The Study on Implementation of the BMA Subcenters Program in the Kingdom of (Case of Lat Krabang) Final Report

5.4.5 Solid Waste Management

(1) Existing Solid Waste Management System The office of the BMA conducts the solid waste collection works for the district. The average daily collected volume is estimated at around 210 ton/day in 2001 – 2003. The district office has 38 collection vehicles of which 35 vehicles are in operation and the others are in maintenance. Fourteen vehicles carry out the collection works in the study area. As the operated vehicles have a total capacity of 136.5 ton, the average daily number of round trips to the On-nut transfer station is estimated at 1.6 trips.

Table 5.35: Volume of Solid Waste Collected in the Lat Krabang District Year Population Collected Volume Unit Generation Rate (person) (ton/day) (kg/person/day) 2001 121,739 213 1.750 2002 126,792 206 1.625 2003 132,027 213 1.613 Source: Lat Krabang District office, BMA After the collected waste arrives at the On-nut transfer station it is then carried to the sanitary landfill site in the Bang Plee district of the . The transfer works are carried out by 40 trailers with a total capacity of 2,340 ton. The daily handling capacity of the transfer station is recorded at 3,103 – 3,599 ton/day in 2001 – 2004. The Public Cleansing Department (PCD) has been merged with the department responsible for green areas and parks to form one new department responsible for the environment. The former PCD had planned to shift the sanitary landfill site from the Bang Plee district to the Phanom Sarakham district, Chachangsao. The new landfill site is located 100 km east of the transfer station. It was opened in 2005 and has an area of 64 ha to serve a capacity of 3,500 ton/day of solid waste from the On-nut transfer station for a period of five years.

Figure 5.51: Location Map of Transfer Station and Sanitary Landfill Sites

(2) Outline Plan for Solid Waste Management The solid waste will be collected from a station in the study area and carried to the On-nut transfer station of the Lat Krabang district office under the BMA. The collected waste will then be transferred to the Tha Tan disposal site in Phanom Sarakham district, Chachangsao.

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As the life span of this disposal site is only five years, the BMA will be required to provide a new disposal site as a task for the solid waste management of the whole administrative area.

(3) Solid Waste Generation Rate The solid waste generation rates by land use type are specified in the existing master plans of the national solid waste management plan and the master plan of solid waste management in the BMA area. The structure of the solid waste is also specified in those plans.

Table 5.36: Solid Waste Generation Rate Specified in Existing Master Plans Land Use Unit Unit Rate Residential*1 kg/capita/day 1.000 Commercial*2 kg/capita/day 0.228 Office*2 kg/capita/day 0.251 Education*2 kg/capita/day 0.289 Industrial*2 kg/m2/day 0.058 Source: *1 – National Solid Waste Management Plan, 2003 *2 – The Study on Review and Master Plan of Solid Waste Management in the BMA area, 1999

Table 5.37: Structure of Solid Waste in Existing Master Plans Land Use Recycle Food Waste Hazardous General Total Waste Waste (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Residential*1 5.08 24.58 0.37 69.97 100.00 Commercial*1 45.99 25.96 0.20 27.85 100.00 Office*2 9.19 18.9 2.59 69.32 100.00 Source: *1- The Study on Review and Master Plan of Solid Waste Management in the BMA Area, 1999 *2- The Study on Enhancing the Efficiency of Solid Waste Management for District Office, 2000 Based on the standard generation rates, the solid waste generation rates are set at 1.000 kg/person/day for residential and 0.210 – 0.560 kg/person/day for the other land uses in the study area.

