation­ hours worked in any one day in the ships tremendously. A new political textile industry, and efforts are being redivision and realignment is already made to illegalize strikes. "Codes" in progress. Attitude toward the war fixing wage rates and working condi­ is its crux. tions are being introduced in unor­ The bureaucrats of the A. F. of L. ganized industries without so much as betrayed the working class immedi­ informing the workers in advance. ately after war was declared. In their The workers are in no docile mood, desire to split wider the Canadian la­ bor movement, they seized upon the • In Hamilton, Ontario, the only city where William Green has succeeded in forc­ war as an opportunity to gain an ad­ ing a split in the central council, the rump council set up by the A. F. of L. bureaucracy vantage over the C.I.O. They hur­ demanded of the government that 'all Com­ riedly assured the government of their munists be confined to concentration camps. THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING CLASS 1145 however. While the cost of living is abandoned all opposition to Macken­ going up and war-time conditions are zie King's imperialist position. rapidly ·being introduced with ill-dis­ Mackenzie King has discarded his guided steps toward industrial regi­ previous role of heir to the Laurier mentation, workers are organizing in tradition and opponent of imperial­ places where hitherto trade unionism ism. Instead, he now asserts his lead­ has been unknown. Wage demands ership of the imperialist camp. Such are being preseiited in a dozen indus­ differences as may have previously tries, including steel, coal, automobile, appeared between himself and the logging, textiles, and metal mining, Conservative leader, Dr. Manion, in while a wave of strikes developing their parliamentary maneuvers for from coast to coast illustrates the party advantage, are now completely militant spirit of the working class. overshadowed by their unity in com­ Coal miners, metal miners, steel work­ mitting Canada to unqualified par­ ers and loggers, all in C.I.O. unions, ticipation in the war. The imperial­ are striking militantly. The bureau­ ists, including the ultra-reactionary crats who tried to sell the trade union circles of big capital which recently movement down the river will not condemned him most bitterly in their be able to keep their end of the bar­ propaganda for a "national govern­ gain. The workers are not going to ment," have rallied around King, and be sold out; they are going to fight. his war policies receive general and There was no division in the House vociferous support from the most reac­ of Commons on the Address from the tionary sections of the capitalist press. Throne. The members of parliament were not genuinely unanimous; but THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE QUEBEC there was not enough backbone to the ELECTIONS opposition sentiment to force a re­ The general election in the tradi­ corded vote. The Cooperative ·Com­ tionally anti-war and anti-imperialist monwealth Federation group ran true province of Quebec provided the first to Social-Democratic form and gave major test of this new unity of the official support to the government, as imperialists around King and illus­ did the seventeen Social Credit mem­ trated perfectly the ·new political re­ bers from Alberta. J. S. W oodsworth, division and realignment thai: is tak­ national leader of the C.C.F., made a ing place as a result of the war. personal statement reiterating his op­ French-Canadian nationalism has position to war in general as a pacifist made the name of Quebec synony­ but explaining that his declaration mous with opposition to participation did not represent the official position in Britain's wars. Maurice Duplessis, of his party. W. D. Herridge, whose the reactionary, fascist premier of the advocacy of far-reaching reforms and province, playing upon this anti-An­ united electoral effort under the name glicism, did not join the other provin­ of the "New Democracy Movement" cial premiers in assuring King of sup­ promised to bring an important addi­ port on September 7· On the contrary, tion to the growing democratic front he "pulled a fast one" by calling a until the outbreak of war, promptly provincial election in protest against THE COMMUNIST the use of· the War Measures Act erals and Duplessis' alliance. of En­ to infringe upon the autonomy of the glish tories and French-Canadian na­ province. tionalists were suddenly reversed. Duplessis opened his campaign with Duplessis, the profligate darling of a declaration that the election was "a big capital, was UJ.lable to secure ad­ fight by French Canadians on behalf equate finances, while the King Lib­ of ~ll Canadians in defense of pro­ erals literally wallowed in campaign vincial autonomy." He immediately funds. The Conservatives, of whom made the danger of conscription a Duplessis was the official leader, central issue of the campaign and ac­ abandoned his "Union Nationale" cused the Minister of Justice, La­ and voted for Liberal candidates. The pointe, of betraying Quebec. The reactionary press, which had previ­ King government could neither ig­ ously supported Duplessis and de­ nore nor evade the challenge. La­ nounced the King government, re­ pointe announced that he and the versed its position completely. other two ministers from Quebec .in Duplessis, who had sprung the the Dominion Cabinet would enter election as a means of re-establishing the election to defeat Duplessis and· his badly shaken mass basis, was un­ would all resign if Duplessis were re­ able to carry through a consistent anti­ turned to power. war campaign precisely because of his Duplessis had seized upon issues political relationship to, and depen­ that were well calculated to rally the dence on, reactionary big capital. In­ French Canadian masses to his sup­ stead of arousing the French-Cana­ port; but the war had already reversed dian masses by a dramatic mass the interests of his erstwhile financial campaign against Canada's participa­ backers, the trusts and parasitical fi­ tion in the war, he retreated in a nance-capitalist interests. In time of futile effort to retain a measure of peace these interests had demanded, support from big capital. and were willing to pay highly for, Thus, the alternatives of which the intransingeant insistence upon a rigid Quebec masses were conscious were and reactionary interpretation of not those of support for the war "provincial rights" as part of their versus a fight against Canadian par­ hard.boiled resistance to social legis­ ticipation. Rather they were deceit­ lation, such as unemployment insur­ fully made to see it as a choice be­ ance, and their obstruction of the St. tween, on the one hand, Ernest La­ Lawrence waterway scheme. Today, pointe, strong in the Laurier tradi­ however, insistence upon any sort of tion and in his record of having provincial rights is anathema to those helped lead Quebec's successful fight interests, since such rights might pos­ against conscription in 1917; and, on sibly be utilized by ·the workers and the other hand, the pro-fascist, labor­ their allies in the fight against profit­ hating, pledge-betraying, Maurice eering, in defense of civil liberties, Duplessis. Lapointe was equally and in preventing enforcement of con­ vociferous in his hypocritical assur­ scription. ances that "there wiU be no conscrip­ Thus, the positions of the King Lib- tion" as Duplessis had been at the THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING CLASS 1147 beginning of the campaign against the Communist Party of the Soviet the threat of conscription. With Du­ Union treats, with scintillating clar­ plessis retreating from his initial anti­ ity, just such situations, we failed to war position and Lapointe making give correct and timely leadership in demagogic use of his anti-war past, orientating the working class. the majority of French-Canadians saw The Party was able to correct its little difference between the two on position, however. The class-conscious the question of the war. workers now see the war as it really Duplessis suffered an overwhelming is: a reactionary war of conquest be­ defeat in a tremendous landslide for tween rival imperialist powers. It is the King Liberals. The vote does not waged with the objective of imposing reflect a weakening of French-Cana­ a victorious robber "peace" bearing dian opposition to conscription. It the seeds of still another predatory does not even express definite support war;. it is waged by Anglo-French im­ for Canadian participation in the war. perialism to bring a defeated and sub­ It illustrates the lengths to which the jugated Germany into the contem­ King "Liberals" resort to confuse the plated joint imperialist war against masses; it illustrates the futility of the Soviet Union. .estimating the political roles and rela­ While emphasizing that no working tionships of bourgeois politicians on class interest is served by the impe­ the basis of the position they occupied rialist combatants and that victory before the war. for either of the imperialist groups would mean a victory for reaction, FIGHTS THE THE COMMUNIST PARTY the Communist Party also raises the IMPERIAI:.IST WARMONGERS issue of the betrayal of Canada's vital The Communist Party is the only interests. The Party contrasts the tre­ organized political force in Canada mendous role being played by the which fights against the war from the U.S.S.R. in keeping war out of a standpoint of the interests of the large part of Europe against the cyn­ working class. ical manner in which the Anglo-Cana­ Workers, along with the most pro­ dian imperialists are using Canada, gressive section of the Canadian peo­ in opposition to the vital interests of ple, were unable to keep pace with the Canadian people, as a vehicle with the swift-moving events and misun­ which to bring war to the American derstood the character of the war at continent. its· outbreak. As a result, there was a No vital interest of the masses of widespread tendency to view it as a Canada's people was served by Cham­ genuine anti-fascist war and to sup­ berlain's imperialist schemes and no port it accordingly. The Communist vital interest of Canada is being Party leadership also fell into this fought for in this war any more than grave error. Despite the abundant evi­ are the vital interests of Argentina or dence of the real character of the war the Scandinavian countries. and the clear guidance that Lenin Canada's vital interests are those and Stalin have provided us with, and of an American nation. Her national despite the fact that the History of unity will be assured only when Cana- THE COMMUNIST dian governments adopt foreign pol­ United States. Every gain thus icies based squarely upon those inter­ achieved in either country is imme­ ests and not upon the transitory diately reflected-to the advantage of tactical needs of a Chamberlain or the workers-in the other. other imperialist adventurer manip­ The working class struggle to keep ulating Empire policies for the profit the United States out of war and to of the "City." bring about Canada's withdrawal Big capital in Canada, linked by from it is an integral part of the in­ bonds of sordid self-interest with ternational struggle of the working British imperialism, seeks to make class to defeat, each in its own coun­ Canada a full-time partner in its im­ try, "its own" warmongering bour­ perialist wars. Canadian economy is geoisie. To be effective, our struggle being increasingly subordinated to for this in Canada must be part of the needs of imperialist Britain and the struggle all along the class front strenuous efforts are made to per­ in Canada and the United States. suade the people that Canada will Right now, by giving aid to the strug­ profit richly by strengthening "the gling unions in the steel, nickel, cop­ British connection." per and gold mining industries, and The working class has other inter­ in the other war industries of Can­ ests, however. Decimation of the ada, the labor movement of the flower of every generation, a· national United States could at once strength­ debt already so high that it hinders en the Canadian working class and economic development and enables the fraternal and organizational bond the capitalist class to keep working which unites the two movements. class living standards considerably be­ More frequent exchange of fraternal low those of the United States, and delegat~s. a more systematic applica­ periodic abrogation of all civil liber­ tion of organizational and financial ties are a high price to pay-espe­ resources to the task of unionizing the cially in view of the rapid increase in Canadian workers are urgent needs. the number and wealth of Canadian There is a large element of nation­ multi-millionaires. There is a grow­ alism and isolationism, often mingled ing realization that the real interests with. pacifism, in the growing anti­ of Canadian workers are bound up war sentiment throughout Canada. with those of the workers of the Amer­ The position of the Communist Party, icas, particularly the United States, of course, is the Leninist slogan: "A rather than with the further extension revolutionary class in a reactionary of British imperialism. war cannot but desire the defeat of its This 'unity of interests of Cana­ own bourgeoisie." dian and American workers is par­ As the Party's manifesto on the war, ticularly evident in the sphere of released on November 10, points out trade union activity. The fight for to the Canadian people, a just and organization, for wages and living durable peace is possible only "if im­ conditions, and for the exercise of perialistic finance capital is ~tripped civil rights in Canada is inseparable of its sinister power and its satellites from the similar struggles in the are removed from governmental au- THE WAR AND THE CANADIAN WORKING CLASS 1149

thority." At the same time, the Com­ task of the Communist Party to con­ munist Party seeks to cooperate with nect itself with all the working class all anti·capitalist forces and groups and popular forces opposing the war, desirous of carrying on a genuine to unify these struggles, raise the po­ struggle to combat the schemes of the litical level of the entire anti-war Anglo-Canadian imperialists for in­ movement, combat the reformist de­ volving. our country more and more ceit and the disruptive adventurism of deeply in the war. the Trotskyites, and develop a con­ The lines of the struggle are only scious systematic struggle to force in process of formation; but the ex­ withdrawal of Canada from the war periences of the first World War jus­ and defeat the imperialist warmon­ tify a measure of confidence. The peo­ gering Canadian bourgeoisie. ple's fight against rising prices, and the developing demands for higher • • • wages and living conditions, combined with the wave of strikes spreading [Since this article was written, re­ across the country, already foreshadow pression has been intensified. Twenty­ extending working class struggles. four workers, accused of participating The tradition of the great mass strikes, in the Dominion-wide distribution of of which the Winnipeg General Strike the Communist Party Manifesto was the outstanding example, is against the war, are charged under a strong. Seventy-five ministers of the section which provides for a five-year United Church of Canada have signed sentence in case of conviction. Under a manifesto against the war-even the War Measures Act, the accused is though only pacifist in tone. These stripped of the right to elect trial by happenings, in conjunction with the jury. On November .18, the entire widespread and unconcealed opposi­ issue of the Toronto Clarion was con­ tion to the idea of compulsory service, - fiscated, and further publication pro­ augur that the nationwide fight hibited by the Minister of justice, its against conscription will be repeated business manager is under arrest, and with increased strength and greater warrants are issued for its editor and political understanding. It will be the other ofjicers.-Editors' Note.]

1150 1150

the the established established policy policy of of the the govern- translated translated for for The The Communist. Communist.

organ organ of of the the Comm111nist Comm111nist Party Party of of China; China;

ly ly adopted adopted the the resolution resolution to to ·~support ·~support

China China Daily Daily Newa Newa (Sin (Sin Xua Xua Rhbao), Rhbao),

central central

The The second second session session also also unanimous­ • • Published Published September September 9, 9, 1939, 1939, in in the the New New

victory." victory."

efforts efforts to to bring bring about about the the early early establish-

most most vicious vicious aggressor aggressor to to our our final final

fore fore we we Communists, Communists,

while while continuing continuing our our

protracted protracted war war of of defense defense against against the the

the the political political life life of of the the whole whole nation. nation. There­

manpower manpower for for the the prosecution prosecution

of of

this this

a a first first step step toward toward real real democratization democratization of of

ize ize their their entire entire material material strength strength and and Nor Nor does does the the Council Council lose lose its its significance significance as as

the the war war of of resistance resistance to to save save the the country. country. Chinese Chinese people people will will resolutely resolutely mobil­

the the different different forces forces of of the the entire entire

country country

for for

the the entire entire people, people, proclaims proclaims that that the the

not not thereby thereby lose lose its its role role of of further further uniting uniting

declared: declared: "This "This Council, Council, on on behalf behalf of of

representative representative organ organ of of the the people, people, it it does does

session session of of the the Council Council had had solemnly solemnly tion tion of of its its duties duties and and powers powers as as a a completely completely

The The Manifesto Manifesto issued issued at at the the first first in in its its manner manner of of formation formation or or in in the the defini­

the the Council Council is is not not yet yet quite quite satisfactory satisfactory either either treacherous treacherous criminal criminal activity. activity.

national national groups, groups, classes classes and and regions. regions. Although Although

dencies dencies toward toward

compromise compromise and and

advance advance in in the the unity unity of of political political parties, parties,

final final victory victory and and to to counteract counteract ten­

litical litical life life of of our our country. country. This This indicates indicates

war war of of defense defense for for the the realization realization of of marks marks a a step step toward toward democracy democracy in in the the po­

determination determination to to wage wage the the national national tion tion of of the the People's People's Political Political Council Council clearly clearly

"In "In the the present present war war urgency, urgency, the the convoca­ question question of of present-day present-day China-on China-on the the

people people

on on the the

most most crucial crucial

political political

Council," Council," in in which which we we pointed pointed out: out:

the the

greatest greatest

majority majority

of of

the the Chinese Chinese

"Our "Our Views Views on on the the People's People's Political Political

able able fully fully to to reflect reflect the the demands demands of of

participate, participate, we we issued issued a a statement: statement:

· · of of

the the

Council's Council's

work work is is that that

it it was was

When When we we accepted accepted the the invitation invitation to to

a a whole, whole, the the greatest greatest accomplishment accomplishment

one one year. year.

cil cil has has held held three three sessions. sessions.

Viewed Viewed

as as

vasion, vasion, and and has has now now been been in in existence existence

During During its its year year of of existence existence

the the Coun­

of of resistance resistance against against the the Japanese Japanese in­

of of the the Council." Council."

sary sary of of the the commencement commencement of of the the war war

participate participate actively actively and and sincerely sincerely in in the the work work

inaugurated inaugurated on on the the first first anniver­ T

representative representative assembly assembly of of the the people, people, will will

People's People's Political Political Council Council was was HE HE ment ment of of a a universally universally elected, elected, thoroughly thoroughly

Chu-han, Chu-han, Wu Wu Yu-chang, Yu-chang, Tung Tung Pi-wu Pi-wu and and Teng Teng Ying-chao. Ying-chao.

of of China-Mao China-Mao Tse-tung, Tse-tung, Chen Chen Shoa-yu Shoa-yu [Wang [Wang Ming], Ming], Chin Chin B'on-hsin, B'on-hsin, Lin Lin

By By the the Communist Communist members members of of the the People's People's Political Political Council Council of of the the Republic Republic

PEOPLE'S PEOPLE'S POLITICAL POLITICAL COUNCIL COUNCIL AND AND THE THE PRESENT PRESENT SITUATION• SITUATION•

STATEMENT STATEMENT OF OF THE THE COMMUNIST COMMUNIST PARTY PARTY OF OF CHINA CHINA ON ON THE THE

CHINA'S CHINA'S WAR WAR OF OF LIBERATION LIBERATION

FOR FOR THE THE VICTORIOUS VICTORIOUS OUTCOME OUTCOME OF OF CHINA'S WAR OF LIBERATION ment for a nationwide protracted war cordance with the instructions of the of defense and for obtaining the ini­ Central Committee of the Communist tiative in this war, as announced by Party of China "for a clear political Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek." It stand and in the spirit of sincere called on the people of the whole unity," and with the advice and en­ country "to stand unwaveringly couragement of the advanced section against any capitulation in the fulfil­ of the people, have struggled together ment of the tasks of the war of resis­ with the test of the deputies in the tance and the upbuilding of the work of the Council for the realiza­ nation." tion of the ·will and the demands of The third session adopted a reso­ the Chinese people. We are certain lution reaffirming the national policy that the supreme hope and demand of of resistance-war, and called on the the Chinese people today are for vic­ people to "strengthen their confi­ tory in the war and for that strength­ dence, march forward in unity and ening and extension of national unity singleness of mind to regain our soil and progress which are necessary guar­ and national integrity, thus to com­ antees for the realization of victory. plete the great work of the resistance­ Therefore, we have proposed at the war and the upbuilding of the na­ three sessions of the Council: "to sup­ tion." port the government in carrying out Besides these, the three sessions of the program for the prosecution of the Council had received for deliber­ the1war and the reconstruction of the ation more than three hundred pro­ country"; and "to support the propo­ posals presented by its members con­ sitions set forth by Generalissimo cerning the concrete problems of the Chiang Kai-shek in his address of war and construction. These proposals December .26, 1938, assailing the Ko­ were of various merit, some being of noye Statement, and to use them as an urgent nature, while others were standards for future national policy." not. Yet utmost care and deliberation Thanks to the unanimous support were exercised in the consideration of given by the entire Council, these pro­ every one of these proposals in the posals have been adopted. Regarding hope that they would be of benefit to all the basic questions relating to the the war and reconstruction. conduct of the war, such as the up­ It is especially regrettable that most building of the army, conscription, of the constructive measures adopted development of guerilla warfare in by the Council have not been fully the rear of the enemy, the practice· of and effectively enforced by the gov­ political democracy, the protection of ernment, thus reducing the effect of people's rights, etc., we have contrib­ the Councirs work, and at the same uted opinions in our special reso­ time failing to satisfy fully the high lutiQns. expectations placed upon the Council In our work of the past year we by the people of the entire country. have steadfastly adhered to our Dec­ We Communist members of the laration which stated: Council, basing_ ourselves on our joint declaration of July 8, · 1938, in ac- "We participate in the Council as repre- THE COMMUNIST.

