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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Japan

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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Japan HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS IN JAPAN JONATHAN ARIAS Tokyo, October 2019 EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jonathan Arias is a Mining Engineer (Energy and Combustibles) with an Executive Master in Renewable Energies and a Master in Occupational Health and Safety Management. He has fourteen years of international work experience in the energy field, with several publications, and more than a year working in Japan as an energy consultant. He is passionate about renewable energies, energy transition technologies, electric and fuel cell vehicles, and sustainability. He also published a report about “Solar Energy, Energy Storage and Virtual Power Plants in Japan” that can be considered the first part of this document and is available in https://lnkd.in/ff8Fc3S. He can be reached on LinkedIn and at [email protected]. ABOUT THE EU-JAPAN CENTRE FOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION The EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation (http://www.eu-japan.eu/) is a unique venture between the European Commission and the Japanese Government. It is a non-profit organisation established as an affiliate of the Institute of International Studies and Training (https://www.iist.or.jp/en/). It aims at promoting all forms of industrial, trade and investment cooperation between the EU and Japan and at improving EU and Japanese companies’ competitiveness and cooperation by facilitating exchanges of experience and know-how between EU and Japanese businesses. (c) Iwatani Corporation kindly allowed the use of the image on the title page in this document. Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... I List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ III List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... V List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. VI 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1 2. INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SCENARIO AFTER THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE .......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. About Hydrogen ................................................................................................................. 7 3. HYDROGEN MARKET IN JAPAN ................................................................................... 11 3.1. Stationary Fuel Cells ........................................................................................................ 21 3.2. Mobility ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.2.1. Fuel Cell Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 34 3.2.2. Refueling Stations ..................................................................................................... 43 3.3. Power Generation ............................................................................................................. 55 3.3.1. Co-firing of ammonia in coal power plants ............................................................... 65 3.4. Supply Chains and Hydrogen Carriers ............................................................................. 69 3.4.1. Energy Carriers ......................................................................................................... 73 3.4.2. Liquefied Hydrogen .................................................................................................. 80 From Australia’s brown coal ........................................................................................... 81 From Norway’s natural gas and renewable sources ........................................................ 84 3.4.3. Organic Hydride – Methylcyclohexane (MCH) ........................................................ 84 From Brunei’s natural gas ............................................................................................... 85 From Australia’s solar PV energy ................................................................................... 87 3.4.4. Ammonia ................................................................................................................... 88 From Saudi Arabia’s fossil fuels ..................................................................................... 90 3.4.5. Regional Renewable Hydrogen Supply Chains ........................................................ 91 3.5. Main Hydrogen Research Clusters ................................................................................... 99 3.5.1. Fukuoka Prefecture and Kyushu University ............................................................. 99 3.5.2. Fukushima Prefecture and AIST, FREA ................................................................. 104 I 3.5.3. Yamanashi Prefecture and the Yamanashi Fuel Cell Valley ................................... 107 3.6. Organizations and Associations ..................................................................................... 112 3.7. Main Private Companies ................................................................................................ 115 3.7.1. Potential Opportunities and Recommendations for European Firms ...................... 119 4. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 122 5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 124 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................ 127 II List of Figures Figure 1: Targets for the Electric Power Supply-Demand Structure in Japan in 2030 ................. 4 Figure 2: Overview of Carbon-free Energy Storage Technologies ............................................... 8 Figure 3: Energy System ............................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4: Basic Scheme of Hydrogen Society............................................................................. 11 Figure 5: Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (June 2014) .................................... 13 Figure 6: Basic Hydrogen Strategy (December 2017) ................................................................ 14 Figure 7: Action Plan in the Strategic Roadmap for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (March 2019) ... 16 Figure 8: Hydrogen Cost Targets ................................................................................................ 16 Figure 9: Hydrogen Cost Perspective of the Supply Project ....................................................... 17 Figure 10: Ongoing projects of METI and NEDO (Supply Side) ............................................... 17 Figure 11: Ongoing projects of METI and NEDO (Demand Side)............................................. 18 Figure 12: Operation of a Fuel Cell CHP .................................................................................... 21 Figure 13: Ene-farm Market Trends ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 14: Dissemination of Ene-farms in Japan. Evolution of Costs and Subsidies ................. 24 Figure 15: Ene-farm Manufacturers Sales Volume Annually (only in Japanese) ....................... 26 Figure 16: Examples of Fuel Cell for Commercial and Industrial Application .......................... 28 Figure 17: Share of Next-generation Vehicles in New Passenger Car Registration (in %) ........ 33 Figure 18: Stock of FCEV as of end 2018 .................................................................................. 35 Figure 19: Targets for the Dissemination of FCVs and HRS in Japan ....................................... 35 Figure 20: How to Calculate the Subsidy for the Purchase of Clean Energy Vehicles in 2018 .. 39 Figure 21: Fuel Cell Vehicles and Buses as Emergency Power Source ...................................... 40 Figure 13: Stock of HRS as of end 2018 ..................................................................................... 43 Figure 23: Location and Number of HRS and FCVs in Japan as of the end of March 2019 ...... 44 Figure 18: Hydrogen Station SimpleFuelTM ................................................................................ 45 Figure 25: Members of JHyM as of May 2019 ........................................................................... 51 Figure 26: JHyM’s Business Scheme for HRS’s Construction ................................................... 52 Figure 27: JHyM’s Business Scheme for HRS’s Operation ....................................................... 53 Figure 28: Power-to-Gas ............................................................................................................. 55 Figure 29: NOx Emissions Using Water Injection during the Hydrogen and Natural Gas Combustion ............................................................................................................... 57 Figure 30: P2G Demonstration Project in Hokkaido .................................................................
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