Table 5.38: Solid Waste Generation Rates in the Study Area Land Use Solid Waste Generation Rate Note (kg/person/day) Residential 1.000 Residential Culture Town 0.240 Average Amount of Commercial and Office Trade & Distribution 0.560 Average Amount of Commercial and Industrial Hybrid Town Center 0.240 Average Amount of Commercial and Office RD&D & Enterprise 0.251 Office Public Facilities 0.251 Office Value Creation 0.289 Education

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Table 5.39: Structure of Solid Waste in the Study Area Land Use Recycle Food Haz. General Total Note Waste Waste Waste (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Residential/ Park & Green 5.08 24.58 0.37 69.97 100.00 Residential Areas Culture Town/ Trade & Avg. of Office Distribution/ Hybrid Town 27.59 22.43 1.395 48.585 100.00 and Commercial Center RD&D & Enterprise/ Public Facilities/Value 9.19 18.9 2.59 69.32 100.00 Office Creation

(4) Estimate of Daily Generated Solid Waste The solid waste generated daily in 2035 is estimated at 197.9 ton/day. Based on the population ratio to the population in 2035, the solid waste generated daily is estimated at 63.9 ton/day and 104.0 ton/day in 2015 and 2025, respectively.

Table 5.40: Estimate of Solid Waste Generated Daily in the Study Area (ton/day) Land Use 2015 2025 2035 Residential Others Total Residential-Low Rise 4.54 7.14 13.15 0.33 13.48 Residential-Middle-High Rise 28.27 44.33 82.40 1.29 83.69 Culture Town 7.80 12.25 22.60 0.54 23.14 Trade & Distribution 7.18 12.49 15.00 9.10 24.10 Hybrid Town Center 4.07 6.85 9.60 3.53 13.13 RD&D & Enterprise 11.80 20.43 25.13 14.24 39.37 Public Facilities 0.13 0.28 0.00 0.55 0.55 Value Creation 0.10 0.22 0.00 0.44 0.44 Total 63.89 103.99 167.88 30.03 197.91 The estimated volume of solid waste will mainly consist of general waste and food at 92.0% (or 183.0 ton/day) in total. Recycled material and hazardous wastes are estimated to have a share of 8.0% (or 15.0 ton/day).

Table 5.41: Structure of Solid Waste in the Study Area in 2035 Land Use Hazardous General Recycle Food Total Waste Waste Residential-Low Rise 0.70 3.29 0.06 9.43 13.48 Residential-Middle-High Rise 4.30 20.50 0.34 58.55 83.69 Culture Town 1.30 5.68 0.09 16.08 23.14 Trade & Distribution 3.27 5.73 0.18 14.92 24.10 Hybrid Town Center 1.46 3.15 0.08 8.43 13.13 RD&D & Enterprise 2.59 8.87 0.46 27.46 39.37 Public Facilities 0.05 0.10 0.01 0.38 0.55 Value Creation 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.30 0.44 Total 13.71 47.41 1.24 135.55 197.91

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(5) Type of Collection Vehicles The type of collection vehicles to be used will be consistent with the land use plan and will be based on the conditions listed below. 1) The type of existing collection vehicles shall be maintained after the development, because those vehicles are assumed to be suitable for the existing land use and road networks. 2) The type of collection vehicles in the regulatory controlled areas shall be the same as the existing vehicles, because the land use in those areas may be formulated in the same way as the existing developed areas. 3) The type of collection vehicles in the new development areas shall be vehicles with a relatively large capacity, because the planned road width is wider than the existing roads. 4) The weight of solid waste collected by the compactor and side-loaded trucks shall have the share same as in current practices at 55%. The containers shall collect the remaining 45% of the waste. 5) The type of collection vehicles shall be designed to comply with the productivity rates of 3 ton/worker/day and 10 ton/vehicle/day which are specified in the Master Plan of Solid Waste Management. The purchase cost shall be minimized through the proper selection of the collection vehicles. 6) Compactor trucks shall be used in the ordinary developed areas, while containers will be used for the special areas, such as commercial and industrial areas.