sentatives of the Communist Party of China. situation of the war of resistance is We are sincerely willing to work together that, on the one hand, the e~emy energetically and in close cooperation with after two years of war of aggression is members of the Kuomintang and other par- -' ties and groups as well as those who are not faced with daily increasing difficulties, connected with any political party or group, while the future of our victory in the so .that we may discuss and decide in the war of resistance is more and .more most friendly spirit and cordiality the con­ coming into view. On the other hand, crete and practical measures for the enhance­ the Japanese aggressors have not ment of the program to attain victory in the war and the successful completion of the changed their course to subjugate and country's reconstruction." annihilate China, but more malig­ nantly, more brutally, follow their At the same time, we have resolute­ fixed course for the dissolution of ly subjected to exposure and relent­ China as a nation. They are increas­ lessly smashed all arguments tending ingly employing deceit to carry out to capitulatory peace harmful to our their policy of controlling China cause. through the Chinese, meanwhile using At the first and second sessions ·of occupied territories to maintain their the Council, the traitorous words of war in China. In the military sphere, Wang Ching-wei • and his followers, Li the enemy is ceasing large-scale frontal Sheng-wu and others, even when attacks and concentrating his whole very skillfully disguised, were refuted strength on "mopping-up" operations and rejected by the great majority of against the guerrilla territories in his the Council members. We feel that in rear. The Japanese hope thus to shake our work in the Council we have our will to fight, and to consolidate faithfully adhered to our principled their hold on the occupied areas. and clear stand for unity in the war, In the political sphere, the enemy in compliance with the will and wish is doing his utmost in helping and of the people. Not for a single mo­ using the traitor Wang Ching-wei to ment have we departed from this. spread anti-Chiang Kai-shek, anti­ Now that the government has is­ Communist and pro-capitulation sued an order to extend the term of falsehoods, intensively working to office of the Council members for create a new "Kuomintang" party, another year, we wish to state before with a puppet government and a pup­ our -colleagues in the Council and the pet army. At the same time they are people of our country our views on directing the remnants of Wang the present situation and the future Ching-wei's followers and the unfaith­ course to be pursued in order to ful elements in the anti-Japanese coup obtain final victory for China. to plot provocation and carry on anti­

THE NEW PROBLEMS FACING CHINA Chiang Kai-shek, anti-Communist ac­ tivities, in an attempt to create a sit­ The special point in the present uation which would force China tc capitulate. ~ang Ching-wei, formerly Vice-President of the Kuomintang; deserted to the Japanese In the economic sphere, the enemy imperialists in December, 19118; now desig­ nated to head the pro-Japanese puppet Cen­ is engaged in robbing and squeezing, tral governmeqt in Cllina.-The E4itqr$. in

from abroad; to overcome the dangers fervor of the masses in the war of re­ and solve the difficulties in the course sistance and facilitate the mobiliZation · of the war; and to increase our for military service. strength and prepare for the counter­ offensive. B. ON TilE MILITARY FRONT In order to overcome the present I. To develop guerrilla war in the difficulties and dangers, in order to rear of the enemy; this must be car­ prepare seriously for our counter­ ried through to turn the rear of the offensive, we consider that work should enemy into a war front, thus to accu­ be energetically undertaken along the mulate small successes into big vic­ following lines: tories. To attain this, we must:

A. ON TilE POLITICAL FRONT (a) Draw up and put into force a political program in accordance with I. To mobilize all the forces of the the principles laid down in the Pro­ country against capitulation and sur­ gram of Resistance-War and National render, extend the movement against Construction as the basis of guerrilla Wang Ching-wei and clean out the warfare. hidden remnants of the Wang Ching­ (b) Unify the military and political wei clique and all compromising ele­ power of the regional guerrilla. bases ments in the camp of the war of under the direction of those sections resistance. of the regular army which have distin­ 2. To strengthen the war-time gov­ guished themselves by merit and ernment, unify the leadership in mili­ achievement. tary affairs, admit new competent (c) Regularly supply the forces in forces from all parties and groups, and the guerrilla bases with the needed raise the efficiency of the war-time ad­ arms. and necessary economic help ministrative apparatus. from the Central government. 3· To practise democracy; severely (d) Dispatch to the enemfs rear punish illegal acts of suppression the military units which are deter­ against the masses and the youth; mined and capable . of successfully guarantee to the people the rights of maintaining guerrilla warfare, which free speech, press, assembly and asso­ possess strong political training and ciation, as well as the right of the discipline, thus to expand guerrilla people to armed resistance against the war in the enemy's rear. enemy. (e) Guarantee that the personnel 4· To remove and seriously punish and the units dispatched to the en­ · grc;:edy and corrupt officials, and put emy's rear place unity and the loyal into practice local self-government. execution of the policy of the anti­ 5· To set up the local apparatus for Japanese national front above all else, the settlement of disputes between and eliminate any inner frictions labor and capital, between ~andlords which harm our cause and aid the and farm-tenants, to enable the im­ enemy. poverished workers and peasants to (f) See that the personnel and units improve their livelihood, to raise the disp;:ttched to the rear of the enemy CHINA'S WAR OF LIBERATION 1155

carry out the policy of democracy and abroad so that the modernization of local self-government, establish polit- equipment for so many new division• . ical power really elected by the peo­ may be completed within two years. ple and approved by the superior C. ON THE ECONOMIC FRONT organ; improve the livelihood of the people, unite the broad masses of the .We must destroy the enemy's con­ people for the destruction of the pup­ struction and the exploitation of our pet regimes, and disintegrate the resources, and must realize our own puppet armies so that the material production and thrift. Therefore, we and man-power can be used, not by must: the enemy, but at our command. 1. Destroy the economic construc­ 2. To cultivate a new army of na­ tion and the exploitation of raw ma­ tional defense - for the purpose of terials in the occupied areas, initiate firmly prosecuting the war to the end, the mass boycott of enemy goods, pro­ especially to prepare for a favorable hibit the sale of native products which situation really to undertake the may be of use to the enemy, and place counter-offensive to drive the invading under state control all purchases of enemy out of China. Therefore we enemy goods needed by us for mili­ must: tary reasons. (a) Select from the fronts a certain 2. Subsidize and encourage private number of divisions which possess a investment, extend the cooperative good record of war service, regardless movement in industry and agricul­ of patty or other affiliations, as the ture, broadly develop all kinds of in­ foundation of this new army; dustries of practical use, and exert . (b) Regulate the uniform organiza­ the utmost effort to increase produc­ tional system of the new army; tion in industry and agriculture. (c) Select officers for the new army 3· Enforce the movement for thrift in accordance with their original in military and political organs and ranks in the particular selected units. among private individuals. These officers should be given modern D. ON FINANCES military training and unshakable po­ litical education to enable them to We must resolutely change the past preserve the best traditions of their manner of work and attain a thorough · ppticular units. carrying out of the war-finance pol­ (d) Equip and supply the divisions icy. Therefore we must: of the new army on one and the same 1. Co-ordinate the issuance of legal level, higher than the ordinary units. currency and the circulation.of capital (e) Train the new divisions with to avoid discrepancy in the rate of a worked-out plan for a fixed period our legal currency. of time under the direction of capable, 2. Strictly and thoroughly control veteran, high-ranking military officers; foreign exchange, and have the For­ this training to be regional but well eign Exchange Commission set up by coordinated. the People's Political Council period­ (f) E~tablish industries of national ically examine the utilization of for­ defense, and intensify purchases from eign exchange by the Ministry of

cials, cials, to to lower lower uinely uinely levels levels do do away away than than with with those those all all of of the the so-called so-called

administrators, administrators, particularly particularly high high offi­ are are for for the the war war of of resistance, resistance, and and gen­

g. g. Uniformly Uniformly rights rights reduce reduce of of salaries salaries the the parties parties of of state state and and groups groups that that

be be dispensed dispensed with. with. Order Order the the protection protection of of the the legal legal 1. 1.

sible, sible, eliminating eliminating fore fore we we all all must: must: outlays outlays that that can can

should should be be decreased decreased as as much much as as pos­ invaders invaders and and Wang Wang Ching-wei. Ching-wei. There­

those those not not connected connected with with the the war war and and for for the the defeat defeat of of the the Japanese Japanese

increased increased according according to to needs, needs, and and coming coming the the dangers dangers of of our our situation situation

items items relating relating to to the the war war should should be be the the above-cited above-cited measures measures for for over­

Central Central down down to to local local government. government. All All guarantee guarantee of of for for the the carrying carrying out out all all

8. 8. Redraft Redraft the the state state budget budget from from the the Communist Communist Party, Party, is is the the basic basic

those those properties. properties. ation ation between between the the Kuomintang Kuomintang and and

lowered lowered to to benefit benefit the the peasants peasants on on tance, tance, especially especially the the fraternal fraternal cooper­

state state income, income, and and such such rents rents shall shall be be groups groups supporting supporting the the war war of of resis­

collected collected by by the the government government as as direct direct The The sincere sincere unity unity of of all all parties parties and and

enemy-occupied enemy-occupied territory territory should should be be

PARTIES PARTIES AND AND GROUPS GROUPS

due due landlords landlords who who "take "take refuge" refuge" in in

F. F. ON ON THE THE COOPERATION COOPERATION OF OF THE THE of of properties properties of of traitors. traitors. The The rents rents

7· 7· Strictly Strictly carry carry out out the the confiscation confiscation

world. world.

ous ous miscellaneous miscellaneous levies. levies.

the the democratic democratic and and peace peace forces forces of of the the

of of land land taxation, taxation, abolishing abolishing all all oner­

people's people's diplomacy, diplomacy, to to attract attract aid aid from from

ity, ity, and and gradually gradually renovate renovate the the system system

other other countries countries on on tours tours of of broad broad

within within the the possibilities possibilities of of each each local­

and and groups groups to to send send delegations delegations to to

inheritance inheritance taxes taxes on on a a graduated graduated basis basis

cil cil and and all all mass mass organizations, organizations, parties parties

the the state state to to levy levy business, business, income income and and

3· 3· Assist Assist the the People's People's Political Political Coun­

6. 6. Establish Establish the the taxation taxation policy policy of of

pendent pendent course course in in foreign foreign relations. relations.

China. China.

ment, ment, and and steadfastly steadfastly pursue pursue an an inde­

well well as as by by facilities facilities for for investing investing in in

tween tween Japan Japan and and any any foreign foreign govern­

antees antees in in specified specified gold gold deposits deposits as as

fice fice China China through through compromises compromises be­

and and by by banks banks in in China, China, and and give give guar­

Resolutely Resolutely oppose oppose plots plots to to sacri­ 2. 2.

bonds bonds of of the the state state by by overseas overseas Chinese Chinese

crease crease their their material material and and moral moral aid. aid.

5· 5· Encourage Encourage subscription subscription to to gold gold

tance, tance, and and strive strive to to have have them them in­

larly larly in in the the occupied occupied territories. territories.

helping helping China China in in the the war war of of resis­

notes notes in in the the war war zone, zone, and and particu­

and and governments governments sympathetic sympathetic to to and and

amount amount

of of local local currency currency and and paper paper

Seriously Seriously unite unite with with the the peoples peoples 1. 1.

4· 4· Permit Permit the the issuance issuance of of a a fixed fixed

China China from from abroad, abroad, we we must: must:

punished. punished.

fullest fullest extent extent and· and· strengthen strengthen aid aid to to

sitions. sitions. Offenders Offenders must must be be severely severely

In In order order to to isolate isolate Japan Japan to to the the

ulation ulation by by those those who who hold hold official official po­

profiteering, profiteering, speculation, speculation, and and manip­

E. E. ON ON THE THE DIPLOMATIC DIPLOMATIC FRONT FRONT

ruption ruption of of legal legal currency, currency, especially especially

chases chases should should private private be be abolished. abolished. manipulation manipulation of of finances, finances, dis­

missions missions for for public public 3· 3· Strictly Strictly loans loans examine examine and and pur­ and and prohibit prohibit

Special Special fees, fees, dual dual salaries salaries and and com­ private private profit. profit.

military military officers officers Finance Finance of of the the to to same same eliminate eliminate rank. rank. malpractice malpractice for for

THE THE COMMUNIST COMMUNIST CHINA'S WAR OF LIBERATION 1157

measures curtailing the activities of invasion and national crisis, when the the minority parties; world-wide storm is causing rapid !l. Strictly order the prohibition of transformations, the demands and discrimination and suppressive acts hopes of the entire Chinese people against the Communist Party and all are for resolute prosecution of the other anti-Japanese parties and war of resistance to the end, consol­ groups. Infringements upon t1le rights idation of inner national unity, na­ of workers, peasants, soldiers, students, tion-wide progress to increase actually merchants and the youth to jobs and the power of resistance, and prepara­ civil liberties because of political affil­ tion for the counter-offensive against iation and thought must be strictly the enemy. We, the Communist mem­ prohibited. bers of the People's Political Council, 3~ Admit the participation of com­ representatives o£ the people, respect­ petent people of all parties and fully issue this statement before the groups that support the war of resis­ convening of the fourth session of the tance in every type of war activity. Council in the hope that advice, en­ Partisan prejudices must not be per­ couragement, supervision and criti­ mitted to intrude upon the utiliza­ cism will be generously given us and tion of all talents in our war of our colleagues in the Council by the liberation. whole people. In this critical moment of foreign September 8, I939·

•

Nations. Nations. of of herself herself entrenching entrenching Germany Germany Spain, Spain, in in tion tion

League League the the from from withdrew withdrew states states three three these these interven­ military military organized organized Italy Italy and and many many

free, free, hands hands their' their' have have to to order order In In Treaty. Treaty. Ger­ 1936 1936 of of summer summer the the In In Ethiopia. Ethiopia. seized seized

Versailles Versailles the the Italy Italy and and Germany Germany and and and and Pact, Pact, attacked attacked Italy Italy 1935 1935 In In war. war. perialist perialist

Nine-Power Nine-Power the the up up tore tore Japan Japan regime. regime. peace peace im· im· new new the the of of beginning beginning the the mark mark which which

post-war post-war this this of of system system entire entire the the upset upset have have review, review, under under period period the the during during events events

them, them, by by launched launched war war imperialist imperialist new new the the important important most most the the of of list list a a is is "Here "Here

and and states, states, aggressive aggressive three three However, However, states. states.

of of security security the the of of defense defense collective collective

of of

states, states,

said: said: Stalin Stalin Comrade Comrade

of of front front united united a a of of basis basis the the on on regime, regime, this this

of of framework framework the the within within countries countries between between communism. communism. for for struggle struggle the the in in S.R. S.R.

relations relations regulate regulate to to up up set set was was Nations Nations of of

U.S.­ the the and and Union Union Soviet Soviet the the of of ty ty

League League The The Europe. Europe. in in treaties treaties other other of of ber ber

Par­

Communist Communist

the the

facing facing tasks tasks tant tant

num­ a a .and .and Treaty Treaty Versailles Versailles the the

and and

East, East,

impor­ very very the the

outlined outlined

he he

analysis, analysis,

Far Far the the in in Pact Pact Nine-Power Nine-Power the the were were regime regime

this this of of basis basis the the On On war. war. perialist perialist this this of of props props main main The The peace. peace. of of regime regime

post-war post-war the the countries, countries, between between relations relations im­ new new a a of of beginning beginning the the and and ties, ties,

the the in in

regime regime

new new a a up up set set States, States, United United

trea­ peace peace of of system system post-war post-war the the of of

the the and and France France Britain, Britain, primarily primarily

states, states,

collapse collapse the the situation, situation, political political tional tional

victor victor the the war war imperialist imperialist first first the the "After "After

interna­

the the of of sharpening sharpening the the

out out Gibraltar. Gibraltar. to to Ethiopia, Ethiopia,

pointed pointed he he connection, connection, this this In In earth. earth. through through Canton, Canton, and and Shanghai Shanghai Tientsin, Tientsin,

from from stretching stretching territory, territory, vast vast a a over over action action the the of of division division new new a a for for and and rials, rials,

of of sphere sphere its its

extended extended

has has and and

orbit orbit its its

mate­ raw raw of of sources sources for for markets, markets, for for

into into people people million million hundred hundred five five than than

more more

struggle struggle the the of of sharpening sharpening the the tries, tries,

drawn drawn has has nations, nations, the the upon upon perceptibly perceptibly

coun­

capitalist capitalist the the in in crisis crisis economic economic im­ so so stolen stolen has has which which war, war, the the "Thus "Thus

new new the the described described Stalin Stalin Hainan. Hainan. of of Comrade Comrade Island Island the the 1939 1939

of of beginning beginning the the at at and and Canton, Canton, seized seized Japan Japan prognosis. prognosis.

1938 1938 of of end end the the At At Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. of of region region

and and analysis analysis brilliant brilliant his his

confirmed confirmed

Sudeten Sudeten the the 1938 1938 of of autumn autumn the the in in and and

splendidly splendidly always, always, as as have, have, events events ing ing

Austria, Austria, seized seized Germany Germany 1938 1938 of of beginning beginning

Ensu­ situation. situation. international international whole whole the the In In zone. zone. occupied occupied the the from from competitors competitors

foreign foreign her her oust oust to to began began and and Shanghai Shanghai the the and and of of estimation estimation correct correct foundly foundly

Tientsin Tientsin Peking, Peking, occupied occupied

China, China, Central Central pro­ and and exhaustive exhaustive an an gave gave Stalin Stalin

and and North North invaded invaded 1937 1937 in in Japan Japan churia, churia,

Comrade Comrade

1939, 1939,

March, March, in in

held held

Union, Union,

Man­ seized seized

Having Having

Islands. Islands.

