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The Fractured Society: a Study of Utopian Conflicts In THE FRACTURED SOCIETY: A STUDY OF UTOPIAN CONFLICTS IN WORLD POLITICS by Josh Martineau A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Relations Spring 2014 Copyright © 2014 Josh Martineau All Rights Reserved UMI Number: 3631197 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3631197 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 THE FRACTURED SOCIETY: A STUDY OF UTOPIAN CONFLICTS IN WORLD POLITICS by Josh Martineau Approved: __________________________________________________________ Gretchen Bauer, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Daniel Green, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Ann Towns, Ph.D. Co-chair of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Alice Ba, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Ioannis Stivachtis, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 UTOPIAN CLEAVAGES IN A MULTIDIMESNIOAL INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY: A PUZZLE AND A SOLUTION .................. 1 1.1 The Puzzle: A Global Divergence on Homosexuality and Gay Rights ..... 1 1.2 The Solution: Utopian Cleavages .............................................................. 5 1.3 The Concept of International Society and the Study of Utopian Cleavages ................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 The Need for a Multidimensional Understanding of International Society ...................................................................... 9 1.4 Argument Summary ................................................................................ 12 1.5 Research Methods: Case Selection, Data, and Methods ......................... 14 1.6 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................... 18 2 A CLOSED NET: THE INTEGRATED MODEL OF SOCIETY IN MAINSTREAM SOCIOLOGICAL IR ............................................................ 21 2.1 The English School .................................................................................. 24 2.1.1 Society as Recognized Commonalities ....................................... 27 2.1.2 The Utopian Framework of Contemporary International Society ......................................................................................... 29 2.1.3 The English School & Multidimensionality ................................ 32 2.2 World Polity Theory ................................................................................ 41 2.2.1 Society as the Enactment of Universally Valid Cultural Scripts . 42 2.2.2 The Cultural Origins of Contemporary International Society ..... 44 2.2.3 WPT and Multidimensionality .................................................... 45 2.3 Constructivist Norms Theory .................................................................. 49 iv 2.3.1 Conclusions about International Society ..................................... 52 2.4 Wendt’s Macrostructural Account of International Society .................... 59 2.4.1 Society as a Single Subject-Position ........................................... 60 2.4.2 Wendt and Multidimensionality .................................................. 63 3 REMAINING FAITHFUL TO REALITY: CREATING THE ONTOLOGICAL SPACE FOR UTOPIAN CLEAVAGES THROUGH A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY ......... 67 3.1 The Multidimensional Model of Society: Two Core Propositions and Two underlying Assumptions ................................................................. 69 3.1.1 The Two Core Propositions of the Multidimensional Model ...... 70 3.1.2 The Two underlying Assumptions of the Multidimensional Model ........................................................................................... 73 3.2 The Manifestations of Multidimensionality in Contemporary International Society ................................................................................ 78 3.2.1 Differentiation in a World of Universals ..................................... 78 3.2.2 Cleavages in a Multidimensional International Society .............. 81 3.2.3 Utopian Cleavages: Threats to the Ideal Society ......................... 84 3.2.4 Contradictions within and between Utopian Frameworks .......... 85 3.2.5 Norms in a Multidimensional International Society ................... 93 3.2.6 Norms and the Production of Utopian Cleavages ....................... 95 3.3 The Empirical Manifestations of Multidimensionality and Utopian Cleavages ................................................................................................. 97 4 THE (IN)APPROPRIATENESS OF HOMOSEXUALITY: UTOPIAN CLEAVAGES AND THE PRODUCTION OF SELECTIVE AND FURCATED DIFFUSION IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY ..................... 102 4.1 The Best of Times: The Diffusion of Practices, Attitudes, and Policies Enhancing Gay Rights in Contemporary International Society ............ 108 4.1.1 Successes for Gay Rights Advocates ........................................ 111 4.1.1.1 Increased Access to Public Space & Improving Attitudes toward Homosexuality ................................ 112 4.1.1.2 The Diffusion of Gay Rights Policies in 3 Waves: From Decriminalization to Equal Rights .................... 115 v 4.1.2 Conclusions following from the Diffusion of Gay Rights in Contemporary International Society .......................................... 124 4.1.2.1 Gay Rights and Normative Change from Below ........ 126 4.2 The Worst of Times: The Diffusion of an Anti-homosexuality Norm in Contemporary International Society ................................................. 129 4.2.1 The Anti-Homosexuality TAN(s) .............................................. 129 4.2.2 Successes for the Anti-homosexuality Network ........................ 131 4.2.2.1 Restricting Access to Public Space & the Persistence of Negative Attitudes towards Homosexuality ........... 132 4.2.2.2 The Persistence and Expansion of Anti- Homosexuality Policies in Post-Cold War International Society ................................................... 137 4.2.3 Conclusions Following from the Persistence and Diffusion of Anti-Gay Policies in Contemporary International Society ........ 144 4.3 The Simultaneous Diffusion of Antithetical Practices, Attitudes, and Policies: Furcated and Reactionary Diffusion Dynamics ...................... 147 5 UNDERSTANDING THE (IN)APPROPRIATENESS OF HOMOSEXUALITY: LIBERAL, RELIGIOUS, AND POST-COLONIAL UTOPIAN FRAMEWORKS IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY ................. 151 5.1 Homosexuality and the Welfare of Society: Conflicting Visions ......... 153 5.1.1 Gay Rights are Human Rights: Individual Equality and the Liberal Utopia ............................................................................ 154 5.1.2 Homosexuality is a Crime against Nature: The Natural Family and Religious Utopian Frameworks .......................................... 163 5.1.2.1 Contemporary Religious Arguments against Homosexuality ............................................................ 169 5.1.3 Homosexuality as an Alien Vice: Authentic Cultural Norms and Post-Colonial/Ultra-Nationalist Utopian Frameworks. ...... 181 5.1.3.1 Combining Religion and Cultural Authenticity in Africa .......................................................................... 192 5.2 Religious and Post-Colonial Understandings of Gay Rights within the Human Rights Framework ...................................................................
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