Topic for revision How secure is your knowledge? RAG Unit 1: British Settlement in North America The impact of expansion and immigration on society: the pattern of settlement and tensions among social groups. Economic developments: trade with Britain and the West Indies, the importance of tobacco, the introduction of tea. The impact of piracy, including the activities of 'Black Sam' Bellamy and Edward Teach ('Blackbeard'). The suppression of piracy in American waters: King George I's Proclamation and the Piracy Act (1717), the work of Governor Spotswood. The slave trade and 'Atlantic triangle'; British monopoly on supplying slaves to Spanish colonies. The impact of slavery on the development of tobacco and rice plantations. The impact of slavery on colonial society: the position of slaves within society and the treatment of fugitive slaves within the colonies; the significance of Spain's decision to protect runaway slaves in Florida. Slave revolts in the Carolinas: the Stono Rebellion, 1739. The New York Conspiracy, 1741. The problem of smuggling, attempts to collect customs revenue and to control the fur trade. Unit 2: A disrupted society The Great Awakening- Religious revivals in the Middle Colonies and New England. The Enlightenment: the emphasis on education; the growth of newspapers and public libraries. The significance of Benjamin Franklin as a writer, philantropist and intellectual. Relations with the French and with Native Americans during and after King George's War 1744-48. The French and Indian War (1754-63) in North America and the role of Wolfe in Canada. The significance of the Treaty of Paris 1763 and the Proclamation Act 1763. The impact of the war on relations with Britain. Opposition to the Sugar act 1763. Relations with the Native Americans, including Pontiac's Rebellion, 1963-64. The Paxton Boys: their actions and impact. Unit 3: Loss of an empire The significance of British policies. American oppositon to the Stamp Act. The Sons of Liberty and the Boston Massacre. British and American relations: the Boston Tea Party and the Intolerable Acts. The significance of the First and Second Continental Congresses, 1774-75. The influence of Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense'. The significance of the Declaration of Independence. The role of Thomas Jefferson. Key American victories: Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). The significance of Washington's role, British mistakes and French and Spanish involvement in the war. The Peace of Paris, 1783, including the role of Franklin. The significance of the Declaration of Independence for slavery. The consequences of the war for the Native Americans.
Question 1 – Explain two key consequences of… (8) Two different consequences An explanation of each one The use of precise historical evidence such as dates, names, places, statistics, etc. At least two paragraphs (3 sentence min) Max of 4 mins per paragraph
Question 2 – Write a narrative account analysing… (8) A historically accurate narrative with links The use of precise historical evidence. At least three paragraphs (3 sentence min) One on the start, middle and end of the event Link first and last sentences of paragraphs Max of 4 mins per paragraph
Question 3 – Explain the importance of two of the following… (16) 2 x 8 mark One paragraph on the first event One paragraph on the first event’s impact A final paragraph explaining how decisive the first event was in causing the second The use of precise historical evidence Two answers (of three paragraphs) Max of 4 mins per paragraph
The founders of the American colonies were wealthy, landowners, poor servants and slaves. Some wanted to go and others were forced. As the map shows, the colonists were surrounded on all fronts by enemies including the French, the Spanish and Native Americans all of whom wanted to capture the land.
In the NEW ENGLAND COLONIES- they were mostly middle class families. In the MIDDLE COLONIES- most people worked on the farms. In the SOUTHERN COLONIES- there were some rich landowners but lots of poor servants and slaves.
But there was no representation of Americans in the UK Parliament in London.
Immigration to America -Scots-Irish- mainly young -English- some went if they had -Germans group who became servants. family in America or as transportation for punishment.
While the immigrants filled jobs and helped defend land, IMMIGRATION ALSO CAUSED INCREASED TENSION AND COMPETITION FOR LAND. For example Scots- Irish stole land off the Native Americans. All of the different immigrants caused different kinds of tension, including: Religious groups- different brands of Christianity clashed Tension between the descendants of English settlers and new settlers from Europe.
Economy
Britain buys most of the items produced in British America. This was because Britain controlled who the colonists sold to. But this helped sell the colonists products. British America also traded with the West Indies. In 1733 it introduced the Molasses Act which meant that British America sold goods in exchange for Molasses which could be turned into rum. Tobacco was 45% of everything British America sold. It was very important to their economy. Britain was famous for selling its tea and when it replaced coffee as the most popular drink in North America; it made sure the colonists were reliant on Britain.