Balearic Balearic the the

Soviet Soviet the the of of Party Party Communist Communist

A in in and and Spain Spain of of south south the the in in Italy Italy and and rocco, rocco,

the the of of Congress Congress Eighteenth Eighteenth Mo· Mo· THE THE Spanish Spanish T T in in and and Spain Spain of of north north the the in in

WAR WAR IMPERIALIST IMPERIALIST SECOND SECOND

THE THE OF OF BACKGROUND BACKGROUND THE THE STUDYING STUDYING FOR FOR MATERIAL MATERIAL

TREATIES TREATIES PEACE PEACE OF OF SYSTEM SYSTEM

VERSAILLES VERSAILLES THE THE OF OF COLLAPSE COLLAPSE THE THE THE COLLAPSE OF VERSAILLES 1159 "The new imperialist war became a fact."• Polish state. The Polish possessions The imperialist war that has broken in West Prussia and Pomerania, out in Europe completely confirms the which stretched to the Baltic coast, analysis and prediction made by Com­ formed a "corridor" separating East rade Stalin. In order to help under­ Prussia from the rest of Germany. stand the struggle to which Comrade Germany was deprived of the impor­ Stalin's report refers, we summarize tant Baltic port of Danzig, which was the contents of the most important transformed into a "free city" under treaties of the so-called Versailles the guardianship of the League of Na­ peace system, which has completely tions. Further, Germany lost the Bal­ collapsed. tic port of Memel, which was handed over to the Entente Powers and sub­ THE VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY sequently became part of Lithuania. The Versailles Peace Treaty be­ The fate of several districts in East tween the Allied Powers and Ger­ Prussia and Upper Silesia under the many, in which the first imperialist Versailles Treaty was to be settled by war culminated, was signed on June a plebiscite to determine adherence 28, 1919, in Versailles. to Germany or Poland. As a result of The Versailles Treaty reduced con­ the plebiscite which took place in siderably the territory of Germany in 1921, the industrially important part favor of the victorious powers. Ger­ of Upper Silesia passed to Poland. By many was compelled to return Alsace­ being deprived of Alsace-Lorraine, Lorraine to France, provinces wrested the Saar Basin and Upper Silesia, from her as the result of the Franco­ Germany lost 70 per cent of her iron Prussian War in 1871. The Rhine be­ ore and 33 per cent of her coal. came the main frontier between Germany was also deprived of her France and Germany. The Saar re­ non-European possessions. German gion, which adjoins Lorraine, with its East Africa (Tanganyika territory) rich coal resources, was occupied by passed to Great Britain by a mandate France, and the coal mines of the of the League of Nations. By League Saar became the property of France in of Nations mandates,, Togoland and reparation for the damage done to the Cameroons in West Africa were the French mining industry by Ger­ divided among Great Britain, France man occupation during the war. The and Belgium; and Southwest Africa Eupen and Malmedy districts went to passed to the British dominion, the Belgium. Union of South Africa. Germany's Germany suffered just as big terri­ colonial possessions in the Pacific torial losses in the East, being de­ were divided in such a way that the prived of the whole of Poznan, parts British dominions, Australia arid New of West Prussia, Silesia and Pomera­ Zealand, received mandates over ter­ nia. All these extensive territories ritory to the south of the equator went to make up the newly formed (part of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and other islands); while • Joseph Stalin, From Socialism to Com­ Japan received a mandate over islands munism in the Soviet Union, p. 10 Interna- tional Publishers, New York. ' to the north of the Equator (the Ma- u6o 'tHE COMMUNIST rianas, Caroline and Marshall Islands, her of ships in all classes and their etc.). size. In particular, Germany was not The Versailles Treaty forced Ger­ to possess any big battleships, aircraft many to admit responsibility for the carriers and submarines. war, and hence to assume the obliga-. The Versailles Treaty was a heavy tion to make complete reparation for burden on the backs of the common all losses suffered from the war by people of Germany. The German fas­ the Allies, the powers aligned with cists employed anti-Versailles dema­ them, and their citizens. The only gogy in the establishment of their dic­ items omitted were expenditures for tatorship. In reality, German fascism direct conduct of the war. The repara­ was striving, not to liberate Germany tion payments and deliveries in kind from the fetters of Versailles, but to were a heavy burden on the economy fasten still more burdensome fetters of post-war Germany. This burden on other peoples, and to force still was transferred by the German big more plunder treaties on them. bourgeoisie to the backs of the com­ The conditions of the Versailles mon people. Treaty most severe for Germany, To ensure the fulfillment of these namely, · reparations, actually were conditions, the Versailles Treaty es­ lifted long before the advent of Ger­ tablished corresponding guarantees of man fascism to power. Beginning with a military character. German terri­ 1931, Germany ceased making repara­ tory on the left bank of the Rhine, tions payments. Almost at the same together with Cologne, Coblenz and time, Allied occupation of German Mainz, were occupied by Allied troops territories came to an end-ahead of for a period of fifteen years. Germany scheduled time. At the beginning of was deprived of the right to raise 1935, after the plebiscite in the Saar fortifications and maintain troops region, the latter was returned to within fifty kilometers of the right Germany with the understanding that bank of the Rhine (the so-called de­ the German government would com­ militarized zone). Germany had to de­ pensate France for the value of the liver all reserves of military supplies coal mines. On March 16, 1935, Ger­ to the Allies and to demobilize its man fascism unilaterally tore up the army, the latter being reduced for the decisions of Versailles which limited future to six divisions ( 1oo,ooo men). its armaments. Conscription was re­ Conscription was prohibited, and the introduced in Germany, and German army had to be made up exclusively fascism began to prepare for war at of volunteers. Germany was prohibit­ a furious rate on land, sea and in the ed from possessing military air forces air, expending all the energies and of any kind, and the army was not to resources of the German people on have heavy artillery (excepting for­ armaments. tress artillery), tanks, and certain On March 7, 1936, German troops other types of armaments. Germany entered the demilitarized Rhineland. had to deliver almost the whole of This was followed by the piecemeal its navy to the Allies, and for the fu­ liquidation by German fascism of ter­ ture to regulate strictly both the num- ritorial and political provisions of the THE COLLAPSE OF VERSAILLES n61

Versailles Treaty. It laid its hands not The new state frontiers were de­ only on territories that had belonged fined by the peace treaties between previously to Germany, but also on the Allied and associated powers, on the territories of other states that had the one hand, and, on the other, the never been part of Germany. On two states considered by the Allies to March 11, 1938, German fascism be their "defeated enemies." In par­ seized Austria, and. a year later, on ticular, the agreement concluded with March 17, 1939, Czechoslovakia. Al­ Austria at St. Germain, on September most at the same time it took the 10, 1919, defined the frontiers and the Memel region from Lithuania. Thus international position of Austria. As were the frontiers created by the Ver­ a result of this treaty, Austria was sailles Treaty destroyed. The German turned into a small.state, with a pop­ fascists, who have made a great point ulation of six million people, of of the burdens that the conditions of which the disproportionately big in­ the Treaty imposed on Germany, dustrial center of Vienna was the cap­ have themselves seized territOries of ital, a state very much dependent on other countries and enslaved neigh­ foreign countries as regards supplies boring peoples. Abetted by the "ap­ of fuel, industrial raw materials and peasement" policy of Chamberlain agricultural products. and Daladier, directed primarily The weak Austrian state became the against the So"iet Union, German ag­ object of the aggressive designs of its gression unloosed the second impe­ neighbors. The St. Germain Treaty, rialist world war. like the Versailles Treaty, forbade the Anschluss of Austria to Germany. THE ST. GERMAIN PEACE TREATY Germany's first attempt to achieve As a result of the World War of this, on the basis of a customs union 1914-18, Austria-Hungary disappeared concluded in 1931, fell through~ as from the political map of Europe. In it met the resistance of other powers, its place, new states arose. The terri­ primarily Fraace. Austria, like Hun­ tory of what was formerly Austria­ gary, was bound to fascist Italy by Hungary was divided among Poland, the so-called Rome protocols conclud­ Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria and ed in 1934 and re-endorsed in 1936, states hostile to Germany and the which meant in fact an alliance be­ Austro-Hungarian coalition. Rumania tween these countr~es. Italy opposed more than doubled its possessions at the attempt of German fascism to the expense of Transylvania and the seize Austria by the ·Hitlerite putsch Banat; Serbia became transformed of July 25, 1934, a putsch that was into the extensive state of Jugoslavia, accompanied by the assassination of after adding Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss. and also Croatia, Slovenia, .Dalmatia, However, subsequently Italian fas­ Syria and other southern regions of cism, having taken the path of aggres­ the former Austro-Hungarian Em­ sion in Mrica and in the Mediter­ pire; Italy received, not only Trient ranean, and having established dose and Trieste, but also the southerrt political and military contact with part of Austri~ Tyrol. German fascism, gave the latter free- THE COMMUNIST dom of action in Central Europe. On Hungary seized Carpathian Russia by March 11, 1938, Austria was seized by force of arms~ The only territorial German troops and was proclaimed to and political provisions of the Tria­ be the eastern province of Germany. non Peace Treaty to remain are those Thus the St. Germain Peace Treaty which establish the frontiers of Hun­ was annulled. gary with Rumania and Jugoslavia. However, Hungarian fascism, with the THE TRIANON PEACE TREATY aid of its German and Italian allies, The Trianon Peace Treaty of June is striving to secure the forcible revi­ 4, 1920, drastically reduced the terri­ sion of even these frontiers. tory of Hungary. As a result of the THE LAUSANNE PEACE TREATY Treaty's territorial provisions, which were the consequence of the World The Lausanne Peace Treaty was War, and also of the suppression, in signed on July 24, 1923, between Tur­ 1919, of ~e Hungarian proletarian key and the Allied Powers. The orig­ revolution by the reactionary Hun­ inal conditions of the treaty were garian bourgeoisie and landlords as­ forced on Turkey after the World sisted by the Rumanian and Czecho­ War, in. Sevres (August 10, 1920). In slovakian interventionists, a large fact, the Peace Treaty of Sevres re­ part of the native Hungarian popu­ duced Turkey to a semi-colonial po­ lation remained outside the bounds sition. The Turkish people, however, of Hungary, in the region annexed by succeeded in an heroic struggle for Rumania, namely, in Transylvania their national independence. Turkey, and in the Banat region divided be­ supported by Great Britain in its tween Rumania and Jugoslavia. war against Greece, won complete vic­ The big imperialist powers have tory in 1921-22. As a result, the Lau­ made skilfull use of the territorial sanne Conference, which took place claims of Hungary and her neighbors in 1922-23, and in which Turkey, arising from the Trianon Peace Trea­ Greece, Great Britain, France, Italy, ty, for the transfomJation of Hungary Japan, the U.S.A., Jugoslavia, Bul­ into an instrument of their policy. In garia, Rumania, and also the U.S.S.R. particular, she has been used for these (having been invited on the insistence ends by Italy which is bound to the of the Turkish government) took part, Treaty by the Rome Protocols of drew up a new peace treaty. Turkey 1934 and 1936. Later, German fas­ secured the abolition of the limita­ cism, in the course of its aggression tions, established by the Treaty of in Central Europe, transformed Hun­ Sevres, on its armed forces, and of gary into its ally and vassal. In par­ the obligation to pay reparations. ticular, after the Munich agreements The question of Mosul which was of the autumn of 1938, Hungary the subject of a conflict between Great seized a large part of the territory of Britain, which was striving to attach Slovakia inhabited, not only by Hun­ it to its mandated territory of Iraq garians, but also to a great degree by (Mesopotamia), and Turk~y was left Slovaks. When German fascism finally open. Subsequently it was settled by seized Czechoslovakia in March, 1939, the League of Nations in favor of THE COLLAPSE OF VERSAILLES

Great Britain. In Central Asia Tur­ the Lausanne Peace Treaty were sub­ key rece~ved back Smyrna and Aydin, jected to review. In particular, on of which the Treaty of Sevres had de­ Turkey's initiative the Straits conven­ prived her and which had been given tion was reviewed and replaced by a to Greece. In Europe, Turkey recov­ new convention, concluded as a result ered her pre-war frontiers. At the of a conference at Montreux on July same time Turkey, according to the 30, 1936. This convention restored to Lausanne Treaty, secured the aboli­ Turkey the right to fortify the Straits tion of the regime of capitulations and to maintain its armed forces (exceptional rights for foreigners) there. Limitations were established in and the establishment henceforth, respect to the passage through the within the bounds of its territory, of Straits of warships of states not bor­ a legal status for citizens of foreign dering on the Black Sea. In 1938, on states on a mutuality basis. The ques­ the insistence of Turkey, the fron­ tion of the Ottoman public debt, i.e., tiers established by the . Lausanne of the foreign debts of Turkey under Treaty between its territory and the Sultans, was left open. The ques­ Syria, which is under France's man­ tion of the regime of the Straits (the date, were reviewed. In particular, the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus) was former Alexandretta region, which regulated by a special convention originally formed part of Syria, was which included the Lausanne Peace made a separate administrative unit Treaty. According to the convention under the joint administration of dealing with the Straits, the latter France and Turkey. were declared open both for merchant THE NEUILLY PEACE TREATY ships and warships of all powers, in peace and in war time (with Turkey The Neuilly Peace Treaty was con­ neutral). Turkey was deprived of the cluded in Neuilly (France) on No­ right to fortify the coast of the Straits vember 27, 1919, between the Allied and maintain any armed forces what­ powers and Bulgaria. The latter, ac­ soever in the adjacent special zone. cording to this treaty, suffered consid­ Thus, the fleets of the Mediterranean erable territorial loss., It was deprived powers were able freely to enter the of an oudet to the Aegean Sea from Black Sea, thus creating a danger to the port of Dede Agach (now Alex­ the security of the states whose coasts androupolis), which went to Greece, border on this sea. The Soviet dele­ and lost part of Dobruja, which gation which took part in the discus­ passed to Rumania. It was also bur­ sion. of the question of the Straits' dened with the weight of reparations regime, categorically objected to such and forced to disarm. However, as a solution of the question. However, time went on considerable modifica· the point of view of the imperialist tions were made in the regime estab­ powers, primarily of Great Britain, lished for Bulgaria. The total sum of which saw in the Straits convention reparations was considerably cut a convenient instrument of its anti­ down, and the payment of it post­ Soviet policy, triumphed at Lausanne. poned so that actual payments were • Subsequendy certain conditions .of comparatively insignificant, and later

l THE COMMUNIST reparations were formally abolished. the other imperialist states, particu­ Since the time of the establishment of larly Japan and England. The policy the military dictatorship in Bulgaria of "spheres of influence" amounted (in 1923) the latter has, in fact, not to the seizure, by these states, of def­ fulfilled her obligations regarding inite territorial regions of China in disarmament, making use in this case which they established for themselves of the tolerance of Italy, which has conditions especially favorable to striven to transform Bulgaria into an profits, and eliminated any possible instrument of its policy in the Bal­ foreign competitors. A result of the kans. Particularly since its seizure of consolidation of Japan's posi,tion in Albania, Italian imperialism has been China was an acute sharpening maneuvering to utilize Bulgaria as a of Japanese-American contradictions. pawn in its plan of conquest. Side by side with this, another factor rendering imperialist contradictions THE NINE-PO,WER PACT acute in the Pacific was the naval com­ The Nine-Power Pact was conclud­ petition between Great Britain, the ed on February 6, 1922, at the Wash­ U.S.A. and Japan. ington Conference between the The Washington Conference, called U.S.A., Great Britain, Japan, France, on the initiative of the U.S.A., was Italy, Belgium, Holland, Portugal to regulate Far Eastern and Pacific and China. Coast problems and to limit naval During the first imperialist world armaments. The· Nine-Power Pact war Japan strengthened its position was one of the main results of the in China to a very considerable de­ conference, in addition to an agree­ gree. The seizure of the former Ger­ ment regarding the limitation of na­ man colony Kiao-chow greatly val armaments, and a fourth treaty strengthened the strategic position of between Great Britain, the U.S.A., Japanese imperialism, while the fa­ Japan and France, concerning the in­ mous twenty-one conditions forced on violability of their island possessions China by Japan on May 9, 1915, in in the Pacific. At the Washington fact established a Japanese protecto­ conference, the Anglo-Japanese alli­ rate in China. Such a situation, of ance was annulled under pressure course, did not fall in with the inter­ from the U.S.A. and the British do­ ests of American imperialism, for minions. The parties to the Nine­ whom it is exceedingly important to Power Pact undertook to maintain to­ maintain the "open door" policy in ward China the principle of the "open the Far East. Other things being door," i.e., they undertook not to equal, the United States, as the coun­ strive in any part of the country for try with the most powerful industry, special privileges for themselves or had every ground for counting on tak­ their citizens as against corresponding ing first place in China's foreign trade privileges accorded other countries or and of driving other powers out of their citizens. This agreement, adopt­ the Chinese market. The advance of ed under American pressure. tempo­ this policy was held up by the policy rarily limited the imperial~st designs of "spheres of influence" pursued by of Japan in China (the twenty-one THE COLLAPSE OF VERSAILLES

demands) but did not put a stop to tional law, it has cast doubt on the value of the fur~er policy of conquest of the international treaties and obligations. Paci­ J apaiiese imperialists. fism and disarmament schemes are dead and buried. Feverish arming has taken their In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria by place. Everybody is arming, small states and force of arms and organized the buffer big states, including primarily those which state of Manchukuo. At the beginning practice the policy of non-intervention. of 1932, Japan made an onslaught on "Nobody believes any longer in the unc­ Shanghai. Subsequently the Japanese tuous speeches which claim that the Munich concessions to the aggressors and the Munich imperialists have been carrying agreement opened a new era of 'appease­ through further acts of aggression at ment.' They are disbelieved even by the sig­ the expense of China. Since 1937 Ja­ natories to the Munidt agreement, Britain pan has been waging a sanguinary and France, which are increasing their arma­ war against China, in order to subju­ ments no less than other countries. "Naturally, the U.S.S.R. could not ignore gate the entire country by force of these ominous events. There is no doubt that arms. Thus, the Nine-Power Pact has any war, however small, started by the ag­ actually been tom to bits by Japanese gressors in any remote comer of the world bayonets, although formally it has constitutes a danger to the peaceable coun­ not been annulled. It should be said, tries. All the more serious then is the danger arising from the new imperialist war, which in passing, that at the beginning of has already drawn into its orbit more than 1939 the Japanese government offi­ five hundred million people in Asia, Africa cially declared its intention of "re­ and Europe. In view of this, while our coun­ viewing" the conditions of the pact try is unswervingly pursuing a policy of preserving peace, it is at the same time in adjustment with the situation ex­ doing a great deal to increase the prepared­ isting in Eastern Asia and the "special ness of our Red Army and our Red Navy. mission" allegedly being pursued "At the same time, in order to strengthen there by Japan. Great Britain, the its international position, the Soviet Union U.S.A. and .other powers have repeat­ decided to take certain other steps. At the end of 1934 our country joined the League edly protested against the violation of Nations, considering that despite its weak­ of the Nine-Power Pact by the Japa­ ness the League might nevertheless serve as a nese aggressors. But these verbal pro­ place where aggressors can be exposed, and tests have had no practical results. as a certain instrument of peace, however feeble, that might hinder the outbreak of COMRADE STALIN ON 1HE FOREIGN war. The Soviet Union considers that in alarming times like these even so weak an POLICY OF 1HE U.S.S.R. international organization as the League of At the Eighteenth Congress of the Nations should not be ignored. In May, 1935, a treaty of mutual assistance against possible Communist Party of the Soviet Union attack by aggressors was signed between Comrade Stalin made the following France and the Soviet Union. A similar ' statement about the foreign policy of treaty was simultaneously concluded with the U.S.S.R.: Czechoslovakia. In March, 1936, the Soviet Union concluded a treaty of mutual assis­ "The war has created a new situation tance witt the Mongolian People's Republic. with regard to the relations between coun­ In August, 1937, the Soviet Union concluded tries. It has enveloped them in an atmos­ a pact of non-aggression with the Chinese phere of alarm and uncertainty. By under­ Republic. mining the post-war peace regime and over­ "It was in such d.ifticult international con­ riding the elementary principles of interna- ditions that the Soviet Uv.\QQ, ~unued its 1166 THE COMMUNIST foreign policy of upholding the cause of "4· We are not afraid of the threats of ag­ peace. gressors, and are ready to deal two blows for "The foreign policy of the Soviet Union is every blow delivered by instigators of war clear and explicit: · who attempt to violate the Soviet borders. ''1. We stand for peace and the strengthen­ "Such is the foreign policy of the Soviet ing of business relations with all countries. Union. That is our position: and we shall adhere to "In its foreign policy the Soviet Union this position as long as these countries main­ relies upon: tain like relations with the Soviet Union, "1. Its growing economic, political and and u long as they make no attempt to cultural might; trespass on the interests of our country. "2. The moral and political unity of our "a. We stand for peaceful, close and friend­ Soviet society; ly relations with all the neighboring coun­ "!I· The mutual friendship of the nations tries which have common, frontiers with the of our country; U.S.S.R. That is our position; and we shall "4· Its Red Army and Red Navy; adhere to this position as long as these "5· Its policy of peace; countries maintain. like relations with the "6. The moral support of the working Soviet Union, and as long as they make no people of all countries, who are vitally con­ attempt to trespass, directly or indirectly, on cerned in the preservation of peace; the integrity and inviolability of the fron­ "7· The good sense of the countries which tiers of the Soviet state. for one reason or another have no interest in "lJ. We stand for the support of nations the violation of peace.''• which are the victims of aggression. and are fighting for the independence of their coun­ try. • Ibid., pp. 15-17. BOOK REVIEWS

