Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals and Their Free
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Radhamani.T Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.151-160 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Screening of Preliminary Phytochemicals and Their Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Toddalia Asiatica (L.) Lam., Debregeasia Longifolia (Burm.F.) Wedd. And Polygala Arillata Buch.-Ham Ex Don. Radhamani.T and S. John Britto The Rapinat Herbarium and Centre for Molecular Systematics, St. Joseph‟s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirapalli 620 002, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT The aim this research paper was to evaluate the phytochemicals and free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic extract of plants like Toddalia asiatica, Polygala arillata, Debregeasia longifolia. The main secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavnoids, Tannins and Saponin have been evaluated among the plants analysed. The antioxidant potential of ethenolic extract of T. asiatica, P. arillata and D. longifolia leaf and stem using tests involving inhibition of lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radicals, Superoxide anions and 1, 1-diphenyl 2- picrl – hydrazyl free radical (DDPH). The present study revealed that ethanolic extract of Leaf and stem of T. asiatica, P. arillata and D. longifolia are the potential sources of natural antioxidants that could be of greater importance in folkloric medicines. Key words: Phytochemicals, free radical scavenging activity, Toddalia asiatica, Polygala arillata, Debregeasia longifolia I. Introduction treating malaria, particularly in East Africa (Orwa et Medicinal plants are well-known natural sources al., 2008). The plant has been used in the curing of for the treatment of various diseases since antiquity. diseases like paralysis, malarial and intermittent About 20,000 plant species used for medicinal fever, dyspepsia, colic, diarrhea, cough, bronchitis, purposes are reported by World Health Organisation nausea, wounds, contaminated ulcers, epilepsy, (WHO, 2002). Despite emphasis being put in gonorrhoea and general debility (Kirtikar and Basu, research of synthetic drugs, a certain interest in 1933; Chopra et al., 1956). medicinal plants has been reborn, in part due to the These therapeutic values are due to the presence fact that a lot of synthetic drugs are potentially toxic of coumarins, quinoline and benzophenanthridine and are not free of side effects on the host. This has alkaloids (Bandara et al., 1990). Several compounds urged microbiologists all over the world for were isolated from various parts and different formulation of new antimicrobial agents and extracts of T. asiatica. In 1965, Pakrashi and evaluation of the efficacy of natural plant products as Bhattacharyya reported presence of alkaloids, a substitute for chemical antimicrobial agents dihydrochelerythrine and berberin. Deshmukh et al., (Balasubramaniam et al., 2011). (1976) reported toddalinine, robustine, skimmianine, Toddalia asiatica Lam. (Family–Rutaceae) is a dictamnine, bergapten, luvangetin and straggler, known as “Milakarani” in Tamil, isopimpinelline. Toddasin, Toddanol and Toddanone „Kanchana‟ in Sanskrit, and „Kanj‟ in Hindi, used in have been isolated from T. asiatica (Sharma et al., Indian systems of medicine. There are two varieties; 1980, 1981). Reis and strobel (1982) have Toddalia asiatica var. gracilis and var. floribunda documented coumarins, fatty acid esters, β-sitosterol, and they are found in the west and southern parts of alkaloids and some other compounds. A new India. Plants of var. gracilis are generally found in coumarin, Toddalenone (Ishii et al., 1983) and an denuded slopes, waste lands and lower hills, whereas antiplasmodial coumarin were isolated from T. that of var. floribunda are found only on high asiatica (Oketch-Rabah et al., 2000). altitudes. This plant grows well in clay soils and is Fruits are eaten for relief from burning sensation widespread in Africa, Asia and Madagascar (Watt in stomach (Ramachandran and Nair, 1981). Leaf and and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Milakarani has gained root are used to cure rheumatic swellings and fever popularity amongst traditional health practitioners for pain. The root bark is used medicinally as a tonic and treating numerous ailments. Amongst the for the treatment of stomach ailments (Watt and documented ethnomedicinal uses, the fruit of this Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), while the leaves are used plant is known to have been popularly applied in in patients having lung diseases or rheumatism and www.ijera.com 151 | P a g e Radhamani.T Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.151-160 for the treatment of fever, asthma and respiratory P. cyparissias (Pizzolatti et al., 2003; 