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La Costruzione Di Senso E Lo Scambio Di Risorse Simboliche”

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La Costruzione Di Senso E Lo Scambio Di Risorse Simboliche” Tesi di Dottorato in Linguistica “La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche” Metafore, frames e comunicazione Università degli Studi di Firenze Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Dottorato in Linguistica XXII ciclo. Anno 2010 Presentata da: Dott.ssa Ilaria La Mura __________________________ Relatore: Coordinatore Dottorato Prof. Leonardo M. Savoia Prof. Leonardo M. Savoia ________________________ ________________________ Codici disciplinari di riferimento: L-LING/01 SPS/08 Premessa La metafora appare come un atto necessario ed istintivo della mente che esplora la realtà ed ordina l‟esperienza... Tentare un esame approfondito della metafora vorrebbe dire addirittura tentare una ricerca sulla genesi del pensiero stesso. (J. M. Murry) La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 2 Sommario Introduzione 6 Capitolo 1 Teorie dello scambio simbolico 10 1.1 Comunicare senso: parole, discorso e metafora 10 1.1.1 Senso delle parole, senso del discorso 11 1.1.2 Il significato nella Linguistica Cognitiva fra 13 percezione, intenzione e contesto 1.1.3 La conoscenza incarnata 16 1.1.4 Da una teoria incarnata dei concetti al loro uso 21 1.2 Modelli del pensare metaforico 24 1.2.1 Sulle moderne teorie della metafora 25 1.2.2 Metafora come fatto del pensiero 32 1.2.3. Le forme della metafora e creazione di sistemi di 34 senso 1.2.4 La comprensione fra linguaggio e metafora 39 1.3 Status della metafora: fenomeno eccezionale? 44 1.3.1 Evoluzione della metafora fra pertinenza e ipotesi 49 concettuale Capitolo 2 L’indagine empirica 56 2.1 L’ipotesi di una teoria metaforica integrativa in 56 corpus di linguaggio politico. 2.1.1 Metafora e comunicazione politica 58 2.2 La ricerca sui sistemi metaforici 61 2.2.1 Obbiettivi e ipotesi 61 2.2.2 Metodologia 62 La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 3 2.3 Analisi e prime evidenze 71 2.4 Prime riflessioni 76 Capitolo 3 Schemi di orientamento del pensiero 83 3.1 Come analizzare il discorso della politica? 83 3.1.1 Livelli di analisi: parole chiave, frame, metafore 84 3.1.2 Cornici di senso: metafore e frames, quale legame? 86 3.1.3 Realizzare frames: dalla metafora al framing 93 3.2 Inquadrare la politica con frames e metafore 97 3.2.1 Un esempio di costruzione del framing politico 103 Capitolo 4 Le parole e il potere: per un “commento” su 109 testi politici 4.1 Strategie di comunicazione: Politiche 2008 109 4.2 La ricerca nella ricerca 111 4.2.1 Il progetto “Politiche 2008” dell‟Osservatorio 111 Mediamonitor - Università La Sapienza di Roma 4.2.2 L‟offerta di comunicazione politica in Italia nelle 114 campagne elettorali del 2008 4.2.3 I temi della campagna elettorale e i leader a 115 confronto 4.2.4 Commento in chiave linguistico-retorica di corpora 122 di testi di natura politica 4.2.5 Discorsi politici a confronto: breve analisi 127 linguistica 4.2.6 Per un “nuovo” sviluppo del leitmotive 141 La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 4 4.3 Politica delle metafore, metafore della politica 146 4.3.1 I Sistemi Metaforici nei Corpus 1 e Corpus 2 148 4.3.2 Il SMC bellico-sportivo-medico 151 4.3.3 “Noi” e “loro” nel frame bellico 162 4.3.4 L‟avversario da demolire 167 4.3.5 Scenari del nuovo 173 Capitolo 5 Conclusioni 183 5.1. Riflessioni conclusive 183 Bibliografia 190 Sitografia 203 La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 5 Introduzione Al di là dello specifico contributo alla discussione critica sulla campagna elettorale del 2008, il presente lavoro propone un esempio di analisi del discorso politico condotto in una prospettiva pluridisciplinare. Dal momento, infatti, che esso consiste in “una pratica semiotica complessa e multiforme” (Desideri 1984:11), altrettanto dovrà presentarsi lo strumentario del ricercatore che voglia produrre un‟indagine in grado di guardare al di là delle molteplici interpretazioni impressionistiche che circolano nello spazio pubblico (Tani, 2010 in corso di pubblicazione). Ai fini di restituire un commento quanto più multiforme possibile, in chiave linguistico-retorico di un corpus di testi di natura dichiaratamente politica (quali quelli dei discorsi pre-elettorali), ho ritenuto importante soffermarmi sullo scambio di risorse simboliche attuato da un oratore politico verso un vasto uditorio, rappresentativo del quale può essere senz‟altro l‟insieme dei cittadini/elettori. Fra le risorse simboliche più interessanti che, non solo un soggetto politico, ma chiunque nella vita di tutti i giorni può sperimentare, vi è senz‟altro la metafora concettuale. In tal senso, occorre premettere che nella costruzione del discorso politico gli aspetti pragmatici come il ricorso alla