CAUGHT BY THE FINE ART of reaction, of finance capital and its preda­ OF PROPAGANDA tory wars. A liar is answered when he is confronted with the. truth. But the exposure THE FINE ART OF PROPAGANDA. A of specific lies is not a sufficient answer to Study of Father Coughlin's Speeches, edited the demagogue, because he has used his lies by Alfred McClung Lee and Eliwbeth and his devices in order to mislead his audi­ Briant Lee for the Institute of Propaganda ence into believing that he can provide some­ Analysia. Harcourt, Brace, New York, I40 thing it really needs: jobs, security, social pp., $I.JO. justice, peace, democracy, even socialism. To prove that a demagogue has lied, however, is N OCTOBER., 1937• there was organized the not to satisfy the need of the people that I Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Inc., listen to him. Really to combat the dem­ consisting of academically prominent people agogue you must expose the demagogy and especially trained in the formal analysis of offer a better explanation of the joblessness propaganda. That the monthly reports issued and insecurity on which reaction tries to feed by the Institute did not bear out the promise and a real program to achieve jobs, security, it embodied early leads one to question the peace and socialism. And, finally, you must social-scientific character of its work. This organize the people in struggle to satisfy doubt is increased by the publication of its these deeply-felt wants. To believe, as the first book, The Fine Art of Propaganda. It is Institute does, that you do not need to ex­ at best a minor contribution to the exposure plain to the working class and the middle of fascist demagogy, largely because of its classes the cause of their misery, that you failure to grasp the essential nature of do not have to offer a counter-program, that demagogy. you do not need to lead them in struggle, The editors of the book have very pains­ that you can defeat Coughlinism merely by takingly analyzed the form of Coughlin's proving he is a liar-to believe that, is to be speeches and !lave learned (and they easily naive in a characteristically "liberal" and un­ prove it) that Coughlin uses all the Seven scientific fashion. Propaganda Devices with which the Institute But is there no need for an Institute that is preoccupied. Coughlin's broadcasts are full will restrict itself to factual analysis and of (1) name-calling; (2) glittering generali­ leave to other bodies the, task of defining a ties; (!I) transfer devices consisting of the program and of organizing the masses? There transfer of prestige from one idea to another; is, of course, always use for factual study of (4) testimonials of respected persons; (5) the any problem, even if those who make the plain folks appeal to the people; (6) card­ study do not themselves apply its results. stacking; and (7) the band-wagon appeal But this book ..Pf the Institute's is scientific­ that other people are doing the same thing, ally deficient in other basic respects. First why not you? · of all, it does not understand the class nature • They convict him repeatedly of lying, dis­ of fascism. Hitler's and Coughlin's political tortion, falsification, and of using Nazi and and economic theories are called "quasi­ other discredited sources in his speeches. But socialistic" (p. g); on page 66 the book quotes such evidence is insufficient and ineffective approvingly from an Institute bulletin the in fighting Coughlin's fascist den~agogy. To­ following: "Despite its Socialism [I], the day demagogy is not merely the use of cer­ growing following of the N.S.D.A.P. [Nazis] tain devices and of monstrous lies; fascist made it a useful tool to crush Marxism, and imperialist demagogy is the skillful ex­ democracy, and the German labor ·move­ ploitation of the deepest feelings and pro­ ment." It speaks constantly of European dic­ foundest needs of the m.asses in the interest tators as if Hitler and Mussolini were per- 1168 THE COMMUNIST sonal dictators, not representative of their did the cracker-barrel debater really decide own most reactionary finance capitalists. We anything? And as for the state or national are informed that Hitler promised everything assemblies, we know that a parliament may to every one, but not that he kept only those parley, but that the ruling class rules, if pos­ promises made to the Junkers and finance sible, with the aid of parliaments. And when capital. Moreover, there is no attempt made the ruling class wishes, it will recess a parlia­ to show what connections Coughlin has with ment in order to arrest democratically-elected Wall Street. Indeed, the book creates the im­ Communist deputies, as in France. For the pression that Coughlin not only promises masses, democracy is not merely a way of everything but attacks everybody; for it pub­ talking or debating; it offers certain oppor­ lishes in a list of those Coughlin attacks the tunities to struggle for· a system that will names of the "Du Pont family, Carter Glass, assure them jobs, security, peace. They also Herbert Hoover, Alfred M. Landon, John D. increasingly learn that if bourgeois democ­ Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan and Hugh John­ racy does not offer enough opportunities son." Is this supposed to show Coughlin is and guarantees, it does provide a basis for against Wall Street? Isn't that the impression struggle for a genuine democracy that is his reactionary IJ1onopolist backers want permanent: socialist democracy. Coughlin to create? Then how are we to The Institute is no more scientific in treat­ understand the comment of the editors that ing socialism and the Communist Party than the whole list speaks for itself. It contains it is in regard to Coughlin, fascism, or the revered leaders from many walks of American veiled dictatorship that constitutes bourgeois­ life"? (p. 46) democracy. They offer this "scientific" gem: As a result of this treatment of Coughlin­ "Competent observers, including social ism as .unrelated to finance capital, the un­ scientists, who have analyzed the rise of Com­ guarded reader of the book would be totally munism, are agreed on these points: The unable to penetrate the present "peace" dem­ so-called Kerensky or democratic government agogy of Coughlin, whereby Coughlin, serv­ of Russia, formed after the first or democratic revolution of 1917, was undermined by the ing his 1mperialist masters, covers up his Imperial German government in an effort to design ultimately to involve the United States pbtain from it a separate peace. The Im­ in an imperialist, anti-Soviet war. It is signi­ perial German government arranged for the ficant that, since the editors of the book passage of Lenin from exile." (p. 63.) generally neglect the content of Coughlin's By soberiy citing this "interpretation" of demagogy for the formal devices he uses to the socialist revolution, the Institute betrays spread it, there is no analysis of Coughlin's the uselessness of its whole approach. Cer­ position on foreign policy. tainly, here is a hoary fiction that has been Secondly, the Institute does not understand exploded a thousand times; and yet there the claas nature of bourgeois democracy. are people, even editors of an "Institute," There is constant neglect of class content, who feel the need to use the tale in order and concentration oh the seemingly classless to confuse the basic issue: the imperialist na­ forms by which the bourgeois democracy ture of the Kerensky regime, which the work­ seeks to hide its capitalist character. ing class and the peasantry refused to toler­ In the Foreword, the Secretary of the ate, and which they overthrew in the struggle Institute writes in italics: "So far as individu­ for bread, land, and peace, and the power als are concerned, the art of democracy is to guarantee the permanence of these attain­ the art of thinking and discussing independ­ ments. ently together." The concept is basic to the On another occasion, the editors are cross­ book: the democratic ideal or technique is ing swords with Coughlin's favorite device "give-and-take around the local cracker bar­ of name-calling, especially with his habit of rel or the stove in the railroad station or calling all his opponents Communists and the fireplace in the Commercial Hotel or the (or) Jews. But the solution in the book is counter in the corner tobacco shop" or in no less false and dangerous than Coughlin's more formal town or national legislative argument: "Can a person be both ·a Commu­ assemblies. But as long as local power was in nist and a Jew? In answer to this question, the hands of the local banker or mill-owner, one finds substantial agreement among those BOOK REVIEWS 1169

chiefly involved, the Jews and Communists. of his sect) demonstrate? First, that the They would answer: No." And then for five Negro is "innately inferior" to other peoples. pages there is an attempt to prove that no This is done merely by assertion, and the Jew can be a Com111-unist and no Communist scientific work of Boas, Mall and Klineberg, a Jew! This is not merely nonsense; it reeks which proves the opposite, is not even men­ with reactionary demagogy. In the first place, tioned, let alone considered. Secondly, it is it defines Jews 'only in terms of religion, important that one "prove" that the African which is decidedly unscientific. In the second is, was, and always has been, an utter bar­ place, the Communist Party has in its ranks barian who has made no contribution to both religious and non-religious Jews, as it civilization and who has no history. The has both religious and non-religious Gentiles. cited authorities for this are an article of And _most important of all, the Institute 1847 in the pseudo-official Southern publica­ avoids the basic issue of democratic liberties: tion DeBow's Review, and a book published that a Jew has a right to be a Communist. in 1852 in Charleston, called the Pro-Slavery By following the line that no Jew can be a Argument! No mention will be found of the Communist, the Institute is accepting Cough­ works of Wiener, Delafosse, Herskovits, Ellis, lin's premise that no Jew ought to be, or Du Bois and other authorities, which demon­ has a right to be, a Communist. The Insti­ strate the rich cultural and historical contri­ tute is here not exposing Coughlin, but butions of the Negro people. actually yielding to him. Dr. Lloyd's third task is to convince his In sum, our charge against the Institute readers that American slavery was "patriar­ and its book is that they are not products of chal" and ·that the slaves were "contented.'' social science. More can be learned about This he attempts by citing pro-slavery Coughlin and fascism from one page of A. B. sources (he refers, for this purpose, to De . Magil's pamphlet, The Real Father Cough­ Bow's Review and the Pro-Slavery Argument lin, or R. Palme Dutt's Faacism and Social .eleven times within the limits of two pages, Revolution than from the whole of the Fine 132-133 I) and by avoidihg any notice of works Art of Propaganda. Those, however, who that prove the opposite-that prove the understand the class nature of fascism and beastly character of American slavery and the reaction and the character of their demagogy unhappy, heroically rebellious condition of will find in the Institute's book some inter­ the Negroes. Thus, no reference to Catter­ esting data and technical analysis convenient­ all's massive five-volume collection of court ly arranged. records relative to slavery· is made; in dis­ A. H. eussing the foreign slave trade no notice of Du Bois' standard treatise is taken; in dis­ A BOURBON DEFENSE OF Cussing the nature and extent of the domestic slave trade, Bancroft's authoritative mono­ SLAVOCRACY graph is "overlooked''; in falsifying and THE SLAP'ERY CONTROP'ERSY, by Ar­ minimizing the evidence of discontent among thur Y. Lloyd. Chapel Hill, z939, Univer­ the slaves no mention of the work of Siebert, Aptheker, or Wish is made. And, though it sity of North Carolina Press. 322 pages. 13-00. may appear incredible, in this work on American slavery the author does not once R. LLOYD's work epitomizes and brings even hint at the existence of Carter Woodson, D to a climax a generation of the writ­ easily the outstanding scholar on the subject. ings of the Bourbon revisionist school of The fourth job, to discredit the abolition­ American history. The author permits noth­ ists, is now simple. Their propaganda, says ing, neither the most elementary standards of the learned Dr. Lloyd, can only be compared honesty, nor the accumulated learning of a "to the more recent crusade of certain myriad of scholars, to bar his purpose-the Northern elements 'to tum attention to the production of a naked and unashamed de­ alleged [!] political and judicial discrimina­ fense of American Negro slavery and the re­ tions against the Negro in the South" (p. 76). actionary political system it fostered. Thus, just as now "certain Northern ele· What must Lloyd (and the many members ments" (later on the author becomes specific THE COMMUNIST

and names "the Communists") are making a ists so distressing to the slaveholders; they · fuss about nothing at all, about "alleged were real revolutionists seeking to advance discriminations," so a hundred years ago the the rights and interests of the masses at the Abolitionists, "not acquainted with actual expense of. the propertied interests of the conditions in the South," such as Dr. Lloyd rulers of the state, and those interests de­ describes, permitted their "vivid imagina­ fended (and tried to enhance) their power tions" to run away with them, denounced not to spite the Abolitionists, but in spite of "alleged" cruelties and injustices, and began them. Incidentally, two years ago Professor their "deleterious" campaign for the destruc­ Hesseltine published a paper demonstrating tion of human slavery. that there was at least as much reason to The fifth proposition, Qften repeated, is believe that the brazen pro-slavery enuncia­ that it was only because of this attack, and tions and activities of the Bourbons aronsed only after it occurred (in t8ljt) that the the Abolitionist agitation as there is to be­ South began to defend slavery. The same lieve the opposite; but, of course, Dr. Llpyd methods, omission and distortion, are used to is, or presumes to be, blissfully unaware of buttress this falsehood. The impassioned de­ this. fense of slavery by th,e slaveholders of Geor­ The next major falsehood of Dr. Lloyd is gia and South Carolina during the Revolu­ his repetition of the fable which pictures the tion (at one time threatening the success of Civil War as the united uprising of all the that war) is omitted, the vehement denun­ (white) people of the South regardless of ciations of a mild Quaker emancipationist class position. To turn this counter-revolu­ petition to Congress in 1790 by the same tionary oligarchic rebellion into a great pop­ group is falsified, and significant and 'nu­ ular uprising, the author has to omit con­ merous open justifications of slavery from si,deration of the method by which the that time on are neglected. The author adds Confederacy was created; the admission. of to the falsification, too, by consistently con­ lack of public support by the slavocracy's fusing the colonization movement with leaders,· like Edmund Ruffin; and the story emancipationism. The two were opposed, not of disaffection and desertion among the complementary. Southern whites, as demonstrated in the This widespread idea that the slaveholders works of Moore, Tatum and Lonn. Of course, · held on to their slaves merely to spite the the action of the Negro people either in this nasty Abolitionists is manifestly absurd. connection, or in the Abolitionist movement Much evidence could be presented to refute itself, is below Dr. Lloyd's notice. it, but for reasons of space we wish to quote The author closes his work in a blaze of but one example. This is a statement by what he seems to think is originality by Senator Hammond of South Carolina made stating that an essential cause of the Civil in 18.~,5. Hammond referred to the trucu­ War was the conflict over state power be­ lence of the Abolitionists and went on to say tween a rising industrial free-labor North to them: and an agrarian slave-labor South.. This is as "But if your course was wholly different­ ancient as the war, when Marx, Engels, if you distilled nectar from your lips, and Cairnes and others said the same thing, and discoursed sweetest music, could you reason­ is well established in American historiog­ ably indulge the hope of accomplishing your raphy through the writings of ,Beard, Cole object by such means? Nay, supposing that we were all convinced, and thought of Slavery and others; but none of these men is men­ precisely as you do, at what era of 'moral tioned by the pioneering Dr. Lloyd! suasion' do you imagine you could prevail on Specific errors of fact abound and add to us to give up a thousand millions of dollars the nightmare the author has concocted. But in the value of our slaves, and a thousand millions of dollars more in the depreciation it is a dream that has many nostalgic dis­ of our lands, in consequence of the want of ciples and wide currency. It is disappointing laborers to cultivate them?" to see the hitherto fairly liberal press of the These, of course, the property question University of North Carolina allowing itself and the political relations dependent there­ to be used for the production of such vicious on, are the crux of the matter. It is that trash. which made the agitation of the Abolition- HERBERT BIEL INDEX-VOLUME XVIII, 1939

AUTHOR INDEX

A. B.-Review of the Month, 3-16, January; Venezuela)-8trengthen Pan-American De­ 99-113, February; 193-204, March; 291-305, mocracy, 621-23, July. April; 387-400, May; 483-97, June; 579-93, Communist Party of China, Central Committee J1,1ly; 675-89, August; 771-87, September; -The Tasks of the Chinese People In the 905-22, October; 1002-15, November; 109'1- National Liberation War, 353-64, April; For 1113, December; see Blttelman, Alex. the Victorious Outcome of China's War of A. H.-Review of "The Fine Art of Propacan­ Liberation, 1150-7, December. da," 1067-69, December. Communist Party of France--Appeal for Aid Allen, James S.-Amerlcan Imperialism and the to Spain, 280-3, March; Unity of Action to War, 1046-53, November. Support the Polley of Peace and Firmness, Amter, Israel-May Day In the Struggle for 984-5, October. Democracy and Peace, 401-8, May; Review Communist Party of Germany-An Analysis of of "The Negro and the Democratic Front," by the Situation, 188-9, February. J. W. Ford, 82-84, January. Communist Party of Great Brltaln~anlfesto to the British People on the War, 1084-7, Baker, Rudy-Lenin and the American Revo­ November; The Soviet-German Non-Acgres­ lutionary Heritace, 35-39, January. slon Pact, 986-91, October. Benjamin, Herbert- Meetlnc Reaction's As­ Communist Party of the Soviet Union-Dialecti­ sault on the Unemployed, 689-700, Aucust. cal and Historical Materialism (from Chap. Riel, Herbert-Class Conflicts in the South, IV of "History of the C.P.S.U."), 334-45, 1850-1860, 170-81, February; 274-9, March; April. Review of Carroll's "Slave Insurrections ln Communist Party, U.S.A., National Committee-­ the United States," 381-3, April; Review of Keep America Out of the Imperialist War, Lloyd's "The Slavery Controversy," 1169-10, 899-904, October; Letter to the President and December. Congress of the U.S.A., 923-4, October; Po­ Blttelman, Alex-A Year of Memorable Anni­ litical Committee--America and the Interna­ versaries, 48-56, January; see A. B. tional Situation, 995-1001, November; Mo.ls­ Bloor, Ella Reeve--The American Woman, 829- saye J. Olgln, 1138, December. 36, September. Communist, The-Index, Vol. XVII, 1938, 85-96, Blair, Fred Basset-Some Remarks on. Rural January; Vol. XVIII, 1939, 1111-84, De­ Politics, 364-70, April. cember. Brahns, George-Idle Money-Doom or Boon? 648-55, July, Darnar, P. L.-Ths Soviet-German Paot of Brooks, Homer (with Emma Tenayuca)-The Non-A&"gress!on, 984-5, October. Mexican Question In the Southwest, 257-68i Dennis, Gene--Recovery Demands a Bold, Pro­ March, gressive Program, 623C34, June. Browder, Earl-America and the Communist Dlmltrotr, Geor&"I-The Land of Socialism and International, 209-15, March; Mastery of the Strugl"le of the International Proletariat, Theory and Methods of Work, 17-24, Jan­ 511-22, June. uary; On President Roosevelt's Message to the Special Session of Congress, 925-6, Octo­ Editorial-Forward to May Day! 306-10, April. ber; On the Twenty-Second Anniversary of the Socialist Revolution, 1016-27, November; Fletcher, Charles (with John Vance)-Unem­ Perspectives of the 1940 Presidential Elec­ . ployment and the Works Procram In 1939, tion, 497-510, June; Some Remarks on the 147-55, February. Twentieth Anniversary of the Communist Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley-Review of Foster's Party of the U.S.A., 788-803, September; Jo­ "Paces Fom a Worker's Life," 476-9, May; seph Stalin's Sixtieth Birthday, 11116-19, Defend the Civil Rights of Communists, December. 1114-5, December, Browder, Irene--The National Groups In the Ford, James W.-Brlng the New Deal to Puerto Flrrht for Democracy, 857-67, September; Rico, 63 4-40, July; The Struggle for the Problema of the National Groups in the Buildlnc of the Modern Liberation Move­ United States, 456-66, May; Tribute to a ment of the Necro People, 817-28, September. Great Leader (Krupskaya), 311-16, April. Foster, William Z.-Buildlng the Western­ Buck, Tim-Canada-the Key to Anti-Fascist Hemisphere Democratic Front, 606-20, July; Unity of the English-Speaking Peoples, 237- The Congress of the Communist Party of H, March; The War and the Canadian Cuba, 225-31, March; The Human Element Working Class, 1139-49, December. In Mass Agitation, 346-5ll, April; Isolation­ Ist Defeatism! 40-47, January; Main Organ­ Carter, Philip-Pitfalls of Prarrmatlc Logic, izational Tasks of the Democratic Front, 163-9, February; Review of Haldane's "The 535-41, June; New Methods of Political Maas Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences," Orcanization, 136-46, February; Secondary 572-4, June. Aspects of Mass Organization, 701-11, Au­ Colman, Morris-Review of Freud's "Moses and cust; Specific Orcanlzational Features of the Monotheism," 764-6, August. Democratic Front In the U. S., 939-50, Octo­ Communist International-Peace to the Peo­ ber; The Technique of the Mass Campaign, ple, 1091-96, December. 445-56, Ma.y; Twenty Years of Communist Communist Partiea of North and Soutll Amer­ Trade Union Polley, 804-11, September; Lenin ica (joint •tatement of Communist Partes and Stalin as Mass Lead!ll'l11 U3Q-29, De­ of U.S.A., Canada, Chile, Cuba, Mexico and cember. THE COMMUNIST