Table 5.42: Collection Area by Type of Collection Vehicle Type of Vehicle Collection Area Compactor Truck - Residential area - Stations in the area where the station has a large capacity for multi-story Loaded Containers housing, commercial, industrial, and educational facilities. - Stations along wide roads which are accessed from narrow roads. The average daily collection capacity by type of collection vehicle is estimated based on the number of trips by traveling distance and collection time, as mentioned below. 1) Number of trips based on the collection time (Ta: trip/vehicle/day) = Working hours (hour/day) / (Traveling time to the collection area (hour) + Collection time (hour) + Traveling time to the transfer station (hour)) 2) Number of trips based on the traveling distance (Tb: trip/vehicle/day) = Average traveling distance (km/day) / (Traveling distance to the collection area (km) + Traveling distance for collection works (km) + Traveling distance to the transfer station (km)) 3) Average number of trips (T: trip/vehicle/day) = (A + B) / 2 4) Average daily collection capacity (ton/vehicle/day) = T x Design capacity of vehicle (ton/vehicle)

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Table 5.43: Average Collection Capacity and Productivity by Type of Vehicle in the Study Area Item Container Container Compactor Compactor Compactor (6 wheels/ (6 wheels/ 5 1.5 ton) ton) (2 ton) (5 ton) (12 ton) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (km) (min (km) (min (km) (min (km) (min (km) (min ) ) ) ) ) Collection Work - 10 - 10 5 50 10 90 15 220 Travel to Collection Area 10 30 10 30 10 30 10 30 10 30 Travel to Transfer Station 7 21 7 21 7 21 7 21 7 21 Unloading at Transfer Station - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 Net Traveling Distance (km/trip) 17 - 17 - 22 - 27 - 32 - Net Collection Time per Round Trip (min/trip) - 71 - 71 - 111 - 151 - 281 Net Daily Trip (trips/day) 2.6 5.9 2.6 5.9 2.0 3.8 1.7 2.8 1.4 1.5 Average Daily Trip (trips/day) 4.3 4.3 2.9 2.2 1.5 Number of Workers (person) 2 2 4 4 5 Productivity (ton/vehicle/day) 6.4 21.4 5.8 11.1 17.4 Productivity (ton/worker/day) 3.2 10.7 1.5 2.8 3.5 Note: 1) Column (1) means the traveling distance. 2) Column (2) means the collection time. 3) Average travel distance is recorded at 45 km/vehicle/day in the range of 20 – 100 km/vehicle/day in 2004 by the Lat Krabang district office. 4) Working time is set at 7 hours/day excluding 1 hour for rest. 5) Average travel velocity is set at 20 km/hour. 6) The average traveling distance from the four corners of the study area to the south west edge is applied for the traveling distance to the transfer station. Based on the directions mentioned above, the existing vehicles types are adopted for the existing developed areas and the regulatory controlled areas. The 12 ton compactors and/or 5 ton compactors are applied for the new development areas as shown in the figures below.

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Figure 5.52: Existing Type of Collection Vehicle

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Figure 5.53: Planned Type of Collection Vehicle

(6) Estimated Number of Collection Vehicles for the Sub-center Development The proposed number of collection vehicles is estimated for 2015, 2025, and 2035. The collection capacity needs to be reinforced through the provision of one additional 12 ton compactor until 2025 and another set of a 12 ton compactor, 5 ton compactor, and 2 ton compactor until 2035. The number of vehicles needs to be increased from the existing 14 vehicles to 18 vehicles in 2035. The productivity is planned to be 11.0 ton/vehicle/day and 3.2 ton/worker/day which complies with the BMA’s policy.

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Table 5.44: Estimated Number of Collection Vehicles in the Study Area Item Unit 2003 2015 2025 2035 Daily Waste Volume ton/day 32.0 63.9 104.0 197.9 Side Loaded (1.5 t) vehicle 1 1 1 1 Container (4-wheels/1.5t) vehicle 1 - - - Container (6-wheels/1.5t) vehicle 1 2 2 2 Container (6-wheels/5.0t) vehicle 4 4 4 4 Compactor (2.0t) vehicle 3 3 3 4 Compactor (5.0t) vehicle 4 4 4 5 Compactor (12.0t) vehicle - - 1 2 Total No. of Vehicles vehicle 14 14 15 18 No. of Workers person 44 44 49 62 Collection Capacity ton/day 164.8 164.8 182.2 216.6 Productivity ton/vehicle/day 2.3 4.6 6.9 11.0 ton/worker/day 0.7 1.5 2.1 3.2 Cost million baht 25.8 29.3 36.3 Note: The district office has a plan to replace the Loaded Container Truck (4-wheels) with Loaded Container Truck (6-wheels).

