Comparative Study of Tchelet Lavan and Hashomer Hatzair in Czechoslovakia

CEU eTD Collection COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TCHELET LAVAN HASHOMER AND In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of forthe requirements ofthe fulfillment In partial HATZAIR CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN Advisor: ProfessorAdvisor: András Kovács Nationalism StudiesProgram Nationalism Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Daniela Bartáková Daniela Master of Master Arts (1918-1938) Submitted toSubmitted 2011 By

CEU eTD Collection Strobach, for their moral support and patience during my study at CEU. during my at study supportand patience moral fortheir Strobach, Vítek and parents my to gratitude profound my express to opportunity this take I Finally, possible. have been not Scholarship Visegrad would research the which the without Foundation, University European Central of the and Program generosity kind the to acknowledge to like further would I my study. throughout advice excellent and encouragement guidance, patient his for professor Kovács advisor thesis András my to go thanks first My people. many of support the without possible been have not would thesis This Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 2

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 5. Conclusion versus Hatzair 4. Hashomer Tchelet Lavan Zionist 3. Jewish Youth to Jewish Nationalism 2. Road 1. Introduction Table of Contents 4.4. Zionism versus4.4. Zionism Communism 4.3. Organizational training and ideological youth a movement oftheforjoining Jewish 4.2. Motivations 4.1. Basiccharacteristics 3.6. Summary 3.5. The Thirties allies fornew 3.4. Searching ideals” 3.3. and national noble society ofthe –“moulding The period war post 3.2. World War movements its impactonthe Iand and Hatzair 3.1. Hashomer Tchelet ofthe movements –Shaping Lavan 2.3. ofCzechoslovakia Republic First and the minorityissue The Jewish transition ofidentity,2.2. Politics yearsof in the Jewish question and the Socialism Zionism, Lands in the Czech ofJews strategies 2.1. Identification 4.4.2. Tchelet ofCommunism –a reflection Hatzair Hashomer and Lavan street” the “Jewish in 4.4.1. Communism 3.5.1. El Al 2.3.1. in politics Czechoslovakia ofZionist orientation The –a synthesis and Zionism 2.1.1. Socialism ...... 3 ......

83 81 73 66 64 60 56 54 54 51 49 46 43 41 35 30 24 20 17 14 11 9 7 4 CEU eTD Collection the Jewish people so that they could build a new society in Palestine, based on agricultural on based Palestine, in society new a build could they that so people Jewish the of process “the in role central a played they addition, in Zionism; Socialist the by up basic set were these as nationalism, conceptions, Jewish of goals the fulfilling its movements, both in role crucial a of played movements pioneer Both development. historical and characteristics, precursors the Hatzair, Hashomer and TcheletLavan the of conception ideological basic the youth outline will I Zionist particular. in movements pioneer the of role the and general in culture youth of origin the of factors social-psychological and development the examine will I thesis my of part analytical the In the socialism. youth with radical Jewish ofthe encounter on focus will I importantly, Most strategies. identification particular to Jewish youth the Zionist of motivations the adumbrate to thus framework, political and social the broader into research previous of results the contextualize to intend I work, previous my with contrast In years. few a for youth pioneer Jewish the of issue the with dealing been have I ofidentity. and politics strategies identification specific adopt to youth Jewish of motivations particular outline to attempt will I particular. in movements youth pioneer and general in movements youth the of origin the for characteristic phenomena specific some out point to like would I Lavan, Tchelet youth and Zionist Hatzair left-wing Hashomer the movements of analysis the of sake the For period. given the in Bohemia appropria an adumbrate to attempt will I Czechoslovakia. of Republic First the and Bohemia siécle de fin the in Jews of aspects specific some of survey a provide will I theses, this In 1. Introduction e faeok fr psil eemnto f Jws dniis in identities Jewish of determination possible for framework te 4 productivization productivization identification strategies of strategies identification and mobilization” of mobilization” and

CEU eTD Collection 1 “life- the of understanding experiential and social, individual, an i.e., conception; identity an of development the uncover to able be might we Thus, testimonies. and sources, oral articles, newspaper documents, official texts, personal of investigation on focus and narrative) (Jewish purpose study, the ofthe For issue. ofJews language to the turn we ourattention that Isuggest complex a is formation identity of phenomenon the with dealing that fact the of aware am I youth. Zionist ofthe Jewish ofone part strategy identification the of change the caused have might which Czechoslovakia, in Communism and Zionism group of of relation concept the in milestones relevant the universalistic of some detail in analyze a to intend I identification. with in them leftism provided radical which movement, a Communist to approach the specific with affiliate to inclined were members its of a Many Israel. in as well as Czechoslovakia, provided Lavan Tchelet and Hatzair b Furthermore, centrism. so-called the combine to ability their in lied movements both of importance crucial The Palestine. in as well as Czechoslovakia, in identity national Jewish their foster to endeavored Lavan Tchelet and Hatzair Hashomer Czechoslovakia. in Jews of identification structure. ideological and two the between analysis organizational their in divergence and comparative convergence and environment, social their movements, a to dedicated be will thesis my of part last The 1930s. end ofthe tillthe origin their on hahsharah focusing program labour physical and educational the emphasized Hatzair Hashomer classes. working and (East European Monographs, 1989), (East European V. Oppenheim, Israel and and alyiah alyiah The Struggle of Jewish Youth of Struggle The Jewish for Productivization: Youth Zionist The Poland in Movement 1 Within the framework of their ideological program, Tchelet Lavan and TcheletLavan program, ideological their of framework the Within organization. I will survey the development of both movements from movements both of development the survey will I organization. oth movements were leftist (Marxist); and, therefore, Hashomer therefore, and, (Marxist); leftist were movements oth ins Yuh mvmns peetd a seil oto o self- for option special a presented movements Youth Zionist adsoii Landespolitik The political activity of the Jewish Zionist youth Zionist Jewish the of activity political The 5 (work for the present) with Palestino- with present) the for (work

CEU eTD Collection 2 formation. strategy identification Jewish of process the in valid preconditions and factors as mentality” “Jewish about stereotypes and Judaism” of “influence an of assessment shallow a allow not should We identities. individual and collective of evaluation superficial a overcome to us help could speech of structure dichotomous of analysis the analysis, semantic of method The world.” the Czech Lands) ( Lands) the Czech Židů” českých asimilací“ nad „rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení Vít M.A. in University Charles Thesis, 2 6 Prague, 2007), 5-6.Prague, (Muse u (Muse pon “Red Jews in of Assimilation”

CEU eTD Collection 6 5 4 3 policy a adopt versa. and vice its minorities, against to had nations emerging many nations” of “prison crumbling this Within polity. greater the to citizens later and subjects bound nation-ness shared of ideology an i 1867 nations. particular of awakening national the with hand in hand intensified were These Monarchy. Habsburg the throughout apparent were identity Jewish of (re)definition the for Variousmanners. different in modernization and struggles changes societal of process gradual of process society. majority into the integration ofJews led to changes the The to reacted Jewish communities societal the disintegrated. and society, Jewish the principles of rights existing economical significantly affected modernization and legal moral, religious, – occurred life institutional of breakdown a modernization of process the of course the in Thus, a in future, better manner.rational a create to man of ability the in lie the modernity of and period the values of new essence The democracy. and liberty revolution, progress, were criticism, of period the age, modern the of ideas principal The politics. to applied also were values human and societal new These values. moral society's of reshaping a and knowledge, of progress a as well as began, revolution philosophical and scientific a Enlightenment of ideas the With JewishNationalism 2. Roadto Pieter M. Judson, Judson, M. Pieter Vol. 119-139. 22,No. 1.(1994): See S. Robert Wistrich, 1996),(Jerusalem, 11-29. of Democracy,” in theUndermining Enlightenment to Revolt the against From Enemies: Its the “Modernity and Sternhell, Zeev See Ibid,1-18. Central Europe East Nationalities in n the Austro-Hungarian Empire “(...) “(...) Empire Austro-Hungarian the n 3

“Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe –Introduction,” Europe Central in East Nationalities “Constructing The Intellectual Revolt Revolt 1870-1945, Intellectual The Democracy Against Liberal “The Jews and Nationality Conflicts in theHabsburg Conflicts and Lands,” Nationality Jews “The , ed. Peter M. Judson et al.(Oxford, 2005), Judson M. 2. , ed. et Peter 6

patriotism and loyalty to the dynasty rather than rather dynasty the to loyalty and patriotism 7 ed. Zeev Sternhell Zeev ed. Nationalities Papers Nationalities

in in Constructing

Since ,

”

CEU eTD Collection assimilation or any forms of cultural pluralism were rejected. Since the end of the 19 the of end the Since rejected. were pluralism cultural of forms any or assimilation own their in element foreign a as them regarded society majority the 19 the In nationalism. integral of framework the within apparent still were traditions of demographic specificity the and and development, social different their particularity, never Jewish symbiosis of Jewish perception and The German occurred. the dream national Czech the of spite in that say, can we Overall institutions. these within positions prominent attained often Jews and Jews, the to open initially were clubs cultural and economical circles liberal were German In elites dominant. speaking German the where cities Czech those in or majority, the constituted population speaking German where cities the in lived Jews the of percentage highest The 19 ofthe decades two last the since least at thus, And publics. political tie and cultural to Czech pursued the with which together organization Jewish and Jews the of part a was there Nevertheless culture. and language German the to inclined Jews Czech the of part significant a Monarchy oppression. German of national tool Czech a be the to by movement considered was it therefore and liberalism, speaking German the was it Simultaneously Jews. Czech the of emancipation social and economical enabled which 19 the of half second The German. and the –the Czech societies national particular two of emergence the to led development independent following the and lands Czech the into socioeconomic new –its import ofnationalism concept in included the to be identity seemed new a Such relations. the with corresponding identity new a for searching was society the and disintegrated, gradually identities particular and bindings social Traditional capitalism. and liberalism with hand in hand went society Czech the of modernization of process The th century, problematized. became relations the German-Jewish th century was the period of political and economic liberalization economic and political of period the was century th century the Jewish minority found itself in an unsure position; unsure an in itself found minority Jewish the century 8 At least until the decline of the Habsburg the of decline the until least At national body national th , and the and , century

CEU eTD Collection 7 f the in Jews of marginality of positions Weisbergerfour position, defined ambivalent an in cultures. two of conflict a as understood being is marginality the Here, group; merge s/hecan neither newgroup the with it slough nor off. original his/her to return nor leave neither can s/he ambivalence: double of structure a in impossible. is culture own their to return their therefore, culture, dominant this by accepted be to effort an in culture dominant the of elements some adopted already had individual/group The prejudices. certain to due culture dominant the society. majority by accepted within be cannot individual/group the concept, this to According “ of concept the used Weisberger Thus, ofassimilation. the process finish to chance a have not did they precisely, more or assimilate, to “manage” not did they hand, other the on released; (identity) belonging group of sense a and cohesion inner its hand one the on position: uncertain an in itself found minority Jewish the Thus, liberalism. of crisis the only) (not reflecting policy of instrument an presented which antisemitism, with confronted 70s the from latest the at were structure, demographic their of changes the and development 19 of end Jewish the the at Germany to in regard minority with Weisberger A.M. by used was which model the apply can we concerned is Bohemia in Jews of strategies identification of issue the as far as that assume I Czech the Lands in Identification strategies Jews of 2.1. isolation. parties. non-affiliation political political political their meant The ofthe Jews the of most of platform a became prejudices antisemitic containing nationalism integral the Adam M. Weisberger, The Jewish Ethic and Spirit of Socialism Socialism and Spiritof Ethic Jewish The th century. Transformation of Jews, their economical their Jews, of Transformation century. marginal man marginal 9 (New York: 41. Publishing, Peter 1997), Lang ” for explaining the Jewish position Jewish the explaining for ” „ Thus the marginal person is caught is marginalperson the Thus “ 7

Marginal man man Marginal remains in

CEU eTD Collection 10 9 8 Jewish – strategies/alternatives and socialism. Nationalism/Zionism identification other add can we assimilation Czech and situation. new this to themselves adapt to way new a for looking were Jews the and situation yet, dominance Czech by cultural replaced fully not were language new and policy German A occurred: century. of decades two last during desirable and intense more became and gradually increased group national a to affiliation the prove to need The Jews. of orientation linguistic and political existing hitherto a of loss the caused Empire Hungarian strategy. identification their in Jews for possibility another represented nationalism Czech the toward inclination The required. was movement national Czech the in participation active an and stage formative its in was nationalism Czech demonstrated. thus was monarchy Habsburg with the to loyalty their identification and required, not an was nationalism German organization, political through identity their manifest to have not 19 the In Lands. Czech the Habsburgsin of policy previous to respect with several among choice especially them, a for natural more be to had seemed assimilation German strategies. Slovakia identification and Bohemia in Jews the above adumbrated As was socialism. Jews 4) Zionism); for typical was option (this minority of position new a to relation in reinterpreted were which 3) only; elements cultural some of acceptance an cultures, among siècle de Prague, 2000), 25. Prague, Jewish for of Identity “ Zahradníková, Marie Ibid. University Press, 1987), 131-170. Press,1987),University 131-170. See Mendelsohn, Ezra Germany: 1) 1) Germany: transcendence – transcendence 8 population in Czech Republic, 1870- 1914.) Republic, Czech in population Hledání identity židovského obyvatelstva v Čechách v letech 1870 – 1914” (Searching v letech 1870–1914” vČechách obyvatelstva identity židovského Hledání The Jews of East Central Europe of Central East Jews The theWorld Between Wars assimilation an example of transcendent solution of ambivalent position of position ambivalent of solution transcendent of example an (an effort to assimilate); 2) 2) assimilate); to effort (an 10 9 The gradual decline of the Austro- the of decline gradual The

(M A. thesis, Charles University in Charles University A. thesis, poise return– – an endeavor to poise to endeavor an – . (Bloomington: Indiana . (Bloomington: return to traditions to return th century, did Jews 10 ToGerman

CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 of works the from resulted justification This Empire. Habsburg the of context multi-ethnic the in elements class peculiar some recognized and structures, cultural and national to force the legitimated Austromarxism Empire. Austro-Hungarian the of character multinational the by caused was it things other Worldthe among War preceding I, period the in Marxists Austrian for point focal a became nationalism Jewish) exclusively (not of justification of issue The of instruments and principles. cooperativeand collectivist beonthe based was to society soil Jewish production, of ownership public the on based been have should state Jewish the of pillars The problem. national a with question Jewish the identified he and Palestine, Question Marx's the even involved works Hess' out, pointed Avineri S. As works. his of character the changed he Germany in antisemitism from danger growing the of awareness Hess. Moses rabbi” communist “Marx's and Party Democratic Social German the of co-founder was socialism with nationalism Jewish interconnect to pursued who intellectuals first the of One nationalism soon. appeared Jewish of forms particular of justification theoretical of attempts some camp revolution. proletariat world the abandon to workers Jewish tempted bourgeoisvision, which pure a utopian represented Zionism Marxism of view of point the from – schools socialist or Marxist the of most by rejected was Zionism movements. youth Zionist pioneer of issue and the for socialism importance crucial of a has which synthesis Zionism, a conception Weisberger's the to add to like would I Herein, 2.1.1. See Gideon Shimoni,See Gideon Ibid. Shlomo Avineri, 12 Socialism and Zionism – synthesis a and Zionism Socialism In his first works Hess identified Judaism with capitalism, but probably due to the to due probably but capitalism, with Judaism identified Hess works first his In n In . oe ad Jerusalem and Rome The Making of Modern Zionism. Making Modern The of The Zionist Ideology. Zionist The es itoue h ocpin o eih scey in society Jewish of conception the introduced Hess (Brandeis University Press,1995), University 162-235. (Brandeis 11 (New York: 139-150. Books, Basic 1981),

11 However, within the framework of the socialist the of framework the within However, On the Jewish the On 13

CEU eTD Collection 16 15 14 (castes, classes called are production, of means the to relations respective their to according i.e., itself, production of system the in role their to according divided is society the which into groups the (2) nations); peoples, families, (tribes, organism socioeconomic societies, divided called are productions distinct relatively the is of conditions the humanity in differences the to according which into groups the (1) groupings: human of sorts two following perspectives. historical various in issue national the and production of conditions of concept the elaborated Borochov merely “superstructural. not is and societies, such of structure social the in embedded thus is Nationality nationality. their of because oppressed national also were oppressed socially with the of many hand so since emancipation, in hand go to have may emancipation class societies, multinational “ was argument whose Austromarxists, prominent of studies the on based were ideas His Zionism. socialist of concept the of shaping the on impact essential an had work Borochov, whose Ber was intellectuals Jewish leftist influential most the of One forPalestine. right that nation the has Jews to be a conferred camp Socialist part ofthe and culminated Zionism, including nationalism, Jewish and socialism of Worldsynthesis War the First the by During Russia. in represented state Jewish was autonomous of establishment nationalism the about negotiation Jewish of development ideological the in break-point Renner.The K. by conferred was Jews the for program national autonomous an to right The was unattainable. nations these of autonomy territorial the that fact the of regardless monarchy, the in nations many to autonomy) cultural (or self-determination of right the conferred Renner, who K. and Bauer O. Ibid. Avineri, See Shimoni, The Making of Modern of Zionism, Making The The EmergenceThe Zionism, of ” W, teeoe oe t h omlto n xlnto f the of explanation and formulation the to come therefore, “We, 14 16

162-235. 142. 12 (...) that in the context of context the in that (...) 15

CEU eTD Collection 18 only could that emigration 17 of possibility the rejected he question; Jewish the territorial of solution a of concept the introduced independent Borochov an infrastructure. of and creation structure Palestine, economical in state new the of building the for has potential group biggest this – proletarization of process the in classes middle lower the with class called so a as ineffective, as marked being is It intellectual. cultural, is Zionism to group’smembers this of relationship the nationalism, Jewish and consciousness Jewish of feeling strong class, a has group middle this – intelligentsia the including is group second The exists. even it if philanthropic, usually is Zionism toward bourgeoisie upper of members the strongly of Relationship is assimilation. toward that predisposed bourgeoisie upper the First, characteristics. their elaborated and societal particular clusters three apart set He nation. Jewish the of case the on structure class and is liberation national therefore is and war.” class a successful out carrying for necessary society distorted, national remains as struggle long class So society. the own subjugated, its within struggle class start real nation a oppressed wagging an of proletariat the can subjugation foreign from emancipated subjection. national and linguistic is there hand other the on and power, to comes group bourgeois dominant the – subjection class a is there hand one the on occurs: subjection twofold the case this In group. subjugated the to structure class inner its enforce to trying is group dominant The group. dominant a by dominated is groupwhich ofan ethnic concept the struggle.elaborated He the national within struggle class the of phenomena other the emphasized he Further, society. national particular a of history specific the by granted is which context, historical particular a in character specific its has etc.).“ ranks, Ber Borochov, in Struggle” theClass and Question National “The Avineri, reader . ed. Arthur Hertzberg PublicationSociety, Jewish (The 356. 1997), Philadelphia, The Making of Modern of Zionism, Making The 17

The class struggle occurs always within national society group, and it always it and group, society national within always occurs struggle class The 144. Salon-Zionismus 13 “According to this view, only after being after only view, this to “According 18

Borochov applied the concept of national of concept the applied Borochov The Zionist Idea: a historical analysis and analysis ahistorical Idea: Zionist The . The third group is the working the is group third The .