Franklin, Francis-The Cultural Heritage of Pirela, Juan-The Place of Venezuela Among the Negro People, 563-71, June. the Democratic Nations of Latin America, 968-62, October. Gebert, B. K.-The Auto Workers For~e Unity "Pravda"-The Third Stalinist Five-Year Plan, at the Cleveland Convention, U5-44, May. 371-75, April. Geor~e. Harrison-Class Forces In California. Putnam, Samuel-Notes on Latin American A~rlculture, 156-62, February; 269-73, March. History, 748-58, Au~ust. Gley, R. L.-Current Trends In American Psy­ chology, 563-62, June; Gestalt Psychology, Rapport, Morris-The Communist Party In the 657-65, July; Freudlsm- Psycholo~y of a State of Washington and .the 1940 Elections, Dying Class, 1066-79, November. 730-9, August; The Democratic Front and Green, Gil-The Young Generation and the Im­ the Northwest Elections, 66-75, January. perialist War, 1037-45, November. Reeve, Carl-Benjamin Franklin-Champion of Hall, Rob F.-The Southern Conference for Democracy, 694-605, July. Human Welfare, 57-65, January. Robinson, Harry (with R. A. Martinez)-Lima. Hudson, Roy-The Path of Labor's United Ac­ -An Answer to Munich, 128-35, February; tion, 927-38, October. Review of Gayer, Homan and James' usugar Economy of Puerto Rico," 284-5, March. Internazlona.le, DI~After Hitler's War Speech Rojas, Manuel-The Struggle of the Spanish of April 28, 1939, 759-63, August. People Continues, 1057-65, November. Ross, Carl-America's Youth in the Struggle Jerome, V. J.-Forerunners, 836-56, September; for National and Social Security, 317-23, Then-nd Now, 1028-36, November. April. Kolesnlkov, S. - Philosophical Precursors of Marxism, 980-3, October. Stewart, George W.-Revlew of Lasswell and Krupskaya, N. K.-The Day of International Blumenstock's "World Revolutionary Propa­ Women's Solidarity, 232-6, March. ganda.," 669-72, July. La.cerda, F.-Fascism In Spain and the Latin Tenayuca, Emma (with Homer Brooks)-The American Peoples, 641-7, July. Mexican Question In the Southwest, 267-68, Landy, A.-Review of Marx and Engels' "Ger­ March. man Ideology," 665-9, July; Some Observa­ Todes, Charlott~Review of "Labor Fact Book tions on How to Study the "History of the IV," 190-1, February. · C.P.S.U.," 467-75, May. Trachtenberg, Alexander-The Soviet Union and Larson, Seth-Review of Florinsky's 11Toward the American People, 867-86, September. the Understanding of the U.S.S.R.," 767, Au­ ~ust. Unsigned-Earl Writings of Stalin, 1030-37, De­ Lenin, V. I.-Backward Europe and Pro~res­ cember; The Collapse of the Versailles slve Asia., 1064-6, November. System, 1158-65, December. lla.nuilsky, D. Z.-Lenln and the International Vance, John (with Charles Fletcher)-Unem­ Labor Movement, 216-24, March. ployment and the Works Program In 1939, Martin, Jack-Legislative Problems In Illinois, 147 -·65, February. 712-20, August. Vila.r, Cesar-The Unity of the American De­ Martinez, R. A. (with Harry Roblnson)-Lima moCTa.cies, 624-33, July. -An Answer to Munich, 128-36, February. Minor, Robert-Data on the Development of Wallace, Geora-~Deterioration of Labor Con­ American Agriculture In the Twentieth Cen­ ditions During the Last Decade, 246-57, tury, 887-96, September; Lenin-His Mean­ March; Notes on Two Economic Cycles, ing for Us Today, 25-34, January; 114-27, 182-7, February. · February; The Second Imperialist War, 409- Weiss, Alfred L.-The Plunder of Austria, 34, May. 963-6, October. llitin, M.-The Lenin-Stalin Teaching on the Weiner, M.-After the Liquidated Balfour Dec­ Building of Socialism In One Country, 642- laration in Palestine, 721-9, August. 62, June. Williamson, John-An Analysis of the Ohio Morris, Lesli~Monetary Reform and the Dem­ Elections-What Next? 76-81, January. ocratic Front, '140-7, Au~ust. Winston, Henry-The Young Communist League Prepares for Growth, 324-33, April. North, Joseph-Review of Seldes' "Lord• of the Press," 376-81, April. Ya.roslavsky, Emilian-An Encyclopedia. of the Olgln, Molssaye J.-Markotrs Contribution to Basic Knowled~e of Marxism-Leninism, the Study of Marxism, 967-'12, October. 972-9, October.

SUBJECT INDEX

The following key shows the pages covered Africa, Negroes in, 564. by each month: Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 78, 162, 894. 1-96, January 577-672, July Agriculture, and American capitalism, 887ft'; 97 -19ll, February 678-768, August California, 156ft', 269ft'; in fascist Spain, 193-286, March 769-896, September 1060fl'; in Puerto Rico, 638; Lenin on, 27; In 28'1-384, April 897-992, October U. S.; effect of war on, 1106!. 386-480, May 993-1088, November Aircraft industry, 442f. -181-576, June 1089-1184, December Akers, C. E., 748. Alberta, Canada, 741f. A B C Party (Cuba), 227. Allen and sedition laws, 857. ,&.berhart. William, 741f. Allen, Robert S., 206. Abolitionists. See Slavery h> the U.S, Allport, Floyd, 557. .A.bra.h;~om Lincoln Brigade, 23, 803, Almazan, Gen., 610 . Ada1ll.s, Samuel, 940. Amalgamated Clothing Workers o!, America, Adol!liDS, J;~onp, 836. 875; political proa-ram, 1008. ,Addes, George F., 437f, American Association of Applied Psychology, Adler, Alfred, 1074, 663. INDEX

American Federation of Labor, and National Belgians In the U. s., 8 59. groups, 861; and war, 104, 1061; early his­ Belgium, 515. tory, 7~9ff; and trade union unity, 927; Benjamin, Herbert, 693. Executive Council as tool of reaction, 682f; Berla, L., and "Stalin's Early Writings and political work of, 946; post-war activities, Activities," 1130ff. 806ff; supported world war, 103lf; In Can­ Berne Conference of Bolshevik Sections Abroad, ada, supports war, 1144f; see also Trade 1032f. union unity. Bennett, R. B., 238. American Imperialism, aids Japan, 1022; and Bestelro, 960, 1031, 1058. Cuba, 1006; and war, 119f, 131, 997, 1041, Bethune, Mary, 60. 1046f; greed for war profits, 997; opposi­ Beust, Dr., 841. tion to, 1048; seeks to enter war, 1008f; sup­ Big Business, and control of credit, 648ff; and ported by both old parties, 1012; supports youth, 321; attack on masses, 1009, 1012; Britain in war, 905f, 912; and China, 1101f; attitude toward Neutrality, 1011; demagogy intrigues in Far East, 1100; intrigues in of, 524ff; earnin~rs, 101f; fascist leanings of, Finland, 1099f; war alms of, 1094, 1102. 390f; opposes relief, 691f; opposes tradu American Labor Alliance, 873. union unity, 295f; political program of, 579; American Labor Party, 140; pro-war position, pro-war position, 912; See also American 943, 1024, 1063. Imperialism. American Liberty League, 39, 801. Bill of Rights, 925, 999. American Negro Labor Congress, 823. Black, Hugo L., 58 American Psychological Association, 653. Blackwell, Allee Stone, 832. American Railway Union, 946. Bledsoe, Moses A., 275. American Relief Administration, 876. Bloor, Ella Reeve, 55; portrait, 769. American-Russian Institute, 882. Blum, Leon, 1031f, 1052; aids French reaction, American-Russian Chamber of Commerce, 882. 1094f. American Student Union, 318f. Blumenstock, Dorothy, ''World Revolutionary American Trade Union Delegation to U.S.S.R., Propaganda" (rev.), 669-72. 881. Bogdanov, 341. American women, 829ff. Bolivar, Simon, 967. American Youth Congress, 318f, 680f, 817; po- Bolivia, fascism In, 607. sition on war, 1040. Bolling, Edith, 830. Americanism and internationalism, 214f. Bolshevik Sections Abroad, 1032f. Anderson, Elijah, 171. Bolshevism, contrasted with reformism, 512; DI­ Anderson, Marian, 568, 836. mitroff on, 612; see also Communist Party, Andrews, John B., 846. "History of the C.P.S.U."; Lenin; Leninism; uAnnalist, The," 182. Marxism-Leninism; Mastering Bolshevism; Anthony, Susan B., 831, 940. Stalin. Anti-Comintern alliance, 210f, 986, 1019, 1022. Book reviews, "The Fine Art of Propaganda," by Anti-Semitism, 463, 764f, 1042. Lee, 1167ff; "The German Ideology," by Marx Appeasement, and Czechoslovakia, 125; and and En&"els, 665ff; "Labor Fact Book IV," Spain, 126; leads to war, 125; strengthens 190f; "Latin America," by Kirkpatrick, 7481!; fascism, 125; see Munich betrayal; Interna­ "Lo.-ic," by Dewey, 1631'f; "Lords of the tional relations, Non-intervention. Press," by Seldes, 376ff; "Marxist Philosophy Arabs, in Palestine, 721ff. and the Sciences," by Haldane, 572ff; "Mo­ Argentina, 130f, 609, 643f. ses and Monotheism," by Freud, 'l64t; "The Aristotle, 1080. Negro and the Democratic Front," by Ford, Arkansas, 142. 82f; "Pages from a Wor:Iter's Lite," by Fos­ Armaments, 6f. ter, 476ff; uslave Insurrections in the U.S . .'' Asia, Lenin on, 1054ff. bY Carroll, 381ff; "The Slavery Controversy," Associated Actors and Artists of America, 929. by Lloyd, 1169f; "Sugar Economy of Puerto Aasociated Farmers, 68, 160, 270, 406, 896. Rico," by Gayer, Homan and James, 284-tr; Attucks, Crispus, 859. "Toward an Understanding of the U.S.S.R., .. Austin, William Lane, 858. by Florlnsky, 767; "World Revolutionary Austria, 44, 907, 963ff; betrayed by Britain, Propaganda," by Lasswell and Blumenstock, 995; wages In, 965; and Versailles treaty, 669ff. 1161f; relations with Italy, 1161. Borah, William E., 878. Austrian refugees, in Venezuela, 968. Borden's Milk Co., 159. Auto Workers Union, 810. See also United Auto- Bourgeois-democratic revolutlona, 755, 773. mobile Workers of America. Bourgeoisie. See Big Business; Capitallam; Im- Automobile Industry, 184. perialism. Bowdoin, James, 599. B. & 0. plan, 807f. Bricker, Gov., 77. Bakhmetlev, Boris, 878. Brlth Sholom, 728. Bakunin, 854. British Labor Party, 1032; anti-Soviet position, Balearic Islands, 413. 990; supports war, 1052, 1086; sabotaged Balfour Declaration and Palestine, 721f. struggle for peace, 919. Balkan states, relations with Austria, 963; and Brookings Institution, 154. U.S.S.R., 984, 1004, 1006, 1021f; and post-war Brophy, John, 808. treaties, 1163f; relations with Britain, 1098. Browder, Earl, as Communist leader, 65, 866: im­ Banks, and California agriculture, 169f, 895f; and prisoned during World War, 115; on alms of recovery, 203f, 648; nationalization, 104, American Imperialism, 102lf, 1117f; on allles 486f, 629. of working class, 16; on American revolution­ Banks, N. P., 839. ary traditions, 38; on anti-Comlntern pact, Barkley, Sen., 692. 1022; on American Labor Party, 1024; on Barton, Bruce, 106, 319. Chamberlain program, 1018f; on Chamber­ Baruch, Bernard, 913. lain's anti-Soviet work, 1020f; on changes Basle Congress, Second International, 1031; see in New Deal camp, 1023; on Communist Second International. parties, 169, 189; on congressional strug­ Bates, Edwarn, 839. gle, 39; on consequences of war, 1022; on Batista, Fulgenclo, 130, 608. decisive role of U.S.S.R., 1026; on fight Bauer, Otto, 196, 217, 1031. against the war, 1026; on growing atrencth Bazarov, 341. of U.S.S.R., 1019f; on housing and recovery, Beals, Carleton, 762. 486ff; on imperialist nature of war, 1016ff; Beard, Charles A., 40. on Importance of mastering Marxism, 127, Beck, Dave, 68. 146, 345; on Importance of municipal elec­ Behaviorism. 565. tions, 364; on 1940 elections, 497ff; on :r. W. THE COMMUNIST

Ford, 16; on Japanese, Italian and German 907; Lenin on, 1056f; resists Japan, 1049; acgress!on, 1018; on Latin America, 132, 766; strucgle for Independence, 1036; tasks of on liberation of West-Ukrainians, 1021; on Chinese people, 353tr; new stage In liberation Munich betrayal, 6f, 31, 166; on Negroes, 47; war, 1150f; statement of C. P. of China. on on New Deal In war conditions, 10231!; .on political situation, 1160f; see also Commu­ Norman Thomas, 1017, 1023; on program of nist Party of China. Y.C. L., 1042; on regroup in&" of class forces, Christian Front, 406. 1024; on rell&"ion, 737; on Roosevelt's neu­ Chrysler Corp., 436. trality message, 926f; on Southern states, Churches, and democratic front, 942. 67, 60; on Soviet aid to China, 1021; on Citizenship, and national groups, 459. S&vlet peace policy, 10201!, 1118f; on si&"nifi­ Civil Uberties. See democratic rill!"hts. cance of October revolution, 1016f; on Social Civil War (U. S.), 33, 274, 775; and early Amer­ Democratic Federation, 1024; on Stalin's Ican Communists, 841tf; and Karl Marx, sixtieth birthday, 11161f; on war alms of 841tf; and national eroups, 860; and Negro Amer. Imperialism. 10231!; portrait, 769. rights, 819ft'. Brown, J. F., 669. Civilian Conservation Corps, 318, 1043. Brown, John, 36, 171, 177. Ciapper, Raymond, on Amer. lntrlcue in Far Buck, Tim, 611, 623. East, llOOf. Bryan, Wlll!am Jennings, 940. Clemence, Annie, 834. Bulldlnc trades unions (A. F. of L.), failure to Cleveland, Grover, 497tr. orcanlze Industry, 933. Cleveland, Ohio, 79. Bulcar!a, and post-war treaties, 1163f. Coffee, John M., 71. Bull Moose Party, 498. Colby, Bainbridge, 877. Business conditions. See Recovery; u. S. eco- Colombia, 130, 609, 644. nomic conditions. Colonial countries, democratic front In, 939. Business Week (mag.), 182. Colonial peoples, 221, 397; and fasc!at dema- Butz, Caspar, 839. goguery, 22lt, Byelo-Russlans, In Poland, 1021; liberation of, "Communist dictatorship," falae concept, 683. 916, 996. Colored National Labor Union, 848. Byrnes. Sen., 1105f. Committee of One Million, 406, Committee for the Protection of Forelcn Born, Calderon, F. G., 748. 465f. Caballero, 1031. Communism, contrasted with fascism, 198, 944; California, 17, 271, 678; agriculture In, 166tf, transition from socialism to, 614; see also 289tr; Mexicans In, 268f. Bolshevism, Lenin, Leninism, Marxism, Ca.llfornla Fruit Exchange, 169. Marxism-Leninism, Socialism, Stalin. California Packing Corp., 169, 894. Communist, The, Index, for 1938, 86-96; for California. pension plan, 449. 1939, 1171-84. Cameron, A. C., 847. Communist Club, 849. Canada, 63, 606f, 740; and British Empire, Communist International, 784; and America, 237tr; and second Imperialist war, 1139tf; 209, 1094; appeal for working class unity, see also Quebec; see also Communist Party 407, 520, 1094fl'; and C.P. U.S.A., 62; and of Canada. working class unity, 208, 918; on struc&"le Capitalism, and anti-Democratic reaction, 920; for peace, 41, 127, 109411; as leader In anti­ and war, 222f, 922, 1030; as main enemy of war struggle, 998, 1092fl'; founding ef, 1034; workers, 1000, 1002; crisis of, 1008, 1117; decay Seventh Congress, 202, 801; on Social-De­ of, 45, 403, 1047; development In U. S., 776; mocracy, 1094!; on Soviet peace policy, 1092f; driving America toward war, 910; In agri­ on 22nd anniversary of October Revolution, culture, 1661!, 887f; Inferiority to socialism. 1091tf; 20th anniversary, 48, 196; founded 1019f; uneven development, 1030. by Lenin, 1124. Capitalist Illusions In mass organizations, 701f. Communist labor party, 209, 771, 794. Capper, Arthur, 431. Communist Manifesto, and America, 777, 849. Cardenas, 608. Communist Parties, appeal for Spain, 206; Carpenters Union, 808. Browder on, 169, 189; growth of, 396; on Carroll, Joseph c .. "Slave Insurrections In the Imperialist nature of war, 1052; of North U. S." (rev.), 381tf. and South America, 616; of North and South Casado, 960, 1031, 1068. America, appeal for strenetheninc democ­ Casey bill, 686, 695. racy, 623; orK'anization, 217ff. Castle, William R, 7. Communist Party of Canada, 238, 621tf, 742, 744; Catholic Church, and national groups, 864; and opposes war, 1147. youth, 681. Communist Party of Chile, 621ft'. Catholics, 18, 462, 813. Communist Party of China, 218, 355tf, 1160tf. Catalonia. See Spain. Communist Party of Cuba, 111, 225, 621tf. Cedillo, and Mexican fascism, 607f. Communist Party of France, 218, 280; perse- Chamber of .Commerce of the U. S., 292, 483. cution of, 1094. Chamberlain, and Canadian govt., 239; anti- Communist Party of Germany, 188f, 200f. Soviet war alms, 988, 990, 996, 1018, 1049; Communist Party of Great Britain, on Soviet­ assisted by Social-Democrats, 903; betrayed German Non-Aggression Pact, 9861!; on the Spain and Czechoslovakia, 908; must be de­ war, 1086f!'. feated, 991, 1087; on Palestine, 724; on Spain, Communist Party of Mexico, 111, 621ft'. 426; opposed . by national groups In U. S., Communist Party of Palestine, 727. 864; sabotaced struggle for peace, "907; sold Communist Party of Puerto Rico, 640. out Poland, 899; supported Hitler's aggres­ Communist Party of Spain, 218, 1057. sion, 986; see also Great Britain; Munich be­ Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 49, 198, trayal. 304; and C.P.U.S.A., 772; as new type of Chaplin, W. L., 171. party, 976; Central Committee emphasizes Chicago Federation of Labor, 807. history of Party, 972; on Party propaganda, Chicago municipal election, 603f. 978; eighteenth concress, 390f, 611; sixteenth Chicago Psychological Club, 658. congress, on imperialism and war, 909; see Chicago Tribune, as warmonger, 1026. also "History of the C.P.S. U., Stalin. Chtld Labor Amendment, 1044. Co':~~~lst Party of Venezuela, 621ft', 962ft', Chile, people's front In, 608f, 1048. China, aid to, 22, 53, 430, 903, 926; aided by Communist Party, U. S. A., and the new Soviet peace policy, 996; and Amer. Impe­ situation, 1037; and acrlcultural surplus, rialism, 430, 1048!, 1101; betrayed by Brit­ 270f; and American relations with U.S.S.R., ain, 996; el!ect of Soviet-German Non-A&'­ 867tf; and C. I., 212tr; and democratic alli­ gresslon Pact, 1021; Japanese agcreaslon In, ance, 998, 1013; and democratic front, 676; INDEX

