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U.S. Policy Toward the Caribbean in the 1980S
U.S. Policy Toward the Caribbean in the 1980s -- Paper presented by Roland I. Perusse, Director, Inter American InstitUte of Puerto Rico, at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Studies Association, St.Kitts—Nevis, May 30 to June 2, 1984 The change in U.S. Presidents on January 20, 1981, from Jimmy Carter, the humanitarian, to Ronald Reagan, the realist, brought about sharp changes in U.S. foreign policy around the world, but especially in the Caribbean region. The Jimmy Carter years were a search for accomondation with the Soviet Union and marxism. In the Caribbean, Carter sought to normalize relations with Cuba and to establish friendly relations with the aew Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. Carter pressed for respect of human rights around the world. In the Caribbean, he criticized. violations in Cuba, Haiti and the *Dominican Republic. He opened the gates of the United States to 100,000 refugees from Cuba and to several thousand % other "boat people' from Haiti. Realist Ronald Reagan views the world in terms of a confrontation between the "evil empire" of communism and western concepts of democracy. With respect to the Caribbean, he recognizes the need to attack basic social, economic and political problems, but feels that the Soviet Union Cuba and Nicaragua are seeking to exploit the situation for the benefit of the world communist movement. Thus, marxist ideology and aggression are seen as posing the immediate threat to progress, stability and secur- ity in the region and to U.S. national interests in the Caribbean basin Western scholars, especially social scientists, have traditionally perceived Central America and the Caribbean to be two distinct regions. -
Socialism in One Country” Promoting National Identity Based on Class Identification
“Socialism in One Country” Promoting National Identity Based on Class Identification IVAN SZPAKOWSKI The Russian Empire of the Romanovs spanned thousands of miles from the Baltic to the Pacific, with a population of millions drawn from dozens of ethnic groups. Following the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks inherited the problem of holding together such a heterogeneous body. At the same time, they were forced to uphold Marxist ideology demanding worldwide revolution of the proletariat while facing the reality that despite the turmoil following the First World War no such revolution was forthcoming. In 1924 the rising Joseph Stalin, along with Nikolai Bukharin, devised the theory of “Socialism in One Country” which would become the solution to many of these problems facing the Bolsheviks. First of all, it proclaimed the ability of socialism to succeed in the Soviet Union alone, without foreign aid. Additionally, it marked a change from Lenin’s policy of self-determination for the Soviet Union’s constituent nations to Stalin’s policy of a compulsory unitary state. These non-Russian ethnics were systematically and firmly incorporated into the Soviet Union by the promotion of a proletariat class mentality. The development of the theory and policy of “Socialism in One Country” thus served to forge the unitary national identity of the Soviet Union around the concept of common Soviet class identity. The examination of this policy’s role in building a new form of national identity is dependant on a variety of sources, grouped into several subject areas. First, the origin of the term “Socialism in One Country,” its original meaning and its interpretation can be found in the speeches and writings of prominent contemporary communist leaders, chief among them: Stalin and Trotsky. -
April 20, ,1977 Massive Soviet and Cuban Participation in the Angolan
'1 April 20, ,1977 EXPORT OF REVOLUTION: ' COMMUNIST REALITY OR CAPITALIST SLANDER? Massive Soviet and Cuban participation in the Angolan civil war has resulted in the victory and diplomatic recognition of the MPLA govern- ment (Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola). As a consequence, U.S. government officials as well as Kremlin-watching analysts and reporters have revived the long-dormant issue of communist export of revolution.1 In November of 1975, then Secretary of State Henry Kissinger complained about the Soviet-Cuban intervention,saying that it was difficult to re- concile this with the U.S.-Soviet Declaration of Basic Principles of Mutual Relations signed in 1972 and that "we will never permit detente to turn into a subterfuge of unilateral advantage."2 When Dr. Kissinger attempted to raise the subject of Angolan interven- tion during the 1976 SALT negotiations with the Soviet leaders,' how- ever, they apparently shrugged off any linkage between the two topics. Moreover, in a strong personal attack on the Secretary. the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Pravda, questioned his logic and sharply denied any Soviet expansionist aims in Angola while admitting to their full support for the national- liberation revolution there. There are present in Angola several hundred Soviet military advisors and a Soviet air-lifted Cuban army of more than 15,000, all equipped with Soviet-made sophisticated weapons. Many military advisors were also sent by the German Democratic Republic along with addi-nalmili- tary and economic help from other communist-controlled countries. lSee David Binder's well-documented article, "Kissinger Believes C'uba Exports Revolution Again, I' --New York Times, February 5, 1976. -