(7) Estimated Number of Collection Vehicles in the District The collection capacity at the district level is confirmed in the same way as for the study area. The results indicate that a 5 ton compactor and a 12 ton compactor will be required as well as the additional four vehicles for the study area in order to manage the increased volume of solid waste from the sub-center development.

Table 5.45: Required Number of Collection Vehicles in the District Item Unit 2003 2015 2025 2035 Daily Generated Solid Waste ton/day 213.0 244.9 285.0 378.9 Increase by Subcenter ton/day 0.0 31.9 72.0 165.9 Side Loaded (1.5t) vehicle 2 2 2 2 Container (4-wheels/1.5t) vehicle 1 0 0 0 Container (6-wheels/1.5t) vehicle 4 5 5 5 Container (6-wheels/5.0t) vehicle 8 8 8 8 Compactor (2.0t) vehicle 5 5 5 6 Compactor (5.0t) vehicle 12 14 14 16 Compactor (12.0t) vehicle 2 2 3 5 Total Number of Vehicles vehicle 34 36 37 42 Collection Capacity ton/day 288.0 308.6 325.0 383.8 Total Number of Workers person 112 120 125 147 Productivity ton/vehicle/day 6.3 6.8 7.7 9.0 ton/person/day 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.6 Note: 1) Lat Krabang district office has the plan to purchase two 5 ton compactor trucks in 2006. 2) The district office has the plan to replace the loaded container truck (4-wheels) with the loaded container truck (6-wheels). 3) An additional 5 ton compactor and a 12 ton compactor are required to collect the solid waste in 2035.

(8) Handling Capacity of the Transfer Station and Disposal Site The average handling volume of the On-nut transfer station was 3,416 ton/day for the period between 2001 and 2004. The transfer capacity to the Tha Tan disposal site using the existing transfer trucks (at 4,680 ton/day) is confirmed to be sufficient to handle the waste volume

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Table 5.46: Capacity of On-nut Transfer Station and Tha Tan Disposal Site Item Unit Current 2015 2025 2035 Un-loaded Volume ton/day 3,416 3,448 3,488 3,582 Increase by Sub-center ton/day 0 32 72 166 Transportation No. of Vehicles vehicle 40 40 40 40 Capacity to Unit Capacity ton/vehicle 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Disposal Site No. of Trips to Disposal Site trip/day 2 2 2 2 Total Transfer Capacity ton/day 4,680 4,680 4,680 4,680 Disposal Capacity (Tha Tan Disposal Site) ton/day 3,500 (3,500) (3,500) (3,500) Note: 1) Current un-loaded volume is the average between 2001 and 2004. 2) Design period of the Tha Tan disposal site is set at 5 years.

5.5 Planning of Public Facilities

5.5.1 Existing Public Facilities

(1) Educational Facilities In the study area, there are four public and two private schools, of which one private school is a vocational school. These schools cover the education levels from pre-primary to junior secondary, however there is no senior secondary level. Except for Daeng Pao school, the schools are all located along Rom Klao and On-nut Roads and therefore the service range of the schools does not cover the part of the study area to the north of the expressway. Based on telephone inquiries, the number of pupils and classrooms are as tabulated below. The distribution of the education facilities are illustrated on the following pages.

