ISSN 2056-5135 Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2020 Published by Johnson Matthey www.technology.matthey.com © Copyright 2020 Johnson Matthey Johnson Matthey Technology Review is published by Johnson Matthey Plc. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. You may share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. You must give appropriate credit to the author and publisher. You may not use the material for commercial purposes without prior permission. You may not distribute modifi ed material without prior permission. The rights of users under exceptions and limitations, such as fair use and fair dealing, are not aff ected by the CC licenses. www.technology.matthey.com www.technology.matthey.com Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Contents Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2020 234 Guest Editorial: Johnson Matthey Technology Review Special Edition on Clean Mobility By Andy Walker 236 Powering the Future through Hydrogen and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells By Bo Ki Hong, Sae Hoon Kim and Chi Myung Kim 252 Exploring the Impact of Policy on Road Transport in 2050 By Huw Davies 263 Sustainable Aviation Fuels By Ausilio Bauen, Niccolò Bitossi, Lizzie German, Anisha Harris and Khangzhen Leow 279 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Drivers and Future Station Planning By Scott Kelley, Michael Kuby, Oscar Lopez Jaramillo, Rhian Stotts, Aimee Krafft and Darren Ruddell 287 Battery Materials Technology Trends and Market Drivers for Automotive Applications By Sarah Ball, Joanna Clark and James Cookson 298 Adaptable Reactors for Resource- and Energy-Efficient Methane Valorisation (ADREM) By Emmanouela Korkakaki, Stéphane Walspurger, Koos Overwater, Hakan Nigar, Ignacio Julian, Georgios D. Stefanidis, Saashwath Swaminathan Tharakaraman and Damjan Lašič Jurković 307 Electric Vehicles and Their Role in the Energy System By Archie Corliss 320 Future Regulatory, Market and Technology Trends in the Global Passenger Car and Commercial Vehicle Sectors By Andy Walker 338 East Asian Transportation By Sergei Popov, Oleg Baldynov, Konstantin Korneev and Darya Maksakova 353 “Graphene-Based Nanotechnologies for Energy and Environmental Applications” A book review by Velram Mohan 357 The Role of Zero and Low Carbon Hydrogen in Enabling the Energy Transition and the Path to Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Sam French 371 Johnson Matthey Highlights 374 Evolution in the Engine Room: A Review of Technologies to Deliver Decarbonised, Sustainable Shipping By Joseph McCarney https://doi.org/10.1595/205651320X15874763002058 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2020, 64, (3), 234–235 www.technology.matthey.com Guest Editorial Johnson Matthey Technology Review Special Edition on Clean Mobility The world is at the start of an energy revolution: sectors. While electricity generation is the largest the biggest energy transformation since the contributor, the transportation sector comes Industrial Revolution, during which the use of second, accounting for around 23% of global CO2 fossil fuels drove growth and prosperity, with emissions. global temperature increase implications that Figure 2 looks into the transport sector in a we have only started to understand relatively little more detail, revealing that passenger road recently. This energy revolution will drive the vehicles contribute almost half (45%) of transport world towards a lower carbon, more sustainable CO2, with freight vehicles accounting for another future, with major implications for energy and 30%, so road transport accounts for almost electricity generation, heating, industrial power 75% of the emissions. The aviation and shipping and transportation. Governments, states and industries also release large levels of CO2, each at regions are proposing, and in some cases (such around 11% of global transport-derived emissions, as the UK) committing to, net zero greenhouse with rail being a relatively minor contributor, at gas (GHG) or carbon dioxide emission targets 1%. But to add a little context, these rail CO2 over the coming years. To date, 15 countries emissions are around 0.1 billion tonnes per year, have set defined targets to become net zero the same level as those of Belgium or Austria. economies by 2050 or earlier, with over 50 others, Therefore, it is clear that transport has a critical including Germany and Canada, discussing role to play in the global decarbonisation agenda. when to implement such a target. Perhaps most significantly, the European Union (EU) intends to Decarbonisation of Transport be net zero by 2050: this objective is at the heart of the European Green Deal