CEU eTD Collection 21 20 19 of experience the prevent to effort an in evaluation, social of factors and procedure the change to pursue demands The identity. collective of concept specific the from and equality of principle the from derived rights particular of assertion the from result demands These demands. specific of articulation the toward leads and nonrecognition) (or of experience common the of consequence a in occurs which action, collective of strategy a mean identity of politics Thus, relations. of and structures complexity societal the and political as well as communities, particular of uniqueness cultural the account identity,intoof take politics should of we issue the with Dealing factors. other various as well as individuals, of decisions and narratives the also mind in bear should one – minority and However of years the in question Jewish the and identity, of Socialism Politics Zionism, 2.2. youth. Zionist inbythe motion pioneer set the lay therapeutically momentum.“ would deterministic with follow would that process the they for foundation homeland, traditional their of soil culture. the and to language Hebrew Returning the revive and nation the redeem to desire the idealism, pioneering. of activities the emphasized he therefore sphere; economic primary the of ranks the within representation nation. Jewish the of agony the relocate and prolong třídou (1876-1921)” (The Poetics of the Czech Nationalism and the Policy of Identity of the Czech Jews theCzech of Identity and thePolicy Nationalism of theCzech Poetics (1876-1921)” (The třídou a rasou židůmezinárodem, českých politika identity See a nacionalismu českého “Poetika Strobach, Vít Shimoni, Ibid. Charles Taylor, 2011), Prague, in University diss., Class,(Phd 1876-1921.) Charles and Race Nation, between 13. transition marginality The EmergenceThe Zionism, of Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition of Politics andThe Multiculturalism might be perceived as a conflict of two societies (cultures) – majority – (cultures) societies two of conflict a as perceived be might „It was necessary first to have a wave of pioneers motivated by motivated pioneers of wave a have to first necessary was „It 183. 14 19 Borochov stressed the lack of Jewish of lack the stressed Borochov (Princeton University, 1994). mis recognition. 20

His ideas were ideas His mis recognition 21 “

The

CEU eTD Collection 23 22 by Jewish and culture, by Czech or German loyalty, politic by Czechoslovakian be should Jews form: new a in identity tripartite Austrian old the continue to Czechoslovakia in Jews identity. Jewish of issue „ the solve to chance the got Zionists Czechoslovakia, of constellation social new the In crisis. identity an uncertainty, of feeling war a the them of brought end the but Austria, to loyalty their manifest to opportunity an had Jews war, the War.During Great the before shortly exist to ceased concept This identities. ethnic and identity “ so-called a distinguished Rozenblit Marsha War. World First the until identity national their with significantly deal to have not did Empire Austro-Hungarian the in Jews during the First radicalized World War. Palestine. in nation Jewish of sovereignty and identity Jewish particular a which promoted – Zionism, nationalism Jewish of form the in action (political) collective of strategy a was there hand, other the On politics. socialist of targets common the with themselves identify they while status, equal achieve to chance a had individuals) (as Jews where parties, political socialist the all above and parties, political liberal declining the were structures political these Among vehemently. promoted not were criteria racial and identity national of conceptions the where structures, those i.e. – structures political appropriate the into integration for struggle a was there hand, one the On equality, political pursued shapes. Jews various which by had action collective of strategy The of formation wherecoalitions, exist. common least values some at the mostly practics, social of change the for struggle a with interconnected is This (…) culture. and society particular a within identity of articulation the to claim lay who individuals, of rights cultural of maintenance and shaping the target identity of politics Ibid, 100-102. 14. nacionalismu”, českého Strobach, “Poetika ” of Jews in Austro-Hungary Empire – including plural/permeable political, cultural political, plural/permeable including – Empire Austro-Hungary in Jews of ”

All of the strategies of political action mentioned above were above mentioned action political of strategies the of All 15 ” 22 They urged They all tripartite

CEU eTD Collection 26 25 24 hand. other the on population Jewish the only) (not of radicalization social the to as well as hand, one the on camp Zionist the of apparent. strengthening the to contributed Czechoslovakia multinational became riots anti-Jewish and irredentism where Slovakia in occurred events similar disturbances, anti-Jewish and anti-German with hand in hand went radicalization national war, the of end the formation. At identity Jewish of issue the on impact significant a had I War World above, mentioned As the was development strategy. identification ofsupranational adoption this of part integral An hand. other the on identity Jewish the with up breaking radical the toward and hand; one the on Zionism the of strengthening the toward dilemmas. new some them brought nationalists radical with defenders” “Jewish traditional the of cooperation the but socialism abandon not did Jews the antisemitism. to subjecting parties nationalist radical with unification its about “ for struggled and “ for called parties political and society Czech the war the of end the At and social the for blamed were and bourgeois. profiteers as they depicted were Jews problems; economic The cities. Czech various in again occurred that riots hunger the by demonstrated was it classes; social lower the among especially apparent became sentiments anti-Jewish and anti-German and increased, tensions national War the organizations. and parties political the as well as society the of radicalization the national to alternative an as considered be might socialism toward Jews the of inclination The identity.national Available from: of Identity. National Dilemma “The L.Rozenblit, Marsha of HabsburgThe Jews Austria in World War I.”, Ibid. 68-77. „rudou asimilací,” nad “Zamyšlení See Strobach, 26 The Balfour Declaration, the Russian Revolution, and Wilson's declaration strongly declaration Wilson's and Revolution, Russian the Declaration, Balfour The http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/yb03/14rozenblit.pdf, “ 24

national survival national ”.” Even the Czech Social Democratic Party negotiated Party Democratic Social Czech the Even 16 25 h oiia eeomn f a of development political The 157.

This development could lead could development This National unification National strong Hungarian strong In spite of that, of spite In During

”

CEU eTD Collection 28 27 religious, their of distinctness. and linguistic cultural basis the on recognition national other demanded Jews to the contrast where in countries liberal quite was Czechoslovakia in affiliation national one's freely tongue. mother the usually is which of sign main the affinity “ decision: following the in resulted nationality of definition the more, any determining appropriate not was language of consorting the on based nationality manner Austro-Hungarian former the Since vernacular. their as Yiddish or Hebrew use not did they if even census population the in nationality Jewish the declare to citizens its enabled that country European only the was Czechoslovakia of Republic The and Poles. Ruthenians, Jews Hungarians, Germans, was it nation, state minorities. the constituted Czechoslovaks the where state, various national a as established was Czechoslovakia the of representation proportional the of regardless states national individual the into disintegrated Monarchy Habsburg The Czechoslovakia 2.3. of First andtheRepublic issue minorityJewish The national a character, and youth movements. to class working of organizations the on shifted focus the and decreased, organizations student Jewish of role vigorous the war the after students, university among predominantly kept was minority a Zionism enlarged. of war significantly the ranks before only, if its Jews war And among the after movement the was Zionism war the before If situation. whole the affected http://www.cvvm.cas.cz/upl/nase_spolecnost/100023se_samanova-narodnost%20EN.pdf “ Šámalová, Gabriela Jews? National identity of Jews in Bohemia) (Praha: Paseka, 2005), 27. Paseka, (Praha: Jews Bohemia) in identity National of Jews? Čapková, See Kateřina de facto facto de Nationality in the census in Czech lands”, last modified May 17,2011, May modified lands”, last census Czech in in Nationality the Češi, Němci, Židé? Národní Němci, Češi, 1918-1938 v Čechách, identita Židů a multinational state. Among the strongest minority groups were groups minority strongest the Among state. multinational a 28

17 Nationality shall be understood as tribal as understood be shall Nationality lhuh te Rpbi of Republic the Although ” 27 The possibility to choose to possibility The (Czechs, Germans, (Czechs,

CEU eTD Collection 30 29 national the not sense, religious the British in rights and Jewish the French of recognition the for fought delegates; deputies Jewish the between controversy of rights subject national a Jewish became the of recognition The states. European all the of representatives supreme the with rights national Jewish the of recognition the for demands their addressed Paix la de Conférence la de (i.e. Jewry American the of deputies the with together states European some of Councils National Jewish the of representatives the Peace where Treaty, Paris the by significantly affected was rights national Jewish the about debate The at stake. was rights national for struggle the because and feelings national heightened of wake the in Zionists “ socialists, organ. Jewish supreme a under communities religious Jewish of unification and democratization the recognitionthe Jewishnationality, of the equality, civic full their Jews, for rights minority and “ Council The Jews. of differences cultural the of accommodation an and identity Jewish the of recognition demanded JNC of Representatives republic. nascent the in interests Organization Zionist Bohemian Jewish the advocated that organ non-elect a as (JNC) Council of National Jewish the established representatives Czechoslovakia, of foundation the Before movement. Zionist the of activism and development the on impact significant a had Declaration Wilson's and Declaration broader Balfour the the above, mentioned As context. into international minority national Jewish of issue the contextualize to have we treaties; peace international several from results Czechoslovakia in politics minority of concept The Marie Crhová, “ Marie Marie Crhová, “Modern Jewish Politics in Central Europe”, (Phd. diss., CEU Budapest, 2007), 40. diss., (Phd. 2007), Budapest, CEU Europe”, Central in Crhová,JewishPolitics “Modern Marie A vailable from: ” 29

ehp upiigy ins ersnaie ntal oprtd wt Jewish with cooperated initially representatives Zionist surprisingly, Perhaps t ta ie Jws oilss lrey cmrmsd t on te “bourgeois” the join to compromised largely socialists Jewish time that At in Czechoslovakia,” Interwar of theJewish Party Europe: theCase Politics Central in Jewish http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_crhova.pdf ” 30

/ Conference of Jewish Delegations at the Peace Conference Peace the at Delegations Jewish of Conference / 18 Comité de Délégations Juives auprés Juives Délégations de Comité

, 3. called for called )

CEU eTD Collection 35 34 33 32 31 term The document. the in enumerated not the with obscurity the to term respect the of with definition minorities; national the of duties and rights the with dealing were 1920 from Constitution Czechoslovak the of 130-132 No. paragraphs The had who irredentistexhibited 1918. in of October the founding state since the tendencies Poles, and Hungarians, Germans, the primarily Czechoslovakia, other of the for minorities precedent a set would step this that apprehension an probably was refusal rights. civil general with conjunction in the by refused was inclusion their “ insisted that representation political Czechoslovak but Czechoslovakia; with religious treaty and the cultural into Jewish freedom) the with (dealing Articles Jewish so-called the include to inpursuing Paris, delegation the Czechoslovak with negotiations JNC led ofthe delegates The rights. rights, not national nationalminority as identified in were fact minorities of rights practice, In majority. national the to equal treatment a minorities all to guaranteed 8 “ all to guaranteed be to were nation state a to as rights same the minority,” “national a as acknowledged explicitly not were Jews the Although race. and language, nationality, origin, of distinction without countries nascent the of inhabitants all to rights equal guaranteed Treaty The minorities. all of protection the with dealing 1919, September of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of Treaty the in ended controversy The one. th article of the Treaty was not included in the Czechoslovak constitution – this article this – constitution Czechoslovak the in included not was Treaty the of article Nezapomenuté historie (UnforgottenNezapomenuté histories) Fiala,Jaroslav Ibid, 30. Čapková, Ibid. 4. Europe”, Central in Politics Crhová, “Jewish 31

Češi, Němci, Židé?, Němci, Češi, “Etnická skupina, nebo národní menšina?” nebo skupina, “Etnická nation, 29-30. particular national minorities of the Czechoslovak State were State Czechoslovak the of minorities national particular , ed. Zdeněk Machát et al. (Doplněk: Brno, 2007), 155. etal.(Doplněk: 2007), Brno, Machát Zdeněk , ed. racial, religious and linguistic minorities. linguistic religious and racial, ” 34 nation nation According to M. Crhová “ Crhová M. to According 19 was not defined by the constitution clearly; constitution the by defined not was (Ethnic group or National minority?), in minority?), group or National (Ethnic (…) minority rights be widely defined and defined widely be rights minority (…) The reason for the for reason The ” 33 35

” 32

But the But

CEU eTD Collection 38 37 36 Zion. Poale was representative active the 1907 since – too perceptible was Zionism Socialist was ideology its (however Bar Kochba organization intellectual the was representative strongest Its Czechoslovakia. prewar in organizations Zionist Jewish the among current predominant the was Zionism Cultural 2.3.1. in affiliation, (national) of preference issues the crucial group their of regardless citizens its all to rights equal universal not was all. membership collective at their expressed to respect with equality their for demand the and “ rights. collective particular the of some and rights individual universal the safeguard to pursued which Nations, of League the of auspices the the under by was minorities of protection The held Czechoslovakia. including states, national nascent been have might position analogous an and disintegration, its an about in anxiety minorities the to rights autonomous guarantee to reluctant was Empire former The determination. national of process the in role decisive a play to used culture and Language orone’sreligiosity vernacular. of measure the of regardless decision, individual's the of matter a became nationality Jewish only) (not the to affiliation the Thus, individuals. of decision the to up was characteristics “ phrase the accepted affiliation national and nation of issue the with dealing document Constitutional the since Čapková, Ibid, 156. Fiala, The orientation of Zionist politics in politics Czechoslovakia in Zionist ofThe orientation “Etnická skupina, nebo národní menšina?,” menšina?,” nebo skupina, národní “Etnická Češi, Němci, Židé?, Němci, Češi, ” 37 lhuh te mliainl Rpbi f Cehsoai guaranteed Czechoslovakia of Republic multinational the Although regardless of the race, language or religion,” religion,” or language race, the regardless of 33. 36 the state nation (Czechoslovaks nation state the de facto de 155. an amalgam of cultural and political Zionism). political and cultural of amalgam an But the conjunction between the minority rights minority the between conjunction the But 20 ) was apparent.) was the perception of national of perception the 38

CEU eTD Collection 43 42 41 40 39 actions only. the political concrete through be achieved goalscould These nation. and state Jewish independent new the up building in participate to thus and Palestine in settle to willing were who Jews, young of reservoir new a produce to had it members, new fronts. both on nationalism Jewish of fostering the as well as issue, important an became Palestine in Jews the and Diaspora in Jews the between cooperation exclusively.The Palestino-centrism of policy the adopt should they group” national a as Jews for rights of recognition of purpose the for politics municipal as well as national, in participation meaning politics, Diaspora in involvement so-called the – Czechoslovakia of politics interior in participate should Zionists its whether - Czechoslovakia, dilemma twofold in a with politics dealing was concept national political elemental Jewish in role crucial a played Zionism Since religious. or national identity, Jewish distinctively a cultivate to sought which and population, Jewish the of interests and rights the of protection the aim their as declared that on) so and funds, support social and cultural associations, (civil organizations nonpolitical and movements understand I Jews, of mobilization political By republic. nascent the in mobilization political Jewish of agent main the represented Zionists states. new the in communities Jewish the for spokesman strongest single the as emerged and self-determination, of principles the of triumph outcome, war’s the of benefit political extended ranks its and branches, various significantly.“ into split Zionism war, the after and During republic. the of part eastern the in especially 20s, the in as appeared offshoot revisionist The Crhová, “Jewish Politics in Central Europe,” 1. Europe,” Central in Politics Crhová, “Jewish 10. Europe”, Politics Central in Crhová, Jewish “Modern See Čapková, Crhová, “Jewish Politics in Central Europe”, 4. Europe”, Central in Politics Crhová, “Jewish 34. Europe”, Politics Central in Crhová, Jewish ”Modern ” 41

To nationalists Jewish the sure, be was it Češi, Němci, Židé?, Němci, Židé?, Češi, 175-195. 43 Zionist movement in Diaspora had to strive to recruit to strive to had Diaspora in movement Zionist 21 “(...) “(...) the activities of political parties, youth parties, political of activities the (i.e. Zionists, D.B.) Zionists, (i.e. Landespolitik Landespolitik who took greatest took who ); 42 (“ or whether or i.e. Jewish i.e. ” 40 39

CEU eTD Collection 46 45 44 Jewish of agents various the among were movements Zionists youth the above outlined As the thus and state. national ofa Jewish foundation congregations religious Jewish various of unification a achieved has which traditions, religious deep of bearer a is) (and was it movement, secular a be to considered is activity. political effective the of development the and values particular their of keeping the between successfully balanced Zionists goals, particular its fulfill to effort an in other.Thus, the on Diaspora the in life cultural their of traditions concrete and legitimacy the on themselves adapt to Gegenwartsarbeit The Israel. Eretz in – homeland national the in life new a foster to aimed that policy, the of part essential an represented it Diaspora, time). towards attitude its and movement, Zionist of First the of World impact the and Russia, in events the antisemitism, Warpolitics the modified ( states individual of politics internal the to attention pay not did Worldthe movement period Zionist prewar the In Palestino-centrism. on focused with Czechoslovakia) in organizations Zionist all of institution umbrella (an Federation concerned was Party) Jewish the on later (and JNC the politics: Jewish in changes some to led Czechoslovakia in movement Zionist the of structures organizational particular the among interests of spheres and power A of distribution See Čapková, (XLIV-1.Bohemiae 2009): Praha, muzeumvPraze. Židovské J. Martin Wein, University Press,1996),University 161-170. in of Contradiction,”

Matityahu The The Gegenwartsarbeit Gegenwartsarbeit Češi, Němeci, Židé? Němeci, Češi, Mintz, “Work Mintz, “Work of and Israel theLand for Present“: in the A of Unity, Concept Reality a “ Zionism in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Palestino-Centrism and Landespolitik,” in in and Landespolitik,” Palestino-Centrism in Czechoslovakia: Interwar Zionism

(“ 44 Essential papers onZionism, Essential Return to Judaism before the return to the Jewish Land Jewish the to return the before Judaism to Return Landespolitik , 175. eewrsret Gegenwartsarbeit embodied all cultural and political activities of Zionists in the in Zionists of activities political and cultural all embodied ), they did not produce a particular program. The growing The program. particular a produce not did they ), 46 ed. Jehuda Reinherz et al.(New Jehudaet Reinherz ed. York: New York adsoii Landespolitik 22 on the one hand, and they pursued to keep to pursued they and hand, one the on eewrsretGegenwartsarbeit 10. Landespolitik eae a nerl pr f the of part integral an became (i.e. work of the present the of work (i.e. Ad te Territorial the And . Though Zionism Though ” 45 ). Zionists had Zionists ). Judaica

CEU eTD Collection nationalism in Czech Lands. in Czech nationalism in of issue complex identity the reflected movements both national and Palestine, in as Jewish well as Czechoslovakia, foster to endeavored movements both conception, Zionists social of bearers were movements both Lavan, Tchelet and Hatzair Hashomer movements Zionists youth pioneer of activities and role the to dedicated is thesis This politics. national 23

CEU eTD Collection 47 society.surrounding the of values youth social Thus, and cultural the with confronted is youth period this during time, same the At simultaneously. roles ascribed various hold to allowed “ period a as defined is youth The psychological acquire mechanisms. individuals shaping, is (self-identity) personality individual's the youth society.of within stage status a the In getting of phase the adulthood, to childhood from phase transitional a evolution, human of process the in phase important an Youthrepresents ofsociety. development with the cosmos, nature, of rhythm the with identification the to leads transition for personal of Searching process the time. in societal purpose cosmic, the to connected is – transition personal of process the – characteristics personal and abilities new acquiring of process The abilities. and limits our learn we patterns, behavioral and qualities particular acquire we age every In perception. self- society. and self-identity, the of shaping in the determine roles aging of and aspects cultural positions the Furthermore, social occupy people age on Based difference. age and age particular the on based is society, which each in labour of division social the account into take to have we all, of First important. especially are factors two differences age and age of processes biological of the definitions cultural In characteristics. to societal particular the contrast on dependent are in maturation, which, youth of definitions cultural at look to have We youth. of factors socio-psychological and characteristics, aspects, general account some into take should we movements youth Zionist) (Jewish of issue the with Dealing Zionist 3. Jewish Youth Challenge (Winter,Challenge 28-46. 1962), of Pattern “Archetypal N. Eisenstadt, See Shmuel Youth”, of role moratorium role of 24 47

Deadalus ”, i.e. the period when the person is person the when period the i.e. ”, , Vol.91, No.1, Youth: Change and

CEU eTD Collection 50 49 48 structuresdifferent various by represented were societies modern in functions economical and social political, the anymore; kinship and bounds family of principles the on based not were citizenship the on based principles the by replaced now became harmony; societal previous a affected states national of establishment the and modernization, industrialization, mobility, Social societies. modern the urbanization, migration, to societies traditional the from transition the by disrupted was society human of development the in harmony cosmic The becomeexpressedwhich ages. onspecific andsymbolized “ activities, of range values, orientation, its accents society a which to extent the on dependent society, of symbols and roles allocating for criterion a as be will age influential more the society, the of organization the simpler the “ - labour of division the is society of character the in aspects important most the among above, society.mentioned the As of orientation cultural and organization social the to related is society,which a in roles allocating for criterion important an be to considered is age Thus, any archetypal elements of basic imageof youth. the constitute these – models role definite of emulation the to maturity psychological link to and rhythms, cosmic to and images cultural general to transition temporal personal link to attempt the self-regulation, and autonomy psychological identity, personal of development reached. usually is society the of symbols and values with individual of identification the time that at because society,the of qualities primordial and values social major of repository a as considered be could Ibid, 31. Ibid, 33. Ibid, 32. ” and vice versa. Another aspect is derived from the major value orientations value major the from derived is aspect Another versa. vice and ” and moreover, hitherto existing principles of division of social labour, social of division of principles existing hitherto moreover, and 48

” (...) which can be defined in terms of broad human qualities and qualities human broad of terms in defined be can which (...) The transition from childhood and adolescence to adulthood, the adulthood, to from adolescence transition and The childhood 25 ” 49 ” 50 . The new societal structures societal new The . (...)

CEU eTD Collection 52 51 problematic a reflected formation their roles; various substituted organizations Youth Thus movement. Hatzair ofthe precursor Hashomer a whichbecame movement, Scouts Boy the was example typical on a moulding; focused character and that body of cultivation organizations, and education adult-sponsored were movements youth of types Other Wandervogel, movement Zionist theTchelet of precursor ideological an which became Lavan. movement youth German the was example typical a - movements European Romantic the groups, spontaneous them among with connected organizations rebellion youth movements, semi-political ideological, students, organizations; and movements youth various the to rise gave nationalism of development the and changes societal modernization, of process The etc skills,specialization ontheofknowledge, basis allocated became roles the social roles; societal of allocation for the criterion a as age of importance the of of weakening consequence the in occurred These se. the per culture youth the and initiated organizations youth various of emergence conditions political and social specific and development social modern The generation by conflict. accompanied usually was youth of self-identification a seeking of process The organizations. and movements youth of ranks the within identity their shape to and develop tended youth The maturity. social full and development identity for element sufficient world. adult the phase and childhood transitory of world a the as between serve can these groups; youth especially form, to groups peer for tendency therea cases, arises children.these the In of part the on maturity social and identity self- full of attainment the assure not does ages other of members family with “ interaction society modern the In age. or kinship bounds, family of regardless everyone to open were which etc.) clubs associations, parties, (political Ibid, 36-37. Ibid, 34. 26 h hlrns ietfcto n close and identification children's The “ 51 Family membership ceased to be a be to ceased membership Family 52 .