Table 5.47: Existing Education Facilities in the Study Area Ownershi Junior School Pre-primary Primary p Secondary No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of CRs Pupils CRs Pupils CRs Pupils Sarasat Withet Rom Klao Private 39 1,170 64 2,240 4 110 Wat Sangkha Racha Public 4 132 14 466 8 281 Wat Lan Bun Public 10 288 30 1,225 2 101 Prawet Phitthayakhan Public 0 0 3 79 0 0 Wang Dek Krit Slip Witthaya Public 61,100000 0 Daeng Pao Private 2 42 6 161 0 0 Total - 612,732 117 4,171 14 492 Public only - 16 462 53 1,931 10 382 Source: JICA Study Team Note: CR means classroom

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Figure 5.54: Existing Pre-primary School(s) in and around the Study Area

Figure 5.55: Existing Primary School(s) in and around the Study Area

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Figure 5.56: Existing Junior Secondary School(s) in and around the Study Area

Figure 5.57: Existing Senior Secondary School(s) in and around the Study Area

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Figure 5.58: Existing Vocational School in and around the Study Area

(2) Medical Facilities With regard to primary health, the study area is served by two public health centers and one private health center. For the secondary health level, the study area is covered by two general hospitals, namely, the Siritthon hospital with 103 beds and the Lat Krabang hospital with 60 beds. The location of the medical facilities is illustrated below.

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Figure 5.59: Existing Medical Facilities in and around the Study Area

(3) Other Public Facilities The location of other public facilities was confirmed using the district maps issued by the BMA and the city maps as mentioned below. 1) Public Facilities: There are no public facilities, such as district offices, police stations, fire stations, and post offices in the study area. In the BMA Comprehensive Plan, the service range of the police station and fire station are defined as a radius of 1.5 km and 4.8 km, respectively. However, limited parts of the study area are covered by two police stations located on Rom Klao Road in the north and Prawet in the west. 2) Public Parks: The Lat Krabang district has 61 green areas and parks for which the total land area amounts to 32.8 ha. Although the Comprehensive Plan designates a district park as an area of 16 ha and sets up a target green area ratio of 4.0 m2/person, there are no public parks in the study area. In the Prawet district, there is a large park with an area of 80 ha. It is the Rama IX park owned by the Suan Luang Rama IX Foundation. 3) Commercial Facilities: There are no large-scale commercial facilities in the study area. The nearest commercial facility, Pi Nang Prawet market, is located at the intersection of Charoem Phra Kiat Rama 9 Road and the On-nut Road. Other large-scale facilities are located within a 10 km radius of the study area a west and north direction. Most of these facilities are located along Srinakharin Road.

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Table 5.48: Green Areas and Parks in Three Districts District Quantity Land Area (location) (ha) Lat Krabang 61 32.8 Saphan Sung 44 9.5 Prawet 19 283.2

Figure 5.60: Existing Public Facilities in and around the Study Area

(4) Neighborhood Units and Basic Composition of Public Facilities Neighborhood units are planned to allow for the distribution of the communal facilities and are defined by the service area of the primary school in the study area. In the BMA comprehensive plan and the DPT standard, the service area of the primary school is defined as mentioned below. 1) In the DPT standard, the number of households per primary school is specified as 14,000 households for nine schools. Based on the average household size of 3.9 persons/household in accordance with the social survey, the average population per primary school is estimated at around 6,000 persons. 2) In the BMA comprehensive plan, the service range is specified as a radius of 1.0 km. Since the average population density is set at 37 persons/ha in the BMA area, the average population per primary school is estimated at 11,600 persons.

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Based on these requirements, the standard neighborhood unit is defined as an area with population of 5,000 – 10,000 persons in the range of 1.0 km in radius. As a result, the study area is divided into 17 neighborhood units.

