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War Communism and Bolshevik Ideals" Is Devoted to a Case I N Point: the Dispute Over the Motivation of War Communism (The Name Given T O
TITLE : WAR COMMUNISM AND BOLSHEVIK IDEAL S AUTHOR : LARS T . LIH THE NATIONAL COUNCI L FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEA N RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 PROJECT INFORMATION : ' CONTRACTOR : Wellesley Colleg e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Lars T. Li h COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 807-1 9 DATE : January 25, 199 4 COPYRIGHT INFORMATIO N Individual researchers retain the copyright on work products derived from research funded b y Council Contract. The Council and the U.S. Government have the right to duplicate written reports and other materials submitted under Council Contract and to distribute such copies within th e Council and U.S. Government for their own use, and to draw upon such reports and materials for their own studies; but the Council and U.S. Government do not have the right to distribute, o r make such reports and materials available, outside the Council or U.S. Government without th e written consent of the authors, except as may be required under the provisions of the Freedom o f information Act 5 U.S. C. 552, or other applicable law. The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research, made available by the U. S. Department of State under Title VIII (th e Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983) . The analysis and interpretations contained in th e report are those of the author. NCSEER NOTE This interpretive analysis of War Communism (1918-1921) may be of interest to those wh o anticipate further decline in the Russian economy and contemplate the possible purposes an d policies of a more authoritarian regime . -
Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey. -
Joseph Stalin Revolutionary, Politician, Generalissimus and Dictator
Military Despatches Vol 34 April 2020 Flip-flop Generals that switch sides Surviving the Arctic convoys 93 year WWII veteran tells his story Joseph Stalin Revolutionary, politician, Generalissimus and dictator Aarthus Air Raid RAF Mosquitos destory Gestapo headquarters For the military enthusiast CONTENTS April 2020 Page 14 Click on any video below to view How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out. Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, Williams. Afrikaans, slang and techno-speak that few Russian Special Forces outside the military could hope to under- stand. Some of the terms Features 34 were humorous, some A matter of survival were clever, while others 6 This month we continue with were downright crude. Ten generals that switched sides our look at fish and fishing for Imagine you’re a soldier heading survival. into battle under the leadership of Part of Hipe’s “On the a general who, until very recently 30 couch” series, this is an been trying very hard to kill you. interview with one of How much faith and trust would Ranks you have in a leader like that? This month we look at the author Herman Charles Army of the Republic of Viet- Bosman’s most famous 20 nam (ARVN), the South Viet- characters, Oom Schalk Social media - Soldier’s menace namese army. A taxi driver was shot Lourens. Hipe spent time in These days nearly everyone has dead in an ongoing Hanover Park, an area a smart phone, laptop or PC plagued with gang with access to the Internet and Quiz war between rival taxi to social media. -
A Chronology Ofv. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924)
A Chronology ofV. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924) 1870 April: V. I. Lenin (born Vladimir Illich Ulyanov) is born in 1870 in the town of Simbirsk on the Volga River 1887 June: Lenin graduates from gymnasium (high school) 1887 May: Lenin's brother Alexander is executed 1887 August: Lenin enters the University of Kazan 1887 December: Lenin is arrested for participating in student protests 1887 December: Lenin is expelled from the University and exiled to the village of Kokushkino near Kazan' for one year 1891 November: Lenin graduates from the University of St. Petersburg 1893 Autumn: Lenin joins a Marxist circle in St. Petersburg 1894 Nicholas II becomes tsar 1895 December: Lenin is arrested and spends 14 months in prison. 1897 February: Lenin is sentenced to three years exile in Eastern Siberia 1898 July: Lenin marries Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia 1898- 1900 In exile, Lenin writes The Development of Capitalism in Russia 1900 July: On returning from exile, Lenin goes abroad to Switzerland and other countries 1901 Lenin, who has been known until this point as Ulyanov, adopts the name N. Lenin 1901- 1902 Lenin writes What Is to Be Done? and edits Iskra (The Spark) 1903 July-August: Lenin attends the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and helps to split the party into factions: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 1904 February: Beginning of Russo-Japanese War 162 CHRONOLOGY 163 1904 December: Surrender of Port Arthur to Japanese 1905 january: The "Bloody Sunday" massacre; The First Russian Rev olution begins 1905 june-july. -
Conspiracy of Peace: the Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956
The London School of Economics and Political Science Conspiracy of Peace: The Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956 Vladimir Dobrenko A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 90,957 words. Statement of conjoint work I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John Clifton of www.proofreading247.co.uk/ I have followed the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, for referencing. 2 Abstract This thesis deals with the Soviet Union’s Peace Campaign during the first decade of the Cold War as it sought to establish the Iron Curtain. The thesis focuses on the primary institutions engaged in the Peace Campaign: the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee. -