2008; Ribas et diseases (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gurib- al., 2008), antibacterial activities in Polygala Fakim et al., 1997). The alkaloids of the crude extract myrtifolia (Lall and Meyer, 1999). In modern have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in pharmacological researches, xanthones had shown rats using the carragennan test (Balasubramaniam et various bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory (Lin al., 2011) and to inhibit the auricle swelling caused et al., 1996a), antithrombiotic (Lin et al., 1996b), by xylol and joint swelling caused by agar in rats antitumor (Lin et al., 1996c; Liu et al., 1997) and (Hao, et al., 2004). T. asciatica are reported to have antimicrobial activities. Xanthone derivatives isolated anti-malarial and anti-leukimatic properties from P. cyparissias have been shown to inhibit (McCurdy et al., 2005; Schlage et al., 2000). The neurogenic nociception in rats (De Campos et al., central and peripheral antinociceptive effects of T. 1997). Xanthones with neuro-pharmacological asciatica have been demonstrated using mice properties have also been reported (Marona et al., (Kariuki et al., 2012). Roots as well the leaves are 1998; Marona 1998). Euxanthone (1,7- used in parts of East Africa for the management of dihydroxyxanthone) separated from polygala caudata neuropathic and inflammatory pain (McCurdy et al., also showed effects on neuronal differentiation (Mak 2005; Orwa et al., 2008). Roots have been shown to et al., 2000). Although the various biological be potent in antinociception than leaves (Kariuki et activities of various Polygala species have been al., 2012). Most of the folkloric uses of the genus T. investigated, the antioxidant properties of Polygala asiatica evolve around pain, inflammation and arillata have not yet been explored. microbial infections. Gakunju et al., (1995) have Akber et al. (2001) reported quercetin, studied the antimalarial activity of the alkaloid hisperidine, 3b-19alpha-dihydroxy-30-norurs-12- Nitidine isolated from T. asiatica. The ethanol extract ene,b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid and of T. asiatica leaf exhibited significant spasmolytic lupeol in extracts of Debregeasia salicifolia. Ahmed activity (Lakshmi et al., 2002). The Kani tribals in et al. (2006) has identified that leaf extracts of D. southern India use the leaves of T. asiatica mixed salicifolia has IC50 values more than 100 μg/ml of with coconut oil and three other plants and apply DPPH radical scavenging activity while comparing externally to cure skin diseases (Ayyanar and with Ascorbic acid IC50 =1.75 Ignacimuthu, 2005). The root and its bark have been Even though the young leaves and shoots of used to treat fever, malaria, cholera, diarrhoea and these plants are popularly used in traditional rheumatism (Duraipandiyan et al., 2006). Liu et al., medicines, there are no reports that provide (2012) determined larvicidal activity of the essential information on or compare the antioxidant activity of oil derived from roots of T. asiatica (L.) Lam. T. asiatica, D. longifolia and P. arillata ethanolic Stephen et al., 2012 assessed the antidiabetic and extracts. Furthermore, there is no information on the antioxidant effects of T. asiatica leaves ethyl acetate qualitative and quantitative analysis of their active extract in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. components, which has been reported to be related to Polygalaceae, the milkwort family, is the second antioxidant activity (Hosein and Zinab, 2007). largest family in the order Fabales, with about 21 Therefore, this study was undertaken to screen the genera and some 1,000 species distributed preliminary phytochemical classes and free radical worldwide. A chemical investigation of the genus scavenging activities of leaf and stem ethanolic showed the occurrence of a variety of secondary extracts obtained from of T. asiatica, metabolites, such as xanthones (Pinheiro et al., 1998; D. longifolia and P. arillata against lipid Yang et al., 2000;Cristiano et al.,2003;Chaturvedi et peroxidation, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion - al., 2005: Linn et al., 2005), saponins (Zhang et al., radical (O2 ) and 1, l-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil 1997; Li and Liang, 1998; Mitaine-Offer et al., 2003; radical (DPPH.). Jia et al., 2004), oligosaccharides (Jiang and Tu, 2001; Yang et al., 2002; Ikeya et al., 2004; Li et al., II. Materials and Methods 2005), flavonoids (Rao and Raman, 2004; Pizzolatti Collection of plant material et al., 2008), coumarins (Hamburger et al., 1984; The plant materials were collected from the Ghat 1985; Pizzolatti et al., 2000; 2002) and styrylpyrones sections of Palni Hills of Western Ghats. The plant (Pizzolatti et al., 2000; 2004). specimens were botanically identified and Various pharmacological activities