Piracy and its impact on the colonies
Black Sam Bellamey In 1717 Bellamy and his crew captured the Whydah Gally, a slave ship he refitted as a flagship with 28 guns. The Whydah had an advanced weapons system capable of attacking any man-of-war in the Americas. The Whydah was shipwrecked off the coast of Wellfleet in a terrific Nor’easter on April 26, 1717. It was estimated that in modern money, Black Sam stole £120 million in jewels, silver and gold. When the Whydah was found in 1984 it had init f indigo, ivory, gold, and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds sterling, divided into 180 sacks of 50-pound (23 kg) each.
Bellamy and his crew captured 53 ships before he died in a shipwreck at 28. As captain, his leadership style was almost democratic. His crew was very fond of him, sometimes even referring to him as "Robin Hood of the Sea" and themselves as "Robin Hood's Men". Captain Bellamy was also a good tactician Blackbeard Blackbeard's chief claim to fame is his blockade of Charleston, South Carolina. In approximately late May of 1718, Blackbeard entered the mouth of Charleston harbor with the Queen Anne's Revenge and three lighter vessels. He plundered five merchant freighters attempting to enter or leave the port. No other vessels could transit the harbor for fear of encountering the pirate squadron. Having accepted a pardon, Teach had apparently retired from piracy. However, Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia became concerned that the notorious freebooter lived nearby. Spotswood decided to eliminate Blackbeard. Teach was killed, and the battle ended. Teach was reportedly shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Blackbeard’s legacy does live on. It is estimated that he stole £13.5 million in gold today. Many English ships were scared, HMS Shoreham was too scared to leave because of Blackbeard. He affected all merchant shipping from Carolina to New York. He also defended a Pirate town called Nassau and set it up as his base. He also bribed (gave him money) the governor of North Carolina to support him.
How did Britain try to stop pirates? Method What was it? How successful was it? King George I’s To pardon any pirates and 500 men accepted the Proclamation forgive them of their crime. pardon. However some A prize of up to £100 pirates like Blackbeard took whoever caught a pirate. the pardon and then ran off and started pirating. The Piracy Act 1717 It allowed for pirates could It encouraged others to act be put to death as well as against pirates such as organised how the trials Woodes Rodgers who took could be set up over a pirate city and put them all on trial. More pirates were executed than ever. Work of Governor Asked for help from local He ordered Lieutenant Spotswood government such as the Maynard to kill Blackbeard governor of Virginia. which he did on 21st He removed juries at November. pirate’s trials. He provided incentives for those who captured pirates.
Slavery in British America
There were 100,000’s of slaves working in the colonies. The British American economy depended on slaves.
-The map shows the ‘Slave Triangle’
The vast majority of slaves worked in the Southern States. This impacted as: -Provided cheap workforce -Provided a variety of skills and experiences -Slaves made up the vast majority of the population in the South. Britain was one of the only country allowed to trade Slaves. The Spanish and British agreed an asiento which meant Britain could just trade slaves. But they had to pay Spain for the right and give Spain a certain number of Slaves each year. But war with Spain and the smuggling of Slaves made the asiento less valuable to Britain. How did slaves impact on America? Slaves working on tobacco fields Slaves working on rice plantations Why use Slaves? Slaves provided knowledge from past farming. Provided a cheap labour force. Slaves worked hard on tough tasks. Creates an efficient system as slaves operated Slaves worked in harsh conditions such as swamps in gangs of 12 with one trusted slave foreman as slaves had no choice in charge Slaves took responsibility for production often giving their white owners free time. Slaves had experience of farming from their This all meant that rice plantations owners earned experiences in Africa and could give advice. a lot more money.
How did this impact on tobacco farming? The industry was worth about £43 million. Profits- made massive profits. Plantations using Slaves made £65,000 more wealth than those who didn’t. Society- Slaves made up the largest part of the workforce.
Slaves working conditions
Slaves in the south were often working on plantations and treated the harshest. Slaves in New England often had better jobs but there were a lot fewer of them.
Slaves had little personal freedom and slave masters who do what they wanted to the slaves.
They did have a few basic freedoms: Free time (once work was done they could do as they pleased) & freedom to religion.
THIS HAD 2 IMPORTANT IMPACTS: -THE NUMBER OF SLAVES MEANT THAT WHITE PEOPLE LIVED IN FEAR OF A SLAVE REBELLION -THE ENTIRE SOUTHERN ECONOMY RELIED ON SLAVES.
What happened to runaway Slaves?