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 53 the in organizations youth Jewish the with Dealing organizations. and movements youth of development the to led society of symbols and values cultural the in youth of orientation problematic and uncertainty of feeling the age, of importance fading the of consequence a As symbols andmeanings. newsocial-cultural or identity collective newsymbols of of development the with connected closely become has identity social new youth's forgingof the “ development. personal inner and factors external between balance of setting and context, political and cultural social, broader the within contextualizing themselves of way some for searching was youth the crisis identity of this period In period, identity. balanced a and toward case) changes ideal temporal an (in personal led that between progression cosmic/societal relations mutual of exploration the on focus Youthsocieties. to modern had the for time, of concept the of weakening and society in roles of allocation the for criteria of change of period the within characteristic is development This time. and societal cultural personal transition between dislocation to overcome attempt an in this all values; cultural and social their of purity youth, of role unique the emphasized youth of ideologies and adulthood, and various youth between Therefore discontinuities and hand. differences manifested organizations other the on recognized an be toward and to hand, one endeavor the on adults with communicate to effort an toward youth the led phenomena These idealism. strong by accompanied usually is society the of values the in orientation the Furthermore, problems. cultural and social sexuality), (mis)reflection, its and society modern these – society “ the to reactions of were movements symbols and values cultural the in youth of orientation uncertain and Ibid, 38. Ibid, 42. Ibid, 39. .” 53 Among these stresses we may include biological (maturity, body change body (maturity, biological include may we stresses these Among emergence of the problems and stresses of adolescence on adolescence of stresses and problems the of emergence 27 It is in these youth movements that movements youth these in is It ” 55

CEU eTD Collection 57 56 Hagibor. Hatzair, Makkabi Makkabi, considered be might orientation this of aim representatives “social” the definite on without focused leisure-time, organizations and Youth sport of activities, recreational type second The Herzl. Theodor and Kochba Bar organizations others among were group this of representatives The language. Hebrew the historyand Jewish onthe focused above all, members oftheir activities educational were aims “ so-called was movements youth Zionist of type first The role,and specificity. ideology social youth, its Zionist pioneer some Youth.Jewish the of life social of analyze patterns characteristic can we thus orientation, and specificity their to according Czechoslovakia Zionist Youth WeJewish movement. in divide Zionist movements can the including – Europe around all movements nationalistic various in role crucial a played have movements Youth institutions and organizations subjects, Jewish organizations. to foundparticular need the accentuated political various from exclusion their and Jews the of programme assimilation the with difficulties organizations, liberal the of disintegration the time that At hand. other the on identity own 19 one's shape the to effort of an as end well as century, the since perceived Bohemia in Jews the which crisis identity and hand; one the on changes societal general and modernity of development specific the to reaction a f the in excesses antisemitic perpetual and values, liberal of crisis the as such phenomena, political and social the with movements youth the of origin the contextualize to have we Lands Czech structure. I assume that for the purpose of my thesis I can use his conception with some petty modifications. with modifications. petty some conception use I his can ofthesis my thepurpose I for assume that structure. social Israeli lifeofin youth of analysis social for byShmuel Eisenstadt was used Similar conception 52. asimilací,“ nad rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení Vol. 2,No. 2(Jun., 1951): 105-114. “Youth, N. Eisenstadt, See Shmuel. Israel,“ Structure in Social and Culture in de siècle Bohemia. Bohemia. as seen emergence can the Thus, be movements Jewish youth ofthe 28 57

working youth” movements - - movements youth” working I am going to focus in detail on the on detail in focus to going am I 56 The British Journal of Sociology of Journal British The A typical As .

whose ,

CEU eTD Collection 59 58 Israel. Eretz in class working and agricultural new a create to endeavor an in nation Jewish the of mobilization” and “productivization realization, practical its for struggled they but goals, new with up come not did organizations pioneer the movement, Zionist the of framework the in Thus, Zionism. Socialist of ideology the by defined were these as goals, up set the of the realization in practical was movements youth pioneer the of uniqueness The generation. Zionist older the youth pioneer The of society. passivity the to relation in Jewish especially values cultural and ideals the their of purity accentuated of qualities and values social the of repository a be to themselves considered movements youth pioneer Jewish the organizations, Jewish various of ranks the within accentuated became programme Zionist the since particular, In values. and political social their particular interconnect to they attempted and world, cultural and social the within place their find to pursued they identity/self-identification, their shape to than more the none claim not did youth Jewish only) (not movements youth of ranks members. of status social the of modification a toward orientation their and goals up set their especially examine can we differences the Among youth. Jewish the among identification of types new foster to pursued movements these thus and school, at or family in those from different activities on focus would which groups, youth specific formal organize to attempted all they school, and family of sphere the outside operated movements these all all, Above common. in features some also had movements of types different the all characteristics, and specificities various had movements youth Zionist the of all Although and Hatzair Hashomer were Tchelet ofthis cluster representatives Lavan. Typical settlements. communal and preparations agricultural toward activities its oriented is one third the And Oppenheim, Ibid, 106. The Struggle of Jewish Youth of Struggle The Jewish for Productivization, 59 pioneering type, type, pioneering Thus, on one hand there was a passive approach of the older Zionist older the of approach passive a was there hand one on Thus, which emphasized Zionism and socialism, and which and socialism, and Zionism emphasized which 29 1-7. 58

Thus, within the within Thus,

CEU eTD Collection 60 of restriction the off shake to was movement the of ethos the – Wandervogel movement romantic German the in lies movement Lavan Tchelet the of origin the above mentioned As Hashomer3.1. Hatzair and Tchelet movements the– of Shaping Lavan identity. the as collective well as ideology,personal pioneer the the of shaping of attributes respected also which were language Hebrew the of revival and creativity cultural on orientation the least, not but Last protection. and self-defence the on entity. put was Stress national new a create to endeavor an in nation Jewish the of rejuvenation the of sake the for work manual and agricultural non-exploitative on emphasis strong the was image pioneer the of attribute major Another society). Jewish (the community whole the of welfare the of sake social comforts, material the all for was self-sacrifice This life. up ascetic an lead to begin give to prepared is who one to amenities, ready man a be to considered was pioneer the self-sacrifice; of concept the was philosophy pioneer Zionist the of attributes pivot the of One values. social and identity (collective) of concept new a offered they society; Jewish the of life cultural and social the of aspects various of change a for fought youth Jewish pioneer The one. another as seen be could Zionism of behalf on Jewry young religious the of traditional milieu milieu/bourgeois the with breakup The conflict. generational the of dimension one as seen be can This youth. pioneer Jewish the of productivization for struggle the of form the in approach active the hand other the on and programme, national Jewish the toward generation See Character in the Perspective of the Social Sciences (Mar., Sciences theSocial in of thePerspective Character 1967):116-123. Society,“Ideological Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, “Israeli Identity: Problems in the Development of the Collective Identity of Identity an of theCollective theDevelopment in Problems Identity: “Israeli N. Eisenstadt, Shmuel Annals ofAnnals the American Science and Social Political Academy of 60 self-reliance, i.e. on independence from external from independence on i.e. self-reliance, 30 , Vol. 370, National

CEU eTD Collection 63 62 61 its of was part a Blau-Weiss character intellectual overall it the of Kochba Bar on relieve to effort an impact In significant. its thus and movement, Kochba Bar the from primarily recruited was Blau-Weiss the of membership The hand. other the on movement Kochba Bar the within “revolution” specific a with and hand; one the on movements German the within antisemitism increasing the with movement the of origin the contextualized Karpe Richard of1913Blau-Weissautumn independently. operated the since long, last not did cooperation mutual Their Makabi. club sports the with together organized initially were activities its and 1913 in founded Blau-Weisswas of branch Prague Wandervogel. of ideas the organizations, imitating scouts Jewish particular of formation the was youth natural Jewish the the society; of German reaction the within race undesirable an be to denoted were Jews the half-castes. and foreigners by are we as surrounded race, our of purity the preserve to duty our is it because “ ranks, our in Jews Wallachians, nor find: can we manifestos their of one in of well, case as the Wandervogel was It ranks. their into Jews the of with acceptance of hand possibilities discussed they in hand went which or paragraphs nationalism, Aryan adopted movements Various German antisemitism. German radical the with encountered organizations and societies German various the into Jews the of integration the time, that At families. middle-class from came followers its period, short a within significantly increased members of nature. number The to return and bourgeois and life conventions social traditional Hatzair Noar Tzofi Halutzi (Netzach) (Rhapsody to Tchelet to (Rhapsody Halutzi Tzofi Hatzair (Netzach) Noar Lavan in shel “Hitahvutah Richard Karpe, Tchelet haolam harishonah,” bemilchamat vehitpatchut beBohemiah Lavan Ibid. Czechoslovakia in world first war,” developmentduringthe and its Bohemia in of beginning “Blau-weiss” “The Richard Karpe, Czechoslovakiah, 1993), 51-61. Czechoslovakiah, Tchelet Lavan- El in Czechoslovakia Al-Netzach Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan Rapsodiah LeTcheletRapsodiah –korot Lavan hanoar tnuat Tchelet Lavan- El Hashomer beCzechoslovakiah Al , ed. ed. etal.( Sinai Amos . The history of theYouth of history The Tchelet Movement Lavan- El in Al-Netzach Israel, 1996), 17. 1996), Israel, 62 A typical example was the movement Blau-Weiss.The movement the was example typical A ) ) (Israel: Haemunah letoldot letoldot Haemunah (Israel: Tchelet –El Lavan be Al 31 63 ” 61 At one of the movements' conferences movements' the of one At . The history of history The theYouth Movement We want neither Slaves, neither want We numerus clausus, clausus, numerus

CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 Worldthe of eve the in Galicia in found be can movement Hatzair Hashomer the of roots The education. Jewish spirit inofthe the activities educational ofother mediation the through and lectures, parties, meetings, tours, walking of organization the through youth Jewish conscious and healthy a form to morally, and Youthspiritually physically,Jewish the the into Youth Jewish Techelet Lavan name the under appeared branch movement Czechoslovak the 1919 In cell. mother the German from separated branches Czechoslovak and Austrian the (1920) Mühlberg in conference movement's the “ slogan the of introduction the after strengthened This even which Powell. branches, movement various Baden within dissatisfaction general evoked attitude by Scouts Boy the of ideology the from resulting structure hierarchical militant strictly a Blau-Weisspromoted German the of leadership the 1919/1920 years the of turn the In cell. mother German the of leadership the under were they quickly, Moravia and Bohemia around all arose Blau-Weiss movement the of branches individual The elite. intellectual Kochba Bar the of influence the under happened it gradually doubts any was without education added; Zionist and beginning, the since were program history their Jewish within and included Hebrew of studies the Zionism, of ideas the adopt initially not did Blau-Weissmovement the nature. Although to return and politics anti-bourgeois promote to started and majority intellectual the to opposition an formed membership anti-intellectual See Ibid. Richard Karpeles, “Zur Geschichte des Geschichte Karpeles, “Zur Techelet-Lawan,”See Ibid.Richard AMP, katastr, Spolkový Blau-Weiss. SK PŘ, XIV/342: 17. of beginning “Blau-weiss,” Karpe, “The 64

Association of the Jewish Youth Techeleth Lawan in Prague in Youth TechelethLawan Jewish the of Association ( Jüdischer Wanderbund Jüdischer Blau-Weiss Der Balau-Weiss ist eine Armee auf dem Marsch. dem auf Armee eine Balau-Weiss ist Der 65

32 Bundesblätter ) that soon transformed itself transformed soon that ) . Its goal was to educate to was goal Its . , Tebeth 5687,39-41. The Association of Association The 66 ” ” After

CEU eTD Collection 69 68 67 the of wave migration the with together Ruthenia Subcarpathian and Slovakia to got movement Hatzair Hashomer The Zionism. socialist of spirit the in nation Jewish the of “normalization” of program the accentuated and Zionism, on focused gradually movement The Wandervogelwell. German the as of activities and ideas the reflected it program, scout the of ideas Powell Baden the to itself oriented movement the the into merged was in 1919. adopted Hatzair name Hashomer the movement, Hashomer organizations both 1913 In nationalism. Jewish on focusing movement Palestine. in settlements Jewish first the of defense ensuring and activities athletic and scout fostering Palestine), (in 1909 in established was movement Hashomer The Zion. Tzerei the and Hashomer organization guards’ Jewish the of amalgam an as founded was movement Hatzair Hashomer the Poland In well. as movement Hatzair Hashomer the of precursors the of case the was It scouting. and activities sport the on focused had area the in organizations Zionist first other. The the on antisemitism growing the Zionism uprootedness. toward and hand, one the of on assimilation of process difficult the to alternative feeling an represented their solve help of could variety which a for strategies searching identification were Jews The widespread. not was Zionism of idea the war the to Prior Zionism. toward gradually but assimilation, toward Jews the lead not did Galicia of milieu religious traditional the in modernization and secularization of process The I. War Publishing Co. Publishing Ltd., Tel-Aviv, 1939). Zion Party. leftist Poale of electorate Levensohn, See Lotta were themovements –wide of range was leftist of orientation themovement thepolitical thebeginning Since youth of organizations)analysis Zionist (M.A. 64. 2010), Olomouc, University Palacký Thesis, organizaví” and Hatzair sionistických mládežnických (Hashomer Tchelet –a (1918-1938) comparative Lavan a “HašomerHacair Bartáková, Daniela Tchelet studie –komparativní (1918-1938) vČeskoslovensku Lavan Journal Hatzair theHashomer Elkana of Margalit, IntellectualOrigins and “Social Youth Movement, of Contemporary History Contemporary of 67 Ostjuden , Vol. 4,No. 2. (Apr., 1969):25-46. 68

The Tzerei Zion was founded in 1903 as an educational an as 1903 in founded was Zion Tzerei The during the World War I. Although before 1918 several 1918 before Although I. War World the during 33 The First Jewish Watch Jewish First The Palestine. in 69 Since the beginning Since the 1913-20,“ (Palestine

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 Diaspora. the the fostering youth, Jewish the of education for striving promulgated Kadima Hashomer the of platform common the 1925 December In united. movements Kadima and Hashomer the satisfactory be to proved camp summer the during movements both of cooperation mutual the and after there, of organization and ideas the promoting group first The movement. the of development further the on impact significant a had camp too. The participated Kadima the from youth Jewish the where Bystrica, Banska in camp summer first its organized movement the 1925 In part. eastern its except Slovakia Hashomer around all operated and quickly grew The movement Zionism. adopted therefore the which with movement, together Hashomer blended the of became activities activities Its Zionists. front other and Gordon A.D. Buber, M. of ideas the by inspired was circle The Bratislava. in Gross Július legionary former circle intellectual the 20s the of beginning the At scouting. and ideas ofpioneering, along the brought who refuges, Eastern of coming the War and the of context the in movements the these of origin perceive to have We one. speaking Hungarian a similar originally a Kadima, with the was movement ideology a Ruthenia Subcarpathian the in and Slovakia of the part In Eastern pioneers. Zionist Polish the by influenced Hashomer, organization the throughout Kalmar Leo by widespread were history) Jewish the on focused also which – programme and marginal a as perceived be flags uniforms, ideology, to (the scouts Powell's Baden ceased the of ideas the Slovakia Zionism In movement. the when 20s the until least at wasn’t it say, that could we Bratislava, in especially , Slovakia in existed already movements Zionist 1986) 1920-1950. HaTnuah, betoldot Perakim HaTzair beCzechoslovakiah: HaShomer a “Hašomer Hacair Bartáková, Tchelet 69. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan Surveys, Vol.I. JPS, 1971), 85-124. (Philadelphia: “ Rotkirchen, See Livie also , 4-6. 71 hehalutz hehalutz

activities and supporting the productive work of the Eretz as well as of as well as Eretz the of work productive the supporting and activities Slovakia II., 1918-1938,” in Jews of Czechoslovakia, Historical Studies and Historical inof Czechoslovakia, 1918-1938,” Jews II., Slovakia 34 70 boaObroda

(the Revival) was founded by a by founded was Revival) (the (Givat Havivah, Israel, Havivah, (Givat hahshara was formed was

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 fight to effort an in soldiers volunteer became Jews Austro-Hungarian many war the During all. above accentuated were Affair Beilis the and pogrom Kishinev The oppression. Jewish for synonym a be to Empire Russian the considered Jews pogroms former of consequence 19 the of end the Since refugees. Galician the and European Eastern the of the it issue dimension, was important had another onZionism their impact events and war The caseofBlau-Weisthe too. in Czechoslovakia more even became Zionism was It strengthened. movements Zionist various of ranks the and Jews, the among accentuated Declaration Balfour the to Thanks changed. had situation called so- the of consequence a Jewry. As European the among even politics, international of field the in considerably reflected not was movement Zionist the war chapter,the before first the in mentioned As movements. both of development the on impact significant a had World War I 3.2. World War movements the on impact I and its Lands. Czech the in roots took them of None Ruthenia. Subcarpathian and youth Slovakia in the movements of axis major the represented Trumpeldor Brit rightist and Hatzair Hashomer “ branch. Hatzair Hashomer the formed movement the of part (Betar). Trumpeldor Brit revisionist militant the of origin the proclaimed Gross 1927 November In split. movement the Gross, of leadership the under year, following The Tatry century) the20th Slovakiain in Jews mountines. Ješajahu A. Jelinek, and Surveys, Studies Historical Vol.II. JPS, 1971), 104. (Philadelphia: “ K.See Rabinowicz, Oskar (Vol. 1985):187. 20,No. 1(Jan., Near,Henry Survival: and theKibbutz,” “Experiment Beginnings of The ” twofold revolution twofold 73

Dávidova hviezda podTatrami.Dávidova 20.storočí v Židiana Slovensku under (Davis the star 74 Czechoslovak Zionism: Zionism: Czechoslovak a to History,“Analecta in Czechoslovakia. Jews of The

(i.e. the Russian Revolution and the Balfour Declaration) the Declaration) Balfour the and Revolution Russian the (i.e. 35 (Praha: IPEĽ, 2009), IPEĽ, 224-5. (Praha: Journal of Contemporary History Contemporary of Journal Since that time, the leftist the time, that Since th 72 century as a as century The second The

CEU eTD Collection organizational and development moulding of the movement. It was in Vienna where the 76 where Vienna in was It 75 movement. for the period of moulding important development an and was organizational – Hatzair Hashomer the of period Vienna-Galician called so- the - 1915-1918 years The homeland. their with contacts maintain to pursued time same the at who refugees, Galician the for shelter main the became Vienna above mentioned As and professional status. futuresocial own their and pattern social contemporary the of maintenance the in confidence least the without and security lacking isolated, rootless, perplexed, tense, were they because was “ movement shaping. Hatzair Hashomer the of core the which in environment the was It hand. of accused were other the Jews on service military the The avoiding and hand, one the antisemitism. on Bolshevism with cooperation growing the to up face to had they and weak was consciousness national their difficult, was Jews Galician the of situation political The the among refugees; the were actions charitable ofthese Tcheletsupporters the too. Lavan supporting actions educational and charitable organized ones) women’s the (especially organizations Zionist the end the in but ambivalent was refugees Jewish Galician the toward Jews Prague's of attitude The Vienna. all above and republic, of wave migration The inland. away ran Jews Galician of thousands of hundreds that of consequence a as line, firing the of part a Hatzair. became Hashomer Galicia the war of the During especially movements, both of history the in factor important another was refugees Galician of issue The Cossacks “ went also movements both of membership the of part significant A enemy,Russian the against “ were slogans typical their Margalit, “ 70. asimilací,“ nad rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení .” Ostjuden hyThey 75 Social and Intellectual Origins of the Hashomer Hatzair of Hatzair Origins theHashomer and Intellectual Social Youth Movement,”

(the Galician Jews – D.B.) – Jews Galician (the affected the Czech and Moravian territory, Eastern parts of the budding the of parts Eastern territory, Moravian and Czech the affected ” 76 longed for roots and community identification community and roots for longed 36 Revenge for Kishinev,for Revenge to fight against the against fight to 30. ” “ ” Holy war Holy ” etc. ”

CEU eTD Collection 77 the with connection in perceived been have could Zionism toward Jews the of inclination growing The acute. very was organization youth Jewish the form to necessity the area this In all. above region Sudetenland the in apparent was which hostility anti-Jewish German the found by who intensified was Czechoslovakia antagonism, Czech-German strong in the of Jews environment the in the themselves of crisis identity German-speaking The Jewish country. the the in on minority impact significant a had trend This enemies. national main the as nationalists Czech the by depicted became Germans the Austria, with territories Czech particular of affiliation the for struggled representation political German the Since population. speaking Jewish-German significant a with cities the from came they altogether environment, German-language a from came members Lavan Tchelet the of majority The ofthe society. radicalization political social and and nationalization, already I As evolution. further Worldof of chapter,end token first a the the were in their years War following mentioned the and I of understanding for issue crucial a is framework A social and historical a broader into ofboth movements ofthe development contextualization Subcarpathian and Slovakia Ruthenia. Eastern including destinations, other to Hatzair the of Hashomer ideas the widespread refugees Galician The Palestine. to emigrated Jews Galician first the where from center Vienna the was it and Gordon A.D. or Buber M. as intellectuals Zionists' front of works the encountered they movement, romantic German of ideas some adopted Jews Galician the organizations here symptomatic; became and contacts These Blau-Weiss. branches including various its Zionism, of ideas the encountered Jews Galician See Angelika Jensen, “Hašomer Hacair a “Hašomer Hacair Tchelet 64-67. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan 1943 Hazair“ 1903 bis „Haschomer der Bewegung Beispiel 77

Sei stark und mutig! Chasak we’emaz! 40Jahre we’emaz! Chasak undmutig! Sei stark Jugend Österreich in jüdische am 37 (Vienna, See Bartáková, also 1995), 54-88.

