Dictionnaire Black Déjà Paru Dans La Collection Dico Compil'

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Dictionnaire Black Déjà Paru Dans La Collection Dico Compil' Dictionnaire Black Déjà paru dans la collection Dico Compil' Dictionnaire du Fantastique, Alain Pozzuoli, Jean-Pierre Krémer Dictionnaire Gay, Lionel Povert @ Jacques Grancher, Éditeur, 1995, Paris ISBN : 2733904523 Christiane/ Passevant Larry Portis Dictionnaire Black Éditeur Michel Grancher Directeur de collection Alain Pozzuoli A C Q U E S &Nffl 98, rue de Vaugirard 75006 Paris À Bruce, Jamie, Mydia, Randa, Rosalie, Nora et à tous ceux qui luttent pour un rapprochement des peuples et un monde sans discrimination. PRÉFACE "Afrovisions" "Je suis invisible, tu comprends, simplement parce que les gens ne veulent pas me voir." Ralph Waldo Ellison, L'Homme invisible (1952). Avec son unique roman traduit mondialement après- guerre, Ellison, américain et noir natif d'Oklahoma, accédait à la visibilité totale et globale, bombardé porte-parole de la commu- nauté noire aux côtés de son ami, l'activiste Richard Wright. Voici le dictionnaire des idées et des personnalités noires relevant de la géographie triangulaire du TRAFIC. Bibliothèque de la mémoire noire, mais aussi photothèque des classiques contempo- rains qui font partie à juste titre de l'humanisme tout simplement, universalisme dans lequel l'Afrique et ses diasporisations figu- raient jusqu'ici le tam-tam, le tonneau vide. Autant aller droit au cœur du problème : la nécessité d'entretenir et de développer une mémoire afrocentriste en cette fin de siècle. Elle ne vaut une note de musique ou un cliché photo que si elle brise l'infini processus de dissolution inauguré par le TRAFIC en 1492. En ce sens, le verbe et l'image du LIVRE deviennent la TERRE commune d'un peuple arraché à sa mère, quelquefois honteux de sa famille ou - actuellement - génocidaire (Rwanda). Pour devenir visible au monde (historiquement, politiquement, scientifiquement, artisti- quement et économiquement, l'Afrocentriste se doit d'être (très) singulier et universel. Alors le dictionnaire des idées et du monde noir pourra faire partie de l'Encyclopédie qui ambitionne depuis le XVIIIème siècle européen de mettre en "lumières" la totalité et la globalité de l'Être Humain générique. En écrivant cette préface, le souvenir me revient de papa Gotté*, sierra léonais anglophone, qui débarqua chez nous à Douala dans les années 20 avec un appareil photo, une bagnole et un ballon de foot. Commence l'entrée dans la modernité du jeune Dibango par le biais d'un bel échange Sud-Sud, déjà ; une aventure qu'aujourd'hui le rappeur de base qualifierait d'Afrocentriste. Est-ce le cas seule- ment ? Ce livre est le lieu et l'opportunité pour donner un visage et une adresse à l'Être sans TERRE afin qu'il soit localisé dans le MONDE. Un homme visible enfin ! Rouge est le sang de tout homme. Manu Dibango et Blaise N'Djehoya *Voir Trois kilos de café de Manu Dibango en collaboration avec Danielle Rouard, Lieu commun, 1989. INTRODUCTION Symbole de l'inconnu et de l'insolite, la couleur noire fascine bien qu'elle soit très souvent associée au mal, à la perversité, à la fata- lité, au malheur, à la peur. Depuis des siècles, les rapports entre Noirs et Blancs présentent un caractère obsessionnel dans les pays occidentaux comme en Afrique et sur les continents américains. Avec le temps, les cli- vages culturels et politiques basés sur la couleur de la peau ris- quent de s'estomper, mais ils restent très forts dans un contexte d'hégémonie et de découverte relativement récente. L'objet de ce premier Dictionnaire Black est de susciter la curiosité et de facili- ter la découverte des cultures noires dans des sociétés à prédomi- nance blanche. En présentant l'itinéraire, l'œuvre, la création, l'expression d'intellectuels, d'artistes, de musiciens, de sportifs, de militants pour les droits des peuples, de scientifiques... nous espé- rons offrir des informations qui permettent d'aller à la rencontre des civilisations noires et de découvrir la richesse et la diversité de cette très large communauté. Il ne s'agit pas ici de jouer la note exotique, mais de tenter d'éclairer différemment des événements, des idéologies, des évolutions, des images, des sons, du folklore, toute une mouvance multiforme : le monde social et culturel dans lequel vivent et s'expriment les Africains et la diaspora africaine dans le monde. "Noir c'est noir. Il n'y a plus d'espoir", entendait-on dans les années 60, mais, un "Noir", c'est quoi ? La réponse est beaucoup plus complexe qu'il n'y paraît à première vue. Depuis le XVIème siècle où les premiers esclaves africains sont importés sur les deux continents américains, les cultures s'entremêlent et le phénomène de brassage s'amplifie. Ce qui est considéré comme appartenant à la culture noire est souvent une fusion d'éléments africains, euro- péens, amérindiens, etc. Dans le contexte actuel, malheureusement structuré au plan idéologique