If caught many of them would be beaten or killed. Militia’s (groups of armed men) were set up to catch them. Spain made an offer that if any slave ran to Spanish owned Florida they would be given their freedom. But they had to convert to Catholicism. Runaway Slaves now ran to Spanish Florida and set up a small slave town called Mose. They formed armed unit to protect themselves.
Slave Rebellions
Stono Rebellion, 1739
Causes 1739- Yellow fever outbreak resulting in many people dying. Those slaves who survived were struggling to cope with the harvest. The Security Act (which meant that white people would carry guns on a Sunday- the day they felt there was the biggest chance of rebellion) was coming into actions soon, so they needed to rebel before then.
Course The Slaves stole guns and ammunition and beheaded their master. They then marched and killed 20 white people on the way. Eventually there were 100 of them. They stopped to await other slaves near a river. The Lt. Governor called out the militia and caught up to them and opened fire hunting down
Consequences The government in South Carolina were determined to stop another rebellion. Negro Act 1740- fined owners who could not control their slaves, freedom the right to give slaves freedom and stopped slaves from moving anywhere. Stabilisation of white vs. black numbers by introducing a high tax. Punishing slave owners who too harshly punished their slaves.
The New York Conspiracy, 1740
Causes The leaders of New York were scared of a Slave and Catholic rebellion because: -Stono Rebellion- 20% of New York were slaves. -War with Spain had caught upset with the Catholic. -Tough winter meant that there was little food which had caused riots.
Course
February 1741- Robert Hogg had some coins stolen from his house. 3 slaves were accused and a white family. Evidence suggested that there was a wider plot afoot. March 1741- the house of the governor was set on fire. People worried as all houses were made of wood. 13 other fires were started later on. People thought it was part of a wider plot to destroy New York April 1741- Mary Burton told the leaders she had heard a plot to destroy the city in the local pub and that they had guns. August 1741-Many slaves, Catholics, Spanish people and poor white people were arrested and put on trial. The governor offered them money if they told on others. Many people were accused, in total 150 were put on trial..
Consequences
31 slaves executed 71 slaves deported THE LEADERS THOUGHT THERE WOULD BE A SLAVE REBELLION Slaves were limited to the water pumps they could use to stop them from moving. Slaves were not allowed to uses horses on a Sunday, the day the leaders most feared of rebellions. . Leaders felt these measures were effective as other fires broke out in 1742 and the trials didn’t happen again.
Collecting Custom Duty
Custom duty is a tax on products that come into the country. The government wanted to make as much money as possible. The government appointed custom officials who could check ships, make arrests, check paper work. The Custom duty was often very high, particularly on molasses But… difficult to enforce due to: absent officials (who preferred living in England and used undedicated and cheap deputies) overworked (too much for once person) and many people sympathised with people who brought in cheaper products. This led to an increase in smuggling, particularly molasses. Smugglers used the following methods: -Landed their ships on quiet coastlines -Carried false paper work -Secretly hid the cargo in the ship and secretly take it off at night -Bribed custom officials.
1) List the 3 different areas of British America (3 marks)
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2) Give one feature of the population on the 3 areas of British America (3 marks)
NEW ENGLAND: …………………………………………………………………………………………….
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MIDDLE COLONIES
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SOUTHERN COLONIES
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3) Who owns Florida into the 1770’s?...... 4) What are relations like between the British the Native Americans?...... ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Who ran British America?
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6) What different groups immigrated to America at the time?
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7) What were relations like between Britain, France and Spain?
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) List 3 facts about how each pirate impacted on British America (6 marks)
Black Sam Blackbeard
9) Explain what the King George I proclamation included
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10) Explain what the Piracy Act include
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11) Explain 2 features of Governor Spotswood’s work ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………
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(12) What is an asiento? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………… (13) List 2 reasons why the asiento was not as valuable as first thought (2 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (14) Explain how slavery impacted on the tobacco trade ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (15) Explain how slavery impacted on the rice trade ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (16) Give 2 basic freedoms that Slaves had ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (17) What did Spain offer slaves who ran from their White British masters? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (18) What was the Security Act of 1739? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (19) What happened during the Stono Rebellion? Give 3 steps in order: a) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… c) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (20) What was the Negro Act of 1740? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (21) Explain 2 courses of the New York Conspiracy (2 marks) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (22) What happened during the New York Conspiracy? Give 4 steps in order: d) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… e) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… f) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… g) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (23) Explain 1 consequences of the Conspiracy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The Great Awakening
It challenged the traditional church service for a EVANGELICAL STYLE (a very enthusiastic form of preaching to encourage people to convert to Christianity). Instead of a church they would use a large open field to preach, often with 20,000 people present. A REVIVALIST (a person who tries to revive or encourage commitment to God) who make a passionate and emotional sermon. The audience would scream and shout and they hoped to experience a conversion known as a ‘new birth’ which provided a deep emotional release and renewed Christianity. It was a very personal experience for the colonists. It differed greatly from a traditional Christian service.