and in line with the This special edition of the Johnson Matthey EU’s commitment to global climate action under Technology Review looks at the challenges the Paris Agreement. faced in the decarbonisation of the transport Interestingly, at the time of writing, around sector, and highlights the likely solutions that 49% of global gross domestic product (GDP) will be implemented to enable this transition. derives from nations and regions discussing, or The articles consider the regulatory frameworks with legislated, net zero emissions targets to be already in place, and those likely to come in the achieved by 2050 at the latest (1). Significantly, near future, to accelerate the moves to net zero eight months previously this figure was only across the transport ecosystem. The current 16%, demonstrating the rapid rate at which such status of the technologies that will play a key commitments are being made. Companies are role in this transition is discussed, along with also making net zero commitments, and this pace expected future developments and performance is accelerating too: in 2017, 87 companies made targets. It is clear that both battery-based and such commitments, in 2018 this rose to 174, hydrogen fuel cell-based electric vehicles will and in 2019 398 companies announced net zero make major contributions to the decarbonisation targets. of ground transportation, across cars, vans, Figure 1 summarises the proportion of global buses and trucks, and these technologies are fossil-derived CO2 from each of the major discussed in detail. Challenges with the roll-out 234 © 2020 Johnson Matthey https://doi.org/10.1595/205651320X15874763002058 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2020, 64, (3) Rail, Other, 2% Other, 10% Shipping, 1% 11% Buildings/ residential, 9% Electricity Aviation, generation, 11% 38% Passenger road vehicles, 45% Industry, 20% Freight vehicles, 30% Transportation, 23% Fig. 1. Proportion of global fossil-derived CO2 Fig. 2. Global transport CO2 emissions by segment emissions by sector (2) (3) of the infrastructure for these new vehicles are to facilitate the decarbonisation of transport, also assessed, and the likely paths forward are as well as other key areas such as domestic presented. heating, industrial processes, and as a feedstock Battery and fuel cell technologies are unlikely to for low or zero carbon chemicals and fuels. It see large scale uptake in the marine and aviation also discusses hydrogen’s use as a source of low sectors in the foreseeable future, so here the carbon dispatchable power, as well as how it is a focus is on the development and deployment of key enabler of significant increases in renewable alternative, sustainable, lower carbon fuels which energy or electricity generation. To reach net zero will replace the existing heavy fuel oil and aviation GHG emissions all the key sectors need to work fuels, to mitigate carbon emissions from these two together, and this special edition, though focused very large sectors. on transport, considers the other changes in the Meeting net zero GHG emission targets within future energy ecosystem that link to, and in some the transportation sector can only be achieved cases enable, clean mobility. alongside clean generation of electricity and hydrogen, since these will be the fuels for the highest volume future transport modes (cars and ANDY WALKER trucks). Therefore, articles in this special edition Johnson Matthey, Orchard Road, Royston, also look at the changes required in electricity Hertfordshire, SG8 5HE, UK and hydrogen generation to enable the move to Email: [email protected] clean transport. Recall that electricity generation currently accounts for around 38% of global CO2 References emissions, so increasing the use of renewables and nuclear power are an essential piece of the net 1. ‘Almost Half of Global GDP Under Actual or zero jigsaw puzzle. Intended Net Zero Emission Targets’, Energy This brings me to the final message: reducing and Climate Intelligence Unit, London, UK, 18th February, 2020 transport CO2 or GHG emissions to zero is not in itself enough to stabilise earth’s climate. It is 2. M. Crippa, G. Oreggioni, D. Guizzardi, M. Muntean, a critical step, but needs to take place alongside E. Schaaf, E. Lo Vullo, E. Solazzo, F. Monforti- the decarbonisation of the other major sectors: Ferrario, J. G. J. Olivier and E. Vignati, “Fossil CO2 power generation, industry and building heating and GHG Emissions of All World Countries: 2019 and cooling. There is a need for a cross-sector, Report”, EUR 29849 EN, Publications Office of the systems-based approach, rather than looking at European Union, Luxembourg, 2019 individual large emitters in isolation. The article