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Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy

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Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy TROTSKY AND THE PROBLEM OF SOVIET BUREAUCRACY by Thomas Marshall Twiss B.A., Mount Union College, 1971 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1972 M.S., Drexel University, 1997 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Thomas Marshall Twiss It was defended on April 16, 2009 and approved by William Chase, Professor, Department of History Ronald H. Linden, Professor, Department of Political Science Ilya Prizel, Professor, Department of Political Science Dissertation Advisor: Jonathan Harris, Professor, Department of Political Science ii Copyright © by Thomas Marshall Twiss 2009 iii TROTSKY AND THE PROBLEM OF SOVIET BUREAUCRACY Thomas Marshall Twiss, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 In 1917 the Bolsheviks anticipated, on the basis of the Marxist classics, that the proletarian revolution would put an end to bureaucracy. However, soon after the revolution many within the Bolshevik Party, including Trotsky, were denouncing Soviet bureaucracy as a persistent problem. In fact, for Trotsky the problem of Soviet bureaucracy became the central political and theoretical issue that preoccupied him for the remainder of his life. This study examines the development of Leon Trotsky’s views on that subject from the first years after the Russian Revolution through the completion of his work The Revolution Betrayed in 1936. In his various writings over these years Trotsky expressed three main understandings of the nature of the problem: During the civil war and the first years of NEP he denounced inefficiency in the distribution of supplies to the Red Army and resources throughout the economy as a whole. By 1923 he had become concerned about the growing independence of the state and party apparatuses from popular control and their increasing responsiveness to alien class pressures. Then in later years Trotsky depicted the bureaucracy as a distinct social formation, motivated by its own narrow interests, which had attained a high degree of autonomy from all social classes. Throughout the course of this evolution, Trotsky’s thinking was influenced by factors that included his own major concerns at the time, preexisting images and analyses of bureaucracy, and Trotsky’s interpretation of unfolding events. In turn, at each point Trotsky’s understanding of the general nature of the problem of Soviet bureaucracy directed and shaped his political iv activities and his analyses of new developments. The picture of Trotsky that emerges is of an individual for whom ideas and theories were extremely important as means of understanding the world, and as a guide to changing it. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................................... xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 BUREAUCRACY BEFORE OCTOBER................................................................ 24 2.1 ORIGINAL MEANINGS OF BUREAUCRACY............................................. 25 2.2 BUREAUCRACY IN RUSSIA......................................................................... 29 2.3 MARX AND ENGELS ON BUREAUCRACY AND POLITICAL ALIENATION .................................................................................................................... 33 2.4 THE CLASS STATE AND POLITICAL ALIENATION............................. 36 2.5 ENGELS ON THE ORIGINS OF THE STATE ............................................ 38 2.6 BONAPARTISM ............................................................................................... 41 2.7 THE PROLETARIAN DICTATORSHIP AND THE END OF BUREAUCRACY............................................................................................................... 45 2.8 AFTER MARX AND ENGELS ....................................................................... 49 2.9 THE STATE AND REVOLUTION ................................................................... 54 2.10 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 58 3.0 REVOLUTION AND THE PROBLEMS OF BUREAUCRACY......................... 65 3.1 THE DREAM DEFERRED.............................................................................. 66 3.2 THE OPPOSITIONS AND BUREAUCRACY............................................... 84 vi 3.3 LENIN ON BUREAUCRACY ......................................................................... 91 3.4 TROTSKY AND BUREAUCRATIC INEFFICIENCY .............................. 104 3.5 TROTSKY AND GLAVKOKRATIIA............................................................. 114 3.6 TROTSKY AND BUREAUCRACY, LATE 1921-1922............................... 124 3.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 131 4.0 FROM INEFFICIENCY TO POLITICAL ALIENATION ................................ 140 4.1 CONFLICTS WITHIN THE PARTY LEADERSHIP................................ 141 4.2 INEFFICIENCY AND POLITICAL ALIENATION .................................. 153 4.3 THE NEW COURSE CONTROVERSY....................................................... 167 4.4 TROTSKY AND THE NEW COURSE ........................................................ 172 4.5 THE DEFEAT OF THE OPPOSITION........................................................ 183 4.6 THEORETICAL RETREAT ......................................................................... 188 4.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 191 5.0 A COHERENT THEORY OF BUREAUCRACY................................................ 200 5.1 THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED OPPOSITION.............................. 201 5.2 THE STRUGGLE OF THE UNITED OPPOSITION................................. 213 5.3 TROTSKY AND THE OPPOSITION ON BUREAUCRATISM............... 230 5.3.1 The Conception of Bureaucracy.............................................................. 231 5.3.2 Causes of Bureaucratism.......................................................................... 241 5.3.3 The Prospect of Thermidor...................................................................... 249 5.3.4 Characteristics: Political Divisions.......................................................... 256 5.3.5 The Struggle against Bureaucratism and Thermidor ........................... 263 5.4 ON THE EVE OF THERMIDOR.................................................................. 266 vii 5.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 271 6.0 LEFT TURN AND THEORETICAL CRISIS ...................................................... 285 6.1 THE BEGINNING OF THE LEFT TURN................................................... 286 6.2 EXPLAINING THE TURN............................................................................ 293 6.3 THE STALINIST OFFENSIVE..................................................................... 305 6.4 EXPLAINING THE STALINIST OFFENSIVE .......................................... 311 6.5 DEFEATING THE RIGHT AND DEEPENING THE TURN.................... 320 6.6 EXPLAINING THE NEW TURN ................................................................. 325 6.7 REVISING THE THEORY............................................................................ 330 6.7.1 Conception................................................................................................. 331 6.7.2 Causes......................................................................................................... 335 6.7.3 Characteristics........................................................................................... 340 6.7.4 Consequences............................................................................................. 343 6.7.5 Cure............................................................................................................ 347 6.8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 350 7.0 THE TURN AND THE THEORETICAL CRISIS DEEPEN ............................. 366 7.1 ECONOMIC UPHEAVAL............................................................................. 371 7.1.1 The Soviet Industrial Revolution............................................................. 371 7.1.2 Mass Collectivization and Dekulakization ............................................. 375 7.2 TROTSKY’S RESPONSE TO THE TURN.................................................. 379 7.2.1 Trotsky’s Critique of the Left Turn........................................................ 380 7.2.2 Analyzing the Turn................................................................................... 388 7.3 THE LEFT COURSE IN THE COMINTERN............................................. 398 viii 7.4 TROTSKY AND THE COMINTERN’S NEW STRATEGY ..................... 403 7.4.1 Criticizing Comintern Policy from the Right......................................... 403 7.4.2 Trotsky’s Analysis of the Third Period Strategy ................................... 408 7.5 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PARTY REGIME .......................................... 411 7.6 TROTSKY AND THE REGIME................................................................... 418 7.6.1 Trotsky’s Critique of Developments in the Party Regime .................... 418
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