Projecting Bolshevik Unity, Ritualizing Party Debate: the Thirteenth Party Congress, 1924
Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 31, pp. 55‒76 Projecting Bolshevik Unity, Ritualizing Party Debate: The Thirteenth Party Congress, 1924 TAKIGUCHI Junya The Thirteenth Congress of the Bolshevik Party – the first Party congress since V. I. Lenin’s death – was convened in Moscow in May 1924, thirteen months after the Twelfth Congress.1 The Congress promoted an atmosphere of mourning by adorning the auditorium of the Bol’shoi Palace in the Kremlin (the venue of the plenary session) with portraits of Lenin. The accompany- ing publicity emphasized how the great Party leader had uncompromisingly worked for the Soviet state throughout his life.2 In preparing the Congress re- ports, party officials scrutinized Lenin’s writings and speeches, and the Central Committee reports constantly referred to “what Lenin said” in order to repre- sent itself as the legitimate heir of Leninism.3 Nearly all speakers representing the central Party institutions mentioned Lenin’s name in their reports. Grigorii Zinoviev said in his opening speech that the Party ought to be united, and should be “based on Leninism.”4 However, the Thirteenth Congress was not merely one of grief and con- dolence. The Bolshevik leadership orchestrated the Congress to project Party unity, to propagate the achievements and the glorious future of the Soviet gov- ernment, and to mobilize Soviet citizens into Bolshevik state-building. There were few attempts to inject this kind of drama before 1924 when the Party congress instead acted as a genuine debating forum with little propaganda.5 The Thirteenth Congress hence represented a new departure in terms of the structure, function and significance in the history of the congress during the early Soviet era. -
The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy
CHAPTER 1 The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy o other country in the world is a global power simply by virtue of geogra- N phy.1 The growth of Russia from an isolated, backward East Slavic principal- ity into a continental Eurasian empire meant that Russian foreign policy had to engage with many of the world’s principal centers of power. A Russian official trying to chart the country’s foreign policy in the 18th century, for instance, would have to be concerned simultaneously about the position and actions of the Manchu Empire in China, the Persian and Ottoman Empires (and their respec- tive vassals and subordinate allies), as well as all of the Great Powers in Europe, including Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, Holland, and Sweden. This geographic reality laid the basis for a Russian tradition of a “multivector” foreign policy, with leaders, at different points, emphasizing the importance of rela- tions with different parts of the world. For instance, during the 17th century, fully half of the departments of the Posolskii Prikaz—the Ambassadors’ Office—of the Muscovite state dealt with Russia’s neighbors to the south and east; in the next cen- tury, three out of the four departments of the College of International Affairs (the successor agency in the imperial government) covered different regions of Europe.2 Russian history thus bequeaths to the current government a variety of options in terms of how to frame the country’s international orientation. To some extent, the choices open to Russia today are rooted in the legacies of past decisions. -
Socialism in One Country” Promoting National Identity Based on Class Identification
“Socialism in One Country” Promoting National Identity Based on Class Identification IVAN SZPAKOWSKI The Russian Empire of the Romanovs spanned thousands of miles from the Baltic to the Pacific, with a population of millions drawn from dozens of ethnic groups. Following the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks inherited the problem of holding together such a heterogeneous body. At the same time, they were forced to uphold Marxist ideology demanding worldwide revolution of the proletariat while facing the reality that despite the turmoil following the First World War no such revolution was forthcoming. In 1924 the rising Joseph Stalin, along with Nikolai Bukharin, devised the theory of “Socialism in One Country” which would become the solution to many of these problems facing the Bolsheviks. First of all, it proclaimed the ability of socialism to succeed in the Soviet Union alone, without foreign aid. Additionally, it marked a change from Lenin’s policy of self-determination for the Soviet Union’s constituent nations to Stalin’s policy of a compulsory unitary state. These non-Russian ethnics were systematically and firmly incorporated into the Soviet Union by the promotion of a proletariat class mentality. The development of the theory and policy of “Socialism in One Country” thus served to forge the unitary national identity of the Soviet Union around the concept of common Soviet class identity. The examination of this policy’s role in building a new form of national identity is dependant on a variety of sources, grouped into several subject areas. First, the origin of the term “Socialism in One Country,” its original meaning and its interpretation can be found in the speeches and writings of prominent contemporary communist leaders, chief among them: Stalin and Trotsky. -
Fbarry-PATEJ Development Cannot Be Viewed with Complacency