and local Issues, 13f; and mass organizations, Debs, Eucene v.. 65, 115, 792, 872, 940; por­ 709f; and national &"roups, 466, 867; and trait, 769. national security, Sf; and Negro liberation. Defense Committee for Civil Rl&"hts of Commu- 8171f; 'and 1922 railroad strike, 460; and nists, 1114f. Soviet Union, 886; and strug&"le for demo­ Delafosae, Maurice, 665. cratic rights, 999; as leader In strU&"&"·le for DeLeon. Daniel, 779, 790. , peace, 1013; as leader of working class, Democracy, and American-Soviet relations, 944f; attack on, 812, 999f, 1013f; attitude 8671f; and dictatorship of proletariat, 197f; toward rell&"lon, 703; branch activities, 591f, and Benjamin Franklin, 5941f; and May Day, 720, 738; educational work, 7371f, 968; light 4011f; and struggle for peace, 426, 1007; and aarainst chauvinism, 705; forerunners of, strucgle for socialism, 784; attempts to de­ 8361f; fractions discontinued, 814, 936; his­ stroy, 403; betrayed by bour&"eolsle, l 014; tory, 37, 209, 771, 788; in Illinois, 7121f; defense of, 42; In the Soviet Union, 8671f; In In Northwest, 67f; In Ohio, 80; in the South, Party, Stalin on, 1134. 66; In Washington state, 7301f; letter to Democratic alliance, and struggle for peace, President and Concress, 9231f; on Califor­ 901, 905, 913, 921, 998f; conditions for, 1013. nia agriculture, 161; on Imperialist charac­ Democratic centralism, 53. ter of the war, 995f; on keep!nc America Democratic front, and campaign techniques, out of war, 8991f; position on neutrality, 4461f; and educational work, 3f61f; and 1026; on New Deal, 800f, 996f; party bulldln&", farmers, 273, 896; and local politics, 3641f; 496, 787, 1129; quality of Individual work, 20; and mas• organizations, 136f, 701f; and May resolution of Political Committee on Inter­ Day, 309; and Negroe•, 826; and 1940 elec­ national ..,ltuation, 9961f; on taxation, 204f; tion, 4891f, 497; and red-baiting, 6751f; and 20th anniversary, 481f; unity of, 1000; work struggle for peace, 13f; and trade unions, In trade unions, 804, 933. '186; and unity of Americas, 6241f; Browder Communist Press, see World Communist Press. on, 16f; main tasks, 5351f; organizational Communists, early (U. S.), 8361f; In Workers features, 939ff; ,.Negro and Democratic Frontu Alliance, 694; opposition to the Imperialist rev. of book by J. W. Ford), 82f; program war, 1016, 1092f; Stalin on. 56; Committee of, 686f. for Defense of Civil Rights of, 1114f. Democratic Party, 276; and Imperialist war, 9U; and trade union unity, 299; bi&" business Concerted action for peace. See Peace, struggle changes attitude, 683; and democratic front, for. 138, 145; and national groups, 863; and 1940 Confederation of CUban Workers, 226. election, 488ft; and war, 958; Browder on. Congress of Industrial Or&"anlzatlons (C.I.O.), 4971f; In Illinois, 712f; In Northwest, 66f; In 449, 800, 862; and struggle for peace, 1061; Ohio, 761f; In Washington state, 7301f; new and U.A.W.A., 435; and Latin American alicnments In, 998; old factions no longer Confederation of Labor, 615; and Negroes, significant, 1012; progressive elements in, 569, 828; and struggle for peace, 900, 1009, 942, 1012; and war and 1940 elections, 1110f. 1053; and trade union unity, 927f; conven­ Democratic rights, and allen and sedition laws, tion shows Increased strength, 931; lights 857; and struggle for peace, 903, 926, 988; Woodrum bill, 697; ori&"ln, 811f; work with Benj. Franklin on, 610f; In South, 59; at­ Mexicans, 266; see also Trade Union Unity. tacked under cover of war, 1093; for Com­ Consolidated Aircraft Co., 442. munists, 1114!; attacked In Canada, 1140f. Contreras, Lopez, 961f, 9571f. Demagogy, reactionary, 104, 137. Cook County, Ill., 719. Department store sales, 186. Coolidce, Calvin, 606. Dewey, John, 40; review of his "Logic,'' 163ft. Cooper, Hugh, 877. Dewey, Thomas, and youth, 319. Cooper, Peter, 940. Dialectical materialism, 168, '334, 981; con­ Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, 742; trasted with eclecticism, 10801f; chapter from supports war, 1145. "History of C.P.S.U.," 3341f; Engels on, 335f; Corporation farms, 893!. Lenin on, 40!, 1081!; opposed to Freudlsm, Corruption In mass orcanlzatlons, 138f. 1070, 1077!; Stalin on, 11331f. Cost of livlnc, 185, 248f, 914. :Pialectlcs, and psychology, 6571f. Costa Rica, 612. Dennis, Gene, 142. Couchlin, Charles Edw., 18, 40, 104, 137, 207, Dictatorship of the proletariat, 1971f, 216, 219, 406, 451, 586; as warmonger, 901, 910, 1028; . 549, 683. demagogy of, 11671f. Dies Committee, 19f, 50, 64, 210, 404, 461, U3; Coughlin movement, 941. and war hysteria, 1052; attack on C.P.U.S.A.. Council Against Intolerance, 868. 1013!, 1128; supported by the "Nation," 1014. Cousin, Victor, 1080. Dimltrolf, Georgi, 866; and C.P.U.S.A.. 213; Crusaders, 406. and struggle against fascism, 955; on Bol­ Cuba, 130, 225; and American imperialism, 1005; shevism, 612; on national interests, 10; on democracy In, 1048; politics, 1006; trade national traditions, 38; on strengthening of unions, 226, 238; see Communist Party of Comm.unist Parties, 224; on struggle for CUba. peace, 40; on Amer. Imperialist Intrigues In Curran, Rev., 18. Far East, 1101; on character of war, 1097!. Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Co.. 44%. Donnin, Gertrude, 830. Czechoslovak refugees, In Venezuela, 958. Doran, Dave, 326. Czechoslovakia, 42, 126, 412, 759, 907; betrayed Doual, Adolph, 839. by Britain, 908, 996; betrayed by France, Douglas Aircraft Co., 442. 1035; supported by Soviet Union, 308; creat­ Douglas, C. H., 743. ed by treaty of St. Germain, 1161. Douclass, Frederick, 171, 832. Czechoslovak groups In the U. S., 863. Duplessis, Maurice, 1145!. Dual unionism, of early Socialist Party, 806. Dally Herald (London), 990. Duncan, James, 870. Dally Record, 71.8. Dunstan, Hannah, 829. Dally Worker, 48, 112, 212. Dutch In the U. s .. 859. Dally Worker (London), Manifesto of C. P. of Great Britain on the war, 10841f; on Soviet­ Earl Fruit Co., 159, 896. German Non-Acgresslon Pact, 9861f. Eccarius, Johann G .. 836, Daladler, Premier. See France. Eclecticism, 1080f. Dan, Theodore, 1032. Economic crisis, and psychology, 557f. Davey, Gov, 79. Education, Krupskaya on, 314f. Davis, John P., 60. Educational work, in mass organization&, 346, Daughters of the American Revolution, 858. 445, 7011f. Dawson, T. C., 748. Elections of 1940. See Nineteen-Forty Elections. THE COMMUNIST

Ellis, G. W., 565. Franklin, Benjamin, 214; champion of democ- Embargo. See Neutrality. racy, 6941f; forerunner of :Marx, 603f. Employment. See Unemployment. Franks, David S., 859. l!Jngels, Frederick, "German Ideology" (rev.), Fraternal societies, 708. 665-9; literary style, 348; on American labor French in the U. S., 859. movement, 775, 947; on dialectics, 335f; on French Revolution, supported by Benj. Frank­ family relationships, 1072; on farmers, 273: lin, 600!. on Feuerbach, 982; on importance of "Capi­ Freud, Sigmund, "Moses and Monotheism" tal," 979; on Marxism, 471; teachings of In (rev.), 764f. Workers School, 969; portrait, 769; see also Freudianism, psychology of a dying class, Marx. 10661l'. England. See Great Britain. Friends of the Soviet Union, 881. Equi, Marie, 834. Esthonia, and U.S.S.R., 989, 1004, 1093. Gabaldon, Jose Rafael, 955. Ethiopia, betrayed by Britain, 995. Gallatin, Albert, 859. Europe, Lenin on, 10541l'. Garin, H. P., 159. Garner, John, 489ft', 499f; fake liberalism of, Falcon, Caesar, 1065. 105; relief, 692!; pro-war position, 913; Farm Bureau, 62. Garrison, William Lloyd, 940. Farm Security Administration, 271, 687. Garvey, Marcus, 821. Farm-tenancy, 59, 889. Gayda, Vlrginio, 206. Farmer-labor unity, California, 271f Gayer, Arthur D., 284!. Farmer-Labor Party, 145. General German Labor Association.. 849. Farmers, among national e-roups, 466; and General Motors Corp., 436. democratic front, 19, 141, 143, 538, 677, 896, General Strike, San Francisco, 448. 948; and New Deal, 509f; and 1940 election, George, Henry, 940. 491f, 500, 504; and Ohlb elections, 78; and German-American Bund, 461. war, 914; cash income, 187; in California, German fascist activities in Canada, 239. 159; conditions of U. S., 403; condition In German fascist activity in Latin America, 128, Austria, 965; condition in fascist Spain, 405, 607, 612, 641. 1060f; political work with, 364ft'; problems of, German people, and Soviet-German Non-Ag- gression Pact, 990. 686f; recovery measures for, 628. German, refugees, In Venezuela, 958. Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union, Germans in the U. S., 459, 839, 859. 62, 366. Germany, 44; and imperialist war, 899!, 907, 995; Farmers League for Pro-Rate Repeal, 271. coming of fascism into, 679; imperialist pro­ Farmers' organizations, California, 269f. gram of, 1018; Internal situation, 759f; mili­ Fascism, and democratic front in western hemi· tary plans, 409ft'; plunders Austria, 963ft'; sphere, 606; and Imperialist war, 908; and politics, 188f; relations with U.S.S.R., 304; isolationism, 41f; and Munich betrayal, Sf; Soviet - German Non - Aggression Pact, and national groups, 460!; and national rights, 901, 916; Social-Democracy and fascism, 208; and Negroes, 826; and 1940 elections, 581!, 917f; relations with Austria, 1161f; 586; anti-fascist slogan no longer gives main destroyed Versailles Treaty, 11591l'; see direction, 920, 997; in contrast to commu­ Communist Party of Germany. nism, lf18f; fails to halt capitalist crisis, Geyer, Lee E., 487. 517f; in Canada, 23Sff; in Cuba, 227f; in Gibraltar, 413. Latin America, 108, 128!, 622; in Mexico, Glass, Carter, 405, 489, 499. 267; in Palestine, 727f; In Spain and Latin Gold, Michael, 347. America, 641ff, 1058f; In Venezuela, 956; Gomez, Juan Vincente, 961. U. S. pro-fascist forces, '104, 687, 784; sup­ Gompers, Samuel, 807f, 822; supported war, 1031 ported by American reactionariea, 404. Good neighbor policy, 230, 406, 496, 587, 646; Federal Communications Commission, 942. and democratic front in Latin America, Feder&! Reserve Board, 654. 608tf; and Puerto Rico, 634:ff; and Venezuela, Federal Theatre Project, 698. 964ff; Montevideo conference on, 624ft; op­ Federal Writers Project, attack on In Seattle, posed by monopolies, 108f. 732. Graft, 138!. Feuerbach, as forerunner of Marx, 980ft; EnC"els Graham, Frank, 68. on, 982. Great Britain, 516; aided fascist Germany, F!nland, and U.S.S.R., 989; and anti-Soviet In­ 995; aided German imperialism, 1035; and trigues, 1099f; and Britain, . 1098. Canada, 240, 11391l'; and imperialist war, First International. See International Working- 899f, 907, 920, 1092; and United States, 1046; men's Association. anti-Soviet maneuvering, 986, 988, 1054, 1092; Fish, Ham!lton, 405. and Turkey, 1162; attacking working class, Fitzgerald, Frank D., 100. 1086; could have averted war, 909, 1018; im­ Forerunners of the C.P. U.S.A., 836ft'. perialist program of, 1017; position of reac­ Fleischacker, Herbert, 159. tionary bourgeoisie, 908; responsibility for Florinsky, Michael T., "Toward the Under­ war, 909, 1035f; see also Chamberlain; see standing of the U.S .. S.R." (rev.), 767. Communist Party of Great Britain. Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 834. Green, William, 932; as ally of reactionaries, Ford, James W., 15f, 55; "Negro and the Demo­ 930, 932; sabotages labor unity, 928; sup­ cratic Front" (rev.), 82!; portrait, 769. ported World War, 1031, 1127. Ford Motor Co., 441f. Greenwood, Arthur, supports war, 1031. Foster, William Z., 55, 862; as Communist Guesde, Jules, 1032. leader, 856; on farmers, 2"73; upa.ges From a Worker's Life," (rev.), 476ft'; portrait, 769. Halifax, Lord, 724. Fractions, abolished by C.P.U.S.A., 814, 935. Hamilton, Alexander, 205. France, 616; and People's Front, 616; reaction­ Haldane, J. B. S., 572ft'. ary forces in, 516; and !mper!allst war, 899!, Harding, Warren G., 506. 920; and Spanish civil war, 280ff, 409f; as Harrington, Frank, 694. auxiliary of Britain, 1035; as second-rate Harrison-Fletcher bill, 59. power, 1035; attacking working class, 1086; Hashomer Hatzoir, 728. could have averted war, 1018; imperialist Hastings, Daniel 0., 12. program of, 1017, 1092; see also Communist Hayes, Ellen, 833. Party of France. Hayes, Roland, 568. Francis, David R., 869!. Haywood, William D., 55, 115, 940; portrait, Franco, Gen., activities In Spain, 1058!. 769. Franco-Prussian War, 33. Hazlett, Ida Crouch, 834f. 'tNDEX 1177

Health, In South, 59; see ,.IM N,.tlonal Health International Congress of the Democracies at Survey. America, 614, 624-33. Healy, Timothy, 873. International Federation of Trade Unions, 690, Hearst, Wm. Randolph, 40, 159, 292, 405, 429, 919. 901, 910. Inter.national Labor Otllce, 617. Hegel, and forerunners of Marx, 980. International Ladles Garment Workers Union, Henderson, Leon, 102. Henderson, Ralph, 493. Int!:!;.tional relations, and U.S., 995ft. Henkel firm, 964. See also Peace, Struggle for; war. Henleln, Konrad, 416, 424. ulnternational Socialist Review," 36. Henry, Patrick, 940. International Trade Union Educational League, Henry, Thomas, 940. 805. Henson, Josiah, 171. International Typographical Union, 929. Herndon, Angelo, 825. International Women's Day, 232tr. Herndon, Milton, 326. International Workingmen's Association, 55, Herzog, Rabbi, 726. 209, 772, 777, 789, 836, 855. Hillman, Sidney, 443, 870, 1008tr. "Die Internazionale," on German situation, HIJiqult, Morris, 790, 822, 1031. 759f. Histadruth, 723tr. Internationalism, and proletariat, 511tr; Marx- Historical materialism, 334tr, 749; as guide to ism and, 223. social development, 973; as key to under­ Iraq, and Britain, 1162f. standing, 969. Irish in the U.S., 459. "History of the C.P.S.U.," 3f, 495, 738, 746, 774, "IE~kra," 1123. 788, 852, 866, 885, 1129; and American labor, Italian fascist activity In Latin America, 128, 392; Dimitroff on, 621; as encyclopedia of 607f. Marxism-Leninism, 972tr; discussion of dia­ Italian imperlailsm, 1094. lectical materialism in, 334tf, 983f; material Italian people, and Soviet-German Non-Ag- for study of, 1080ff; new Importance of, 1042f; gression Pact, 990. on essence of Marxism, 969; on fascism, Italians in the U. S., 459, 859, 864. 917; study of, 467ff; Stalin's contribution to, Italy, 44, 907, 956, 116lf. 1109. Hitler, Adolph, 401!, 410, 759; supported by Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 723. Chamberlain, 986. Jackson, Andrew, 54, 502, 940. Hotrbauer, William, 840, Jacobi, Fritz, 841. Halbach, 982. James, Earl K., 284!. Holland, 515. James, H. G., 748. Homan, Paul T., 284f. Japan, activity In Latin America, 128f, 607; Home Rule, Chica&'a, 719. aided by United States, 1021; and American Homestead strike, 946. imperialism, 1022, 1049; and Imperialist war. Horney, Karen, 1074. 907; defeated at Lake Khasan, 984. Hoover, Allan, 159. Japanese aggression In China, 900, 902, 907f, Hoover, Herbert, 40, 110, 405, 506, 895, 1024; 910, 925, 996, 1018; new stage of, 1150ft. and Soviet Russia, 875; aids fascists, 7, 43, J·apanese people, and Soviet-German Non-Ag­ 207, 433; and youth, 319; as leader of reac­ gression pact, 990. tion, 1025; as warmonger, 1026; confilct with Jefferson, Thomas, 54, 214, 502, 594, 738, 857, Dewey, 13. 940. Horner, Henry, 714. Jenks, L. H., 754. Housin&'. and recovery, 486f, 507, 524; In Illinois, Jessup, William H., 846. 772; in South, 59. Jewish Agency, 723. Howard, Roy, 429. "Jewish Daily Forward," 916. Hudson, Roy, on trade unions, 927ff. Jews, 463; Freud on, 1071; .,Moses and Mono­ Hul!'hes, Charles E,, 877. theism," by Freud (rev.), 764ft; In mass Hul!'hes, Langston, 568. organizations, 704; In Palestine, 721ft; in Hull, Cordell, on relations with Latin America, Poland, 1021; In the U. S., 459, 864; per­ 129, 132. secution In Austria, 964; see also Anti-Semit­ "Humanite," on Soviet-German Non-A.:gression ism. Pact, 984ft. Jlm-Crowlsm, 64, 539, 570. Hunl!'ary, and Versailles treaties, 1161; relations Johnson, Charles S., 569. with Germany, 1162. Johnston, William, 873. Hungarian Soviet Republic, 1032. Jones, Mother Mary, 834. Huntington, Katherine, 833. Jugoslavia, and Versailles treaties, 1161. Junius pamphlet, 116. Idealism (In Philosophy), 339, 1135f. Illlnols Conference for Social Legislation, 712, Karl, Konrad, 849, 719. Kautsky, Karl, 196, 217, 1033. Illinois Federation of Labor, 713. Keith, Irving, 325. Illinois, politics, 712ft. Kelley, Edward J., 712, 717. Illiteracy, among Mexicans, 261. Kerensky, A., 869, ·1032. Imperialism, U.S. See American Imperialism. Kern County Land Co., 159. See also Peace, struKgle for. King, Mackenzie, 240; supports Imperialist Imperialism, and second world war, 1029f• con- war, 1139tr. tradictions of, 1035. ' Kirkpatrick, "Latin America: A Brief History" Imperialist wars, and national wars, 114tr. (rev.), 748ft. Imperialist war, See War, and War, second Im- Kirov, Sergei, 417. perialist. ; Knights of Labor, 789tr. Import-Export Bank, 134, Knox, Frank, 913. Index, "The Communist," 1938, 85-96; 1939, Kolchak, Gen., 1032. 1171-84. Kreditanstalt bank, 963, Industrial unionism, 796, 809. Krupp firm, 964. Industrial Workers of the World, 778tr, 789, .Krupskaya, Nadezhda, tribute to, 805, 31ltr; 805, 947. portrait, 290. Ingenhouz, John, 599f. Kuhn, Fritz, 461. Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1167tr. Kuhn, Loeb & Co., 485tr. Insurance, fraternal, 708; unemployment, 161. Kuomintang, relations with Communist Party, Intellectuals, Stalin on, 399. 356tr. Intelligence-testing, 558f. Interest rate, 204. Labarca, Carlos Contreras, 623. International Brlcades In Spain, 223. Labor, in 1940 election, 500f. THE COMMUNIST