2 key people helped stimulate the Great Awakening:
Jonathan Edwards- wrote books on the Great Awakening and gives a number of sermons. He helped spread the idea of the Great Awakening. George Whitfield arrived from England and toured the colonies giving speeches on the Great Awakening; converting many. He also published his sermons.
Impact of the Great Awakening:
All the emotion led to many re-joining the church. BUT IT ALSO… Divided society as it appealed to the poorer classes. It moved power away from the traditional church Improved the status of women as they were encouraged to preach. Some black people and Native Americans also converted. THE GREAT AWAKENING GAVE PEOPLE THE CONFIDENCE TO QUESTION TRADITIONAL IDEAS.
Long term impact of the Great Awakening:
It is not a cause of the Revolution but did help. It emphasised the importance of the individual Open air meetings would later be used for political meetings.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a movement of thinkers which impacted on religion, science and politics. They believed everything should be based on reason. It impacted: Religion= people believed God exsisted but did not get involved in our daily lives. Science= world is a set of natural observations Politics= a government should protect its peoples natural rights and if not be removed. IT HELPED CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL IDEAS, MADE PEOPLE MORE TOLERATE OTHER RELIGIONS AND MOST IMPORTANTLY REMOVED THE IDEA THAT THE MONARCH WAS APPOINTED BY GOD.
Education
In order to spread these ideas, education was important. The number of colleges in America doubled at the time. The number of primary and secondary schools also increased. New England and Middle colonies already had schools but soon they spread South and they set up ‘Free schools’. The number of Private schools which had a fee attached also increased. More schools for small towns in New England. The Enlightenment highlighted the importance of useful skills. New subjects such as history, English, science, languages and maths started to be taught. These were only offer to boys who could pay for it Rich girls could get a tutor but be taught how to knit etc. Poorer boys and girls attended free schools which taught basic English and Maths.
Newspapers
Also led to a lot more newspapers being published; particularly in Boston. This helped people spread information quickly. It would include useful information such as shipping information. It would also include stories from England and inventions.
Pamphlets
Lots of pamphlets were printed including sermons, medical information, and stories of travellers. They were cheap and read out loud in taverns so everyone could understand them.
Libraries
Growth of public libraries for those who could pay the fee.
CHALLENGED THE TRADITIONAL IDEAS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE CHURCH.
THE ROLE OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
He was one of the most known colonists. Lived in Philadelphia and wrote books and conducted science experiments. He was greatly impacted by the Enlightenment.
Role as a writer Role as a scientist Role as a philanthropist He wrote for a newspaper He also wanted to improve called the Pennsylvania Franklin also helped develop life for his own community Gazette. science ideas: by He also wrote for an Almanac -He set up the Philosophical -Setting up a fire service and which included useful Society which shares ideas and fire insurance news on Science. information such as weather -He published his ideas on -Building paving, cleaning reports. electricity. streets and setting up street Both of these publications let -He discovered the lightning rod lighting. him spread Enlightenment to help reduce damage of storms. -Improving policing in his ideas. -He built bifocal glasses for town. people. -He opened a library for his -He built street lamps. town. -He helped broaden his towns university to allow other students in and offer a wide range of subjects. -He set up a hospital for the poor.
King George’s War 1744-48
War between Britain vs French and Native Americans
Causes of the War What happened Consequences of the War -Both Britain and France 1) The Natives side with the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle wanted to take land from French at the start. Ended the war. The English Ohio, Native American 2) The French attack first gave Louisbourg back to territory attacking a British fishing the French. There was no -Both sides wanted to village at Louisbourg. territory gained. control the fur trade in 3) British then striked back He colonists: felt America. and took the fort at abandoned, angry at the -Both sides wanted to Louisbourg. But 100 death of so many people control rivers into America colonists were killed. and nothing achieved. Neither side made much progress throughout the war. 4) Natives eventually swap sides but is too late as peace is signed.