CEU eTD Collection 80 The programme. national 79 their and politics their 78 adapt to had Zionists the antisemitism, increasing the of because also and refugees, Galician with problems the to War,due the of consequence a As transformation. of particular process the underwent other the the on communities Jewish and hand, one on situation political internal The centers. Zionist Viennese or Moravian Czech, the of influence the under Zionism of platforms the ideological particular adopted movements national Jewish existing several Republic the of origin the After in communities Jewish heterogeneous the Slovakia. of unification of agent an as seen been have might organizations and communities religious Jewish of spectrum wide the across members particularities. and specificities its had organization religious their Moravia; and Bohemia of those to contrast in conditions political and cultural specific under originated Slovakia in communities Jewish Republic. the of part Western the with comparison in development slower a had origin its However, disturbances. anti-Jewish and frictions national by accompanied also were which and nationalism, Slovak Hungarian the were as strategies identification other the to way alternative Slovakia an in presented Zionism republic. the of part a became communities religious orthodox with provinces Hungarian former the of some Czechoslovakia of founding the development. After different a had Zionism toward Jews the of inclination the republic the of part Eastern the In (i.e. ofthe German instead Zionism the nationality/identity.Austrian) Zionist the with of themselves identified Jews Czechoslovak development of part a the when Czechoslovakia, in movement on impact positive a had have might frictions national of period a Altogether, time. that of antagonism Czech-German and crisis identity Jewish community in Slovakia before the before the Slovakia community in World War in II.), See Büchler, Robert (The Jewish Slovensku druhou komunita vojnou” svetovou pred na “Židovská 85. asimilací,“ nad rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení Bartáková, “Hašomer Hacair a “HašomerHacair Bartáková, Tchelet 68. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan 1992), Bystrica, 5-26. (Banská 80

79 hs h inss wo wr ekn o new for seeking were who Zionists the Thus, 38 Tragédia Židov, slovenských 78

ed. Desiderius ed. Tóth

CEU eTD Collection 84 83 82 Orthodox 81 of ranks the from members its recruited Slovakia in movement scout Jewish The Slovakian interconnect movement. Kadima the Subcarpathien with Hashomer to pursued and 20s the during Hatzair Hashomer the of structure program the built-up who Neumann was It there. expansion its to contributed and Slovakia, all. at program not work the was into included and misunderstood remained Hehalutz of ideal great the deeper and the ideas while educational things, other the and flags discipline, military vigorous uniforms, nice Movement: Scout the of effects external the by only affected was Slovakia in youth Jewish “ youth: Zionist with work Kalmans' beginning, criticized the Neumann In Neumann. of work the than Slovakia in activities youth Zionist Jewish of formation the on impact significant more much a had Kalman Leo of activities the above, all. at East the in succeed not did TcheletLavan the thus and Lavan, Tchelet the of that from differed Slovakia in youth Jewish the of origin class the and mentality the Zion Tzerei and Devora Banot the merging by Bratislava in branch Slovakian the up set to attempted member movement Lavan Tchelet Czech the Neumann, success. greater a achieved Neumann Oskar Jeremijahu of activities the later, year One great. not was success His Jews. the of orientation Zionist and Czech the promoting cities Slovakian several visited 1919 in who Brod Max was Slovakia in Zionism of pioneers first the of One process. wasand gradual a Slovakia slow in development ofZionism the Nevertheless, politics. Jewish Czechoslovak general the of field the in Jews Czech the of dominance the with also and areas, particular in outbursts nationalist radical the with communities, orthodox Landespolitik differences thenextchapter. both see movements between 1920-1950, HaTnuah, 3. betoldot Perakim HaTzair beCzechoslovakiah: HaShomer See “ Jelinek, See Ibid,256-259. See Čapková, of Slovakian Zionism had to grapple with the considerable influence of the of influence considerable the with grapple to had Zionism Slovakian of Dávidova hviezda podTatrami,”Dávidova Češi, Němci, Židé?, Němci, Židé?, Češi, 256-257. ” 83 Neumann was involved in the Zionist activities in activities Zionist the in involved was Neumann 215-217. 39 84

At that spiritual structure of the of structure spiritual that At . It became clear soon that soon clear became It . To background social the 82

As mentioned As 81

CEU eTD Collection 86 85 overall the to momentum movements. development ofboth and further character gave events These movements. both of platform ideological the became which Zionism, and socialism of amalgamation the be to way seemed them middle between The Revolution. Russian the and Declaration Balfour the by influenced was Lavan Tchelet the of case in lifestyle bourgeois Hatzair, Hashomer the the of case in poverty the - dilemma social particular their of solution a be can it time, same the at dilemma; identity their of solution a as seen be can leftism radical and socialism toward inclination their i.e. Czechoslovakia, in Jews the of reorientation political the crisis identity the of view of point the from chapter, first the in mentioned As andBlau-Weiss. movement Zionist the left they and arrived, had Messiah” Socialist-Communist the of days “the that believed “ follows: as member movement former post-war a by described the was period of atmosphere revolutionary the apparent; were tendencies pro-communist traditions. religious their abandon to hesitate milieu social current the leave to effort an Party.In Communist the including organizations (political) other also but communities, religious Jewish the off youth communitie Neologue Jewish and Bartáková, “Hašomer Hacair a “HašomerHacair Bartáková, Tchelet 69. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan the movement the Youth 1920-1928), in Movement, organizácie Organization (1920-1938)” theScout “Od(From mládeže skautskej pohnutie See Šapira, Ruven Lavan Boehm,Philip , ed. Amos Sinai etal., 17. Sinai Amos ) ed. Pavol Mešťan (Bratislava: SNM – Múzeum židovskej kultúry, židovskej SNM – Múzeum Mešťan ed.(Bratislava: Pavol ) 2001), 20-39. “Tchelet (a story), in personal Zionism practical a Lavan” for school s. It was not only theorganization scouts not only It whothe was s. Jewish led ” 86 Hašomer Hacair - Dějiny hnutia Dějiny hnutia Hacair - Hašomer 40 85 Even within the ranks of the Blau-Weiss the Blau-Weiss the of ranks the within Even . Since the end of the war the Jewish youth Jewish the war the of end the Since . ( Hashomer Hatzair – History of –History Hatzair Hashomer the Jewish youth did not did youth Jewish the In their innocence, they innocence, their In Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody seen as seen

CEU eTD Collection 90 89 88 * 87 of ideology the adopted movement the before movements. analogous ideologically with encounter the through and Lichtwitz, Hans ideologist front movement's the to thanks gradually, especially promoted of ideas the toward romanticism bound. from our movement was life of values materialistic to aversion the nature– with disaffection a hypocrisy, against bourgeoisie,philistinism, against rebellion the “ style. life new a up build to pursuing practically, and ideologically parents’ generation liberal bourgeois its opposed that generation pioneer young the was there movement TcheletLavan the of leadership the in war, the After the of part Eastern exclusively.Republic the to itself limited although Czechoslovakia, in movements Zionist society.” socialist purely a up build to help would he where Israel Eretz in settlement final his for Jews young the of education “ Diaspora. in aims particular Palestinian and pioneers ideological and so-called social the – the cooperation on based society a be to themselves considered members the end, the in but gradually shaping was ideology inner Its life. of values new for searching was youth Jewish the where movement romantic a was Slovakia in Hashomer beginning, the In 3.3. post ideals” warsociety The noble and national the – of “moulding period Fritz Beer,Fritz CZA, 73. Rabinowicz'sestate, Oskar A87-100, kibbutz emissaries. Palestinian ideology, 1967), 11.; eropitwe-yisreelit, yehudit, politit mahshava leheqer Posen Shimoni, also See See See Wein, “ 2008),Litomyšl, 55. Ofer N. Nur,Ofer 224. ...a tys na Němce střílel, dědo? (Did you shoot on the Germans, Grandpa? ontheGermans, you shoot dědo? střílel, (Did na Němce ...a tys Zionism in Interwar Czechoslovakia,” 2009,5-47. in Czechoslovakia,” Interwar Zionism Hashomer Hatzair in the 1920s in Hatzair : the Hashomer shlihim eda It did not pursue any political work concentrating solely on the on solely concentrating work political any pursue not did It . 87 * Due to the contacts of Hashomer movement with Polish with movement Hashomer of contacts the to Due it focused on the Palestino-centric politics without any without politics Palestino-centric the on focused it 88 The reform of life style was the goal of the movement, the of goal the was style life of reform The

The movement became one of the strongest youth strongest the of one became movement The

from avant-garde elitism to 41 Hehalutz eauzHehalutz . “ . From the little we did know, it was know,it did we little the From ” 90 89 n rcia ins was Zionism practical and Still, it was a long-distance a was it Still, h eretto f the of reorientation The (Universitat HeIfa. Forum HeIfa. (Universitat (Paseka, Praha – Praha (Paseka, The Zionist The

CEU eTD Collection 92 91 (socialist) by formulated were these as goals, national the of realization practical the motion in set who youth Jewish pioneer the was it Zionism, the of ideas general the were building infrastructure the and Israel Eretz in development agriculture an Palestine, to emigration the need.” national the with fulfillment personal for search own one´s fuse to choice conscious the implied (…) “ - hagshama was and ideology the agricultural in term Jewish key The a class. working establish to effort an in nation Jewish the of productivization – settlements collectivist the in life the for and Palestine to emigration the for preparing and agriculture, the where centers, training of organization was movement the of projects. goals social the up set Among and achieve to pursuing person, goal-seeking the of B. Gordon, A.D. and Trumpeldor term Syrkin. The N. and Borochov J. of works the from resulted ideology Its branches. other for model the became soon which Poland, to moved movement the of center the Russia in movement the of activities the prohibited regime communist the Since Europe. Eastern of origin The orientation. a social-educational-Jewish with romantic-youthmovement, a years, first the during least remained,Tcheletat had Lavan us, For first. Aliya on go should who and trained, be to go to first the be should Who Aliya? for prepare to when and How trained? be to members our send to how ourselves, organize we should How HOW? dilemma: one only by confronted were We Deagnia. by set example the to similar communal, be would „our“settlement doubt: of shadow a without us to clear Philip Boehm,Philip “Tchelet in (a story), personal for Zionism practical a Lavan” school Shimoni, Shimoni, Lavan ,

ed. The Zionist ideology Zionist The Amos Sinai et al., 28-29. SinaiAmos etal., Hehalutz Hehalutz kibbutzim – the worldwide federation of pioneer Zionist youth – can be found in found be can – youth Zionist pioneer of federation worldwide the – . h oa on f te mvmn a h oiiain and mobilization the was movement the of point focal The , 234. halutz halutz ” 91 means the pioneer, avant-garde; it has a connotation a has pioneer, it the means avant-garde; 42 halutzim Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody will be trained in trained be will 92 Although

CEU eTD Collection 94 93 a Vyhniegiving in branch movement Slovakian the of camp summer visited Hariri 1927 In or Meir Yaari. the from emissaries and members front Palestinian the of work organized the through supported the with experiences had tradition, already had members with its of many activity; organization world-wide a and influential concept educational consistent an represented Hatzair Hashomer time, that At apparent. became both movements between and interconnection cooperation of field the in allies cooperation of concept the adopted Lavan Tchelet the After Searching3.4. forallies new on ofthe up,theorientation epoch set was goals new the and changes structural of era new the Thus 30s. the during and decade, the others. group forthe itself preparing enlargedmovements significantly. firstgroup training 20s halfthe ofthe that the was first in It both of membership the and consolidating, was ideology movements’ the decade following of ideas the to approached movements Both ideology.Zionist See Oppenheim, Bartáková, “Hašomer Hacair a Hacair a “Hašomer TcheletBartáková, 45-63. vČeskoslovensku,” Lavan 94 vd Avoda In practice, the goals of the the of goals the practice, In kibbutzim, The Struggle of Jewish Youth of Struggle The Jewish for Productivization, TeWr) w er ae,tethe later, years two Work); (The 93 such as the the as such aliyah kibbutz was found among the members of the members ofthe the was foundamong Tchelet was –it the Lavan prominent members Jechiel Grünberg (Alias Chilek Hariri) Chilek (Alias Grünberg Jechiel members prominent hahsharot life. The ideological conception of the movement was movement the of conception ideological The life. Hehalutz Hehalutz activities. Since the mid of the 20s the mutual the 20s the of mid the Since activities. 43 were fulfilled especially in the second half of half second the in especially fulfilled were and Hehalutz Bibracha hahshara Hehalutz 1-7. uig te Wrd Wr I n the in I, War World the during group followed, and then many then and followed, group . t bgn t erh fr new for search to began it ,

CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 the After organizations considerably. interfered and organization Zionist the with cooperated movements Both TcheletLavan. of and scope the became Silesia and Slovakia influence. Moravia Bohemia, while Hatzair, of Hashomer the of spheres scope the were Ruthenia particular Subcarpathian their dividing Hatzair, Hashomer and between Tchelet existed agreement territorial special a 20s,the of half second Lavan the Since accent. revolutionary a with stressed were collectivism the for youth of preparation the and centrism, Palestino- movement, the of ideology the area, the in religiosity traditional the to Withregard its of movement. Hatzair Hashomer the of bastion a became gymnasium Kugel. The Chaim leadership director the under Munkács in gymnasium Hebrew the by supported were these where Ruthenia Subcarpathien the to spread Hatzair Hashomer of activities the 1928 Since joinedexisting the and Palestine to emigrated participants the of many training, the After fundraising. and training, Palestinian with cooperating hahshara Palestine. to emigration the on focus to and ideology movement's university their of the to themselves devote to were youth the studies university of instead abandonment aspirations; education toward pushed was Hashomer from youth Jewish The Hatzair, Hashomer movement world the of of importance goals up set the about there lecture public Tragédia Židov, slovenských 1918-1945), in to between Zionistorganization, Palestine (The and theemigration movements theyouth See Akiva Nir, ” See Podrobněji See Podrobněji a Hacair see “Hašomer Tchelet Bartáková, detailed development For 45-81. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan 97 etr i eekr tdys Zmasé Sd n Soai) ws founded was Slovakia) in Sady Zemianské (today's Nemeskürt in center hahshara hahsharot HaShomer HaTzair beCzechoslovakiah: Perakim betoldot 40-42. HaTnuah, Perakim beCzechoslovakiah: HaTzair HaShomer Sionistická organizácia, mládežnické hnutia a emigrácia do Palestíny vrokoch 1918-1945“ doPalestíny hnutiaemigrácia organizácia,Sionistická a mládežnické eauz - - Hehalutz in Nemeskürt the ideological platform of the movement consolidated. consolidated. movement theThis of platform ideological the Nemeskürt in kibbutzim and Palestino-centric ideology, and spirit of the socialist Zionism. socialist the of spirit and ideology, Palestino-centric and ed.

Desiderius Desiderius 1992), Bystrica, 27-43. (Banská Tóth hii shlihim t ws te fed o of field the was it of the world movement Hashomer Hatzair. movementHashomer world of the hy ognzd euainl atvte, agricultural activities, educational organized they - 44 asaahahshara hr h ciiis o both of activities the where 95 After this camp, the first the camp, this After 96

CEU eTD Collection 99 98 status class and origin social different the by supported even were clashes These movements. particular the to affiliation kibbutz the of matters the and Palestine in politics of sphere the was It positive. always not were movements both of branches particular the among relationships the within cooperate to started movements both goals; established and structure organizational fixed attractive with partner an represented Hatzair Hashomer movement, Lavan Tchelet the of view the In rhetoric. nationalism, socialism, andMarxist of constructive alchemy ideological society. socialist future the of prototype a as and struggles, class the and national the of tool a as serve to pursued it socialism, revolutionary and pioneer of synthesis a representing unit organic an The membership. uniform ideologically an create to thus and principles, its to members movement the of affiliation formal a achieve to endeavor an in centre, educational its and movement the of organization umbrella an created Hatzair united The politics. settlement the for tool constructivist the the that clear became it activities, educational and collectivism of ideas the fostering centres training support to proposal the of sphere. and educational cultural social, approval economical, the the After in consensus the on ideology. Affiliated Borochov the from resulting solution its and Diaspora in Jews the of situation the negotiated federation the of committee Organization Palestine. kibbutz the 1927 April in while development; movement international the of consequence a also was To see of Haartzi theKibbutz activities thepolitical YY, also 4.2.-2.;see (1) Avraham Yassour ed., Shimoni, Shimoni, theKibbutz of History federation that became a focal point focal ofconvergences a became and divergences that federation the two between in Haartzi Hakibbutz established movement Hatzair Hashomer the of federation 98 “ The Zionist Ideology, Zionist The h ucm f H-hmr H-zi' aia oiiiain ws a unique a was politicization radical Ha-tzair's Ha-shomer of outcome The . A Sources Selection of –1905-1929. hahsahrot 225. riig cnrs ad is ognzto. Nvrhls, the Nevertheless, organization. its and centres training kibbutz became a model unit and core of the Jewish society, Jewish the of core and unit model a became 45 (Merhavia, 1995), 21-23, 190-193. 1995), 21-23, (Merhavia, kibbutz kibbutz federation considered itself to be to itself considered federation kibbutzim of the Hashomer the of kibbutzim “ 99

The agreed

CEU eTD Collection 103 102 101 100 Land. upthe to Jewish build yearnings oftheir fulfillment for the agent ideal an presented Zionism and backwardness and poverty of environment the abandon of organization the to thanks success a achieved they youth, Jewish the the among nationalism Although and self-consciousness awake flourish. to pursued Zionists to began parts in Eastern movement its Zionist in the preciously more when or thirties Czechoslovakia, the during was it development, this of spite In training. ofideological on intensification Therefore there. situation political and economical social, unfavorable from disappointment the to due Palestine from emigration Jewish mass the of period the also was Palestine. in or Czechoslovakia in Party Communist the joined and movement Zionist the abandoned training ideological (Marxist) specific their of because members, whose Lavan Tchelet and Hatzair Hashomer the of members the among even apparent was phenomenon antisemitism. of rise the and power to ascendance Hitler's enabled which crisis, economic world the by hit were countries European many time, that At riots. Arab by deteriorated further the was situation unemployment, of percentage high a certain and a Palestine in of depression economic period extensive a underwent movement an was there 20s the of Zionist end the Since Palestine. in politics British the the to due disappointment decade, the of turn the At 3.5. The Thirties organizations’of the members. See Vili Cur, “ thenextchapter. in Communismdetail in theJews and of theissue dealI to with amgoing a “HašomerHacair Bartáková, see movements Tchelet 45-81. vČeskoslovensku”, Lavan itsonthe impact and offederations thekibbutz' inner development thepoliticsand of detailedanalysis For Čapková, 1920-1950, Hatzair beCzechoslovakiah, Češi, Němci, Židé? Němci, Češi, s a cneune o hs vns mn es aadnd Zoim this Zionism; abandoned Jews many events these of consequence a As Al hajahdut vehatnuah hehalutziut beCzechoslovakiah“ in in beCzechoslovakiah“ hehalutziut vehatnuah hajahdut Al , 256-259. 100 Josef 102

Rav ed. (Yaad ed. Rav Yaari: 319-322. Havivah, 1994), Givat 46 aliyah above all; the Jewish youth wanted to wanted youth Jewish the all; above Shomrim tamid –HashomerShomrim tamid 103

Hehalutz Hehalutz focused

101

CEU eTD Collection o, hw te’e oecmn h et ad ter on ieprec, aot stak and setbacks about a in born calf first inexperience, the of and harvest first the of joy immeasurable the about disappointments, own their and heat the overcoming they’re how hoe, a and spade a with blossom dessert the making they’re how say; to had he all heard mostly had We years. many for kibbutz a in lived had who Jew Russian young a was Hechaluz of emissaries: the of one of work the on contemporary,reminisces Beer,a F began. Europe from Eastern ofthe experts leadership organization under the activities the of innovation and improvements and intensified, emissaries Palestinian with cooperation the Netzach, of program educational the adopted movement immediately,the occurred Lavan the Tchelet within changes significant the Tcheletof affiliationNetzach the the After to Lavan to organization, the which Tchelet inclined. movement Lavan (Netzach) Halutzi Tzofi Noar Hatzair Hashomer the to rise the gave 1930, schism December In Party. Working Palestine federation the to kibbutz affiliated the Hameuchad joined Hakibbutz and Hatzair part Hashomer second movement the world collectivism”, the “ideological relinquished of platform the with identified movement the of part one while too; discussed were platform its and Haartzi Hakibbutz federation the kibbutz kibbutz the the of functioning of promoted movement the of part One up. split movement organization Hatzait Hashomer the and the politics to Palestine of due area conference, the the in At disagreement movement. the of concept program the presented Yaari Meir where 1930, in (Slovakia) Vrútky in held Hatzair Hashomer of conference world the represented relationship their in point braking Athirties. the in also continued Lavan Tchelet the of field the In “only” social, economical and cultural unit of all persons concerned. The activities of activities The concerned. persons all of unit cultural and economical social, “only” the in saw part second the while movement, the of basis ideological and political a as Hehalutz movement the mutual cooperation between Hashomer Hatzair and Hatzair Hashomer between cooperation mutual the movement 47 ‘The representative ‘The kibbutzim the

