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(Burm. F.) Wedd. Debregeasia Longifolia Atau Dalam Bahasa

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(Burm. F.) Wedd. Debregeasia Longifolia Atau Dalam Bahasa perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id BAB II LANDASAN TEORI A. Tinjauan Pustaka 1. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. Debregeasia longifolia atau dalam bahasa lokal disebut Tongo (Jawa) atau Totongan (Sunda) (Ridwan, 2013), merupakan tumbuhan yang tersebar di wilayah Indomalaysia dan dapat ditemukan di hutan sekunder pegunungan sampai ketinggian 1800 m dpl (Sasidharan, 2014). Di Gunung Lawu, tumbuhan ini dapat ditemukan pada ketinggian 2200 – 2400 m dpl melalui jalur pendakian Cemoro Sewu (Ridwan, 2013). a. Klasifikasi Ilmiah Kingdom : Plantae Divisi : Spermatophyta Kelas : Magnoliophyta Ordo : Rosales Famili : Urticaceae Genus : Debregeasia Spesies : Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. (Steenis, 2008) b. Morfologi Tumbuhan Merupakan tumbuhan perdu, tingginya dapat mencapai 3-5 m (Gambar 1.a.), merupakan tumbuhan evergreen dan merupakan penyusun lapisan kedua hutan pegunungan (Sasidharan, 2004). Permukaan daun bagian commit to user atas kasar dan berwarna hijau, sedangkan permukaan bagian bawah berwarna 4 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 5 putih-kelabu menggimbal, panjang daun 6-25 cm dan lebar 2-8 cm. Karangan bunga tumbuh dari bagian ketiak daun. Bongkol bunga membulat, kecil, dalam fase berbunga berwarna merah cerah (Gambar 1.b.) karena tenda daun mendaging berkanjang. Buah yang sudah masak berwarna merah, dan dapat dimakan memiliki rasa asam (Jiarui et al., 2003). a. b. Gambar 1. Debregeasia longifolia. a. Habitus tumbuhan; b. Buah dan daun (Dokumentasi pribadi, 2015) c. Manfaat Tumbuhan Ekstrak D. longifolia memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiproliferatif (Sameer et al., 2014), di Nagaland-India buah dan kulit batang D. longifolia dimanfaatkan sebagai shampo dan obat pencernaan (Jamir et al., 2015), buah tumbuhan D. longifolia dapat dimakan dan memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang cukup bagus, memiliki kandungan protein yang lebih tinggi daripada apel, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber makanan dengan harga yang murah (Seal and Chaudhuri, 2014). 2. Ekstraksi metode Maserasi Ekstraksi adalah proses atau metode penarikan komponen/zat aktif suatu simplisia dengan menggunakan pelarut tertentu yang dapat melarutkan salah satu commit to user komponennya saja dengan menggunakan prinsip like dissolve like (Ansel, 1989; perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 6 Markham, 1988). Kaidah like dissolve like berarti suatu senyawa akan larut pada pelarut yang sama derajat kepolarannya, senyawa polar larut pada pelarut polar dan senyawa non polar larut pada senyawa non polar (Ansel, 1989). Ekstraksi suatu senyawa dalam tumbuhan dapat dilakukan dengan maserasi, perkolasi, sokhletasi dan destilasi uap. Metode maserasi secara umum digunakan untuk ekstraksi bagian-bagian tumbuhan seperti buah, bunga, daun, kulit batang, dan akar (Lenny, 2006). Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode maserasi, yaitu metode dengan proses perendaman sampel dengan pelarut organik yang digunakan pada temperatur ruangan (Darwis, 2000). Waktu maserasi umumnya adalah 3 hari, setelah tercapainya keseimbangan antara bahan yang diekstraksi pada bagian dalam sel dengan luar sel (Voight, 1994). Metode maserasi dapat menghasilkan ekstrak dalam jumlah banyak serta terhindar dari perubahan kimia senyawa-senyawa tertentu karena pemanasan, sehingga aman dugunakan untuk mendapatkan senyawa yang tidak tahan panas (Pratiwi, 2009). 3. Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) merupakan metode pemisahan komponen kimia berdasarkan prinsip adsorbsi dan partisi, yang ditentukan oleh perbedaan kecepatan migrasi dari fase gerak dan fase diam. Fase diam berfungsi sebagai penyerap, sedangkan fase gerak berfungsi untuk melarutkan senyawa yang akan dipisahkan berupa larutan pengembang yang sesuai (Rohman, 2007). Fase diam yang digunakan dalam KLT adalah zat padat silika atau alumina, sedangkan fase gerak yang digunakan adalah pelarut tunggal atau campuran pelarut dengan perbandingan tertentu (Stahl, 1985).commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 7 Kecepatan rambat suatu senyawa pada KLT merupakan Rf (Retardation factor) yang ditentukan oleh jarak rambat senyawa dari titik awal dan jarak rambat fase gerak dari titik awal. Harga Rf ini dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi senyawa yang dianalisa dan merupakan parameter karakteristik dari metode KLT. Perhitungan harga Rf menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut : 4. Artemia salina Leach. Artemia salina merupakan jenis udang primitif yang hanya hidup di danau dan kolam dengan salinitas tinggi (Panggabean, 1984). Selain digunakan sebagai hewan uji toksisitas suatu bahan dalam metode BSLT, A. salina Leach. juga merupakan sumber pakan untuk budidaya udang dan ikan yang kaya akan protein. a. Klasifikasi Ilmiah Artemia salina Leach. termasuk dalam Kelas Crustacea, yaitu anggota dari kelas besar hewan dengan tubuh bersegmen (beruas-ruas) dengan klasifikasi ilmiah sebagai berikut : Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Kelas : Crustacea Sub Kelas : Branchiopoda Ordo : Anostraca Familia : Artemiidae Genus : Artemia Spesies : Artemiacommit salina to user Leach. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 8 b. Deskripsi Morfologi Artemia salina Leach. dewasa memiliki panjang tubuh sekitar 8-10 mm (Gambar 2) bahkan mencapai 15 mm tergantung lingkungan, memiliki mulut serta sepasang mata pada antenanya. Tubuhnya terdiri dari 20 segmen yang dilengkapi dengan kira-kira 10 phyllopodia pipih yaitu bagian yang menyerupai daun dan bergerak dengan ritme teratur. Artemia salina Leach. dewasa berwarna putih pucat, merah muda, hijau atau transparan dan dapat hidup hingga enam bulan. Artemia salina Leach. diperdagangkan dalam bentuk telur istirahat yang dinamakan kista, yang berbentuk bulatan-bulatan kecil berwarna kelabu kecoklatan dengan diameter berkisar antara 200-300 µm (Mudjiman, 1995). Gambar 2. Artemia salina Leach. (Dumitrascu, 2011) c. Habitat dan Siklus Hidup Artemia salina Leach. hidup planktonik di perairan berkadar garam tinggi pada variasi salinitas air yang luas dari konsentrasi 2,9–3,5% hingga 25–35%. Variasi temperatur air yang dibutuhkan antara –370C, dengan commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 9 0 temperatur optimum untuk reproduksi 25–30 C (suhu kamar), kadar oksigen terlarut 3 mg/L dan pH antara 7,3–8,4 (Mudjiman, 1995). Telur Artemia salina Leach. memiliki daya tahan hidup selama beberapa tahun dalam keadaan kering. Telur udang dalam air laut akan menetas menjadi larva (nauplii) dalam waktu 24-28 jam setelah induk bertelur. Setiap 4-5 hari sekali dihasilkan 50-300 telur atau nauplius (Mudjiman, 1995). Artemia salina Leach. yang baru menetas punya perilaku geotaksis positif, terjadi ketika nauplius tenggelam ke bawah setelah menetas akibat efek gravitasi. Nauplius akan dewasa setelah berumur 14 hari, dan siap untuk berkembang biak (Mudjiman, 1995). 5. Uji Toksisitas Metode BSLT Brine Shrimp Lethallity Test (BSLT) merupakan suatu metode uji yang dapat digunakan untuk skrining awal terhadap senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai tanaman berkhasiat atau diduga berkhasiat sebagai antitumor (Parwati dan Simanjuntak, 1998) pada suatu senyawa bahan alam menggunakan hewan uji A. salina Leach. sebagai bioindikator. Uji toksisitas ini dapat diketahui dari jumlah kematian larva A. salina Leach. karena pengaruh ekstrak atau senyawa bahan alam dengan konsentrasi yang telah ditentukan. Nilai LC50 merupakan angka yang menunjukkan konsentrasi suatu bahan sampel yang dapat menyebabkan kematian 50% larva A. salina Leach. kurang dari 1000 µg/mL setelah waktu kontak 24 jam perlakuan (Cutler and Cutler, 2000; Meyer et al., 1982; McLaughlin et al., 1998; Parwati and Simanjuntak, 1998; Sukardiman dkk., 2004). commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 10 Kelebihan metode BSLT adalah biaya yang relatif murah, sederhana dan membutuhkan sampel yang relatif sedikit untuk uji serta cepat terhadap standarisasi bioaktivitas pada produksi tumbuhan heterogen (Dwiatmaka, 2001; McLaughin et al., 1998). Penggunaan metode BSLT dalam pelaksanaan skrining akan berlangsung relatif cepat dan murah dibanding dengan biakan sel kanker yang memerlukan waktu yang lama, penanganan yang lebih rumit dan biaya yang relatif mahal (Dwiatmaka, 2001). Metode BSLT memiliki korelasi positif dengan potensinya sebagai antikanker terhadap ekstrak yang bersifat bioaktif (Anderson et al., 1991; Meyer et al., 1982). Dalam uji BSLT ada hubungan antara letalitas larva A. salina Leach. dengan sifat toksik suatu senyawa dari ekstrak tanaman (Carballo et al., 2002). Hasil positif uji BSLT yaitu adanya sifat toksik dari ekstrak suatu tanaman merupakan langkah awal untuk pengembangan obat alternatif antikanker dari isolasi senyawa tumbuhan. 6. Senyawa Alakaloid dan Toksisitasnya terhadap Artemia salina Leach. Alkaloid adalah senyawa yang mengandung substansi dasar nitrogen basa, biasanya dalam bentuk cincin heterosiklik. Alkaloid terdistribusi secara luas pada tanaman dan merupakan suatu golongan senyawa organik yang terbanyak ditemukan di alam. Hampir seluruh alkaloid berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan dan tersebar luas dalam berbagai jenis tumbuhan tingkat tinggi. Sebagian besar alkaloid terdapat pada tumbuhan dikotil sedangkan untuk tumbuhan monokotil dan pteridofita mengandung alkaloid dengan kadar yang sedikit. Alkaloid biasanya diperoleh dengan cara mengekstraksi bahan tumbuhan menggunakan commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 11 pelarut organik seperti kloroform, eter dan sebagainya. Alkaloid telah sejak lama dikenal manfaatnya dalam dunia kesehatan. Contohnya adalah saponin, vinblastin, dan vinkrisin yang
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