Figure 5.61: Distribution of Neighborhood Units and Population

Each neighborhood unit shall be provided with public facilities for education, medical service, green areas, social welfare, and social security. These facilities are required to satisfy the basic living conditions of residents. The public facilities will be as listed below. 1) Education: Pre-primary, primary, junior secondary, senior secondary, and vocational schools. 2) Medical services: Health centers and general hospitals. 3) Green areas: Pocket parks, neighborhood parks, and district parks. 4) Social welfare: Day nurseries, youth centers, and community centers. 5) Social security: Police stations and fire stations. In order to create a synergy in communal activities, the public facilities are distributed on four different levels based on the service range. At the basic level of 1.0 km in radius, the primary school is planned as the core facility in the community. At this level, the youth center and neighborhood park are allocated next to the primary school. At the lower level of 0.5 km in radius, the pre-primary school is considered as the core facility that will be strengthened by a

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Figure 5.62: Layout of Public Facilities

5.5.2 Educational Facilities

(1) Pre-primary School The number of pre-primary schools will be increased from the existing three schools to 33 schools in 2035. The planning criteria for the primary schools is set up in accordance with the DPT standard and the BMA comprehensive plan. 1) Age group ratio: 4.4% for 3 – 5 year olds (the social survey), 2) Number of students per classroom: 30 students/classroom (the DPT standard), 3) Number of classroom per school: 4 – 10 classrooms/school (Existing schools have ten classrooms in the Wat Lan Bun School and two classrooms in the Wat Sankha Racha School, while the number of classrooms in the DPT standard is estimated at two classrooms. (1,600 households x 3.9 persons per household x 4.4% / 4 schools / 30 students/ classroom = 2.3 classrooms/school)) 4) Service range: 0.5 km in radius (the BMA comprehensive plan),

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5) Land area: 1,600 m2/school (the DPT standard)

Table 5.49: Number of Classrooms at Pre-primary Level in 2035 Population No. of Students Required No. No. of Existing No. of New Item (person) (person) of Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Quantity 167,880 7,382 248 22 226

Figure 5.63: Distribution of Pre-primary Schools in 2035

(2) Primary Schools New primary schools will be required in 17 locations in 2035 based on the conditions mentioned below. 1) Age group ratio: 8.8% for 6 – 11 year olds (the social survey) 2) Number of student per classroom: 40 students/classroom (the DPT standard) 3) Number of classroom per school: 13 – 30 classrooms/school (Existing schools have 30 classrooms in the Wat Lan Bun School and 14 classrooms in the Wat Sankha Racha School, while the number of classrooms in the DPT standard is assumed at 13 classrooms/school. (14,000 households x 3.9 persons per household x 8.8% / 9 schools / 40 students/school = 13.3 classrooms/school))

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4) Service range: 1.0 km radius (the BMA comprehensive plan) 5) Land area: 8,000 – 11,000 m2/school for 13 – 30 classrooms in accordance with the standard in Japan, while the minimum land area is set at 8,000 m2 in the DPT standard.

Table 5.50: Number of Classrooms at Primary Level in 2035 Population No. of Students Required No. No. of Existing No. of New Item of Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Quantity 167,880 14,774 371 53 322

Figure 5.64: Distribution of Primary Schools in 2035

(3) Junior Secondary Schools New junior secondary schools will be required in ten locations in 2035 based on the conditions mentioned below. 1) Age group ratio: 4.4% for 12 – 14 year olds (the social survey) 2) Number of students: 40 students/classroom (the DPT standard) 3) Number of classrooms per school: 12 – 24 classrooms/school (The number of classrooms in the DPT standard and existing schools amounts to a low level. Existing

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schools have two classrooms in the Wat Lan Bun School and eight classrooms in the Wat Sankha Racha School, while the number of classrooms in the DPT standard is assumed at seven classrooms/school. (1,600 households x 3.9 persons/household x 4.4% / 1 school / 40 students/classroom = 6.9 classrooms/school). The number of classrooms is planned to be in accordance with the normal size in Japan.) 4) Service range: 1.5 km radius (the BMA comprehensive plan) 5) Land area: 12,000 – 13,000 m2/school for 12 – 24 classrooms in accordance with the standard in Japan, while the minimum land area is set at 12,000 m2 in the DPT standard.

Table 5.51: Number of Classrooms at Junior Secondary Level in 2035 Population No. of Students Required No. No. of Existing No. of New Item of Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Quantity 167,880 7,386 185 10 175

Figure 5.65: Distribution of Junior Secondary Schools in 2035

(4) Senior Secondary Schools New senior secondary schools will be required in ten locations in 2035 based on the conditions mentioned below.