Labor condition"' U. S., 25511'. Lewis, John L., 4S9f.; ae mass organizer, UO; Labor Coordlnatlnl' Committee (Waoh. state.), and struggle for peace, 1009. 732. Libby, McNeil and Libby, 159. ''Labor Fact Book IV" (review), 190f. Llebknecht, Karl, 115. Labor movement, hlst., 83611'. Llca Obera (Cuban farmers' org.), 263. Labor Party, 780, 796, 943; see also American Lima Conference, 107, 128, 406, 646, 957; resulta, Labor Party. 611, 697f. Labor Research Association, 183, 246, 250, 254. Lincoln, Abraham, 54, 502, 84011'., 940. Labor unions. See Trade Unions. Llndbera-h, Charles A.. 421, 901, 910; as war­ Laborde, Herman, 623. mona-er, 1026, 1054. Labor's Non-Partisan Leaa-ue, 140, 144, 945; In Lippmann, Walter, 291f, 906; pro-British posi- Illinois, 713; In Ohio, 80; should be strength­ tion, 910, 1054. ened, 1113. Lithuania, and U.S.S.R., 1004f, 1093. Landon, Alfred, 913. Livermore, Mary, 831. Lantz Bill (Ill.), 712, 716. Lloyd, Arthur Y., ,.The Slavery Controversy" La Plaza, Salvador de, 961. (rev.), 1169f. Lasswell, Harold, "World Revolutionary Propa­ Lloyd Geora-e, David, 244. canda" (rev.), 66911'. Lockheed Aircraft Co., 442. Latin America, 53; and American imperialism, Loa-lc, Dewey criticized, 16311'. 1047f.; Montevideo Conference, 624ft.; Com­ Locan, Sen., 303. munist position on, 397f.; Lima Conference, London Conference of Entente Socialists, 1032; 12811'.; democratic front, in western hemi­ see Second International. sphere, 60611'.; fascism In, 47, 214, 230, 432, Lovestoneltes. See Trotskyites and Loveatone- 516, 641·; "Herald Tribune" on, 587; history, ltes. 74811'.; loans to, 52911'.; place of Venezuela In, Lowe, Caroline, 834. 961ft.; relations with U. S., 107f., 914; state­ Lubin, Isidore, 250. ment by Communist Parties of North and Ludlow Amendment, 431. South America, 621-3; see also Good Nei&"h­ Lundeen, Rep., 799. bor policy; Lima Conference. Luxemburg, Rosa, 116. See also Junius Pam­ Latin-American Confederation of Labor, 691, phlet. 616, 619. Lynching, 307, 915. Latvia, and U.S.S.R., 989, 1004, 1093. Lyona. Leo M., 712. Lausanne peace treaty, 1162. Leacue of Business and Professional Women, 833. League of Equal Ri&'hts, 832. M Plan, of U. S. War Department, 1106. League of Nations, and U.S.S.R., 1018. McCarran, Sen., 694. League of United Latin American Citizens, McClendon, Rose, 568. ll63f. MacDonald, Ramsay, 196, 217, 724. Leahy, Admiral, 635. Machado, Gustavo, 961. Lee, Alfred and Elizabeth, "Fine Art of Prop­ McNaboe Committee, 211. aganda" (rev.), 1167ft. McNeill, George, 837. Lenin, V. I., and American attitude to U.S.S.R., McNamara, J. B., 804. 868f.; and American revolutionary heritage, Madison, James, 857. 3511'; and founding of C.I., 195f, 1124; and in­ Magnea, J. L., 728. ternational labor movement, 2161I; and Krup­ Maley, Anna, 834. skaya, 312; as Bolshevik leader, 1016; as Maley, Bertha, 834. revolutionary leader, 1003, 1017; at Stutt­ Ma.nlon, Dr.• l139f. gart Congress of Second International, 1031; Manufacturing Industry, 184. at Zlmmerwald Conference, 1033; criticized Manuilsky, D. Z., on British reactionaries, 394; Bukharln, 1083; criticized Trotsky, 1034; on Communist Parties, 396. emphasized Bolshevik vigilance, 218f.; Mao Tse-tung, 353. extended dialectical method, 981; fif­ Marko!!', Abraham, contribution to study of teenth anniversary of death, 3f.; his Marxism, 967tf. meaning for us, 26ff.; importance of early Martin Aircraft Co., 442. writings, 976; influence on American Social­ Martin, Gov., 69ft., 730. tsta, 212; ..Letter to American Workers," Martin, Grau San, 327. 873; Iiterai'Y style, 348; on American agri­ Martin, Homer, 437, 448. culture, 27, 887; on American Necroes, 29, Martin, Joseph W., 100. 819; on Aristotle, 1080; on capitalism In Martin, P. A., 748. acriculture, 167f.; on citizenship, 459: on Marx, Karl, and psychology, 680, 1077; as dialectical materialism, 340f.; on dialectics, working class leader, 1015, 1017; corrected 1081f.; on Europe and Asia, 10541I.; on first Feuerbach'l!l materialism, 982; dialectical world war, 1028f.; on imperialism, 1029f.; method of, 981; criticized Proudhon, 1081, on New Economic Polley, 977; on revolution 1083; and Benj. Franklin, 603f.; and Lin­ and civil war, 1034; on socialism In one coln, 842f.; "German ldeolocY" (rev.), 666-9; country, 5421I., 1030; on struga-le against so­ guided American labor leaders, 838; need for cial-chauvinists, 1032f.; on war, 3!f., 922; on study of his works, 97 4; on American Civil national and Imperialist wars, 11411'. ; on first War, 773, 842, 860; on dialectical materialism, world war, 1029f.; on attitude of Socialists SUI!', 981; on Feuerbach, 166f.; on Franco­ toward world war, 1032; on Marxism, 473; Prusslan war, 1029; on Importance of theory, on monopoly capitalism, 486f.; on peace 979; on progressive foreia-n policy, 215; on policy, 884; on position of Soviet Union In public debt, 205; on war, 33; style of writing, 1920, 1019; on theory of knowledge, 167f.; on 848; teachings of In Workers School, 969; uneven development of capitalism, 1038; on portrait, 769. women, 233; on Youth, 1037; oppoaed impe­ Marxism, and opposition to Imperialist war, rialist war, 1032; and October Revolution, 1028; and socialism In one country, 54211'; and 112211'; as Marxist theoretician, 1120f; ae science, 572ft; and writing of history, 749; mass organizer, 122f; as political otrateclst, ae culde to action, 115; Idle credit and recov­ 1121f; and lessons for America, 112711'; early ery, 64811'; early development in America, recognition of Stalin, 1131; on stren~th of 77211'.; In U. S., 83611'.; precursors of, 98011'.; Communists, 1118; polemics acainst Menshe­ refutes pragmatism, 16311'; further devel­ viks, 1121; Stalin on, 215; teachings of oped by Lenin and Stalin, 112011'; vs. Freud- In Workers School, 969; portrait, 769. ism, 1073f. , Leninism, defined, 25; see Marxism-Leninism, Marxism-Leninism, and changes In tactics, 921; Mastering Bolshevism. and "History of the C.P.S.U.," 9721r; and Lewin, Kurt, 6591r. methods of work, 1711'.; and Necro question, INDEX 1179

U4f.; and Party structure, 50; and prole­ National Labor Relations Act, 59, 106, 528; tarian dictatorship, 216f.; and Soviet State, amendment opposed by A. F. of L. croup•, 399; a:n

Nooske, betrayed workers, 1031. gene Victor Debs, James. W. Ford, William Z. Nye, Senator, 302. Foster, Frederick Engels, William D. Hay­ wood, V. I. Lenin, Karl Marx, Charles E. October Revolution, 791, 10021r, 10161r, 10281r; Ruthenberg, Joseph Stalin, facing page 769; Lenin In, 1125; Lenin and Stalin in, 1120; N. K. Krupskaya, 290. Lenin and, 1122f. Pragmatism, criticism of Dewey, 163ff. O'Hare, Kate Richards, 834. "Pravda," on Soviet economic advance, 1003; on Ohio, politics, 76ff. third five-year plan, 37ll'f. Oklahoma, 18. Prestes, Luis Carlos, 7 53 f. Oklahoma Youth Legislature, 320f. Prevy, Mar&"aret, 834. Old-a&'e pensions, and recovery, 528f; in Il­ Prieto, 1030. linois, 712. Professional workers, and democratic front, 538. Olgln, M. J., 347; statement of National Com- Profiteering, 914, 925, 1023, 1047, ll04f. mittee on death of, 1138. Progrel!lsive Democratic Leacues, 69. Olivier, Louise, 8 34. Progressive Republican Party (Venezuela), 952. Olson, Gov., 267. Pro~~:ressives, and red-baiting, 676. ,, Ontario, Canada, 228. Proletarian Revolution. See· October Revolution. Open Road, 881. Proletariat, and internationalism, 5111'f. Operationalism (philos.), 166. Propaganda, "World Revolutionary Propagan- Opportunism, Lenin on, l034f; stru,K'gle acainst, da" (rev.), 669-72; "The Fine Art of Prop­ 219; Stalin on, 1131f; see Social-Democracy, aganda" (rev.), 11671r; see also Educational Ore&"on, politics, 661r. Work. Ore&'on Commonwealth Federation, 67. Proudhon, criticized by Marx, 1081, 1083. Pro rate law (Calif.), 162, 269f. Pacifism, danger of, 1044. Psychoanalysis, "Moses and Monotheism,'' by Paine, Thomas, 36, 214, 457, 603, 940. S. Freud (rev.), 764f; reactionary nature ot Palestine, 721f. See Communist Party of Pal- Freudism, 10661r. estine. Ilsychologlsts League of New York City, 553. Palmer red-raids, 794. Psychology, 6531f, 6671'f. Pan-American Federation of Labor, 619. Psychometric Society, 553. Pan-American Union, 617. Public works, 293, 507, 525. Parkes, Henry B., 751. Puerto Rico, 135, 284, 398, 609, 6341r. Party building, 495. Puj o luvestigation, 48 6. Parsons, Albert R., 940. Pasco Produce and Development Co., 895. Quebec, 228; &"eneral elections, 1145. Patronage, political, 138f. Patterson, William, 833. Racial prejudice, in mass organizations, 704. Peace movement, 141. Radio broadcasting, and propaK'anda, 941; use Peace, struggle for, 72, 4011r, 515, 905; and in mass campaigns, 454, 942. Canada, 237ff.; and national groups, 862; Railroad Brotherhoods, and trade union unity, and national liberation wars, 1171r.; and 298, 928. second Imperialist war, 4091r, 9951r; Browder Railroads, financial conditions, 651f; national- on Roosevelt's neutrality message, 926; C. I. ization, 104, 486, 531. on, 268; and Soviet peace policy, 1005; C. P. Randolph, A. Philip, 820. of Great Britain on, 10841r.; How to keep Rasputin, 427. America out of war, 8991r.; John L. Lewis Realism, in philosophy, 165, on, 1009; Letter of C.P. U.S.A. to President Reciprocity treaty, 130. and Congress, 9231r; and liberals, 1006; need Recovery, and Idle money, 648ff; and 1940 to unify peace forces, 902; manifesto of C.I. election, 506f; and W.P.A., 155; basis for, on, 10911r; and collapse of Versailles trea­ 102f; demands progressive pro~~:ram, 5231r; ties, 11581r. two economic cycles, 1821'f. Pearson, Drew, 206. Red-baiting, 19, 71, 210, 438; and relief, 693; Peasants. See Farmers. and democratic front, 675ff; dan~~:er of In Pecora investigation, 485. mass organizations, 539; In Ohio, 77f; in People's Front, 798; and Lima Conference, Washington state, 732; Increase of, 1114f; 1281r.; Canada, 2371f.; Chile, 130, 608f.; "World Revolutionary Propaganda" (rev.), France, 218, 220, 281; Latin America, 230f., 669-72. 616; Spain, 1057f; see also Democratic Redpath, James, 171. Front. Reed, John, 871. People's legislative conferences, 142. Reformism, Dimitroff on, 612; see Social-De­ Pepper, Claude, 59. mocracy. Perlman, Selig, 844. Relief, 786; and New Deal, 293; in Illinois, Peru, 132. 713f; in Puerto Rico, 636; or~~:anizing farmers Philippine Islands, 1005; and American im­ for, 367f; In Washin&"ton state, 731f; strug­ perialism, 1005, 1050. gles for, 447, 689f; in war time, 1106. Phillips, Wendell, 940. Religion, 462, 702. Philosophy, distinction between dialectics and Renaudel, 1031. eclecticism, 10801'f; pitfalls of pragmatism, Renner, supported war, 1031. 1631r. Republican-Democratic Party (Cuba), 227. Pieri, Geronimo, 956. Republican Party, aided by reactionary Demo- Pirela, Juan, 623. crats, 100; and monopoly capital, 583f; and Plekhanov, G. V., 772. national groups, 863; and neutrality repeal, Plummer, Leigh S., 102. 1026; and 1940 election, 489f, 1110f; and war, Poale Zion, 728. 998; Browder on, 4971'f; Convention of1856, 839; Pocahontas, as a rebel, 829f. dema~~:ogy ot, 196; in Ohio, 761r; in North­ Poland, and imperialist war, 417, 899; as fas­ w·est, 66f, 70, 730; internal conflicts, 12; new cist state, 900, 996; collapse of state, 916, alignments, 998; opposes trade union unity, 1085; refused Soviet aid, 989; why Red Army 300; position on war, 1012; progressive went Into, 10211'f; and Versailles treaties, forces in, 146, 945; reactionary pro&"ram of, l159f. 526f. Reserve Officers Training Corps, should be Poles In the U. S., 459, 859. opposed, 1043. Political education, 138. Reynolds, Sen., 694. Political patrona&"e, 138f. Rippy, T. F., 748. Politics, as class struggle, 1008; in mass or­ Ritualism, in mass organizations, 706. ~~:anizations, 707. Robertson, W. S., 748. Poll taxes, 58. Robeson, Paul, 568. Portraits: Ella Reeve Bloor, Earl Browder, Eu- Robbins, Raymond, 871. INDEX