Iran's Ideological Expansion
Iran’s Ideological Expansion “We shall export our revolution to the whole world. Until the cry ‘there is no god but God’ resounds over the whole world, there will be struggle.” – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini June 2018 Table of Contents About the Author ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Profiles of Institutions Spreading Iran’s Revolution Abroad ...................................................................... 6 Universities .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Al-Mustafa International University ..................................................................................................... 6 Islamic Azad University ......................................................................................................................... 8 Charitable Organizations ..................................................................................................................... 10 Imam Khomeini Relief Committee ...................................................................................................... 11 Ahlul Bayt World Assembly ................................................................................................................. 13 Iran’s -
“Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces: How Revolutionary Have They
“Cuba’s Revolutionary Armed Forces: How Revolutionary Have They Been? How Revolutionary Are They Now?” Hal Klepak Professor Emeritus of Strategy and Latin American History Royal Military College of Canada “El Caribe en su Inserción Internacional” Conference of the Tulane University Center for Inter-American Policy and Research San José, Costa Rica 3-4 January 2009 Introduction This paper will argue that Cuba’s Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FAR) have been, and to a great degree still are, ‘revolutionary’ in the contexts of what the armed forces of that country were before 1959, of what Latin American armed forces are and do traditionally, of what those forces normally think about themselves, and of those armed forces in regard to Cuba’s role in international affairs since the Revolution. These four elements will provide the threads for the argument to be made. Thus one will first address what these forces were and how they saw themselves in the years of the revolutionary struggle for power, and the structuring of them after 1959. We will then look at how their roles, structures and ways of seeing themselves changed over the years after their taking of Havana and installing the government of Fidel Castro in power. And finally we will assess their revolutionary credentials since the shattering experience of the Special Period and the subsequent major leadership changes the island has known in recent months. El Ejército Rebelde The army of Fidel Castro’s struggle in the mountains of Cuba’s then easternmost Oriente province, the Ejército Rebelde of now epic memory, takes for the date of its founding the day in November 1956 when the tiny force of 82 men on board the small yacht Granma disembarked to begin the long fight to rid the country of the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista Zaldivar and bring about deep reform of the island’s political, economic and social system. -
How Iran Exports Its Ideology
How Iran exports its ideology “We shall export our revolution to the whole world. Until the cry ‘there is no god but God’ resounds over the whole world, there will be struggle.” – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini March 2020 Table of Contents About the Author ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Profiles of Institutions Spreading Iran’s Revolution Abroad ...................................................................... 6 Universities .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Al-Mustafa International University ..................................................................................................... 6 Islamic Azad University ......................................................................................................................... 8 Charitable Organizations ..................................................................................................................... 10 Imam Khomeini Relief Committee ...................................................................................................... 