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1) Age group ratio: 4.8% for 15 – 17 year olds (the social survey) 2) Number of student per classroom: 30 students/classroom (the DPT standard) 3) Number of classrooms: 25 – 40 classrooms/school. (The number of classrooms in the DPT standard is assumed at 25 classrooms/school (4,000 households x 3.9 persons per household x 4.8% / 1 school / 30 students/classroom = 25.0 classrooms/school), while the normal number of classrooms is in the range of 33 – 47 classrooms/school in Japan.) 4) Service range: 1.5 km radius (the BMA comprehensive plan) 5) Land area: 18,000 m2/school for 25 – 40 classrooms (the DPT standard.)

Table 5.52: Number of Classrooms at Senior Secondary Level in 2035 Population No. of Students Required No. of Item Classrooms Quantity 167,880 8,058 269

Figure 5.66: Distribution of Senior Secondary Schools in 2035

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(5) Vocational and Higher Education Schools In accordance with the DPT standard and the BMA comprehensive plan, new vocational schools are required in five locations in 2035. These special education facilities may include international schools and/or other higher education institutions. 1) Population per school: 27,300 persons/school (In the DPT standard, a vocational school is required for every 7,000 households.) 2) Service range: 1.5 km in radius (the BMA comprehensive plan) 3) Land area: 16,000 m2/school (the DPT standard.)

Figure 5.67: Distribution of Vocational Schools in 2035

5.5.3 Medical Facilities

(1) Health Center New health centers (HC) are required in 17 locations to form the proposed neighborhood units. The distribution of the HC’s is adjusted in accordance with the location of the primary schools and to comply with the requirements of the DPT standard and the BMA comprehensive plan. 1) Population per health center (HC): 10,000 persons/HC (the DPT standard)

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2) Service range: 1.0 km in radius (The service range of HC’s is adjusted to that of the primary school, while the service range of HC’s is specified at 2.0 km in the BMA comprehensive plan.) 3) Land area: 1,600 m2/HC which is a similar size to the existing HC’s in and around the study area.

Figure 5.68: Distribution of Health Centers in 2035

(2) General Hospitals The existing population of 196,000 persons in the service range of the Lat Krabang and Siritton hospitals will be increased to around 329,000 persons by 2035 due to the sub-center development.

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Table 5.53: Population served by Siritthon and Lat Krabang Hospitals in 2035 (persons) Population in the Service Areas in Planned Population in the District 2003 Population in the Service Areas in Population in the Study Area 2035

Study Area Lat Krabang 71,517 23,602 144,830 192,745 Prawet 80,450 5,758 16,720 91,412 Saphang Sung 38,513 1,313 6,450 43,650 Bang Kapi 1,149 0 0 1,149 Total 191,629 30,673 168,000 328,956 Source: JICA Study Team Note: The service area is set at a 5.0 km radius from the hospitals. In the DPT standard, the required number of hospital beds is specified at around 1,670 persons/bed. Therefore the number of beds will need to be increased to 197 beds in 2035 which will exceed the 163 beds available in the existing two hospitals. A new hospital will be required to provide the additional 34 beds. 1) The population per bed: 1,667 persons/bed (In the DPT standard, a hospital with not less than 60 beds is required for 100,000 population.) 2) Service range: 5.0 km in radius (the BMA comprehensive plan) 3) Land area: 24,000 m2/hospital for a hospital with 30 beds (the DPT standard)

Table 5.54: Required Number of Beds in 2035 Item Unit Current 2035 Existing No. of Beds bed 163 163 Required No. of Beds bed 115 197 Required Additional No. of Beds bed 0 34 Additional No. of Hospitals location 0 1 Note: The existing number of beds is 103 beds at the Siritthon Hospital and 60 beds at the Lat Krabang Hospital in 2003.