CEU eTD Collection 104 on impact significant a had candidates. controversy of the The education previous Zionist a on all of admission the for struggled Netzach) Hameuchad; Kibbutz the of auspices the TcheletThe (under Lavan Hatzair. Hashomer and Lavan Tchelet the between controversy another caused It training. the those approach to to wanted who compared applicants, advantage an was which Zionism, of field the in education sufficient in had they thus and Hatzair Hashomer places and Tchelet Lavan from came emigration for candidates of amount sufficient provide to and emigration, for applicants the of demands the satisfy to unable was movement Zionist the 30s the of middle the Since activities. emigration the in involved organizations Zionist other with cooperate to necessity a accentuated organizations Zionist pioneer events these to due that apparent, was It urgent ofthe to be a period the thirties pedagogical- consider can we Thus, Palestine. to emigration organizing in activities their intensified movements Zionist of variety a that, there. After held being was which 1933 in the conference World Zionist during Lázně Mariánské in Nazis the by assassinated was Lessing Theodor professor hahshara of sphere the in activities their intensified movements both Europe in situation political deteriorating the of consequence a as above, mentioned As manure, cow cow’sstinky itaJewish was because stench.’ of ‘bit the in even joy, of kind new a also but stench; and sweat dirt, was there Yes, cowshed. and groves orange the through walking by strength new get would he hope, all lose would he When us. to alien were German, old in rooted were that words, and accent his Yiddish, in sentiment, spoke with He themselves. built had they which cowshed Beer, ...a Tys dědo?, střílel, naNěmce n and lahaliayh hahshara hahshara rgams h naoal iuto eae ee os when worse even became situation unfavorable The programmes. candidates, whilst Hashomer Hatzair (Hakibbutz Haartzi) insisted Haartzi) (Hakibbutz Hatzair Hashomer whilst candidates, 60-61. 60-61. 104 hahshara 48 without any previous Zionist-educational previous any without Hehalutz hehalutz , especially in the field of the of field the in especially , hahsharot. blossom. blossom. ot o the of Most

CEU eTD Collection 106 105 in became irredentism German the movement Germany, in Nazism growing the Lavan with hand in Hand Jews. Tchelet the of German-speaking the of history organization an predominantly was the Lavan Tchelet Czechoslovakia. to belongs sub-chapter short One 3.5.1. El Al organizations Zionist pioneer and the foundillegal. were the agreement from withdrew soon which movement, Makabi the of auspices the under concluded, was Hatzair Makabi and Lavan Tchelet Hatzair, Hashomer between cooperation mutual about contract Bet, Alyiat - immigration illegal and etc.) Akiva Bnei Hatzair, Makabi were organizations these (among - emigration youth of organization youth the in other participating organizations with Zionist contacts established movements both thirties, the of half second the In uniforms new introduced Betar Hitler’s uniforms after phalanx power. Mussoloni's to the coming resembling when culminated which militarism, its for Zionists the by criticized strongly often was Betar hand, other the on But Palestine. to emigration youth of organization the in Betar of achievements the appreciated they analogous themselves an by ensure success to able not were they that fact the of aware being ambivalent; were mother organizations Betar Zionist-leftist toward the of Kadima. organization attitudes Hashomer The their of split the since apparent was Hatzair Hashomer and Betar between rivalry of area the in movements Zionist youth the to competition important shortcut the of programme its and Betar revisionist the thirties, the In whole the See Yeshayahu “Jewish Jelinek, Youth and(1920-1938),“ Despair Hope Carpatho-Rus´:Between in Ibid. (1998),No.7 (23) 146-165. Hehalutz where Betar was dominant. After the inception of the Munich Agreement, the Agreement, Munich the of inception the After dominant. was Betar where movement. 105

49 hehalutz hahsharot 106 activities. The activities. Alyiat Hanoar Alyiat presented an presented Shvut ,

CEU eTD Collection 109 108 107 and Bohemia in organizations youth biggest the of one became Netzach joining Lavan, Tchelet After Hatzair. Makabi the joined minority the whereas Hameuchad, Kibbutz and Netzach Lavan, Tchelet the joined movement Al El the of majority the negotiations mutual the after 1939, February In cooperation. ensure to pursued and movement the in interested Palestinian with contacts to inclined movement the beginning, the Since well. as activities scouting the reflected programme official Its youth. Jewish the of ability moral and physical the uplift to endeavor an in art, and science tradition, Jewish foster to pursuing youth, Jewish the of association the was it articles, movement's was the membership to According the growing. and members 200 about had it year following the successful, quite discipline. and spirit halutzic of on them instruct rejection and youth of circles manifest to thus and Zionism, „ tendencies. assimilationists' toward Jews speaking Czech the bring to pursued it all above but materials, promotional published and trips organized leadership its members, 50 about had movement the beginning, the In group. discussion emerging his Jewish Youthorganizedwho for El Paul fundraising Kohn, of initiative the found from was Al the of Association Czech the for basis the lecture his during Even 1937. in Prague in held speech Buber's Martin of topic the also was it again; acute became Czechoslovakia in identity ansicht. Provokation als Gemeinden ihren in Deutschsprechen “„ the Tcheletof ranks the within Lavan: even apparent was it again, Czechoslovakia in apparent Wir müssen der Mentalität der čechischen Bewohner Rechnung tragen, die mit Recht das Recht mit die tragen, Rechnung Bewohner čechischen der Mentalität der müssen Wir The movement's circular,The movement's III-54A-437-1. 1936.ML, AMP, El-Al. XXII/2705, SK B. “El Otto Kraus, in Divertimento,“ Al 109

shlihim El Al would try to penetrate the Czech-speaking, assimilated Czech-speaking, the penetrate to try would Al El . Therefore the Makabi Hatzair and Tchelet Lavan became Lavan Tchelet and Hatzair Makabi the Therefore . Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody Lavan 50 Hehalutz ,

n and ed. Amos Sinai et al., SinaiAmos etal., “ alyiah 107 The issue of the Jewish the of issue The “ 108 program, and it had it and program, The movement was movement The 257.

CEU eTD Collection 111 110 above. adumbrate to Worldthe attempted during I War acute as more I, Jews Czech wide-spread the for became identity, which a Jewish was of problem the left solving were political Socialism) and the (Zionism concepts to Both phenomenon. move its and population social overall the the I of War World radicalization the of consequence in that mind in bear to have we But adopted. was Zionism socialist of concept radical the that 20s the in was it War,Worldand First the during policy Palestino-centric its and Zionism adopted only They scouting. and nature to themselves orienting movements, apolitical and non-Zionist movements as emerged Both originally Hatzair). (Hashomer milieu religious traditional from escape to tended to tended or Lavan), (Tchelet movements generation parents’ their these of life bourgeois of to aversion members their demonstrate the period, proto-Zionist their of time the At milieu. social particular of their character the against and generation parents’ their against youth the of rebellion a as Hatzait Hashomer and TcheletLavan of emergence the see can we factors, other the Beside identity. creativity.social and values cultural of bearer a represented youth and future, society’s the for hope held they society, respective their of life cultural and social the of aspects various change to pursued organizations and movements youth Gentile the as well as youth, Zionist Jewish The Summary3.6. about it1400members. had Moravia, “ Eisenstadt, “Archetypal Pattern of Pattern “Archetypal Eisenstadt, Youth”, 41. Sinai etal., Tchelet and El Lavan the in Al Years in a Memorandum,“ 1939-1941 111 oevr h ins ine ot a hpn e olcie Jewish collective new a shaping was youth pioneer Zionist the Moreover, 275. 110

51 Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan ,

ed. ed. Amos

CEU eTD Collection 115 114 113 grandparents’ 112 orthodox the flabbiness. their and generation against parents’ Zionist the against revolt revolt the as well as the generation, was movements youth Zionist Jewish attitude negative their demonstrated youth Jewish the way the in activism, their in lied movements youth Zionist the practical the on focused of uniqueness The proposed. already conceptions they fulfilling and goals up set programme, the of realization political new a with up come not did youth pioneer Jewish the movement Zionist the of framework the In play. to used organizations Zionist pioneer the that role unique the of perception the in dimension another also is There and its goals. Zionism ofsocialist principles in the values societal the higher foster and up build to thus and movements, the of ranks the within participation their encourage and youth, of self-confidence strengthen to pursuing circulars publishing were organization movements. youth these of “dangerousness” the about parents for organizinglectures schools even or students, their to movement Hashomer in participation the prohibiting schools were there Slovakia Eastern In schools. in even apparent was reflection for call mother.” your of instructions the obey not do father; slogans: find could we members their toward emigration. to them encouraged and milieu, social their of abandonment their supported ideas, revolutionary with them confronted and homes their from youth the tempted which movements, both of ranks the within apparent was It youth. of pattern typical a as perceived be might movement) Zionist the within activities later their as well (as parents’generation their against revolt The Notes of the movement members, 1930. movement Notes of the YY, 2.2.-2 (1) the movement Giora Amir, in (Introduction), úvod” “Na Oppenheim, of the The circular alyiot The Struggle of Jewish Youth of Struggle The Jewish for Productivization, ) ed. Pavol Mešťan, ed.11. Pavol )

had a negative reflection among the parents, and sometimes the negative the sometimes and parents, the among reflection negative a had Among the revolutionary appeals of the Jewish Pioneer youth movements youth Pioneer Jewish the of appeals revolutionary the Among ken Trienčany,ken towards an inactivity of the Zionist leadership. Zionist the of inactivity an towards YY, 4.2.-2. (1) Hašomer Hacair - Dějiny hnutia Dějiny hnutia Hacair - Hašomer 52 “Do not listen, son, to the moralizing of your of moralizing the to son, listen, not “Do . 112

Of course, the Zionist program and the and program Zionist the course, Of 1-7. ( Hashomer Hatzair – History of –History Hatzair Hashomer 113 115 In reaction the youth the reaction In

The existence of the of existence The 114

CEU eTD Collection 116 wholecommunity. ofthe welfare ideological entity. national new a Jew, of type new a create to and nation, Jewish the revitalize to endeavor in production, and agriculture in work the was activities of point focal The generations. future of benefit the for asceticism to life of dedication the and comfort social comfort, personal of renouncing voluntary the of concept the was society). (Jewish elements community basic the Among the of welfare the for life, collective for designed values of fostering the to led was youth of ideas and concepts practical some Beside image. new a of building the through identity collective Jewish shaping of process the in lay activities pioneer the of dimension special a identity, but Zionist pioneer Jewish The Youth reshaping of process the in role crucial a played movements following duringdecade. the intensified and 20s the of half second the in adopted was programme This activities. their of point focal Czechoslovakian of mainstream the accented – Zionism General the – Zionists the While Palestino-centrism. of idea the to correlated on focused La Tchelet The gradually and Diaspora, goals. in branches movements' the organized movements Hatzair Hashomer social and national of realization the through done be to was It Diaspora. in life Jewish a of concept existing the transform to attempted youth Zionist See Eisenstadt, “ Eisenstadt, Hehalutz aliyah Youth, Culture Structure andSocial Israel.”. in movement ( movement , ahhr hachshara aliyah aliyah rgam n and programme 116 orientation, formation of of formation orientation, hs h ine ciiis prud t otr the foster to pursued activities pioneer the Thus, 53 Gegenwartsarbeit Gegenwartsarbeit ibt kibbutz omto .. te principles the i.e. – formation kibbutzim (work for the present) as the as present) the for (work , , hagshama self-sacrifice self-sacrifice ) Jewish ) van and van – i.e. –

CEU eTD Collection nlnd t uas, te t ws uuly t h eom o iea tem hi typical Their stream. liberal or reform the to usually was it then Judaism, to inclined members its if assimilation; and acculturation of measure higher a by characterized was type, the Westone, second nationalism. The Jewish to usually but assimilation European to lead not did it occurred, had secularization and acculturation of degree certain a If rate. intermarriage were characteristics low and rate birth high socio-economic with proletarian, and class lower-middle were as Jews these concerned, far – As traditional Yiddish. were preserving communities usually the Orthodox, assimilation; and acculturation of measure weak a by characterized was type, European East the one, first The in Europe. Central communities and Eastern Jewish of types basic two distinguished Mendelsohn Ezra historian The Basic characteristics 4.1. the influenced Jewishyouth. Zionist ofthe that strategies identification phenomena particular the to back come to like would I Thus, values. the of way subtle the on focus to going am I particular in discrepancies; and denominators activities, common their milieu, social respective their of differences and similarities on movements, both of history the in the of producers co- and participants active became and Zionism socialist of ideology the to way a found both Lavan they Tchelet common; in and much had movements Hatzair both backgrounds, social Hashomer different from although originated chapters, previous the in outlined As 4. Hashomer Hatzair versus Tchelet Lavan Hehalutz movement. I would like to focus back on the important milestones important the on back focus to like would I movement. Jewish youth to the leftist ideology that set up new goals and goals new up set that ideology leftist the to youth Jewish 54

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 in Jews the among shaping was membership Hatzair Hashomer the whereas Jewry; of western model Mendelsohn's the to fitting territories the encompassed it Moravia, and Bohemia from originated Lavan Tchelet of members The memberships. respective Hatzair Hashomer and Lavan Tchelet the of milieu demographic and social basic the define can we way this In models. and western eastern the between somewhere Slovakia lay and type; eastern the of example typical a represented Ruthenia Subcarpathian the characteristic; multinational this was communities Jewish the of type western Mendelsohns' the Silesia and Moravia Bohemia, of differences of regions demographic the for Thus, communities. Jewish and the within also apparent were Czechoslovakia regional The Czechs. the with bonds linguistic and cultural its about uncertain also but anti-Magyar, was it Republic; the of national that fact the of except models; two the between stood which Slovakia finally, And Lands. Czech the to counterpart clear a was it degree, certain a to Magyarized religious; strongly population, class middle or high a lacking Europe; of all in regions backward economic most the of Ruthenia one represented Subcarpathian hand, other the On middle-class. was population the of majority the where tradition, political liberal a and modernization of degree high a with Lands, Czech the of territory industrialized highly a was there hand, one On tradition. political different and structure economic disproportional a with regions united Republic emergent The Empire). the of part Hungarian the of dominion former the - Hungary Upper Subcarpathian (i.e. Slovakia and Austria; Ruthenia of dominions ancestral the – Silesia Austro-Hungarian Moravia, of Bohemia, regions Empire; former five of consisted Czechoslovakia of Republic The ofintermarriage. high rate birthand low a rate structure, societal class middle- urbanization, of degree high a were: characteristics socio-economic and demographic Ibid, 131-146. Mendelsohn,Ezra The Jews of East Central Europe East JewsThe of theWorld Between Wars, consciousness here consciousness 55 was more apparent than in the Eastern part Eastern the in than apparent more was 6-7. 117 118

CEU eTD Collection eae a mto o aiu ainl ad gmatc ognztos al aon Europe. around all organizations gymnastic and from away pulled “violently” were the Jews the ofhistory course Zionists, in to the According national various of motto a became nature” to “return time, that At scouting. and nature in interest their manifested youth the all, above and generation; bourgeois parents´ their to aversion the as well as circumstances, current the against protest a demonstrated youth Jewish movement the in participation their by youth; urban speaking German the by founded was Blau-Weiss organization Jewish The and structure organizational different characteristics. ideological with next movement the the of motivations entered the which from generations, differed movement the joining for generations first the of motivations the development; of process the underwent organizations Zionist youth Jewish the that fact, the account into take to have we youth. Also Jewish the of classes social different among shaped was movements particular the of membership the that mind in bear to have we But movements. both of members of testimonies few a on concentrate to like would of ranks the I well. as Therefore, motives individual their account into take to have joining we movements, Zionist for youth Jewish of motivations ideological the with dealing When for of youth Jewish Motivations the 4.2. movement joining a these memberships, encounters. mutual oftheir wholecourse during the apparent were factors movements' the between differences the to corresponded territories the between differences political and social the time same the at and accordingly; movements particular of membership the divide can we Jewry, the of types Mendelsohns' with coincide regions Czech the of characteristics economical and social the Jewry.Since of type between” “in- and type eastern the by characterized areas the – Ruthenia Subcarpathian and Slovakia 56

CEU eTD Collection 122 121 120 119 well as economic the on based was community erotic the of concept his an commune; the of of ideology principles the out laid Palestine, to emigration his after Yaari, Yad Hhatzair movements. youth Jewish the on impact significant erotiscesals Phänomen leading the of book his and Blüher Han movement the One of theoreticians membership. its among reflected strongly was sexuality of question the where movement, Wandervogel neo-romantic German the was it speaking, Generally to inspiration Zionism. and precursors as served have may which movements national other within even apparent were (...). a such D.B.) “ participants former the of one by mentioned as 1930; in (Slovakia) Vrútky in held movement Hatzair Hashomer the of conference world the at even reflected was it Zionists; Jewish the among also response considerable a found revolution” “sexual the of ideas The program. educational movements' the of part integral became relationship the sexual and “bodybuilding,” body female of and male programme the the of aesthetic with hand in Hand issue. this in involved were general. in movement Zionist the of tasks primary the of one became Nordau, Max of words the by “bodybuilding”, thus and condition; psychological and physical their on impact significant a had situation This nations. other than way radical more a in even nature, with harmony the from evolution, natural their Nationalism To George bodyand nationalismsee of theissue L.Mosse, the 29. organizácie skautskej Šapira, “Od mládeže,” pohnutie 1992):565-581. 27, no.4(Oct. See George L.Mosse, introduction tointroduction thebook. wrote rights an for who fight Germany homosexual in theleadingfigure wasAnd Magnus Hirschfeld, it ” 120

The issue of sexuality and eroticism was not an eccentricity of Zionism, these issues these Zionism, of eccentricity an not was eroticism and sexuality of issue The , (Hanover&London: Brandeis University Press, 1993). University Brandeis , (Hanover&London: as the enjoyment of nudism (Nacktkultur) within some parts of the movement the of parts some within (Nacktkultur) nudism of enjoyment the as (...) there were even some peculiarities peculiarities some even were there (...)

“Max Nordau, Liberalism and the New Jew,” theNew and Liberalism Nordau, “Max emphasizing the strong homoerotic bonds between the members had a the members between homoeroticbonds strong the emphasizing 121

119 Quite logically, the Jewish Zionist youth organizations youth Zionist Jewish the logically, Quite 57 122 Confronting andWestern Nation. Jewish the The ideological leader of Hashomer of leader ideological The Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung deutsche Die Journal of Contemporary History Contemporary of Journal (in the conference programme – programme conference the (in , vol.