Roca, Bias, 228, 623. front, 918; pro-war position, 1051tr, 1094f; Rockefeller banks, 485tr. responsibility for German fascism, 581f, 917!; Rolfe, .John, 830. responsibility tor war, 998f; splits working Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis, 122, 214!. See alao class, 512f; Stalin on, 1082; supports Cham­ Fascism, Germany, Italy, Japan, Munich be .. berlain, 903; traitorous role, 1043; In Canada, trayal. 114b; see Second International, Social-chau­ Roosevelt, Eleanor, 58, 695, 835. vinism. Roosevelt, F. D., and national groups, 858; and Social-Democratic Federation, 679, 943, 1024; recognition of Soviet Union, 879; and relief, attack on Soviet Union, 1017. 690; and trade union unity, 298f; Browder Social-Democratic Party of Germany, 780, 789. on, 4971f, 925f, 1024f; Communist position Social-Democratic workers, appeal to by C. I., on, 801, 997f; concessions to pro-war forcee, 1096. 997f, 1023, 1053; letter of C.P.U.S.A. to, Social-Democrats, as warmoncers, 903, 916; as 923tf; on Canada, 241; on Good Neighbor allies of capitalists, 1119. policy, 129; position on war, 912, 997; trend Social psychology, 557. toward reaction, 1112. Social Party of New York, 849. Roosevelt, Theodore, 28, 498. Social security, 30, 524, 1105. Root, Etllhu, 869. Social Security Act, 585. Rosa, Robert, 841. Socialism In one country, 5f, 542ff. Ross, Alexander, 171. Socialist democracy, 682. Ross, Betsy, 831. Socialist Labor Party, 28, 49, 778, 789. Rossa, O'Donavan, 850. Socialist Parties, oppose unity, 407, 519. "Rote Fahne, die," 188tr. Socialist Party of France, 220; supported bour- Rumania, and post-war treaties, 1161f, 1163f. geoisie, 919. Rural politics, 364tr. Socialist Party, U.S.A., and foundin&' of C. I., Rural youth, 381f. 196; and 1917 Revolution, 209; anti-Soviet Russell, Charles Edward, 870. position, 867, 1023f; and trade unions, 779f; Russia. See U.S.S.R. declining Influence, 943; left-win&', 781, 793; Russian-American Industrial Corporation, 875. reformism of, 35f; theoretical weaknesses, Russian revolution, 791. See October Revolution. 780; see also Thomas, Norman. Ruthenberg, Charles, 55, 115, 196, 209, 792, 868; Socialist Revolution. See October Revolution. portrait, 769. Socialist-Revolutionaries (Russia), 219 Salomon, Haym, 859. Socialist Trades and Labor Alliance, 805. San Antonio, Texas, elections, 263. Society for the Psychological Study of Social San Francisco general strike, 448. Issues, 553. Savings of workers, 152. Sokolsky, George, 802. Scheldemann, supported war, 1031. Sorge, F. A., 849, 852. Schlessinger, Benjamin, 873. South Carolina, 275f. Schlueter, Herman, 850. Southern Conference for Human Welfare, 57tr, Science, and Marxism, 572tr; In U.S.S.R., 881. 828. Scientific management, 26. Southern Negro Youth Congress, 569, 827. Scottsboro case, 804. Southern Pacific Railroad, 159. Secondary aspects of mass organization, 701tr. Southern states, agriculture In, 888; and dem­ Second International, 35, 209, 519, 1029tr; and ocratic front, 141; and 1940 election, 500f; Spain, 1031; supported war, 1030f; founding ante-bellum politics, 274tr; Communist work of, 779f; opposes unity, 407, 919; Basle Con­ In, 799; history, 170. gress, 1031; London Conference, 1032; Stutt­ .Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, Browder gart Congress, 1030f; Zimmerwald Confer­ on, 1020f; Communist Party of Great Brit­ ence, 1033 see Social-Democracy. ain on, 986ff; Communist Party of France Sectarianism, among national groups, 866; and on, 984!; Communist Party of U. S. on, 901; stru&'gle for Negro rights, 818; danger of, effect on American people, 1022; effect on 922, 1044; In American section of First In­ Anti-Comlntern Axis, 1022; effect on Far ternational, 853; in mass organizations, 453; East, 990, 1021, 1153; etrect on German peo­ In T.U.E.L., 808; In trade unions, 935. ple, 990; etrect on Italian people, 990; Seldes, George, 14Lords of the Press" (rev.), Molotov on, 916. 376tr. Soviet Union. See UI.S.S.R. Sellens, Fannie, 834. Spain, 205; aid to, 22, 53, 205, 280; betrayed Sembat (Belgian Socialist), 1032. ·by Chamberlain, 908, 995; betrayed by Shoe Industry, 184. France, 1035; conquest by Germany, 409!; Shop papers, discontinued, 814. fascism In and Latin America, 64ltr; rela­ Silver Shirts, 405. tions with Venezuela, 960; struggle of peo­ Simmons, E. H., 651. ple continues, 10571f. Simpson, Kenneth F., 12. Spanish refugees, 496; In Venezuela, 958. Sinclair, Upton, 347. Spargo, .John, 792, 1031. Skidmore, Thomas, 940. Speed-up, and unemployment, 148; In Austria, · "Slave Insurrections In the U. S.," by .J. c. 965. Carroll (rev.), 381tr. Stachel, .Jack, on Party building, 495. &lavery, and Negro culture, 567; In the U. S., Stalin, .Joseph, and stru&'.gle for peace, 120f; 170tr, 27 4, 819; "The Slavery Controversy" and transition from socialism to communism, (rev.), 1169f. 514; as leader, 1007, 1117, 1120tr; as ·prop­ Small business men, 291tr, 369, 650. See also agandist, 975; as teacher, 974; emphasized Middle Class. Bolshevik discipline, 218f; exposed Trotsky­ Snowden, Viscount, supported war, 1031. ism, 549, 1121; Influence on C.P.U.S.A., 213; Social activities In mass organizations, 139tr, literary style, 348; on achievements of U.S.­ 709. S.R., 514; on British foreign policy, 419; on Social and national security, 7f, 126,• 307, 434; cadres, 785; on C.P.U.S.A., 211, 213; on Com­ and keeping out of war, 903; and recov':"' munists, 66; on contact with masses, 74; on ery, 204; and youth, 317tf; Browder on, 24. dlale.ctical materialism, 1035; and "History Social-chauvinism, 1028ff. See Social-Democ­ of the C.P.S.U.,'' 974, 1109; on Importance of racy; Second International, Lenin on. stud.ying theory, 977; on international rela­ Social credit, 740!. tions, 909; on Lenin, 215; on May Day, 511; Social-Democracy, betrayed Germany, 1031; and on need for raising political level of workers, people's front, 221; and proletarian dlcta­ 979; on new economic crisis, 388ft'; on Octo­ torahlp, 216f; failed to face national ques­ be.r Revolution, 1016f; on ori&'in of German tion, 917; In Germany, 200f, 917; In two fascism, 917; on Party development, 1082; on imperialist wars, 10281f; in U. S., 27f; neces­ Social-Democracy, 1082; on socialism In one sity for exposing, 919, 1043; opposed united country, 542tr; on socialist democracy, 682; on THE COMMUNIST

Soviet peace pol!cy, Ulf, 884, 9U, 887, 1155f; Latin America, 8U; and May Day, 401; and on state, 399; on superiority of soclallsm, New Deal, 687; and opposition to imperlal­ 1019!; on U.S.S.R. and world proletariat, lst war, 814, 1107!; ell'ect of war on, 1107. ll23f; on wrltlnc history, 38; opposed world Trade uniona, attempt• to cruah, 99»; Hudson war, 1028, 1032; teachings of ln Worker• on, 92711'; ln Northwest, 56f; in Ohio, 78; School, 969; theoretical contributions, 398, in Washincton &tate, 73lt; opposed by bi&" 972; tribute to American engineers, 880; aa business, 29511'; in Canada, 1144f; theoretical Marxist theoretician, 1109, 1120f, 113311:; weakness of, 1127. ''Foundations of Leninism,"'' new edition, Trade Union Unity League, 799, 809. 1108f; early writings of, 113011:; on dlalec­ Trade unions, and mass campaisns, 446; and tical materialism, 1133f; on characteristics national croups, 861; and war, 914; atti­ of war-time Industry, 1104; on beginning of tude of Associated Farmers, 272; Commu­ second imperialist war, 1158f; on opportu­ nist work in, 804, 933; ~educational work, nisrrt, 1132:!; on Party democracy, 1131; six­ &46; growth of, 43; in Cuba, 226, 228; in tieth birthday, Browder on, 111611:; on so­ Venezuela, 952; relation to early socialists, cialism and labor movement, 1130; por­ 778; weakness of routine work, 949. trait, 769; see also Bolshevism, Lenin, Marx, Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, 239. Mastering Bolshevism. Transamerica Corp., 895. Stamp act, Benj. Franklln on, 598. Trevell1ck, Richard, 848. Standard of llvln&", 154; possible shorta&"e of Trianon peace treaty, 1162. consumer .goods, 915; attacked under cover Trotsky Commission, 168. of war, 1093. Trotskyites and Lovestoneites, 202; among Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 831. farm croups, 273; and betrayal of Spain, State, Stalln on, 3 9 9. 424f; and national groups, 463, 865; and Steel and Metal Workers Industrial Union, 810. 1940 elections, 587; and pacifism, 8; and Steel industry, 184, 651. reactionary union policies, 934; and war, 222, Stetrens, Lincoln, 886. 999; attack on Soviet Union, 1017, 1020, 1024; Steinmetz, Charles, 879. as leaders of reaction, 6; as agents of fas­ Stephens, Uriah S., 836. cism, 407; as warmongers, 903; attempt to Stewart, Ira, 940. disrupt youth, 322; Browder on, 1024; danger Stiles, Ezra, GOlf. of in mass organizations, 539; demagogy of, Stimson, Henry L., on neutral!ty law, 405. 944; Dim!troll' on, 513f; disruptive activities, Stokes, Rose Pastor, 83 4. 54; early opposed by Stalin, 219; expelled Stone, Lucy, 832. from C.P.U.S.A., 210f. 968; exposing of, Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 831, 940. 1003; ln Canada, 243; ln Cuba, 227; in C.P. Strikes, attitude of Nat'! Labor Union, 847; led during early days, 793; in China, 358; in by T. U.U.L., 810. Latin America, 109f, 132, 616, 627f, 647; in Struggle for peace. See Peace, strugcle for. mass orcanizations, 453; ln Northwest, 71f; Students. See Youth. in Puerto Rico, 639; in Spain, 1057; in Stuttgart congress. 1030f. See also Second ,In- trade unions, 813; in Venezuela, 961; in ternational. Washington state, 73lt; Krupskaya on, 235f; Sull'race. See Voting. Lenin on, 1034; nature of, 19; need for Sugar Industry, 225f, 284, 639. struggle acalnst, 1043; origin ln petty-bour­ Sullivan, Mark, 296f, 906; pro-British posi- ceois strata, 977; sabotage people's front, tion, 910. 220; sabotage trade union unity, 9 28. Sun Yat-sen, 361. Truth, Sojourner, 831. Switzerland, 515. Tseretell1, 1032. Sylvia, WUI!am H., 55, 846, 940. Tubman, Harriet, 171, 831. Syndlcallsm, 779. Turkey, relations with Britain, 1098, 1162f. Syndicallst League of North America, 805. Two-price system for farm produce, 162. Tydings, M!llard E., 405. Tabouls, Genevieve, 413. Taft, William Howard, 498. Uchet, Serce, 878. Taxation, and recovery, 52411'; !n Illlnols, 714; Ukrainians, in Poland, 1021; llberation of, reactionaries on, 294. 916, 996, 1021, 1085, 1093. Tax-exempt securities, 653. Undercround ra!lroad, 173. Taylor system, 26. Undistributed profits tax. 294. Technique of the mass campaicn, Foster on, Unemployed, and 1940 election, 504f; strucgles 445!. • of, 68911'. Temporary National Economic Committee, 527. Unemployed counc!la, 799. Tenancy, farm, 160. Unemployment, 102, 184, 187; among youth, Tennessee, 142. 318; and works program, 14711'; Puerto Tennessee Valley Authority, 203. Rico, 637; U. S., 253f; ell'ect of war on, 1105. Texas, Mexicans in, 258f. Unemployment insurance, 447, 799. Theatre, and democratic front, 942. C.S.S.R., achievements, 45f, 61, 1091, 1118f; and Third Five-Year Plan, 37111', 402. American peOJ>le, 86711'; and antl-lmperiallst Third term Issue, 492, 500. forces. 1047; and Baltic states, 989, 1004, 1021; Thomas, Norman, 40, 541; and 1940 elections, and China, 987, 989, 996; and Great Britain, 586; anti-labor activity, 1031, 1062; anti­ 989; and :Japan, 996, 1021; and League of Soviet position, 915f; Browder on, 1017, 1023; Nations, 1018; and Spain, 987, 989; and confusion of, 803; demagogy of, 137; pro­ United States, 901, 924, 997, 1022; and war position, 1011. world proletariat, 51111'; as friend of small Thomas, R. :r., 437. nations, 1005f; attempt to provoke war Thompson, Dorothy, 22; anti-Soviet position, against, 995; British maneuvering a~rainst, 1054; Browder on, 1017. 984; Browder on 22nd anniversary, 1016; Thorez, :Maurice, on French-German relations, Chamberlain's pollcy toward, 427; collabo~ 985. ration with U. s., 53; decisive role of, 1026; Thyssen firm, 964. democracy in, 199f; economic development, T1llbach, Alois, 841. 196, 633, 882, 1003; exposes Chamberlain's Toledano, V. L., 615. trickery, 901; first five-year plltn, 967, 1126; •'Toronto Globe and Mail,'" supports war, 1143. growing strength of, 1019; history, 870f; Hit­ Townsend plan, 77, 137, 448, 941. ler's plans acainat, 418f; leader ln ficht for Trade Union Educational League, 447f, 450, peace, 1086; M. T. Florinsky on (rev.), 767; 805, 824, 947. national pollcy, 883; peace pol!oy of, 120, Trade union unity, 591, 786, 81311'; and demo­ 391, 393, 402, 881, 900, 909, 910, 921, 944, cratic front, 13, 143. 536; and fight acalnst 996, 1004f, 1017, 1034, 1049, 1091, 110lf, 1123, fascism, 392; and fight for rellef, 698; and 1165; relations with Germany, 986, 1021; ef- INDEX

feet on China, 1153; "l'Humaulte" on, 984ft; War, second Imperialist, and Amer. Imperial­ London "Dally Worker,. on, 986f; relations Ism, 10461!; andAmer.industry, 1051,1103; and with U.f:!., 15, 1102f; relations with Baltic youth, 1037; conaequences of, 1022f; dancer countries, 1093; relations with Britain and of America being Involved, 905; development France, 1092f; science in, 881; third five­ of, 401, 409, 444; eftect on youth, 1038; has year plan, 37Ur, 402; supported Czechoslo­ continued since 1935, 908f; Inseparable con­ vakia, 308; transition from socialism to com­ nection with capitalism, 922; keeping Amer­ munism, 514; 22nd anniversary, 1002ft, 1016ft; ica out. 901; main current issue, 920; propa­ victory of socialism In, 1043. ganda for, 941; real nature must be exposed, United Aircraft Co., 442. 1085; Social-Democracy In two wars, 1028ft; United Automobile Workers of America, 435ft, special feature, 921; and Canada, 1139ft; 448, 540. and collapse of Versailles Treaties, 1158ft; United Cannery, Agricultural, Packinc and Al­ opposed by workero, 1097; manifesto of C. I. lied Workers of America, 260. on, 109lff: see also Imperialism; Peace, United Christian Youth Movement, 317!. struggle for. United front, 675; impossible with warmoncers, Ward, Harold, 716. 998; under war conditions, 1094f; see also Ware, Harold, 87'1. Democratic Front, People's Front. Washington, Booker T., 568, 821. United front committees, 309. Washington Commonwealth Federation, 68!, United Mine Workers of America, 144, U9, 946. 140, 945. United States, aided by Soviet foreign policy, Washington, Martha, 830. 1022; aided .Japan, 1021; and Far East, 1049; Washington state, 17, 68, 142, '130. and Imperialist war, 925f; and international Watson, .John B., 555. situation, 995ft; and Soviet Union, 901, 924; Weiss, A. P., 556. changlnc claaa alignments, 1024; conference Welles, Sumner, 1048. of mayors, 915; constitution, 602; dancer of Wertheimer, Max, 651. beinc Involved In war, 910, 1083; economic Western Federation of Miners, 834, 946. conditions, lOll, 147, 182, 202, 210, 291, 522, Western Psychological Association, 553. 648, 914; economic conditions and war, Western Ukrainians. See Ukrainians. 1004, 1103, 1117; forei~rn relations, 7, 119, Weydemeyer, .Joseph, 837ft. 394, 428; history, 594, 859; imperialism of, Wheeler, R. H., 662. and war, 1046tf; Imperialist program of, Wheeler, Thos., 499. 1018, 1092; Lenin on revolutionary heritage, White Russians. See Byelo-Russlans. 26, 35tf; Mexican war, 257; policy in Asia, Wiesner, Adolph, 840. 1050; reactionaries supported Munich, 910; Wicglns, Ella May, 834. relations with Canada, 241!; relations with Wil&"US, A. c., 7 48. Cuba, 225f; relations with Soviet Union, 867ft; Willard, Frances, 832. and war, 1046ft; must keep out of war, 899tf, Williams, Aubrey, 58. 905, 1098!; politics, 39, 99, 144, 387, 535, 579, Wilson, Woodrow, 497f. 685; responsibility for war, 1018; versus Winship, Blanton, 135, 286, 634. Britain and .Japan, 1046f; waces In, 245ft; Wlschnewetsky, Florence Kelley, 854, 947. and Nine-Power Pact, 1164f; developing war Wisconsin, 364ft, 863. economy, 1103; Intrigues in Far East, llOOf; Woll, Matthew, supported World War, 1031, see also American Imperialism; Democratic 1127. front; New Deal; 1940 elections; Recovery; Women, 232ft; among national groups, 465; Roosevelt, F. D. and democratic front, 141, 538; and mass U. S. Chamber of Commerce, 292, 483. orcanlzations, 705; and progressive political United Student Peace Committee, position on work, 945; In Amer. history, 829ft; In Illi­ war, 1040. nois, 717; in Venezuela, 963; Krupskaya on. Universal Negro Improvement Association, 821. 313f. Uslchkln, 724. "Women of Washington," 68. Utah, 142. Woodhull, VIctoria, 832. Utopian Society, 941. Woodrum Act, 695; see also Relief. Woodrum, Clifton, 693. Vandenberg, Sen., 302, 405. Workers Alliance, 73, 147, 263, 799; and local Varcas, Getulio, 754. politics, 366!; struggles of, 691ft; In Wash­ Venezuela, 644, 951ft; see Communist Party of Ington state, 733. Venezuela. Workers International Industrial Union, 805. Versailles treaties, collapse of, 1158ft. Workers Party of America, 209, 795. Veteran bonus march, 798. Workers School, New York, 967; Seattle, 737. Villard, 0. G., 43. Workinc class, must oppooe the war, 911, 1011f. Vllna, returned to Lithuania by U.S.S.R., 1093 Working class unity, 918; see also Trade union VIrginia, 27 4!. unity. Von Seekt, Gen., 417. Works Progress Administration, 69, 255!, 689!; Voorhis, Rep., 675. and recovery, 606; and relief, 147; larger Votln~r, In South, 58. appropriations needed, 307, 685; need for lncreasinc, 915. W.P.A. See Works Progress Administration. World Communist Press, From the: Analysis of Wages, attacked during war, 1093. German situation by Communist Party of Wa~res and hours law, 59, 255, 637f. Germany, 188f; "DailyWorker" (London) on Wage-labor, on farms, 892. Soviet-German Non-A~rgression. Pact, 986ft; Wages, in Austria, 965; U. S., 246ft. "E>ie Internazionale" on German situation, Wa~rner act. See National Labor Relations Act. 759f; "l'Humanite" on Soviet-German Non­ Waldman, Louis, 679, 915, 1031, 1052. Aggression Pact, 984ft; Manifesto of C. P. "Wall Street .Journal," 102, 439, 485, 579. of Great Britain on the war, "Daily Worker," Walling, William E., 792. (London), 1084ft; "Pro.vda" on Third Five­ Wang Ching-wei, traitor to China, 1152f. Year Plan, 371ft. World Tourists, 881. War, and American politics, 995ft; and World War, Social-Democracy In, 1028ft. crisis of capitalism, 1002; and democratic World Youth Congress, 614. front, 111; and new economic crisis, 389f; World's Fair, Soviet pavilion, 888. as continuation of politics, 909, 1028; Brow­ Wright, Chester, 792. der on, 1016ft; first imperial!st, and Rus­ Wri&"ht, Fanny, 940. sian revolution, 1016; Imperialist war spread­ Wright, Henry C., 171. inc, 301ft; just and unjust, 398; Lenin on, Wright, Richard, 568. 32!, 222, 1029ft; national and imperialist, 114ft; responsibility of all Imperialist pow­ Yellow-dog contract, 442. ers, 1016. Younc Communist League, and Amer. Youth THE COMMUNIST

Congress, 681f; and ma.ss organizations, conditions of, 403; In Illinois, 717; in South, 709; and struggle against Imperialist war, 68; unity of, 1041; see also American Youth 1037lf; and national groups, 466; greetings Congress. to, 400; growth of, 814; new perspectives, Youth Committee Against War, 322. 1040lf; ninth convention, Sl7lf, 324f; perse­ Yushkevltch, 341. cution of, 811. Young Democratic Club, 69. Zetkin, Clara, 234. Young Democrats, 323. Zhdanov, on anti-Soviet activity of British, Young Men's Christian Association, 328, 717. 988; on Party organization, 635f; theoretical Youth, and democratic front, 18, 141, 317, 636; contributions, 972. , and Imperialist war, 10371f; and mass or­ Zimmerwald conference, 1033; see Second Inter­ ganizations, 706f; and progressive political national. work, 946, 1000; attitude toward war, 1039; Zionism, 721f. (Jizew STALIN•s EARLY WRITINGS AND ACTIVITIES

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