presupposizione, il rapporto dato/nuovo o, appunto, la questione del frame/focus, si rivelano particolarmente interessanti soprattutto se collegati a temi “caldi” della comunicazione politica come la costruzione dell‟accordo con l‟uditorio. Qui, è immediato riconoscere il legame che si può stabilire, infatti, con il problema del rapporto metafora/frame in quanto struttura concettuale che guida l‟interpretazione e l‟analisi di un problema politico. Già nella concezione interattiva o relazionale (Richards, 1967; Black, 1983), la metafora veniva sottratta alla tradizionale rappresentazione che ne faceva un fenomeno ornamentale circoscritto alla scelta del lessico, a favore di una concezione contestuale che chiama in causa il rapporto tra punto focale e cornice. Su questa base si svilupperà, in seguito, la teoria cognitiva di Lakoff e Johnson (1980), per cui le metafore non si esauriscono nelle espressioni linguistiche che le veicolano, ma attivano strutture concettuali profonde di cui rappresentano la manifestazione in superficie: La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 6 […] in una prospettiva cognitiva complessa, infatti, ciascun lessema può essere considerato come la manifestazione in superficie di sottostanti schemi concettuali e narrativi, scene prototipiche, che costituiscono il suo contesto standard di riferimento, cioè lo sfondo che permette di comprenderne il significato e regolarne l‟uso” (Tani, in corso di pubblicazione). Date queste premesse, il principale obiettivo sarà quindi l‟indagine di quella sottilissima linea di confine che si ha fra più discipline che riguardano le “scienze umane” (scienze della comunicazione, linguistico-retoriche, cognitive, sociologiche, etc.) al fine di giungere alla determinazione del “senso” veicolato attraverso risorse simboliche (come le metafore concettuali e i frames) di un corpus di testi di natura politica (corpora specialistico, ossia linguaggio politico tratto da un caso concreto quali le Campagne politiche pre-elettorali del 2008); attraverso un approccio corpus - assisted1. Il raggiungimento di questo scopo ha necessitato, in via preliminare, la presa di posizione in merito ai moderni orientamenti che vedono il fenomeno metaforico come elemento discriminante fra la teoria della metafora concettuale (TMC in Lakoff e Johnson, 1980) e quella deflazionista (Sperber e Wilson, 2006). Dal momento che il discorso politico è narratività della storia che il suo oratore intende evocare, la metafora è quindi figlia sia del pensiero (più o meno manifesto) del suo creatore, sia del contesto in cui esso la comunica. Motivo per cui, la presente tesi tratterà in primo luogo la complessità del fenomeno metaforico e la sua letteratura, cui seguirà una contestualizzazione dell‟argomento nell‟analisi critica del discorso politico. Nel Capitolo I - Teorie dello scambio simbolico, verrà infatti approfondito quello che è il panorama di comunicazione del senso, con una particolare attenzione a tutti quei modelli che sono stati determinanti per l‟elaborazione di teorie sul “pensare metaforico”. Il capitolo si concluderà con la valutazione di una Teoria Integrativa della Metafora (Mazzone, 2009), come possibile soluzione evolutiva del problema metaforico diviso fra tesi deflazionista e ipotesi concettuale. Proprio il Capitolo II - L‟indagine empirica, opera al fine di vagliare un set di ipotesi legate alla verifica di tale modello; attraverso le seguenti research questions: Individuazione del rapporto che intercorre fra comprensione di metafore convenzionali (MC) e metafore non convenzionali (MNC). Analisi del ruolo giocato da fattori contestuali, grado di convenzionalità e processi di mapping di domini concettuali in metafore di linguaggio politico. 1 Sono studi linguistici che integrano approcci quantitativi e qualitativi, utilizzando dati empirici emersi dall‟elaborazione dei corpora come “punto di partenza” per ulteriori analisi qualitative. La costruzione di senso e lo scambio di risorse simboliche Pagina 7 La presa di posizione nei confronti di un preciso modello teorico e sintetizzata nelle conclusioni del Capitolo II, sarà condizione necessaria per poter procedere alla seconda “anima” del presente lavoro. Questa si compone del Capitolo III – Schemi di orientamento del pensiero, che ha il compito di introdurre gli aspetti relativi alla comunicazione politica di stampo linguistico e al suo sviluppo all‟interno di contesti multidisciplinari. Inoltre, nella descrizione dell‟importanza della carica persuasiva dei linguaggi politici, verrà preso in esame anche il rapporto tra metafore, framework interpretativi e di elementi collocati nell‟area dell‟implicito che partecipano all‟azione di framing. Tali contenuti saranno funzionali all‟introduzione del Capitolo IV - Le parole e il potere: per un “commento” su testi politici, dove verrà illustrata,
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