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Conserving Biodiversity Through Sustainable Forestry a Guide to Applying NCSSF Research COMMISSION MEMBERSHIP

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Conserving Biodiversity Through Sustainable Forestry a Guide to Applying NCSSF Research COMMISSION MEMBERSHIP Conserving Biodiversity Through Sustainable Forestry A Guide To Applying NCSSF Research COMMISSION MEMBERSHIP Joyce Berry, PhD, Commission Chair Sharon Haines, PhD FORMER MEMBERS Vice President for Advancement and Manager of Sustainable Forestry OF THE COMMISSION Strategic Initiatives International Paper Bruce J. Cabarle, PhD Colorado State University Alan A. Lucier, PhD Director, Global Forestry Program’s Greg Aplet, PhD Senior Vice President World Wildlife Federation Senior Forest Scientist National Council for Air and 2001-2004 The Wilderness Society Stream Improvement Charles H. Collins Ann Bartuska, PhD David Perry, PhD Managing Director Deputy Chief, Research & Professor (Emeritus) The Forestland Group, LLC Development Oregon State University 2001-2002 USDA Forest Service H. Ronald Pulliam, PhD Wallace Covington, PhD Jim Brown Regents Professor of Ecology Regents Professor of Forest Ecology Jim Brown Consulting Forestry, LLC University of Georgia Northern Arizona University Oregon State Forester, 1986-2003 Hal Salwasser, PhD 2001-2003 Norm L. Christensen, PhD (chair 2003-2005) Phil Janik (chair 2002-2003) Dean, College of Forestry Chief Operating Officer (Retired) Professor of Ecology Oregon State University USDA Forest Service Nicholas School of the Environment, V. Alaric Sample, PhD 2001-2002 Duke University President Mark Schaefer, PhD Nils Christoffersen Pinchot Institute for Conservation President and CEO Executive Director Scott Wallinger NatureServe Wallowa Resources Senior Vice President (Retired) 2001-2003 John C. Gordon, PhD Mead Westvaco Mark Schaffer, PhD (chair 2001-2002) Program Officer for the Environment Pinchot Professor of Forestry Chris Bernabo, PhD Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (Emeritus) NCSSF Program Director (Formerly Defenders of Wildlife) Yale School of Forestry and National Council for Science 2001-2003 Environmental Studies and the Environment SPONSORS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY The National Commission on Science For Sustainable Forestry (NCSSF) operates under the auspices of the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE), a non-advocacy, not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the scientific basis for environmental decision making. NCSE promotes interdisciplinary research that connects the life, physical, and social sciences and engineering. Communication and outreach are integral components of these collaborative research efforts that link scientific results to the needs of decision makers. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction................................................................................................. 2 Section I: Factors Influencing Biodiversity . Chapter 1: Forest History and Biodiversity ......................................... 7 Forests of the Northeast ............................................................... 8 Lake States Forests ...................................................................... 24 Coastal Plain Forests of the Southeast ...................................... 30 Pacific Coastal Forests ................................................................. 38 Colorado Plateau Forests of the Southwest .............................. 49 Chapter 2: Non-native Invasives and Biodiversity ........................... 56 Chapter 3: Fragmentation and Biodiversity .................................... 68 Chapter 4: Old-growth Forests and Biodiversity ............................. 84 Northeast ..................................................................................... 86 Lake States ................................................................................... 9 Southeast Coastal Plain............................................................... 96 Pacific Northwest ...................................................................... 0 Southwest .................................................................................. 08 Section II: Tools for Landowners and Managers . Chapter 5: Selecting Indicators for Biodiversity ............................ 115 Chapter 6: Biodiversity in Managed Forests .................................. 2 Chapter 7: Landscape Scale Planning and Biodiversity ................. 34 Chapter 8: Adaptive Management and Biodiversity .................... 48 Chapter 9: Policy that Encourages Biodiversity ............................. 59 Section III: Appendix To Learn More About the Chapter Topics ...................................... 67 Glossary ............................................................................................. 70 Index ................................................................................................. 