The French and Indian War or the Seven Years War
Causes of the War What happened Consequences of the War The Ohio problem was not 1) George Washington was Treaty of Paris sorted in the Treaty of Aix- sent to tell the French to Britain: secured all land east La-Chapelle with France stop building fort of the Mississippi and and Britain still both Duqenese. They ignored Florida off Spain wanting to settle their. him. Spain: secured territory -British established a fur 2) Washington attacked west of the Mississippi and trading outpost in Ohio. but was defeated and forced Cuba. to leave Fort Necessity. France: Some sugar islands. -Britain established a 3) At the start of the war BUT…. settlement called Halifax the British began to lose With the French defeated, there as well. badly, capturing several key colonists began to question -As a response the French forts. why they needed the British start to build forts in Ohio 4) Britain appointed a new anymore and attacked Halifax with Prime Minister William Pitt Colonists had new land and the Native Americans who made key changes to now controlled fur trade. the army: New land gain meant there 0Raised more troops and were French and Spanish supplies- sending 8,000 colonist in British America troops and 12 warships -Improved leadership by Proclamation Line sacking General Loudoun Told the colonist how to -Ease tension between run the new territories they Colonists and British had secured. soldiers by recognising -Also prevented colonists colonists ranks. from expanding westwards 5) This all helped to force in order to not annoy the the French out, allowing Native Americans further. Britain to retake Ohio. BUT…. 6) Then they turned their -Colonists annoyed that eyes to French Canada, they cannot cross it. General Wolfe lead the -People ignored the line. attack and by September -New traders of fur cheated 1760 the French the Native Americans. surrendered.
How did the French and Indian War damage relations between Britain and the colonists?
French and Indian War’s Impact on relations with the colonies
DAMAGE TO PERSONAL DAMAGE TO ECONOMIC DAMAGE TO POLITICAL RELATIONS RELATIONS RELATIONS The British thought that The cost of the war had been high The Americans wanted to start the colonists were poor for Britain. British people in take control of their own soldiers. America paid a lot more tax then economy by printing their own the American colonists. This money and taking control of the The colonists felt that the caused the British to hate the courts. British were too harsh on Americans. their soldiers. The British were very annoyed that This resulted in ill feelings instead of helping pay the debts, on either sides the Americans increased smuggling The Sugar Act -Designed to raise a lot of money quickly to help Britain pay off its war debt. -The tax on foreign sugar increased. -Reduce smuggling by introducing a new military court to deal with smugglers. It annoyed the colonists as it was the end of salutary neglect (Americans allowed to get away with not paying for stuff). The colonists responded by: -Smugglers continued to avoid the tax. -Leaders sent messages to England demanded it be stopped -James Otis wrote a pamphlet on the Rights of British America -Colonists tried to stop people joining the Navy. Britain had hoped to raise £78,000 a year but opposition meant very little was raised. Only when it was dropped to 1 p would people pay for it. Showed that if colonists didn’t want to pay it then custom officials would struggle to get the money.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Causes: With the war over, Britain no longer felt it needed the Native Americans. So Britain stopped the ‘gift-giving’ with the Natives which cuts the Natives off from weapons. Settlers were ignoring the Proclamation Line What happened A council of Native Americans united under the Native American chief Pontiac. They attacked the British forts in Ohio and after a year had captured them all apart from 2. They killed 2,000 colonists. Britain was surprised but quickly fought back spreading disease through blankets. Battle of Bushy Run- Britain retakes some of its forts. Devil’s Hole Massacre- Native Americans attack killing 73 British troops. Eventually the tribes alliance begins to break apart and seek peace. Consequences -Gift giving started again. -Proclamation line enforced. -Britain had to pay £44,000 for an army to be left in America. -British annoyed that the colonists cannot protect themselves.
Paxton Boys
Causes: Paxton Boys were a militia unit made up of Scot- Irish farmers to fight the Pontiac Rebellion. They were from Pennsylvania and annoyed that Pennsylvania government hadn’t done more. What happened Paxton Boys thought that a peaceful tribe of Native Americans had been hiding their enemies. 57 Paxton Boys killed 6 Native Americans. Out of fear, Native Americans decided to hide in Philadelphia. Paxton Boys heard of this and then decided to march on the city and kill the hiding Native Americans. Benjamin Franklin met with them and negotiated an end. They were let off their crimes and were promised more protection against the Natives.