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Figure 5.69: Distribution of General Hospitals in 2035

5.5.4 Public Parks Public parks are required to comply with the requirements of the DPT standard and the BMA comprehensive plan. In the former standard, there are requirements for the land area and service range, however in the BMA plan the green area per capita must be not less than 4.0 m2/person, resulting in a district park of 16 ha in the study area.

Table 5.55: The DPT Standard for Parks Service Range Land Area Category (km) (m2) Pocket Park 1 Not more than 3,200 Neighborhood Park 1 - 3 3,200 - 40,000 Community Park 3 - 8 40,000 - 200,000 District Park Not specified 200,000 - 800,000

Table 5.56: BMA Standard for Parks Item Unit Requirement Land Area per Capita m2/person 2.5 (in 2007), 3.5 (in 2017), and 4.0 (in 2027) Land Area of District Park m2 160,000 Source: BMA comprehensive plan

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The planning criteria for parks and green areas in the study area is for one pocket park for the pre-primary school’s service range and one neighborhood park at the primary school level. These two kinds of public parks will provide the necessary green areas for residents in the neighborhood units. At the district level, a district park is planned in the central part of the new development area.

Table 5.57: Planning Criteria for Parks and Green Areas in the Study Area Item Unit Requirement Note Minimum Green Area per Capita m2/person 4.0 Land Area per Pocket Park m2 3,200 Pre-primary school level Land Area per Neighborhood Park m2 9,600 Primary school level Land Area per District Park m2 160,000

The total land area of the public parks is estimated at 87.6 ha which is supplemented by the green buffers of 12.3 ha. The total green area is estimated at 99.3 ha. As a result, the green area per capita is estimated at 5.95 m2/person which is larger than the requirements in the BMA comprehensive plan.

Table 5.58: Park and Green Areas in the Study Area in 2035 Category Quantity Land Area per Green Area Land Area m2/park ha Pocket Park 29 3,200 9.3 Neighborhood Park 17 9,600 16.3 District Park 1 620,000 62.0 Total Park Area - - 87.6 Green Buffer 6 Various 12.3 Total Green Area - - 99.3 Note: Required green area = 168,000 persons x 4 m2/person = 67.2 ha

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Figure 5.70: Distribution of Pocket Parks in 2035

Figure 5.71: Distribution of Neighborhood Parks in 2035

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The public parks and green buffer areas shall be interconnected by the riverside green areas and the roadside green areas to form a green network in the study area.

Figure 5.72: Distribution of District Park and Green Network in 2035

5.5.5 Social Welfare Facilities Social welfare facilities are planned for the communal units in the service areas of the pre-primary, primary, and secondary schools.

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Table 5.59: Planning Criteria for Social Welfare Facilities in the Study Area Quantity Facility Concept for Distribution (location) Provided in the service range of the Day Nursery 30 pre-primary school to ensure easy access. Provided in the service range of the primary Youth Center 17 school to serve the children. Provided in the service range of the secondary Community Center 10 school to establish the communal core. Provided in the service range of the secondary Center for the Aged 10 school to establish the communal core. Provided in the service range of the secondary Library 10 school to establish the communal core.

Figure 5.73: Distribution of Day Nurseries in 2035

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Figure 5.74: Distribution of Youth Centers in 2035

Figure 5.75: Distribution of Other Social Welfare Facilities in 2035

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5.5.6 Social Security Facilities In the BMA comprehensive plan, police stations are required to have a service range of 1.5 km in radius and a serviced population of 65,292 persons/station. Therefore, in 2035 new police stations will be required in three locations in the study area. Furthermore, one new fire station will be required to comply with the requirements in the BMA comprehensive plan.

Table 5.60: Planning Criteria for Social Security Facilities in the Study Area in 2035 Item Unit Quantity Planned Population person 168,000 Population per Police Station*1 person/station 65,292 No. of Police Stations by Population station 3 Service Range in Radius*1 km 1.5 No. of Police Stations by Service Range station 3 Note: *1) Standard as specified in the BMA Comprehensive Plan

Figure 5.76: Distribution of Social Security Facilities in 2035

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