73 ON THE COVER Clockwise from top: Old-growth.Western.Hemlock,.Pacific.Coastal.Forest.. Photo:.Jon.Martin Retention.harvest,.Washington.State.Photo:.Jerry.Franklin Development.in.the.New.Hampshire.Ossipee.Pine.Barrens.. Photo:.Joseph.Klemenitovich Thinning.and.underburning.restoration,.Oregon.. Photo:.Bernard.Borman,.USDA.PNW.FS Bottomlands,.Altamaha.River,.Georgia.Photo:.Beth.Young. INTRODUCTION From the trail at the lower left to the road in the distance, this landscape includes some of the historical and contemporary factors influencing forest biodiversity conservation. Enjoy the trip as you explore the guidebook. 2 INTRODUCTION WHY WAS THIS GUIDEBOOK WRITTEN? knowledge,.forest.practices.and.policies.that.can.be.. This.guidebook.was.written.to.promote.. beneficial.to.biodiversity.are.constantly.being.developed. communication.and.understanding.about.forest.. and.tested..This.guidebook.will.help.improve.forest. biodiversity.(Glossary).among.researchers,.practitioners,. management.by.making.biodiversity.science.easier.to. landowners,.managers,.and.policymakers..Its.purpose.is. understand.and.illustrating.on-the-ground.applications.. to.strengthen.the.link.between.scientific.understanding. It.emphasizes.the.reasons.why.biodiversity.conservation. of.biodiversity.and.its.practical.application.in.forest.. and.sustainable.forestry.(Glossary).are.important.. management..Although.there.are.gaps.in.our.. WHO SHOULD READ THIS GUIDEBOOK? I’m a family forest . Anyone.who.is.interested.in.forests.and.forest.manage- owner. I’ve owned ment.practices.should.benefit.from.reading.this.book..It. my property for offers.forest.owners,.practitioners,.managers,.and.policy- quite a while. I know makers.some.advanced.scientific.knowledge.and.practical. what it’s like to make tools.for.biodiversity.conservation.and.sustainable.forestry. annual payments. The.following.examples.illustrate.various.situations.that. My acreage had no forest.managers.face. merchantable timber and.suggest.guidebook. when I bought it, chapters.that.should. but I’ve planted and be.particularly.useful. thinned and the trees in.each.situation..Brief. have grown. Over the chapter.descriptions.are. years, I’ve listened to FAMILY FOREST OWNER* included.in.“Overview. professional foresters of.the.Guidebook”. and done what they recommended. It’s been a lot of below. work and now I want to generate some income, but there’s all this talk about managing forests sustainably I’m a business and protecting biodiversity. What’s this all about? forester. I manage Recommended chapters:.1,.2,.3,.4.and.6. plantation forest- lands that must Business Forester* I’m a government forester. I live and work in a rural, provide a reasonable forest-dependent community close to a large return on investment. I realize that these forests are metropolitan area. much more than mere fiber farms, but has anyone Local citizens are figured out how to enhance biodiversity in intensively feeling a lot of managed forests and still make a profit? pressure to develop Recommended chapters:.6,.7,.1,.2.and.3. the surrounding forestland. What I’m a service or consulting forester. I work primarily was once a remote with family forest owners and see the need for little town is rapidly management practices that conserve biodiversity. It’s becoming a bedroom not that the owners I work with don’t care; it’s more community. Develop- a situation where we ment includes all want to do the 1-to-5-acre upscale Iraci right thing and need suburban home- . to understand how steads, a new subdivi- GOVERNMENT Forester Tom to do it. Is there sion for 85 homes, something here that and plans to widen the connecting state highway. I can use in my work Town officials are coming to my agency for advice. with forest owners? Is there information here that can help? Recommended chap- Recommended chapters:.1,.3,.7,.8.and.9. ters: 1,.2,.3,.4.and.6. SERVICE OR CONSULTING Forester* *©.Photos.courtesy.of.Ben.Meadows.Company,.Janesville,.WI 3 INTRODUCTION I’m a policymaker. OVERVIEW OF THE GUIDEBOOK I help establish laws, . The.guidebook.includes.three.major.sections:. regulations, and rules s. Section I: Factors Influencing Biodiversity that reflect public s. Section II: Tools for Landowners and Managers consensus on how forests can be s. Section III: Appendix managed to conserve . Each.chapter.examines.a.specific.topic,.answering.. the values that they three.questions:. represent. I know s. Why is this topic important? the science of biodi- s. What’s known about this topic versity is continuing (but not everything)? to evolve, but I need Szaro . s. How can that knowledge be used in information that will POLICYMAKER result in decisions Bob forest management? that best protect the long-term public interest in . In Section I, Factors Influencing Biodiversity,.the. conservation and sustainable natural resource guidebook.looks.at.how.biodiversity.is.influenced.by.forest.
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