par des préjugés racistes, il nous semble donc important de souligner dans cet ouvrage l'influence considérable de la culture africaine sur la culture en général. Que le racisme prime toujours sur nos attitudes, il n'y a pas de doute. Ce qui amène à souligner la couleur ou la généalogie des personnes et à considérer toute personne ayant un ou des ancêtres noirs comme "noire", quelle que soit la pigmentation de sa peau. Qui dirait qu'Harry Belafonte ou Henri Salvador ne sont pas "noirs" ? C'est pourquoi le Dictionnaire Black s'inscrit dans l'air du temps, partie intégrante d'une longue évolution en cours et à l'encontre de tout racisme. Si de la peur de la différence et de la volonté de domination naît le racisme, de la rencontre historique des peuples différents de par leur couleur de peau et leur culture émergent les remises en ques- tion culturelles, les fusions artistiques et les brassages multieth- niques dont dépend et dépendra l'étonnante vitalité intellectuelle et artistique humaine. La culture noire transcende les événements politiques et les conflits sociaux. Notre objectif a été de montrer la richesse de l'apport artistique, intellectuel, sportif et scientifique des cultures et des civilisations noires... Une contribution unique et universelle. Nous espérons, avec ce premier Dictionnaire Black, jeter un peu de lumière sur un héritage universel aux multiples facettes. AVERTISSEMENT Le lecteur de ces pages s'apercevra rapidement de la richesse et de la profondeur du monde black dans sa globalité. Trop vaste à cer- ner, il est difficile d'y inclure tous les aspects ou de citer tous les personnages dont l'influence est majeure sur les événements. Pour ces raisons, nous avons limité notre recherche aux aspects cultu- rels sans pour autant prétendre à une étude exhaustive. Les person- nalités strictement politiques en sont absentes alors que de grandes figures des luttes pour la liberté y figurent, Nelson Mandela, Jomo Kenyatta ou Malcolm X par exemple. Les discographies, bibliographies, filmographies sont sélectives. Les lecteurs désireux d'une information plus complète pourront se référer aux ouvrages signalés dans la bibliographie. Les renvois internes sont signalés par le signe*. TRIBE CALLED matie blanche dans ce domaine, A QUEST établie en 1935 par le célèbre joueur de base-bail blanc Babe Ruth. Groupe de rap américain-africain formé vers 1990 à New York. La popularité du jeu fait que cette performance est un symbole aux Q-Tip, Phife, Ali Muhammad Sha- yeux de millions d'Américains, in- heed et Jarobi se distinguent par acceptable pour les racistes. Les ré- leur style, une fusion rap-jazz. Si le actions sont violentes et les me- "hip-hop est le nouveau jazz", A naces de mort déferlent ! Tribe Called Quest (une tribu nom- Hank Aaron déclarera bien des an- mée quête) est à l'avant-garde du mouvement. Plusieurs tournées en nées plus tard, à propos de son ex- Europe durant l'année 1994, l'une ploit : "Il fallait absolument que je avec De la Soul*, la seconde pen- batte ce record. Il fallait le faire dant l'été, Lolapallouza Tour. A Tri- pour Jackie [Robinson], pour mon be Called Quest revient à Paris fin peuple, moi-même et pour tous 1994 pour séduire avec son rap-soul- ceux qui m'ont traité de « nègre »." funk-jazz... Un coktail des genres. Discographie : 1990, People's Instinc- ABDUL-JABBAR Kareem tive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ; 1991, Check the Rhime ; 1993, Jive ; Sportif américain-africain, né en 1947 à New York. 1994, Midnight Marauders (Jive/BMG). Lew Alcindor, devenu Kareem Ab- dul-Jabbar après sa conversion à AARON Hank l'Islam, est l'un des meilleurs bas- Sportif américain-africain, né en ketteurs mondiaux par son talent et 1934 à Mobile (Alabama). sa taille (2m 18). En 1986, pendant le match qui oppose son équipe des Si Jackie Robinson* est le premier Lakers de Los Angeles aux Golden joueur de base-bail black à entrer State Warriors, il dépasse la barre dans les grandes équipes (en 1947) mythique des 35 000 points. En 1968, jusqu'alors réservées exclusivement encore amateur, il a refusé d'aller aux aux Blancs, Hank Aaron est le plus Jeux de Mexico pour protester doué et le plus spectaculaire. contre le sort des Américains-Afri- Issu d'une famille modeste, son pè- cains. TI a été 6 fois champion de la re est ouvrier et sa mère domes- NBA (National Basketball Associa- tique, Hank Aaron ambitionne tion) aux États-Unis. d'être joueur professionnel depuis l'enfance, encouragé par l'exemple de Jackie Robinson. Son talent est ABDUL-MALIK Ahmed objet de controverse et, lorsqu'il bat le record du plus grand nombre Musicien américain-africain, né à de "home runs" (coup porté à la Brooklyn (New York) en 1927. balle permettant de marquer) en Instrumentaliste de jazz d'une vir- 1974, il brise le mythe de la supré- tuosité exceptionnelle, Ahmed Ab- dul-Malik est marqué par ses ori- Il étudie au Ghana dans l'école de gines soudanaises.
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