10 Ahlul Bayt World Assembly ................................................................................................................. 12 -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 318 3rd International Conference on Social, Economic, and Academic Leadership (ICSEAL 2019) Fidel Castro as a leader, revolution manager, and marketer Aleksandr Gugnin Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Rzeszow University of Technology Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów Poland e-mail: [email protected] Grzegorz Ostasz Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Management Rzeszow University of Technology Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów Poland e-mail: [email protected] Yuliya Lisnevskaya Department of Public Administration and Law Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Volodymyr Antonovich str. 70, 49006 Dnipro Ukraine e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The article is devoted to the contemporary problems of political leadership. Nowadays, many heads of states in Europe, Asia and America claim to be true leaders, however not all of them succeed in reaching this goal. The authors attempt to determine the characteristics and parameters of a successful political manager of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. They chose a rarely studied example - the “Comandante en Jefe” Fidel Castro, a Cuban patriot, but by no means a democrat. Our paper shows how this politician achieved complete independence for his small and weak country, using bold management decisions and marketing technologies. It considers the influence of Fidel Castro’s personality on historical and political processes in Latin America and the system of relations between socialist countries. It also outlines the stages of building socialism in Cuba and Castro’s successful steps to defend its achievements after the collapse of the world socialist system. -
Vladimir Putin and the Celebration of World War II in Russia*
! e Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 38 (2011) 172–200 brill.nl/spsr Performing Memory: Vladimir Putin and the Celebration of World War II in Russia* Elizabeth A. Wood Professor, History Faculty, M.I.T. Abstract By making World War II a personal event and also a sacred one, Vladimir Putin has created a myth and a ritual that elevates him personally, uniting Russia (at least theoretically) and showing him as the natural hero-leader, the warrior who is personally associated with defending the Motherland. Several settings illustrate this personal performance of memory: Putin’s meetings with veterans, his narration of his own family’s suff erings in the Leningrad blockade, his visits to churches associated with the war, his participation in parades and the creation of new uniforms, and his creation of a girls’ school that continues the military tradition. In each of these settings Putin demonstrates a connection to the war and to Russia’s greatness as dutiful son meeting with his elders, as legitimate son of Leningrad, and as father to a new generation of girls associated with the military. Each setting helps to reinforce a masculine image of Putin as a ruler who is both autocrat and a man of the people. Keywords Vladimir Putin ; World War II; memory ; patriotism; gender ; masculinity; Stalin ; Stalinism ; Dmitry Medvedev From his fi rst inauguration on May 7, 2000 and his fi rst Victory Day speech on May 9, 2000, over the course of the next eleven years, Vladimir Putin has repeatedly personifi ed himself as the defender, even the savior of the Motherland. -
How Hitler's and Stalin's Views of Conflict and War
HOW HITLER’S AND STALIN’S VIEWS OF CONFLICT AND WAR IMPACT TODAY’S WORLD A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Diane R. Tucker, M.S. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. November 29, 2010 HOW HITLER’S AND STALIN’S VIEWS OF CONFLICT AND WAR IMPACT TODAY’S WORLD Diane R. Tucker, M.S. MALS Mentor: Joseph P. Smaldone, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Hitler and Stalin viewed conflict and war as simply an extension of politics. This thesis compares and contrasts the political philosophies and belief systems of Hitler and Stalin relating to the nature and purpose of conflict and war. In developing the thesis, I drew upon literature regarding political philosophy, philosophy and psychology of conflict and war, and the relationship between leaders’ belief systems and conflict behavior. It further discusses how their actions, based on those philosophies and beliefs, impact today’s world. The thesis begins with a description of the political, economic, and social background of Germany and Russia, and how Hitler’s and Stalin’s experiences and personalities contributed to the formation of their basic views on society, conflict and war, and the future. Subsequent chapters provide a detailed comparison of their respective ideologies. Pertinent aspects of the history of Germany and Russia through World War II are explored, revealing how Hitler’s and Stalin’s perspectives evolved because of changing events as the war progressed. -