1) What was the Great Awakening? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Give 3 impacts of the Great Awakening (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) What was the Enlightenment? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Give 3 impacts of the Enlightenment (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Explain 2 contributions Franklin made to Science (2 marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 ) Explain 2 contributions Franklin made as a philanthropist (2 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) List 2 causes of the King George War ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) Explain 3 key events from the King George War (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. 9) Explain was what included in the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… 10) How did the American colonists respond to the British peace deal? (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) Which American county was causing so many difficulties? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12) What did the English that offended the French? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13) How did the French respond? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14) Who was sent in order to calm the situation down by the British (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15) How successful was he? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ) Who originally began to make progress in the war? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17) Name 2 forts captured by the French? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 18) What was the key turning point in the war for the British? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………… (19) How did the person in number 18 impact on the army? (3 features) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (20) What 3 factors allowed General Wolfe to capture Quebec and Montreal from the French? (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
(21) What did the Treaty of Paris give each of these countries: (3 marks) Britain:………………………………………………………………………………………… Spain:………………………………………………………………………………………… France…………………………………………………………………………………………
(22) How did the colonists respond to the treaty? (2 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ….……………………………………………………………………………………………… …….…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….………………………………………………………………………………………… 23) What was the Sugar Act? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (24) How did the colonists oppose the Sugar Act? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (25) Give 2 reasons why relations with the Native Americans began to deteriorate (2 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (26) Summarise the 2 key events from Pontiac’s rebellion (2 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
(27) Explain how Britain responded to Pontiac’s rebellion (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (28) Explain 2 things Britain did to improve relations with the Natives (2 marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… (29) Describe the 3 events of the Paxton boys (3 marks) ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (30) How was the Paxton boys stopped? (1 mark) ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
Causes of the American Revolution
Stamp Act (1765) Success of the Stamp Act: A number of documents had to be printed on paper that was taxed; such as -No one would volunteer to collect it. newspapers and playing cards. People who -The Act was repealed (got rid off) did not pay went to a military court.
Response: -Sons of Liberty organisation was set up who organised opposition to the Stamp
-Riots: People attacked houses and burnt Act. Encouraging people not to become the paper in the streets. Tax collectors tax collectors and was successful. effigies were burnt. -Boycotts- People avoided buying British goods.
-United Opposition- The rights of the colonists were discussed.
Boston Massacre Liberty Poles Britain introduced a new custom tax, affecting Boston a port town the most. By 1769, Britain Physical poles set up in New had 4,000 troops in Boston in case of rebellion. York. It was to put up for In 1770 100 people threw snowballs at some colonists to meet to discuss soldiers, one soldier accidentally shot of his rifle; political matters, spread through out the colonies and the British 5 other soldiers fired. kept trying to pull it down. 5 people were killed.
It created propaganda for the Sons of Liberty to exploit anti-British feeling. A Committee of Correspondence was set up to improve relations Tea Act 1773, with other colonies. Allowed British tea to be sell at 3p rather than 12p. But the extra 3p tax was seen as outrageous. East India Company also now completely controlled the tea trade; annoying traders and merchants.
Boston Tea Party
Boston Committee of Correspondence began to guard the harbour as 3 tea ships arrived and stopped them from being unloaded 60 men disguised as Native Americans broke into the ships and threw all 342 chests into the sea.
British were horrified. £1 million of tea was destroyed. New Yok copied Boston.
First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress was Intolerable Acts a meeting of delegates from twelve 1774 the British introduced the Coercive/ Intolerable of the Thirteen Colonies. It agreed Acts just on Boston. to introduce a Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances, It included: which includes the rights they thought the colonists had. It also -Closing Boston’s ports to all traffic. It will only be formed an agreement that they reopened when the cost of the tea is repaid. would stop importing British goods and boycott British goods. It would -The council elected by the colonists, was got rid of also stop exporting products to and Britain appointed one instead. Britain. They formed a committee -Anyone who was accused of murder when stopping a to make sure that it was all obeyed. riot would not be tried in the colony and would go to England to have trial. -Quartering Act reintroduced- British soldiers to sleep in colonists homes.
This united the colonies as other colonies sent food to help Boston. It also led them to meet together as all the colonies at the Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress Battle of Lexington and Concord The colonists at the congress agreed to introduce an Olive Branch Petition, appeal to the King of England (George III) British general, Thomas Gage for him to repeal the Intolerable Acts. wanted to secure the colonists guns and ammo and arrest their However, while waiting for a response that could take months, they also appointed George Washington leaders. He sent his troops up to commander-in-chief of a new Continental Army. Officially get them but a battle started the Americans had now formed an army. killing 73 British troops and 49 They set up a Committee for Foreign Relations in order to colonists. Starting the war… negotiate with other countries and get their support to fight Britain. America also printed Spanish dollars to fund their war.