CEU eTD Collection 125 124 123 changed which friends, no had he - situation desperate his to solution only the as movement of members Tcheletthe former of the entering One for motives his evaluated Beer Fritz Lavan movement. Zionist the with individual the of up brake later the caused have may they hand, other the on but ofZionism; characteristics specific with some had to blend hand, these motivations one the On motivations. individual of scale wide a on dependent also the was Zionism ranks; to affiliation their into youth the led the which movements and the phenomena of development structural inner factors, particular socio-political of variety a from apart that mind in bear to have we But movements. both of programmes ideological the affected programme 1920s, the since and Zionism; socialist of adoption the enabled organizations youth Jewish the of development inner particular the and I War World movements. youth the within place its find will change social rigorous a for striving programme and policy radical the that apparent, became it period pre-war the during Even philosophy. ofthe pioneer part integral an was generations next the of welfare the for self-sacrifice and comfort personal the Mitzvah” highest and the of culture assimilationist fulfilment.” individual of bourgeois, means a not was it Diaspora; the against revolt the of part necessary a was liberation Sexual realizeto (...) Zionism; broader means of the a goals always nationalist was impossible. as members its between bonds erotic without community the of existence the claimed he thus and members its between bonds erotic as David Biale, "Zionism as an Erotic Revolution," in an EroticRevolution," as "Zionism David Biale, Ibid. Ibid, 192. erotic relations on behalf of the fulfilment of national goals was considered to be “the be to considered was goals national of fulfilment the of behalf on relations erotic in the eyes of the pioneer Zionists and their ideology; an abandonment of abandonment an ideology; their and Zionists pioneer the of eyes the in 125 Eros Jews andthe 58 124 Hehalutz

123 Thus, the scarification of family life family of scarification the Thus,

“ (New (New York: 1992), 185. Books, Basic The ideology of eroticliberation of ideology The dooyadtethe and ideology hahsharot

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 Hashomer of witnesses the 127 of One itself. 126 movement the within reflected strongly were phenomena these inequality; social and marginality uprootedness, of feeling their of because movement the joined youth Jewish the membership Hatzair Hshomer the of case the in Even ofher parents. independent aofbecoming way movement Hashomer the in recognized she meeting, movement Hashomer a to friends her of one accompanied Štefánie in motivation specific a she since but Junák; movement scout the of member the testimony.been Lorándová's had She find can We milieu. traditional the with controversy major a to led have may goals non-religious promoting movement political in involvement and authority secular of acceptance the but there; revolution” “social of not token in necessarily was conflict generational The traditional. more was environment religious the where Republic, the of part developed less economically the from came membership its that in mind keep to have we Kadima), and (Hashomer movement Hatzair Hashomer the of case In homes. middle-class their of restrictions and prohibitions the against rebellion of symbol a as freedom, sexual for license a people young of majority the for presented Edelstein organizations youth of membership Jacob to dedicated book the In sexual revolution. the to inclination an and something. morality bourgeois to the to belonged aversion an I reflects (…) motivation group a with myself identify to opportunity seriously me took who was, I as thing same the for looking were who and themselves, about doubts had who feeling, and thinking were Viennawho and friends Ústí had Prague, I Brno, – in – situated was movement our of branch “ movement: the of ranks the joining his after Ruth Bondyová, Czechoslovakia. of was Edelstein member Jacob Tchelet ofin Zionistmovement and leadingpersonality Lavana Beer, midst of the twentieth century.)midst thetwentieth of Vojtěch Vykouk, století” ve vírudvacátého Život Lorándová. “Štefanie ... a tys na Němce střílel, dědo? střílel, naNěmce ... atys Jakub Edelstein Jakub ” 128 (M.A. thesis, Charles University in Prague, 2009), 25. in University 2009), Prague, Charles (M.A. thesis, , (Praha: Sefer,, (Praha: p.44. 2001), , 54,56. I had as many friends as I wanted, wherever wanted, the I as friends many as had I …. (…). 59 It was the first time in my life I had an had I life my in time first the was It 127 uh Bny wie: “.. “(...) writes: Bondy Ruth (Štefanie Lorándová. Livingthe Lorándová. in (Štefanie 129

”

126 Another

the

CEU eTD Collection 132 scout the alongside 131 formulated; was program 130 educational an clusters, age particular the in active usually became 17 over members the old; years 16-17 between was group age oldest the and old, years 13-16 was group age middle old, years 10-12 about particular was group age youngest the to criteria; age to according divided clusters was membership The analogical. almost materials educational and structures organizational their find can we ideologies, and goals up set their to respect With divergences. and convergences mutual their movements, both of structure ideological and organizational of field in active became and Zionism socialist ideas the adopted movements both 20s the during mentioned, already As training and ideological Organizational 4.3. Jewish particular the to affiliation for organizations. members individual of factors decisive a be to considered were factors these interesting; rather is members movement's the of origin social trial?)... Slánský the during Communism, during it betray we did (why anymore Jewishness our deny to intention no had We (…) centuries for persecuted pogroms, of victim Jew, coward a of counterpart the was who Jew, young Hatzair.” Hashomer in place our found we ones, poor the we, classes, into split was everyone (…) membership a for looking was youth Jewish the evolution: automatic an was It (…) hope a chance, a with us provided have could that “ “natural”: a as movement the to affiliation the considered See Pavol Mešťan ed., Mešťan ed., See Pavol Ctibor Rybár, Ctibor author Rybár. with ofInterview the 2010. January Prague, Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan kultúry, židovskej –Múzeum SNM (Bratislava: Margol, 2001),Nana 188; Methods”, in “Educational Do půlnoci časuDo dost půlnoci Hašomer Hacair - Dějiny hnutia Hacair - Dějiny Hašomer ,

ed. ed. Amos Sinai etal., 144-155. Sinai Amos . ( Hehalutz. By the midnight enough time themidnight enough By hanhaga-harashit ol ie to like would I 60 ” 131 ( 130 Hashomer Hatzair – History of themovement Hatzair of –History Hashomer The way the author emphasized class and class emphasized author the way The “ The target of Hashomer was to train a train to was Hashomer of target The ) (Praha: ) 2008). p. Akademia, – the leadership. the – dmrt brie adumbrate We were looking for something for looking were We 132 l h crucial the fly to According 95.

)

CEU eTD Collection 134 133 within reluctance mutual the Thus, Republic. the Western the of in part settle to pursued them the of ending the after – mobility social their for station” “transfer mere “eastern” the for contempt; and disdain with counterparts pioneer “eastern” their approached Jews “western” The participants. the among from differentyouth different clashes andnumerousmutual backgrounds with led to mentality the of encounters the above); types community Jewish Mendelsohn's (see milieus religious and social different totally from youth Jewish the by joined were centres training common training the Thus, cooperation. mutual their of sphere crucial the became which emigration, for coordinated programme movements both 20s, the since Hatzair; Hashomer and Lavan Tchelet the from came the applicants emigration of majority the within above, mentioned as movement; enacted was movements both between interaction of form Another meetingofthe leadership at Tchelet movement. Lavan continue. to able be will you then and fright, stage the pleasantly, over you can get Meanwhile, ears. prick uptheir will they knowit, don't thosewho surprised be will quotation the know who Those, these. with start can you perplexed, and nervous front in audience, the stay you of if and socialists, youth Kautsky, the or to told was it “ positions. leading the for determined leadership of cabinet inner etc; Bolshevism of history Borochovism, studied they Bauer; Otto Karl Adler, Max Marx, Engels, Karl Friedrich of Kautsky, works the with materialism, dialectical with the dealing similar; was were movements leadership both of materials educational the that say can we sources, archival the on Based training. educational socialist-Zionist special a undergo to had group age- highest the and language Hebrew history,the Jewish on focused education the activities Bondyová, Bondyová, the for Educational materials Jakob Edelstein Jakob 133 these and other materials were an integral part of the curriculum for the for curriculum the of part integral an were materials other and these , 30. Tzofim Bogrim, Tzofim Bogrim, ML, III-54A-437-1; CZA III-54A-437-1; ML, S5/2279. halutzim, 61 134 ” This was an advice to Jakob Edelstein Jakob to advice an was ” This the training camps often represented a represented often camps training the Learn the quotes from quotes Marx the Learn hahsharah, hahsharah, Hehalutz many of many

CEU eTD Collection 137 136 135 “ out: pointed of activities the doubt any without Palestine; to emigrated Jews 500 5 approximately Czechoslovakia, of Republic First the of course the In immigration. illegal of field the in organizations Zionist other with cooperate to started movements youth Zionist pioneer the war, coming the to Due goal general ofZionism. a as in Palestine ofnationalstate building bythe i.e. interests”, the and expertise particular a of leaders psychological the from reference the on dependent was choice final the sector, working the within position particular a to apply to chance a had candidates individual the Although life. intimate candidate's the from issues private the as well as candidate the about information general on focused questions The profile. psychological their and candidates, the of abilities and qualities the about questionnaires including emigration for candidates of selection the about documents find can we movement, TcheletLavan the of materials archival the Among the life. family milieu and therefore socials oftheir abandonment parents, their against youth of revolt the for called pamphlets these bonds; family their of irrespective Palestine to emigrate to encouraged was youth Jewish the pamphlets, various the Through generation. parents' their against revolt the to led that society the within youth the of role and programme socialist the on also put was focus the accentuated; more even became Palestine to emigration the on organizations youth of orientation the decade, following the in and 20s the of end the At movement. Zionist the of members new for potential a was minority,there Jewish populous the to due Republic; the of part Eastern the to relocated were centres training the of most 20s the of middle the Since apparent. more and more was movements becoming both See ML, III-54A-437-2. ML, YY, 4.2.-2. (1) Jelinek, “Jewish Jelinek, Youth Carpatho-Rus.“ in Hehalutz Overall, aliyah never became a major element of Czechoslovak Jewish life, Jewish Czechoslovak of element major a became never aliyah Overall, had played a crucial role in this area, but as the historian Martin Wein Martin historian the as but area, this in role crucial a played had ken 62 hehalutz ; this practice was legitimized by the “national the by legitimized was practice this ; activities. Zionists stressed the unique the stressed Zionists activities. 135

136 137

CEU eTD Collection 139 138 werethird others row.the their fourth starting as or moment the at brought they milk When us wereknees my one forty-second row trembling. the my and after finishing hands my I was (…) on blisters had I thirty-first the by hurt, to started back my one eighth the By beet. seventh the to as far as – gruber the by soil dry the spud to reader keen old year seventeen the for easy seemed It (…) beet. some hoe to field the to taken was I day next The morning. that as same the exactly looked meadow the back, broken a with evening the in it quit I After (…) fete. summer a after meadow a on garbage collected the I encouraging. into very desert was garden stony blooming a transform to task honorable the into introduction my of day first the form experiences yet. as untouched, be to me to seemed world the and homeland my was Czechoslovakia first. at me target the Tcheletwas of worker role to agricultural the an anything of mean not did it Lavan, “ stated: Beer Fritz movement Lavan Tchelet the of witness the example for thus, the members; movement within the even of testimonies apparent was It youth. Zionist Jewish the of tasks life the with identical the - goals up set the of realization practical The summer of programme the in inand general movement Zionist the of attendance their saw youth Zionist Jewish the of part the that the of attendance the obstructions, bureaucratic these Alongside demoralizing. and frustrating be to seemed policy,emigration certificates of of procedure number limited whole and lists waiting long the the Jews; Czechoslovak the of ideology dominant a became never nationalism Jewish The minority.” Jewish the in minority Zionist the in minority a remained however, halutzim and Beer, Wein, “ ” 139 ... a tys na Němce střílel, dědo? střílel, na Němce ... atys Zionism in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Palestino-Centrism and Palestino-Centrism Landespolitik, Czechoslovakia: Interwar Zionism in Beer originated from a German speaking bourgeois family; he also described his described also he family; bourgeois speaking German a from originated Beer hahshara hahshara hahshara hahshara programme caused many family difficulties; and thus, no wonder no thus, and difficulties; family many caused programme Although the re-stratification and the emigration to Palestine inre-stratificationthe Palestine to Although emigration and the training centre he participated at in 1928 nearby Opava. “ Opava. nearby 1928 in at participated he centre training , 56. hahsharot 63 in particular, as a kind of activity hobby. activity of kind a particular,as in hagshama atzmit - atzmit hagshama were not necessarily not were ” ” 18. The 138

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 sight. first at seem might it than permeable more were - Communism and Zionism – ideologies two the between “borders” The beings. human all of equality the of ideas and values socialist fulfil to willing be would Jew” “new this movement; pioneer the to devoted and Jewishness scouting, and his of proud Jew”, “new the of prototype a up educational build to nature, in interest an foster to pursuing as themselves presented organizations youth Zionist pioneer the above, mentioned As facilitated. was Communism towards membership the of part a of inclination the Hatzair Hashomer Tcheletand the of Lavan programme ideological the to Due and issue. to the attention a bit more pay Jews - subject-matter The to like would I now work, this of ranks. course the along times several up come its has – Communism into Lavan Tchelet and Hatzair of Hashomer members the only) (not lured which movement, Communist the with especially youth pioneer Jewish the of “souls” the for fought Zionism scene, political Czechoslovak the On Communism Zionism versus 4.4. it! not like particuralry I did (…) work To hahshara. to go the and in a.m. 6 lot or a manually 5 at work up to had wake we – labour manual to aversion also and fun, and entertainment collective, great the remember hahshara hour. an of quarter following the for least at - helped! It Semitism. anti- world the to stroke a was beet hoed painfully lousy every that and Palestine, in desert the about thinking was I afternoon the In exhaustion. with asleep fell I lunch for bread and Interview of the author with Ctibor author Rybár, with ofInterview the 4,2010. Prague January Ibid, 61-62. of a former Hashomer Hatzair member is very similar, Ctibor Rybár said: “ said: Rybár Ctibor similar, very is member Hatzair Hashomer former a of ” 141 None of these witnesses never emigrated to Palestine. never emigrated witnesses ofthese None 64 ” 140 The memory of the of memory The I

CEU eTD Collection 143 and states particular 142 in equality; universal on based society new a promised ideologies the identity, group of of both concept universal offereda Communism as well as Zionism that clear quite is it Nevertheless, process. this within motives and elements religious specific of on Wemore focus should (Judaism). phenomena particular of essentialization the avoid to try and oversimplifications movements. Zionist and socialist both within one communism. and M. Weisberger socialism Adam with identification be to Judaism considered Jewish the of case the in even elements quasi-Messianic similar about speak historians Some identification. individual as well as collective of terms in identification of ways traditional altered This process activism. political a into turned expectation passive the a will; to own Messiah one’s of the application of expectations traditional the from transformation of process a was pseudo- redeemer. contains collective as Nation the also of ideality national which a of part as one elements Messianic secular a with principle religious and Messianic the traditionalist replacing meant approach new This (…) activism voluntaristic of that for Messiah the for waiting of expectations traditionalist old the exchange to youth, the among especially population, the of segments certain of aspirations the in expressed is it Jews, the “ values. religious of transformation of context wider a within perceived be can phenomenon This Europe. of people oppressed the of liberation national of process the general of part integral an as seen been have may Zionism youth, Jewish the of view of point the From Jews. Czechoslovak the of crisis identity the of context the in perceived be should movements youth of ranks the within Zionism and (Communism) socialism of reflection The Weisberger, Oppenheim, of the pivotal factors of revolutionary political thinking, which later became apparent became later which thinking, political revolutionary of factors pivotal the of The Jewish Ethic and Spirit of Socialism and Spirit Ethic Jewish The The Struggle of Jewish Youth of Struggle The Jewish for Productivization, the process of transformation of political discourses and on the role the on and discourses political of transformation of process the 65 , 114. 143 We should beware these judgements and judgements these beware should We 1. In the case of case the In ” 142 It

CEU eTD Collection gi, we h emn n h ugras rfsd t xrs hi oat to loyalty their express to 145 refused Hungarians 144 the and Germans the when again, out came irredentism Hungarian and German so-called of problem The state. emergent the of structures institutional of formation the social by accompanied and was which strengthened, nationalism tension Czechoslovak the I, War World the of end the after Immediately street”the in “Jewish 4.4.1. Communism of mankind. revolutionary the to participate and contribute thus and class, working the within themselves assimilate could Jews opportunity. new a with Jews the provided and “ specific a Zionism in saw Communism state. to national a endeavoured create and order social present the change to seek Zionism socialist the beings, society. new human all of of equality the on based conception order social universal new their a create Communists Whereas of benefit the for class working (Jewish) activate and pre-existing the to counteracts which fusion, particularism. new a of favour in identity present their change to them encourages and before, exist not did which groups, and individuals between Israel. Eretz in nation new “ the of creation for struggling Diaspora, the in Jews unify to endeavoured Zionism clearly. quite expressed were Communism of aspirations universalistic The universalism. of conception the on claims of legitimacy for struggle the of product a as – Zionism Socialist and Communism – ideologies two of clash the considers Ruckers Laurent generation. youngJewish bythe strongly perceived values was ofthese the lack territories, Zionism, as well as Communism, built up on the universalistic demands, creates new bonds new creates demands, universalistic the on up built Communism, as well as Zionism, Ibid. p.19. Rucker,Laurent 145 ”

144 Stalin, Izrael a Židé. Stalin, Izrael aŽidé. The universalism of socialist Zionists and Communists pursued to create to pursued Communists and Zionists socialist of universalism The (Stalin, Israel and Jews) and Israel Jews) (Stalin, 66 (Rybka 2001), Publishers, 18. Prague obsessional particularism obsessional struggle for liberation for struggle

”,

CEU eTD Collection 147 146 doubts, any reality.Without in Communism and socialism radical with themselves identified which groups, Jewish organized and individuals of lot a was there conspiracy); Jewish world the of theories its the with playing through case this in (and reflecting reality certain a reality only view of point social specific the of picture false merely a as ideology the Beside phenomena. political social and wellsomegeneral as socialism/Communism, toward inclination their for youth Jewish the of reasons particular the on focus to like would society. Czech the of situation social and political whole the account into take to have we simplification; improper an be would it myth, the of basis whole the was fact this that assert can't we Nevertheless, organizations. and parties communist and socialist radical European other and Czech of positions leading the in Jews of representation disproportional of myth communist the The of Czechoslovakia. disintegration for in tool movement a also and unity,” “national of politics the of element. foreign this of influence the under were which masses, those of masses; manipulated of “disease” a or “infection” an workers; Czech the among effort propaganda communists' The statehood. Czechoslovak the of so-called the of enemies mythologema traditional – Hungarian the or German the of figures the with interconnected often very was figure moreover, this and body; national element Jew-Bolshevik. the – created was nation Czechoslovak the of enemy putative new a when period, this in was It shape. to began Party Communist the frustration and crisis economical postwar the of period the In Czechoslovakia. and the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Soviet and theBavarian Republic Soviet theHungarian time in of especially apparent was ofThe Judeo-Bolshevism mythologema Bolshevism and Czech nationalism 1918-1920) nationalism andBolshevism Czech (Body, (1918 –1920)” nacionalismus a český židovství, bolševismus Strobach, ”Tělo, Vít Jewishness, ” and “ and ” the Jew banker and capitalist and banker Jew the Judeo-Bolshevism Judeo-Bolshevism Střed Střed 146 “ 67 ” became depicted as a parasite on the Czech the on parasite a as depicted became ” (2/2010), 23–53. (2/2010), h Jw Scait” Socialist,” Jew The ue-oseimJudeo-Bolshevism was created to explain the success of the of success the explain to created was became an instrument for legitimization for instrument an became Judeo-Bolshevism Judeo-Bolshevism a atal ae on based partially was the “ the Jew revolutionary Jew was depicted as depicted was 147 Further, I Further,

CEU eTD Collection 149 was Party The 148 Ruthenia. Subcarpathian and Slovakia Bohemia, in activities their propaganda on apparent was it as admirable, was activity Jewish its the long, last of not existence did Party the Communist Although Kohn. Rudolf activist front its by led parts, its of one from arose had Party Communist Jewish the party; the of split a in culminated crisis The International. Third the to affiliation about dispute inner an to due crisis a underwent Party and Zion Poale Czech the 20s the of Slovakia beginning the in Nonetheless, general. in movement Zionist in easily, itself asserted Zion the as well as on, later popular became it milieu, traditional to the Poale due Ruthenia Subcarpathian Moravia and Bohemia in While Czechoslovakia. JNC partiesin ofthe with other cooperate Diaspora. in population Jewish into them the of business-profile turning the thwart to schools technical of and people’s establishment communities, hands bourgeois the from communities religious the of grasping system, school Jewish of preservation autonomy, cultural nationality, Jewish of recognition “(...) socialists: other as well as bourgeoisie Jewish the against struggle class the proclaimed Zion Poale the Although Czechoslovakia. (…). nation separate a of representatives as recognized were Zionists the when time first the was This “ Internationale, Socialist of congress the to invited was Zion Poale Prague's Conference, Peace Paris the to prior emphasized, Crhová Marie historian Czech the As JNC. the within operate to started it period, postwar the in activities its restored it After I. War World before even active was which Zion Poale was Czechoslovakia in organization leftist Jewish strongest the (…) where they met Czech comrades of the social democratic and national socialist party. socialist national and democratic social the of comrades Czech met they where (…) Ibid. 45. Interwar in Jewish Party Czechoslovakia,” Case of the Europe: Central the in Politics Crhová, “Jewish ” 148 fe h a h ol in spotd te trioil cam of claims territorial the supported Zion Poale the War the After they had a common ground with the Zionists at that time, namely time, that at Zionists the with ground common a had they ” 149 ae n ti rga ol in ws wlig to willing was Zion Poale program this on Based 68

CEU eTD Collection 153 152 151 150 “ pursue who capitalists Jewish dangerous the by one Jewish the including proletariat the all of exploitation the about spoke Kohn speech, his During general. in movement Zionist the and Palestine about speech critical a gave Kohn Rudolf Party Communist Jewish the of leader the the At congress International. Merging Communist the of pressure the under 1921 November and October of turn the at congress Merging the on founded was Party Communist Czechoslovak The ofCommunism. the ofZionism behalf ranks the was leaving Jewish still youth pioneer the successful, partially only was Zionists of proposition” ideological “alternative further, see this who meaningful. be and to Czechoslovakia in reasons, activities Zionist-political various the considered for Palestine to emigrate to intended never fact in who youth Zionist Jewish the of membership the of part the to alternative appropriate an be to proved al. et Kugel Jakob Chaim (Yahil), Lichtwitz, Hanz Hoffmann Karpe, Oskar Haim Edelstein, example for mention us let – active were organizations Zion. Poale popular the the from originated which became of program youth political the in Zionist interested the of part A alternative. Zionist “leftist” the a movements, with Zionist up came of Zionists ranks the into communism of expansion of apprehension In Czechoslovakia. in organizations communists' the of congress Merging the on was It Party. Communist the into integrated it when year that of autumn the in already was it but 1921 spring in founded Rabinowicz, “ in Lavan” Tchelet See members participated. Lavan Yehuda Manor, JSY “Foundation of with unification and its Tchelet themajority of waswhere movement founded youth theJewish socialist Party Zion thePoale In 1928within “ See Rabinowicz, 60. “Tchelet Cohen, Hanan in Lavan Years in 1926-1930,” Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan Czechoslovak Zionism: Zionism: Czechoslovak toHistory,“ a Analecta 69-76. Czechoslovak Zionism: Zionism: Czechoslovak a to History,“Analecta 55-64;69-87. (...) to build up capitalistic state in Palestine and set up there up and set Palestine oasis in an state up capitalistic build to (...) 151 Within the A.G.S.Z. the front members of both youth pioneer youth both of members front the A.G.S.Z. the Within Hitahdut ,

ed. ed. movement Arbeitgemeinschaft Sozialistischer Zionisten Zionisten Sozialistischer Arbeitgemeinschaft Amos Sinai etal.,129-130. Sinai Amos 69 150 Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan

and that profiled as a quasi-party similar to similar quasi-party a as profiled that and 152 The foundation of A.G.S.Z. of foundation The ,

ed, ed, etal., 58- Sinai Amos 153 As we will we As (A.G.S.Z.)