Cuba, the United States, and the World
Pérez, Louis A., Jr. 2019. To Disquiet a Giant: Cuba, the United States, and the World. Latin American Research Review 54(4), pp. 1039–1046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.603 BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS To Disquiet a Giant: Cuba, the United States, and the World Louis A. Pérez Jr. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, US [email protected] This essay reviews the following works: From Lenin to Castro, 1917–1959: Early Encounters between Moscow and Havana. By Mervyn J. Bain. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. Pp. vii + 159. $55.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9780739181102. Cuba’s Revolutionary World. By Jonathan C. Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017. Pp. vi + 586. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674971981. Cubans in Angola: South-South Cooperation and Transfer of Knowledge, 1976–1991. By Christine Hatzky. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015. Pp. v + 386. $39.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780299301040. Exporting Revolution: Cuba’s Global Solidarity. By Margaret Randall. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017. Pp. x + 272. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822369042. U.S.-Cuba Relations: Charting a New Path. By Jonathan D. Rosen and Hanna S. Kassab. Baltimore, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016. Pp. vii + 164. $36.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781498537759. How small things may annoy the greatest! Even a mouse troubles an elephant; a gnat, a lion: a very flea may disquiet a giant. —Joseph Hall, The Works of Joseph Hall: Latin Theology with Translation (1839) To contemplate a body of scholarship dedicated to the subject of Cuban foreign relations is at first blush to ponder an unlikely field of study. -
SOVIET ACTIVITIES in CUBA UM Cn
. f 7fc/l So 8/17/ SOVIET ACTIVITIES IN CUBA Pl. 3 GOVERNMENT UM cN l £ Storage OEC 1 5 1972 HEARING BEFORE TH E SU BC OM MIT TE E ON IN TER-A M ERIC AN A F F A IR S OF TH E CO MMITTE E ON FO REIG N A FFA IR S HOUSE OF R EPRESEN TA TIV ES U.S. GOVERNM ENT PRINT ING OFFIC E 85-387 WASHING TON : 1972 ■ H* c> l i r a O >ir '4 . COM MIT TE E ON FO REIG N A FFA IR S THOMAS E. MORGAN, Pennsylvania, Cha irman CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Wisconsin WILLIAM S. MAILLIARD, California WAYNE L. HAYS, Ohio PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD, Michigan DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida J. IRVING WHALLEY, Pennsylvania CHARLES C. DIGGS, J r., Michigan H. R. GROSS, Iowa CORNELIUS E. GALLAGHER, New Jersey EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois ROBERT N. C. NIX, Pennsylvania VERNON W. THOMSON, Wisconsin JOHN S. MONAGAN, Connecticut PAUL FINDLEY, Illinois DONALD M. FRASER, Minnesota JOHN H. BUCHANAN, J r., Alabama BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York SHERMAN P. LLOYD, Utah JOHN C. CULVER, Iowa J. HERBERT BURKE, Florida LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana SEYMOUR HALPERN, New York ABRAHAM KAZEN, J r., Texas GUY VANDER JAGT, Michigan LEST ER L. WOLFF, New York ROBERT H. STEELE, Connecticut JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, New York PIERRE S. do PONT, Delaware GUS YATRON, Pennsylvania CHARLES W. WHALEN, JR ., Ohio ROY A. TAYLOR, North Carolina ROBERT B. (BOB) MATHIAS, California JOHN W. DAVIS, Georgia MORGAN F. -
The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change
The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Amanda M. Ward August 2014 © 2014 Amanda M. Ward. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change by AMANDA M. WARD has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Steven M. Miner Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WARD, AMANDA M., M.A., August 2014, History The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change Director of Thesis: Steven M. Miner The most notorious aspect of the Soviet Union was its culture of secret policing that, through a series of state security agencies, carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. Since the collapse of the socialist state and the opening of the Soviet archives, the historical community has only begun to understand the full extent of crimes committed at the hands of the Cheka, and its successors, the OGPU, NKVD, and KGB. Yet, after tracing this repression to its origins, historical evidence indicates that Imperial Russia first cultivated this culture of secret policing and introduced many of the policing techniques the Bolsheviks later implement and further perfected. By the turn of the 20th century, the Okhrana – the Tsarist secret police – developed into a highly effective political police force which was, by and large, quite successful in penetrating underground revolutionary organizations, including Lenin’s Bolshevik party.