Thomas Paine’s ‘Common Sense’ Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet when the war started, arguing that: -He challenged the idea of the British monarchy which would limit the British Parliament. -In favour of America becoming an Independent country. As other countries will then help America -Form a new republic in which people could have a say in who runs them. He appealed to lots of people using everyday language and pictures, he changed the views of many colonists.
Declaration of Independence. The Congress formed an independence committee and in July 7th, the Declaration of Independence was announced. Thomas Jefferson, wrote most of the declaration. It is so important as it was a symbol of American independence. He: -Listed the natural rights that men had -He listed 18 crimes committed by the King of England on America. -He argued that the British had not protected their natural rights and the United States was born. It is important as it gave those Americans their freedom and something to fight for, and reasons for fighting against the British. It also for the first time ever used formally the ‘United States of America’ and that all the colonists’ idea were based on the natural rights. But it did not talk about the rights of Native Americans and Slaves. The War The English first focused on attacking the northern parts of the colonies and took Philadelphia and New York. Then the tide was turned when the Americans won the battle of Saratoga. Then a small number of battles in the south. Eventually, the English are defeated at the Battle of Yorktown and sue for peace.
Battle of Saratoga
Generals at the Battle of Saratoga: Major General John Burgoyne commanded the British and German force. Major General Horatio Gates and Brigadier Benedict Arnold commanded the American army.
Size of the armies at the Battle of Saratoga: The British force comprised some 5,000 British, Brunswickers, Canadians and Indians. By the time of the surrender the American force was around 12,000 to 14,000 militia and troops.
Winner of the Battle of Saratoga: The Americans forced the surrender of Burgoyne’s force.
The British planned to take New England by cutting off the American war. Gates marched his army through a forest at Bemis Heights but struggled to march more than a mile a day. The Americans blocked the path and attacked; eventually 5,800 English were forced to surrender.
Consequences:
-The British tried to secure peace by promising to send things back to how they were in 1763. The French decided to join the Americans to fight the British. The British general in charge General Howe, resigned and was replaced by General Clinton.
Battle of Yorktown
General Cornwallis was in charge of attacks in the south. He had some success. But he decided to rest his 7,200 men at Yorktown and set up a naval base. However the French admiral, de Grasse arrived with 20 ships and surrounded the port. Cornwallis was trapped. In 1781, 17,000 American and French soldiers under Washington attacked Yorktown. Cornwallis surrender and Britain sought peace to end the war.
Why were a bunch of American farmers able to defeat the well trained British army?
There are 3 factors:
-The role of General Washington
-The British mistakes
-The help of France and Spain
When the Americans He took opportunities He encouraged were defeated by the such as the British army colonists to British, he was able to would not in the winter. keep the American fight for him by So Washington attacked army together. By: giving them a the British at Trenten strategic retreats when cause to fight he knew he wouldn’t during the winter. for win, looking after his troops via inoculations and keeping discipline in the army.
He also gained Role of support of key figures including: Admiral de He paid for food or property out of his own pocket or got General Grasse and General receipts. Allowing to get an Lafayette By having army of 23,000 men Washington them join his military cabinet.
Huge organisation Bad planning When the Americans of supplies meant victories lost battles, the British problems- General led to heavy failed to catch them, Burgoyne took 30 carts of personal causalities. such as at Long Island clothes round when 9,000 escaped.
British British soldiers didn’t Poor communication care about the colonist between British generals and treated them badly who did not talk to each mistakes causing many of them other to join the rebels.
When France and Spain’s involvement The French gave Spain got involved meant Britain had to the Americans supplies about £48 against Britain. This have extra troops meant Britain had to million worth spread its navy across protect Florida all its empire across the world. During the war only 41% of the navy is in America
French generals French and helped Washington La Grasse’s fleet Spanish plan attacks and was sent to help battles America made up of 20 ships. involvement Treaty of Alliance
The Treaty of Paris (Yes….another one…..)
Ended the war between America and England.
Benjamin Franklin led the talks and agreed:
-USA would be independent
-Removal of British troops from America
-Fishing rights.
-Maintained good relations with the French.
This was great new for USA, who got great terms.
The losers were: Native Americans, the French and Colonists who supported England.
Who were the winners and losers of the Declaration of Independence?