'he was an alternate in the* THE EVENING STAR. Washington, D. C. •• ruling Politburo and obviously A-3 Malenkov Gets a Stalin favorite. He was one of five (with Stalin, Molotov. Beria and Marshal Klementi Voroshilov) on the top direc- 1,800 j jritrjfr torate for World War n. Job Miles ¦ In charge of reconstruction after the war, Malenkov did the impossible. As a reward he climbed to full Politburo From Moscow membership along with Beria. in 1946. But LONDON, July 11 ambitious Andrei /MOSCOW*'\ Kiro* \ Zhdanov, long considered Sta- cow radio says none of the de- 1 J lin's heir apparent, was gun- posed Kremlin leaders is being j ning for him. At Stalin's or- persecuted. It made that dec- ders, Zhdanov was preparing an laration in announcing that extensive party purge. Zhdan- ov, conveniently for Malen- Georgi Malenjov ißSljt Is being hus- kov, did in September, 1948. li|B . n°s power jl,-' tled off to run a plant Malenkov moved in and purged 1.800 miles from Moscow and Zhdanov men. Prominent rzi i jjjß CHANEL |jgjj^|J|Bl the other ousted leaders are Communists went to oblivion getting other and death. unspecified jobs. UST Got Stalin's Mantle Wk jr|SK m The broadcast last night ./J By October, c 1952. and the iMm ®fk$t wlt #¦ $ also asserted that the appoint- 19th party congress it was clear ! o BoAhoth - A TV ¦ J^SLr ment of the former Premier as A Malenkov could succeed Stalin ¦¦ premier. Others, including manager hydroelectric as of the Khrushchev, hitched their station at Ust Kamenogorsk is * • Tashkent wagons to his star. -
The New Popular Front in France
THE NEW POPULAR FRONT IN FRANCE by George Ross The 1978 General Elections may well bring the French Left (and the Communist Party) to power in France. The Right Centre coalition which has ruled France for twenty years has repeatedly demonstrated its inability to deal with the present economic crisis-high inflation, unemployment, low growth-which it has played a major role in creating. As a result it has been rapidly losing support while simultaneously splitting into warring factions. The Union de la Gauche (Communists, Socialists and Left Radicals) has, meanwhile, become an electoral majority in the country (a fact demonstrated both in opinion polls and in the results of the March 1977 municipal elections). Its leaders, Fran~oisMitterrand and the PS (Parti Socialiste) and Georges Marchais of the PCF (Parti Communiste Francais) are now seen as genuine statesmen and as plausible Ministers of France, by a majority of Frenchmen. Its 'Common Programme for a Government of Left Union' is received as a credible platform for resolving the economic crisis and bringing needed change to French society. Rumour has it in Paris that high civil servants have already begun preparing for the arrival of new men in power. The stock exchange has begun to vibrate with fear-and with the beginnings of an investment strike against the Left (a strike which, because it has started so far in advance of the actual election date, has had the effect of undermining the existing regime even further). The Gaullist fraction of the ruling majority has already begun a barrage of anti-Left hysteria against the 'socialo- communist enemy' with its 'Marxist programme' to remove France from the 'camp of liberty'. -
The Bolshevil{S and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds
The Bolshevil{s and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds Chinese Worlds publishes high-quality scholarship, research monographs, and source collections on Chinese history and society from 1900 into the next century. "Worlds" signals the ethnic, cultural, and political multiformity and regional diversity of China, the cycles of unity and division through which China's modern history has passed, and recent research trends toward regional studies and local issues. It also signals that Chineseness is not contained within territorial borders overseas Chinese communities in all countries and regions are also "Chinese worlds". The editors see them as part of a political, economic, social, and cultural continuum that spans the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South East Asia, and the world. The focus of Chinese Worlds is on modern politics and society and history. It includes both history in its broader sweep and specialist monographs on Chinese politics, anthropology, political economy, sociology, education, and the social science aspects of culture and religions. The Literary Field of New Fourth Artny Twentieth-Century China Communist Resistance along the Edited by Michel Hockx Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941 Gregor Benton Chinese Business in Malaysia Accumulation, Ascendance, A Road is Made Accommodation Communism in Shanghai 1920-1927 Edmund Terence Gomez Steve Smith Internal and International Migration The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Chinese Perspectives Revolution 1919-1927 Edited by Frank N Pieke and Hein Mallee -
Soviet Economic History and Statistics
Soviet Economic History and Statistics 1) Economic system in Russian agriculture after 1861 2) Revolution of 1905-07, 1917, War Communism, New Economic Policy 3) Industrialization Debate and How the Command Economy Emerged 4) Soviet Statistics 5) Was the Transition to the Command Economy Inevitable? Transitions from ME to CPE and back • 1918-20 - War Communism (directive planning) • 1921-29 - NEP market economy • 1929-91 – Command Economy • 1992-onwards - Market Economy Land system after Emancipation Act of 1861 • Land was divided in two parts - about half remained the property of the landlords, the rest was given to the peasants (6-12 hectares plots). The government bought out land from the landlords, so the peasants were indebted to the government • Heavy burden of redemption payments (abolished after 1905-07 revolution) • Inequality in land distribution • Agricultural commune (communal land tenure) was an obstacle for economic growth - egalitarian institution (taxes, redemption payments, communal works were the responsibility of the commune) - dismantled in 1906 by Stolypin’s decree Stolypin reforms of 1906 • Dissolution of the community – mir –obschina. Peasants got the right to leave the community - khutor and otrub peasants households • Mortgages for peasants to buy out land from the landlords • Migration to new territories Lenin's article “The Last Valve”: elimination of the commune is the last valve that could be opened in the overheating steam machine of the tsarist regime without liquidating large land ownership. No more valves