CEU eTD Collection 158 157 156 155 154 the where thus, and mass), (a majority a constitute inhabitants Jewish the where areas those (…). issue in politics this national (Jewish) autonomous for approve to supposed was institution the International Communist special to a obliged constitute and to (…) (…) proletariat parties Jewish communists' the of movement peculiar the recognizes “ was: congress the on the Kohn by within requested conditions section the Among Party. similar Communist Czechoslovak a of foundation the to appealed and Party the of Communist (Evsektsiya) Soviet Section Communist Jewish the of foundation the stressed also Kohn movement. Communist Czechoslovak the of foundation the on cooperated that nationalities the of list the on stated were Jews the when request the satisfied partially Party Communist Czechoslovak the level, antisemitism. to attitude their and question Jewish the toward democracy social of position reluctant the redress should Communists the thus nation; particular a be to Jews the recognize to Party Communist the urged Kohn Simultaneously, state. Czechoslovak the of one be to Jews the classified Kohn hazy), somewhat (and Surprisingly Party. Communist Czechoslovak the within speech a gave organization (national) Jewish particular a of spokesman a when time last the was presentation Kohn's (…). imperialism English the with cooperate that powers Jewish-capitalist imperialist against capital. Jewish the of Strobach, “Zamyšlení nad „rudou asimilací,“ 114. asimilací,“ nad „rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení and Čihák Wohlgemuthová eds., 113. asimilací,“ „rudou nad “Zamyšlení 1981), 101.See Strobach, Praha, also (Svoboda: 30-November 2,1921) 1921, October 1921. 1921; 30.října-2.listopadu května and Renata Čihák Miroslav Wohlgemuthová eds., Ibid, 270. and Čihák Wohlgemuthová eds., ” 155 (…) the International recognizes particular conditions of the Jewish proletariat (…) it (…) proletariat Jewish the of conditions particular recognizes International the (…)

” 154 157 “

Our primary task is (…) to lead there to lead (…) is revolutionary task a primary Our struggle class Protokoly a slučovacího KSČ, sjezdu ustavujícího Protokoly aslučovacíhoKSČ, sjezdu ustavujícího (Protocols of constitutive and merging constitutiveand of May(Protocols 14-16 of congress KSČ, Protokoly KSČ, sjezdu 14.-16. aslučovacího ustavujícího 70 national 273-274. 100-101. components of the of components 156 At the official the At ” 158

The

CEU eTD Collection 159 the to due universities German and Czech the to applied students foreign of number ( ( Students Marxists' Czech the of Association The from democrats, social German and Czech former of ranks the from came these – movement Communist the joined who Jews Zionist was reservoir membershipthe but all; above Party Communist Jewish or the - Zion Poale Marxist's the from came Party Communist the of membership Jewish the aforementioned, the from Resulting Party. Communist Czechoslovak the of model centralized this advocated factions other with thetogether that Party Communist Jewish was it And institutions. party and leadership unified with party, centralized a became Comint the of conditions 21 the of acceptance the states. After individual the of cells mother Communists' the by up set conditions the upon dependent was sections) (Jewish organizations communist Jewish particular of existence of Jewish particular the issue The 1922. in rejected of was Comintern the of member legitimate the as Party acceptance Communist the about negotiations the even Finally, Palestine. in workers all of struggle the revolution on and proletariat put Jewish and was Arab the focus among campaign special Me a on the time that on from and Palestine Party; Communist of Czechoslovak colonization of program the refused definitely Czechoslovakia of Party Communist Jewish the Thus, program. its relinquished Party Communist Jewish the International, Third the of politics the to respect with end, the In Ruthenia. Subcarpathian and Slovakia to referring was effectiveKohn more – be will agitators communists' of the activities on dueí oilsikc akademiků socialistických sdružení Volné studentů sdružení Marxistické Strobach, “Zamyšlení nad „rudou asimilací,“ 114. asimilací,“ nad „rudou Strobach, “Zamyšlení much broader. Alongside the members of these parties, there were many non- many were there parties, these of members the broader. Alongside much 159 českých , or from The Free Association of Socialist Socialist Academics of Free Association The from or , ) etc. During the 20s and 30s a considerable a 30s and 20s the During etc. ) 71 ern even the Czechoslovak Communist Party Communist Czechoslovak the even ern gn oges o the of congress rging numerus

CEU eTD Collection 161 160 functionaries, leadership, educated party. Communist ofthe and journalists ideologists communistic bureaucrats, the of source a became organizations these – elites communist the of source the represented above mentioned groups the of All society.socialist equal the of formation the on world the in else somewhere work common the or Palestine, in state Jewish the of building the on work common the be will it whether fact, the agreeon not we could but mankind – of benefit the for work common on based friendship, close on a based “ movement: social particular a to affiliation the about making decision his on reminisces Budín Stanislav Party Communist Czechoslovak the of member prominent the of witnesses the of One injustice. and inequality the social against revolt the of manifestation particular a bourgeois as and the generation, parental against of protest lifestyle generational as perceived been have should Communism with affiliation the Zionism, of case the in as well universities. As in especially apparent was which chauvinism, German and Czech contemporary against protest the with contextualized be could Communism to above mentioned groups and organizations the of affiliation The Students Fraction Communist –The frakce academic Jewish the so-called the of of part a became on some later and institutions, over control took on Zionism organization with The struggle grounds. political academic the in success considerable a achieved it witnesses some to according and socialism, radical the by affected was Group Progressive The students. ( Group to shape. Party began Communist of the Progressive so-called the theof20s Also beginning at clausus Ibid, 33. Budín, See Stanislav at their home universities – it was also among these students where the membership the where students these among also was it – universities home their at rgein kpn)skupina) Progresivní ” 161

Jak to vlastně bylo vlastně to Jak was found merging above all the Eastern European Jewish European Eastern the all above merging found was ( How it was in fact in itHow was ) and the Communist Party. the Communist ) and 72 ) (Prague: ) Torst, 2007), 51-68. Kostufura Kostufura Progressive Group Progressive ( Komunistická studentsá Komunistická 160 We longed for love for longed We and a former a and

CEU eTD Collection 163 162 “(...) remembers: Shefa Pinda Lavan Tchelet of Assimilation. member „Red movement former against Another stand a took We Diaspora. in Jews the of situation the of mainly was It justice. social for desire the on solely based was Movement youth our of Socialism the then, till Up all. of difficult most the was Communism with struggle The (...). place, taking were struggles “ ranks. its within Communism” of form the in Messiah false a with struggle “the recall members movements' both of range wide The organizations. was Communism of issue The and its membership. movement the on ideology Communist the of impact strong the of consequences red the and the assimilation against defence the with dealing movement the of leadership the the for exclusively remembered Sinai “ 1933 Amos from members. brochure movement’s movement's the of memoirs “ book the the containing represents source valuable most the respect, ranks. the Tcheletwithin solution its thisand in movement; assimilation” “red Lavan so-called the of their within actions issue the about evidence official and materials “communist-hunting” archival enough have don't we Unfortunately, the of organized campaign and anti-Zionist Party, against up Communist came movements Zionist both of leadership dual a cases some in The Party). Communist that the in as well light as organization Zionist the in to (i.e. existed membership came It Party. Communist the to members their of leaving mass the to up faced TcheletLavana and Hatzair Hashomer 30s, the of course the In 4.4.2. Tc 129. The author's essay is based on the archival materials of themovement. 129. materials is onthearchival essay based The author's Changing of In a theFace Sinai,Amos “ World,” in Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody to Lavan Uri Nahari, helet Lavan and Hashomer Lavan and helet Hatzair a – reflection Communism of “Everyone´s Friend (In memory of Kreibsch (Karl Liebstein – Eliahu Livneh 1902-1963),” in Livneh1902-1963),” –Eliahu Liebstein (Karl Kreibsch memory of (In Friend “Everyone´s Utopian or Reformistic Socialism, which we attained by a deep analysis deep a by attained we which Socialism, Reformistic or Utopian ,

ed. ed. Amos Sinai etal., 77-78. Sinai Amos 162 strongly reflected within both of the pioneer Zionist youth Zionist pioneer the of both within reflected strongly

arca nd Ognzto, Organization,” nad Hadracha 73 Rhapsody to TcheletRhapsody Lavan In those days, several ideological several days, those In hpoy t cee Lavan” Tchelet to Rhapsody ,

ed. hc a published was which Amos Sinai et al., 87- SinaiAmos etal., I must I

” 163

CEU eTD Collection 166 165 164 yours among than brotherhood dearly more find will you solidarity proletariat international the society. “In classless (…) the in exist doesn't It love? front. unhappy class An common the hinder to pursuing bourgeoisie of trick The Germans? and Czechs between feud A struggle. question Gypsy the to essence of substance the from questions, all for solution scientific a me, told they as and “ movement. Communist the joined he when old years 18 was he Zionism, abandoned who members those of one was Beer Fritz Lavan Tchelet of member former The Central Europe in Jews (…). young the of hearts the in enthusiasm invoked hand, other the on (...) Hashomer of legends heroicthe and hand, one the on USSR heroic The the of ancestors. the building-up of land the hope to realize the with the old year thousand dream atwo autonomyin anational achieve andto In world. new a up hearts Jewish the up build filled Declaration Balfour the to Diaspora, the of atmosphere humiliating challenge the of front in stood generation youth the “ movement Hashomer the of member former the by mentioned “ so-called the reflected youth Jewish the period post-war the In whichaffected problem serious alsothe a became phenomenon this that say can we material archival few and testimonies some on Party, Communist the based of behalf on youth Zionist Jewish the of leaving mass the on data aim. its fulfilling to way their see not could they as waged, were that politics from and off split who Communists, ideology Jewish the with particularly over battles stubborn and bitter the mention literature –see literature Jensen, etc. Jelinek Margalit Angelika Ješajahu Elcana, ( theissue dealingwith ofmovements both pamphlets Shefa, Akiva Nir, Ctibor Rybár, etc. Štefánie Lorándová Sinai, Amos found various can it,Alongside we Beer, byFritz testimonies in mentioned The is issue UriPinda Nahari, Richard Karpe, Stanislav Budín, the Gdud in Shefa, Prague Pinda “The Twenties,” Ibid, 54. in Pavol Mešťan, Pavol in vČSRpripravujú,” sa Hacairu Hašomer “Kibuce Ronen, Jaakov

40. (the communists – D.B.). D.B.). – communists (the ” 166 Hehalutz Hehalutz 74 Anti-Semitism? It will be defeated by the class the by defeated be will It Anti-Semitism? YY, 4.2.-2.; ML (1) secondary III-54A-437-4), and movement. ” 164 Although we don't have any statistical any have don't we Although Hašomer Hacair - Dějiny hnutia, Hacair - Dějiny Hašomer 165 the Halutzic-Zionist Movement, Halutzic-Zionist the

After the foundation of USSR of foundation the After twofold revolution twofold They had a clear, a had They ed. ” - as - ”

CEU eTD Collection 168 167 the (including communities religious movements, of persecution and the organizations Union, (quasi)independent Soviet the in enforcing became control of model centralized Stalinist the Since movement. counter-revolutionary a and imperialism Zionism British of to politics specific a Party as labelled Communist was Zionism Palestine, the in situation of the to respect position With deteriorated. the Union Soviet the in inner development the to due time, that At parties. Communist the of sections particular the on impact significant a had which USSR the in development a enacted role important An movement. Zionist from deflection in the to led situation crisis economic the uneasy and there politics an British the Palestine, test; difficult a underwent movements both 20s the of end the At organizations. particular Zionist the andto thus disintegrate Zionism away from youth the lure to pursued who Communists by infiltrated were movements the evidence, of can pieces and we statements some Rybár.to Ctibor According Hatzair or Goldstücker, Eduard e.g. mention Hashomer From Schling. Otto and Geminder, Bedřich Slánský, known Rudolf best the were Among Communism, of sake again. the for movement 30s the left who Lavan the Tchelet of representatives in repeated situation the and period post-war the in especially apparent was it twice; least at phenomenon assimilation” “red the of because membership their of decrease a face to had they movements, both of existence the Throughout of language specific the by ranks. its' youth into the to inattract an endeavour Communism as well as Zionism solved and articulated were issues these with; dealing was Communist the joined I that Party. after Soon skill! its forget hand right my let Jerusalem, O forget I you, If me. hit he deeply how suspect not could He me. told them of one Blue-Whites” Beer, Beispiel der Bewegung „Haschomer Hazair“ 1903 bis 1943 Hazair“ 1903 bis „Haschomer der Bewegung Beispiel See ” Angelika Jensen, Angelika Jensen, 167 ...a tys na Němce střílel, dědo? střílel, na Němce ...a tys Based on Beer's description, we can regard a wide scale of issues the young man young the issues of scale wide a regard can we description, Beer's on Based Sei stark und mutig! Chasak we’emaz! 40Jahre we’emaz! Chasak undmutig! Sei stark Österreich in Jugend jüdische am , 73. 75 (Vienna, 1995). 168

CEU eTD Collection 170 169 more take to Jews aggressive Their Communists. towards the for view turning point a pessimistic marked alyiah, Carpatho-Rus´ led which Palestine, in riots anti-Jewish renewal. of national outbreak toward path a as later only and escape of means a as foremost “(...) Jewry Easter the For Ruthenia. Subcarpathian resounded in especially programme The Birobidjan. of plan the promote to began propaganda Zionist anti- the beside and Union Soviet the in situation the reflected International Third the of part controversy.intraparty the to due USSR the in started had Stalinization and Bolshevization of process the 20s the of end the Since real the not Jewishproletariat. of the country is Palestine that said it meaning hidden in proletariat; world the of country the was USSR the that was same the proletariat, Jewish the of country the been have should culture.” Birobidjanreal socialist the The Jewish of building-up communist the “but Zionism, not was question Jewish the to answer real the that demonstrate to was republic promised “ republic. autonomous of status a achieved have should which Birobidjan, was territory Jewish autonomous an of project known widely most and important only. most propaganda The of role the played factors these I developing. were territories Jewish autonomous of projects the anti-Semitism, against struggle continuing the with alongside public; Jewish the Western from support partial) a least (at keeping in succeeded Union Soviet the Nevertheless, apparent. became culture Hebrew and organization) Zionist the (including organizations national communities), Jewish See Pavel Marek, “Komunistická strana Československa“ (The Czechoslovak Communist Party), in Party), in (The Communist Czechoslovak Československa“ strana “Komunistická See Marek, Pavel introduced at1928. was itself 1923,theproject were upin set foundationof Birobidjan The of plans Rucker,Laurent Pavel Marek et al. (I. díl. Brno: Doplněk, 2005), Brno: díl. Doplněk, etal.(I. Marek Pavel strany. 1861-2004 aČeskoslovensku zemích v stran českých ahnutí politických Vývoj Stalin, Izrael a Židé, Stalin, Izrael aŽidé, ” (...) the goal of the Autonomous Jewish territory and the and territory Jewish Autonomous the of goal the (...) 169 32.

170

The Czechoslovak Communists Party as an integral an as Party Communists Czechoslovak The 711-746. 76 t became apparent gradually, that apparent became t Zionism served first and first served Zionism , eds. Jiří Malíř and Jiří Malíř , eds. Politické ” “ ”

The

CEU eTD Collection 174 173 172 171 Jewish the of defence of programme the on focused Betar, of activities successful the to due the perhaps and out, Zionism, socialist of pointed concept existing hitherto Sinai its re-evaluate As to had Zionism. movement socialist of concept ideal an on focused leadership other,reformistic and Socialism. democratic there a was the on while Communism, Soviet in developed approach dictatorial and revolutionary the “ general. in socialism of concept the toward attitude their revise to had movements both time, that at movement’smembers, the of testimonies the by Judging to inhabitants Jewish all relocate to Birobidjan). 1937 in Sidor Karol parliamentary of suggestion a was it – region this in excess anti-Semitic of example typical a mentioned also (Nir area the in antisemitism strong the by caused been have might Jewry Eastern the among project Birobidjan of success the Nir Akiva to according tomes; fiction and theoretical including Ilusion Judentums des were membership the among contest political the reflecting books discussed most the time, that at Hatzair, Hashome of members former the of one Nir, Akiva to According the success in its West and Nazism. antisemitism growing ofthe a consequence as project Birobidjan The Union. Soviet the to moved Jews of hundred few a Uzhgorod; and Svalava, Brno, Prague, ( friends Birobidjan the of Society of The branches particular the Czechoslovakia around all 30s, the In received. positively very was (USSR) Birobidzahn in settle to Jews persuade to campaign See Strobach, “Zamyšlení nad „rudou asimilací,“ 135-6.; „rudou asimilací,“ nad “Zamyšlení See Strobach, “Jewish Jelinek, Youth 155. and(1920-1938),“ Despair Hope Carpatho-Rus´:Between in Ibid, 112. Nir, 27-43. 1918-1945,“ doPalestíny v rokoch emigrácia organizácia, a ”Sionistická hnutia mládežnické by the Zionist Jicchak Ronkin. Jicchak Zionist the by Společnost přátel Birobidžanu přátel Společnost by the Communist Otto Heller and and Heller Otto Communist the by affected even the Western intellectual environment. We can perceive can We environment. intellectual Western the even affected 173 ) were founded – among other places they were in were they places other among – founded were ) Both sides published various propaganda materials propaganda various published sides Both 77 Jelinek, “Jewish “Jewish Jelinek, Youth 155. Carpatho-Rus,“ in Palestina-Birobidschan: das Ende einer Ende das Palestina-Birobidschan: ” 174 At the same time, the movement's the time, same the At On the one hand, there was there hand, one the On Untergang ” 172 171

CEU eTD Collection 175 of to both to Palestine.) competitor serious aemigration represented Revisionists Although the illegal organizingof the in successful quite were Revisionist Zionist the 30s (Moreover, the in wing. Revisionist the to incline to began youth pioneer Zionist the of part a phenomena these to due borders; the closing and Palestine in politics British unfavourable the by caused was which crisis, a undergoing was general in movement Zionist the time that at pamphlets, other of sake the for movements from Judging problem. another yet to the up face to had movements the 30s, of the in Communism leaving masses the of phenomenon the Alongside the by disadvantaged were Jews the revolution, from andexcluded positions economical because Jews, the of re-stratification the of care taken has state Russian the that see don't We Jews. the of re-stratification the of care take to has state The everything. not are revolution the and schools, Jewish problem. economical national- a as question Jewish the (…) delimitated themselves Jews The (…) question. Jewish the neworder,of third andthe politics, colonial onethe second is the the solution of onethe is implementation the is one first points; three the in Communism from differed we goal, social “ ideology, Communists and ideology movement's the between differences ideological the with dealing were Various circulars published. were Communism with struggle of issue the with dealing circulars many time that at too; Hatzair Hashomer the within apparent were assimilation” “red the of phenomenon the about controversies Similar so-called the of model the promote socialism. authoritative and groups youth Zionist the militarize partially to pursued they Simultaneously, ideologies. Communist and socialist of goals borders the between delimitate to pursued Zionists that apparent became it etc., equality society, new Hagana the toward incline to started Tcheletmembership the Palestine. Lavan of Ain part settlements YY, vErecu) 3,My hasbara, č. 4.2.-2. (Michtav (1) organization. Alongside the old-new emphasis on the concept of the shaping of the of shaping the of concept the on emphasis old-new the Alongside organization. 78 ”. 175 Although we follow the same the follow we Although

CEU eTD Collection 176 us pulled „who Stalin, to odes which in haggadot with Passover celebrated kibbutzim Hatzair “ curiosity: small a notice me let end, very the At across-the-board. really was phenomenon this that assume we can and testimonies circulars, materials, archival onthe based serious ofstatistics; lack a is the joined who members of there respect, this In Czechoslovakia. of Republic First number the of course the in ranks Communist the about speculate only can we Unfortunately, from made has it areactionaryCommunism clear; movement! all above is life bourgeois the to back way a merely Communism represents people some for that fact the view, of point our In (…) defection! miserable a is It that!” answer – doubts our are “these say: and come to courage the have don't who People, phrases. Communists preached later months two and Marxists, not were movement the joining before months two even who People, (…) revolutionism of elements the learned have should we movement, youth a As masses? wider the as well as influence, particular “ movement: the of ranks the within Communism of success unexpected the from resulting their depression rare; deep a not reflects were rhetoric question” “communist the with dealing pamphlets the time, that At threat. Communist the against itself defined which leadership, their least at or movements, the of radicalization nationalistic the of part a as phenomenon this perceive can we thus, unit; national one the to comrades of part their integral an as of perceived still was organization inclination Revisionist the Overall, the Communism. than acceptable, more be to seemed organization Zionist another of sake the for membership of decrease a Perhaps Communism. of issue the to as issue this to attention much that pay not did Zionists pioneer the organizations, pioneer the Nespapers of Galil solel, XI/1931, roč. II., č. I. II., XI/1931,Str. roč. solel, č. Galil Nespapers of 2. YY, 4.2.-2. (1) Even in the depth of their Stalinist infatuation in the 1950s, Hashomer 1950s, the in infatuation Stalinist their of depth the in Even How come our movement in Slovakia succumbed to the to succumbed Slovakia in movement our come How ” 176 79