Slaves Things got better Things got worse Some northern slaves used the Declaration of Independence declaration that said ‘all men born originally said ‘all men were created free’ to take their cases to court and equal’ but this was taken out. be freed. Depended on local circumstance.
Pennsylvania banned slavery But overtime those classed as Even in the South some ‘people’ was limited. improvement was made, owners were allowed to free slaves again. It did little to help slave freedom. Eventually slavery disappeared in the north but not in the south suggesting the declaration was limited.
Native Americans Things got better Things got worse Most Natives sided with Britain and when the war ended; they felt abandoned.
The new territory gained in the treaty meant that Americans and Natives continued to fight over time; with raids on settlements. The Natives were forced to flee to form a treaty.
Many of them left their land and moved to Spain.
Colonists loyal to Britain Things got better Things got worse Many loyalists moved to Quebec 20% of people remained loyal to and Nova Scotia. Here they got land Britain. grants to build things, set up their At the end of the war, many were own towns and freed slaves. attacked and beaten by American mobs. Their property was taken and sold by the rebels during the war. Most loyalists decided to leave America. Many slaves were given their freedom if they had fought for Britain and therefore left.
Q1 (8 marks) Q2 (8 marks) Q3 (16 marks)
British Explain two Write a narrative account of the ways in Explain two of the following: settlement consequences of King which piracy was suppressed in The importance of the Piracy in North George I’s Proclamation American waters in the years 1717- Act (1717) for the suppression America, (1717). c1720. of piracy. 1713-41 You may use the following in your The importance of the Stono answer: Rebellion (1739) for the George I’s Proclamation, 1717 government of South Carolina. Governor Spotswood The importance of the You must also use information of your Molasses Act (1733) for the own. colonial customs service. Explain two Write a narrative account analysing the consequences of the key events in the years 1739-40 leading Stono Rebellion (1739). to the suppression of slave rights in South Carolina. You may use the following in your answer: The Stono Rebellion, 1739 The Negro Act, 1740 You must also use information of your own. A disrupted Explain two Write a narrative account analysing the Explain two of the following: society, consequences of the key events of 1758-60 that led to the The importance of King 1742-64 French and Indian War French surrender. George’s War (1744-48) for for the American You may use the following in your relations between the British colonists in the years answer: colonists and the Native 1754-63. The French abandon Fort Americans. Duquesne (1758) The importance of the Paxton The capture of Montreal Boys (1763-64) for government (1760) in Pennsylvania. You must also use information of your own. Explain two Write a narrative account analysing the Explain two of the following: consequences for the key events of Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763- The importance of William American colonists of 66. Pitt’s appointment as prime Benjamin Franklin’s You may use the following in your minister in 1757 for the British work as a writer. answer: victory in the French and Indian Native American fears War. Devil’s Hole Massacre, 1763 The importance of the Treaty You must also use information of your of Paris of 1763 for the own. colonists in British America. The importance of the Sugar Act of 1764 for relations between Britain and its North American colonies. Explain two Explain two of the following: consequences of the The importance of Benjamin Treaty of Paris (1763). Franklin for intellectual developments in British America. The importance of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) for relations between the British colonists and the French in the years 1748-53. The importance of Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-66) for British attitudes to the Native Americans. Explain two consequences of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for relations between the British colonists and the Native Americans. The loss of Explain two Write a narrative account analysing the Explain two of the following: an empire, consequences of the key events of 1770-74 that led to the The importance of the Boston 1765-83 Stamp Act (1765). Intolerable Acts (1774). Tea Party for relations with You may use the following in your Britain, 1773-74. answer: The importance of the Battle of The Boston Massacre (1770) Saratoga (1777) for the The Boston Tea Party (1773) American victory in the war. You must also use information of your own. Explain two Write a narrative account analysing the Explain two of the following: consequences of the key events of 1778-83 that led to the The importance of the First British surrender at Treaty of Paris (1783). Continental Congress (1774) Saratoga (1777). You may use the following in your for relations between Britain answer: and British America. The French sign the Treaty of The importance of Thomas Alliance (1778) Paine’s Common Sense (1776) The British surrender at for the American colonists’ Yorktown (1781) attitude to Britain. You must also use information of your The importance of the own. Declaration of Independence (1776) for the development of the War of Independence. Explain two Explain two of the following: consequences of the The importance of the Sons of War of Independence Liberty for the failure of British (1775-83) for the Native attempts to tax the colonists. Americans. The importance of the surrender at Yorktown (1781) for the American victory in the war. The importance of the Declaration of Independence (1776) for slavery in the United States of America.