CEU eTD Collection 177 “class the and Land” “Promised strategy. identity an alternative rights and recognition ofequal the represented struggle” of ideas the situation; economical their solve to have not did Jews Bohemian the Jewry Eastern the to contrast In Communism. toward Jews the of inclination the about said be could same nationality/identity.The Czech or German the of instead Zionism the with themselves identified Jews Czechoslovak of part a when movement, Zionist the on of impact positive a had period have might A Republic emergent the structures. in conflicts national communities and religious traditional of disintegration the than problem serious more a became This antagonism. Czech-German the by strengthened even and Zionism toward Jews which was Jews, the of crisis identity with the connection in the perceived should be Communism of inclination the Czechoslovakia of part Western the In world. equal socially a of form in counterproposal a made they and ideology, bourgeois of part integral an is Zionism that assertion by the Zionism discredit to pursued Communists the while Land”; “Promised the to emigration the using Jews the lured Zionists The Jews. the for ideology attractive an represented it than rather milieu, social traditional the abandon to youth Jewish rabbinical and and communities development orthodox authorities. socio-economical with tied of structures context traditional the of in disintegration Republic the of the part in minority Eastern Jewish the among Communism of penetration the upon look should We nature eclectic the haggadah.” traditional of the Passover- in with all associated spring of rites with from out alternated slavery“, of house the Jehuda Jehuda Shlomo Avineri, theJewishReligious and “Zionism Tradition,” in Reinharz and Reinharz ShapiraAnita ( The inclination toward Zionist movement might be seen as a chance for the for chance a as seen be might movement Zionist toward inclination The Published Hanover, 1998), New6. Pressof England, NH University : 80 177

Zionism andreligionZionism , eds. Shmuel , eds. Almog,

CEU eTD Collection “Jewish question.” Socialism represented a bearer of universal human rights and equality; in the equality; and rights human of universal of bearer a solution represented Socialism question.” “Jewish radical the promised events Both Hatzair. Hashomer and Lavan Tchelet of activities and orientation a political and had development ideological - the on Revolution impact significant Russian the and Declaration Balfour the - revolution twofold called so- The movements. both of development the in milestones crucial some outline to tried I crises. identity result oftheir a beas seen could socialism or Zionism socialist toward Jews of other.inclination the The on nation Jewish the of identity collective the and hand, one the on identity own one's shape to effort an as well as century, 19 the of end the since experienced Lands Czech the in Jews the which crisis, identity the to siècle f the in excesses antisemitic perpetual and values liberal of crisis the as such phenomena, o general the contextualize to organizations. I tried and movements youth various the to rise gave nationalism of development the and changes societal modernization, of process The identity. collective particular the whichmediates narrative, the as well as feelings subjective account into take to have we individual each of identity-shaping of process in addition, In decisions. their in mobility geographical and social and contacts social reflected have identity could Jews of formation process the in that prove to attempted I Lavan Tchelel and Hatzair Hashomer the of period the in strategies identity Jewish of problem the into insight an provide to attempted I 5. Conclusion ot te Jws ot raiain n priua) wt h oil ad political and social the with particular) in organizations youth Jewish (the youth f f in de siècle de in Bohemia. Thus we can see the emergence of the Jewish youth movements as a reaction a as movements youth Jewish the of emergence the see can we Thus Bohemia. Bohemia and the First Czechoslovak Republic. Czechoslovak First the and Bohemia 81 power and political and power Using the case study of the of study case the Using aspects and a specific a and aspects patterns in de in th

CEU eTD Collection the same social group. same social the of controversial situations life difficult solve to attempted both other,they each confronted ideologies these very a crises during represent While contents. common particular of Communism bearers are ideologies both phenomena, and Zionism socialist of denominators common and correlation that prove might narratives these of analysis detailed the Although ideologies. their of narratives Communist interchangeable of consequence and a as Zionist seen be could socialist identities of alternation The Socialism/Communism. radical as well as Zionism Socialist within inculcated which were conceptions, ideological of fulfillment the classes, all of equality, and social for self-realization, looking were individuals The Socialism. anti-religious generation Jewish young or ideas Zionist with replaced the was generation parents’ their of lifestyle traditional/bourgeois of uprootedness of feeling The to combine ability their in lied youth pioneer Jewish the of importance significant The ideas. Zionist of realization practical of agents became particular in Hatzair Hashomer and Lavan Tchelet and general The youth. pioneer Jewish the on impact significant a had activities t of periphery the on remained and Zionists that realize we policy. its of center the in stood emigration and state national a of building the Zionism, of case the If we look back to the Zionist movements' activities in the inter-war Czechoslovakia, inter-war the in activities movements' Zionist the to back look we If aliyah never became the relevant solution for the majority of the Czechoslovak of the majority the for solution relevant the became never Landespolitic Landespolitic with Palestino-centrism. heir action stra action heir 82 tegies. In spite of this, the the this, of spite In tegies. Hehalutz Hehalutz movement in movement Hehalutz

CEU eTD Collection Books, 1992),176-203. Books, in anRevolution," Erotic as "Zionism Biale, David –Litomyšl,2008). Praha (Paseka, Beer,Fritz Olomouc, 2010). University Palacký youth ofZionist organizations) analysis (1918-1938)–a comparative (M.A. Lavan Thesis, organizaví”and mládežnických Hatzair (Hashomer sionistických studie Tcheletkomparativní a Hacair “Hašomer Tchelet Bartáková, Daniela (1918-1938)– vČeskoslovensku Lavan ofNew 1998),1-8. England, Press Shmuel Jehuda Almog, ______, Shlomo Avineri, and Books Articles Rybár,Ctibor 2010 Prague,January Interviews ´ Lavon Machon Yad Yaari - Zionist Central CZAArchives, (Jerusalem) vnitra Ministerstvo archiv,Národní NA (Praha): katastr Spolkový Prahy, Hlavního města Archiv AHMP: Collections Archival Bibliography of the Kibbutz of the Kibbutz Federation, Artzi YY (Givat Haviva): ...a tys na Němce střílel, dědo? dědo? střílel, ...a tysnaNěmce and Movement HaTzair DocumentationofHaShomer forResearchand Center the - ML Movements, fortheArchives Labour (Tel Aviv) The Making of Modern Zionism. Modern MakingThe of “Zionism and the Jewish Religious Religious and the Jewish “Zionism Tradition,” in Reinharz and Reinharz ( Anita Shapira (Did you shoot on the Germans, Grandpa?) you(Did shootonthe Germans, 83 (New (New Yoork: 1981). Books, Basic Eros Jews andthe Published Hanover, : University NH Zionism andreligionZionism (New York: Basic

, ed.

CEU eTD Collection Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, “Archetypal Pattern of Pattern “Archetypal Eisenstadt, N. Shmuel Youth”, 1994), 319-322. 1920-1950, beCzechoslovakiah, Hatzair Hashomer Vili Cur, “ a in minoritypolitics) Jewish politika židovské stranya ______, “Politické 2007). Budapest, CEU Europe”, diss., (Phd. in Central Politics ______, “ModernJewish Czechoslovakia,” A Crhová,“ Marie Vol.X, (1977),28-54. Cohen,“ B. Gary Ptaha, 1981). May30-November 2,1921)(Svoboda: ofKSČ, 14-161921,October congress 1921. 1921;30.října-2.listopadu 14.-16.května KSČ, Čihák and Renata Miroslav Wohlgemuthová, 2005). Paseka, ofJews(Praha: in Bohemia) identity National Jews? Germans, Čapková, Kateřina Desiderius 1992),5-26. Bystrica, (Banská Tóth before the Slovakia community in WorldJewish War II.),in: Büchler,Robert “ Budín, Stanislav 1997),355-360. Philadelphia, andreader, analysis historical Borochov,Ber in Struggle,“ Class and Question the National “The Bondyová, Ruth Č eskoslovensku 1861-2004 eskoslovensku Al hajahdut vehatnuah hehalutziut beCzechoslovakiah“ in beCzechoslovakiah“ hehalutziut vehatnuah hajahdut Al Jewish Politics in Central Europe: the Case of the Jewish Party in Interwar Jewish Party ofthe Case the Europe: in Central Politics Jewish Jakub Edelstein Jak to vlastně bylo vlastně bylo Jak to Jews in German Society: Prague, 1860-1914,” Central European History, European Central Prague,1860-1914,” Society: Jews in German Židovská komunita na Slovensku pred druhousvetovou vojnou” (The pred na komunita Slovensku Židovská Češi, Němci, Židé? Národní Němci, Češi, 1918-1938 Židů v Čechách, identita vailable from: from: vailable Politické strany.Politické ahnutí stran v politických Vývoj , ed. Jiří Malí ed. HertzbergSociety,Arthur Jewish Publication (The , (Praha: Sefer, 2001). http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/02_crhova.pdf (How it was in fact) (Prague: (Prague: in it fact) was (How Torst, 2007). ř et al., Protokoly sjezdu aslučovacího ustavujícího 84 (I. díl, Brno: Dopln (I.díl, Brno: Josef menšiny” (Political parties and the parties and (Political menšiny” Deadalus (Protocols of constitutive and merging ofconstitutive and (Protocols

Rav ed. (Yaad Yaari: Givat Havivah, Tragédia Židov, slovenských , Vol.91, No.1, Youth: Change The Zionist Idea: a Zionist The Shomrim tamid – Shomrim ě k, 2005), č eských zemích eských 965-986. (Czechs,

ed.

CEU eTD Collection et al., (Praha: al., (Praha: et in identity), and Zionist Czech 1848-1918,between German, Czech Lands Jewsin identity ofthe (National sionismem“ a identita Žid Kořalka, “Národní Jiří ( Lavan to (Rhapsody Tchelet Halutzi(Netzach) Tzofi Hashomer Noar Hatzair beCzechoslovakiah in harishonah,” haolam shel “Hitahvutah Karpe, Richard Tchelet bemilchamat vehitpatchut beBohemiah Lavan 1-18. Europe in East Central Nationalities Constructing Judson, M. Pieter Österreich 1943 1903bis Hazair“ „Haschomer Bewegung der Beispiel am Jensen, Angelika 1938),“ ______, “Jewish Youth (1920- and Despair Hope Between in Carpatho-Rus´: under the star Tatry IPEĽ, 2009). (Praha: 20th century) in Jews inthe Slovakia mountines. Ješajahu Jelinek, A. Israel, 1986) Havivah, HaTnuah, 1920-1950. Perakimbetoldot beCzechoslovakiah: HaTzair HaShomer 2007),145-158. Brno, (Doplněk: in minority?), grouporNational (Ethnic národní menšina?” skupina,nebo “Etnická Fiala, Jaroslav Sociology ______, “Youth, in Israel“ Structure Social Culture and 116-123.1967): Science Social Society,“ ofan Ideological Identity in ofthe Collective the Development Problemsin Identity: ______, “Israeli (Winter, Challenge and 28-46. 1962): Israel: Haemunah letoldot Haemunah Israel: Tchelet Lavan –El 1993),51-61. beAl Czechoslovakiah, . The history of the Youth history The Movement Tchelet El Lavan- in Czechoslovakia Al-Netzach Shvut , Vol. 105-114. 2(Jun., 2,No. 1951): MŠMT-UK, 1999),9-25. Nezapomenuté historie (UnforgottenNezapomenuté histories) , Vol. (Mar., Sciences ofthe Social Perspective in the Character 370,National , No.7 (23)(1998): 146-165. , No.7 Sei stark und mutig! Chasak we’emaz! Chasak 40JahreSei undmutig! stark Jugend in jüdische “Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe –Introduction,” in East Central Nationalities “Constructing Dávidova hviezda podTatrami.Dávidova hviezda v 20.storočí Židia naSlovensku , 1-59. Rapsodiah LeTchelet –korot Lavan hanoar tnuat Tchelet El Lavan- Al Židé v Židé ů v č Annals of the Annals of the American and of Political Academy č eské apolské ob eské eských zemích 1848-1918 mezi n 1848-1918mezi zemích eských 85 , ed. Peter M. Judson et al. (Oxford, M.et al. 2005), , ed.Judson Peter č anské spole anské , ed. Zdeněk Machát et al. Machát , ed. Zdeněk č nosti, The British Journalof British The ě mectvím, mectvím, (Vienna, 1995). Jan Jan Tomaszewski (Givat

č (Davis

ešstvím

)

CEU eTD Collection 1992), 27-43. 1918-1945),in between Palestine emigration (Theorganization, to Zionist and the movements 1918-1945“ the youth Nir,Akiva ” History Contemporary Near,Henry “ Press, 1993),121-175. University Brandeis (Hanover&London: ______, History George Mosse, L. (New York: New York Press, 1996),161-170. University Unity, in ofContradiction,” a Reality “Work Mintz, Matityahu and “Work Land ofIsrael forthe Present“: in the A of Concept movement) ed., Mešťan Pavol Press, 1987),1-11, University Indiana 131-170. Mendelsohn, Ezra JewishQuestion. the On Marx, Karel 1913-20,“ ofthe Hatzair Origins Hashomer Margalit,Elkana and Intellectual “Social Youth Movement, č Jiří in Party), Communist Czechoslovak (The Československa“ strana “Komunistická Marek, Pavel Aviv, 1939). Levensohn, Lotta eských zemích a eských zemích Malí , vol. 27, no. 4 (Oct. 1992): 565-581. , vol. 27,no.4(Oct.1992): Journal ř and Pavel Marek et al. (ed.), al. (ed.), Pavel et Marek ř and ( Sionistická organizácia, mládežnické hnutia a emigrácia do Palestíny vrokoch doPalestíny organizácia, a emigrácia Sionistická hnutia mládežnické Bratislava: SNM – Múzeum židovskej kultúry, SNM–Múzeum židovskej Bratislava: 2001). otázce. O židovské Experiment and Survival: and Survival: Experiment ofthe Kibbutz,” The Beginnings Č The First Jewish Watch FirstJewish The Palestine. in Contemporary History of Confronting JewishandWestern the Nation. Nationalism The Jews of East Central Europe East Central of Jews The World the Between Wars Hašomer Hacair - Dějiny hnutia -Dějiny Hacair hnutia Hašomer “Max Nordau, Liberalism and the New Jew,” and the Liberalism Nordau, “Max eskoslovensku 1861-2004 eskoslovensku (Vol. 177-197. 20,No. 1985): 1(Jan., Tragédia Židov, slovenských in in Karl Marx –SelectedWritings Marx Karl (On the Jewish Question) (Praha: Svooda, 1975)/Karl Marx, 1975)/Karl Svooda, Jewish (Praha: Question) the (On Essential papersEssential onZionism, Politické strany.Politické ahnutí stran v politických Vývoj , Vol. 2.(Apr., 4,No. 1969): 25-46. , (I. díl. Brno: Dopln , (I.díl. 86 (Hashomer Hatzair – History ofthe –History Hatzair (Hashomer ed. (Palestine Publishing Co. Ltd., Ltd., Co. Publishing (Palestine Tel-

Desiderius Desiderius Bystrica, Tóth (Banská ed. D. McLellan (Oxford, D.1977) McLellan ed. Journal of Contemporary Journal ě k, 2005), ed. Jehuda Reinherz et al. JehudaReinherz ed. Journal of Journal

711-746. . (Bloomington:

CEU eTD Collection Gideon Shimoni, Gideon http://www.cvvm.cas.cz/upl/nase_spolecnost/100023se_samanova-narodnost%20EN.pdf “ Šámalová, Gabriela letech Zahradníková, and Soukupová Marie Blanka 2000). Print, Bratislava; (Zing and traditionalism) assimilation Salner,Peter Rybár,Ctibor 2001). Rucker,Laurent World War I “ L. Rozenblit, Marsha and Surveys “ Rotkirchen, Livie Czechoslovakia “ Rabinowicz, K. Oskar Pojar et. al., Miroslav “ ______: in Poland. Movement Oppenheim, Israel 1967). yehudit, we-yisreelit, politit eropit mahshava leheqer Forum Posen Nur, N. Ofer Czechoslovakia in 1930s) in Czechoslovakia 1996), 238-263. Zionism, dvacátých (The Jewish minority in Czechoslovakia in 1920s) (Praha: Židovské muzeum, 2003). Židovské 1920s) muzeum, (Praha: in Czechoslovakia minorityin (The Jewish ed. Jehuda Reinherz and and ed. Reinherz Jehuda Shapira (New Anita York: New York Press, University , Vol.I., JPS, 1971), (Philadelphia: .”, .”, Available fro Židia na Slovensku medzi tradíciou aasimiláciou tradíciou medzi Židia naSlovensku the: Hatzair1920s Hashomer in Do dost času půlnoci . Historical Studies andSurveys Historical Stalin, Izrael a Židé. (Stalin, Israel and Jews) Israel (Stalin, andJews) aŽidé. Izrael Stalin, The Zionist Ideology Zionist The The St The Hehalutz in Poland between the between the in Poland Hehalutz Two World Wars” in Slovakia II.,1918-1938,” in Slovakia Nationality in the census in Czech lands”, last modified May 17,2011, May modified last Czech census lands”, in in the Nationality ( Židovská menšina v Československu ve 30. letech 30.letech ve Československu menšina v Židovská East European Monographs, European 1989). East The Dilemma of National Identity. ofNational Dilemma The ofHabsburgThe Jews in Austria Czechoslovak Zionism: Zionism: Czechoslovak to aAnalecta History,“ in ruggle of Jewish Youthruggle of Jewish Productivization: for Youth Zionist The (Židovské Muzeum v Praze, 2004). Muzeum vPraze, (Židovské m: m: http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/yb03/14rozenblit.pdf. . (By the midnightenough time) (By the . (Brandeis University Press, 1995). . (BrandeisUniversity Židovská menšina v menšina v Židovská 87

85-124. from avant-garde to elitism , Vol.II. JPS, 1971),19-136. (Philadelphia: Jews of Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, of Jews (Jews in Slovakia between (Jewsin Slovakia (Rybka Prague Publishers, Č eskoslovensku ve eskoslovensku (Praha: 2008). Akademia, (Jewish minorityin (Jewish Esseential papers on papers Esseential Historical Studies The Jews of Jews The (Universitat HeIfa. (Universitat

CEU eTD Collection Robert S. S. Robert Wistrich, Habsburg in the Conflicts Jews and Nationality “The Lands,” 1997). Publishing, M. Adam Weisberger, and Cleansing ______, “Nation War in J. Martin Wein, 2009). century.) twentieth of midst the in the Living Vojtěch Vykouk, 1994). Charles Taylor, 2007). NLN, 1918-1946)(Praha: Ruthenia Švorc, Peter 2007). Lands)( Czech ofJews in the Assimilation” ______, “Zamyšlení 23–53. 1918-1920)Střed (2/2010), nationalism and Czech Bolshevism Jewishness, (Body, (1918–1920)” anacionalismus český bolševismus židovství, ______, ”Tělo, in Prague,2011).University Charles diss., 1876-1921.)(Phd and Class, Nation, Race Jews between Czech of the ofIdentity the Policy and Nationalism ofthe Czech Poetics (1876-1921)” (The a třídou rasou národem, mezi českýchžidů a politika identity nacionalismu českého Strobach, “Poetika Vít 1945, ofDemocracy,” Undermining the in to Enlightenment against the Revolt Fromthe andEnemies: Its “Modernity Sternhell, Zeev El Lavan- in Czechoslovakia Al-Netzach et al., Sinai Amos Politics, 1897-1952” (Manuscript, 2007). 1897-1952” (Manuscript, Politics, Judaica Bohemiae (XLIV-1. Bohemiae Judaica Praha,2009): ŽidovskévPraze. muzeum ed. Zeev Sternhell (Jerusalem, 1996),11-29. Zeev Sternhell ed. Zakletá zem – Podkarpatská Rus 1918-1 Rus zemZakletá –Podkarpatská Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition Politicsof andThe Multiculturalism “ Zionism in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Palestino-Centrism and Landespolitik,” Palestino-Centrism Interwar Czechoslovakia: in Zionism století” dvacátého ve víru Život Lorándová. “Štefanie Rhapsody to Tchelet Youth of history The the Lavan. Tchelet Movement The Jewish Ethic and Spirit of Socialism of Socialism andSpirit Ethic Jewish The nad „rudou asimilací“ českých Židů”upon“Red (Muse českých „rudou asimilací“ nad The Intellectual Revolt 1870- Intellectual The LiberalDemocracy Against , (Israel, 1996). , (Israel, s of Jewish and Nationalism Czech Authenticity: M.A. University in Charles Thesis, (M.A. thesis, Charles University in Prague, University in (M.A. Charles thesis, 88 946 . (Incantated land –Subcarpathian . (Incantatedland (New York: Lang Peter (Princeton University (Princeton (Štefanie Lorándová. (Štefanie 5-47. Prague,

CEU eTD Collection thesis, Charles University in Prague,2000), CharlesUniversity thesis, ofJewish (Searching forIdentity 1914” 1870– vletech vČechách židovského obyvatelstva identity “Hledání Zahradníková, Marie 1995). (Merhavia, Avraham Yassour ed., Papers Nationalities , Vol. 119-139. 22,No. 1.(1994): The History of the Kibbutz of the History The population in Czech Republic, 1870-1914.) Republic, in Czech population 89 . A Sources of Selection –1905-1929.

( MA.