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Assessing the Socio-Cultural Impacts of Climate Change in Kiribati and Exploring the Relocation Strategy with Reference to Fiji and Its Socio-Cultural Implications

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Assessing the Socio-Cultural Impacts of Climate Change in Kiribati and Exploring the Relocation Strategy with Reference to Fiji and Its Socio-Cultural Implications ASSESSING THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KIRIBATI AND EXPLORING THE RELOCATION STRATEGY WITH REFERENCE TO FIJI AND ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS by Fetalai Gagaeolo A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Climate Change Copyright © 2014 by Fetalai Gagaeolo Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development The University of the South Pacific July, 2014 DECLARATION A Statement by the Author I, Fetalai Gagaeolo, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where duly acknowledgement is made in the text. ……………………….. Fetalai Gagaeolo S11056391 Date 22 / 07 /2014 A Statement by the Supervisor The Research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Ms Fetalai Gagaeolo. ……………………………. Dr Sarah Hemstock Principal Supervisor Date: 22/ 07/ 2014 Acknowledgement “I am the vine, you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit; apart from me, you can do nothing” (John 15: 5). I must first declare that the completion of this entire dissertation wouldn’t have made possible without the divine intervention of the Almighty God. He was the ultimate source of strength, knowledge, wisdom, hope and faith in the course of this research that words alone are never enough to express it. I thank Him enormously for His enduring faithfulness, working behind the scenes in mysterious ways that are immeasurably unexplainable to ensure that I finish this race and finish it well!! I thank the European Union for the financial support that enabled me to carry out this research through the Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development at the University of the South Pacific. This was indeed a wonderful opportunity given not only to leave a mark for the university, to answer to the research needs of the university but importantly to serve the needs of our Pacific region, to bring to the forefront the silent battles and miseries our vulnerable communities such as Kiribati are going through, in response to the threatening inescapable impacts of climate change. I thank my research team; my principal supervisor Dr Sarah Hemstock; Co Supervisor, Dr Frank Thomas; my external supervisor, Dr Roy Smith for their support in editing this thesis. I am profoundly thankful to Dr Keith Morrison for his immense help, his invaluable feedback and tireless effort and dedication in maneuvering and polishing this thesis, within a short period of time until it reached its refined stage. My heart of gratitude goes out to those who made my stay in Kiribati a memorable experience. I thank the In country coordinator of the European Union Global Climate Change Alliance (EUGCCA), Pelenise Alofa who was my Research Advisor, for arranging my field sites and translating my questionnaires and interviews, together with my field assistants for translating my interviews and guiding me through the communities and study sites. To the unforgettable cheerful and enlightening spirits of i the South Tarawa and Abaiang communities, those in the labor force and pastors of different denominations in Kiribati; the success of this research wouldn’t have made possible if it wasn’t for the tremendous and persistent support especially the smiling faces shown the times I spent with you all. This thesis is indeed the final product of your heart wrecking stories and real life experiences that have in turn impacted my life in so many ways that I had never imagined. I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of our Director and Professor for Climate Change; Professor Elisabeth Holland, for her phenomenal input and support in the duration of my studies. Because of her outstanding leadership, her knowledge, support and words of inspiration, I was fortunate to participate and engage in many initiatives, trainings and conferences at the local, regional and the international level that in turn boosted my capacity as a climate change student. To my friends and colleagues, I cannot remember all your names to thank you individually but only God understands how grateful I am. Thank you all so much for your investments and time, being able to share your thoughts, ideas and experiences that helped paved the way to the completion of this thesis. Finally to my families especially my parents, thank you for the endless prayers and support in every way that kept me reminded of my sole purpose, to strive for the best, to aim higher and to accomplish greater things that I was created for. On this note, I would like to say that may our good Lord according to His riches, bless you all abundantly in hundred folds for your individual contributions to the success of this research. ii Abstract This thesis presents numerous emerging direct and indirect socio-cultural challenges amplified by climate change, experienced and perceived by the vulnerable communities of South Tarawa and Abaiang in Kiribati. Findings indicate that limited resources which sustain lives and livelihoods, and are significant socially and culturally are being physically threatened by climate change. Such physical threats have led to losses, changes, and transformations in people’s perceptions, traditional knowledge and skills, behaviours, lifestyles, feelings, relationship status, welfare, security and community cohesion practices. Socio-cultural practices are perceived as one of the strongest pillars that support local communities of Kiribati in building momentum and resilience to endure the adverse impacts of climate change, and keys which unlock solutions that steer individuals and communities towards sustainable living and development. In this regard, the socio-cultural consequences of climate change should not be undermined but should be highly valued and highlighted in climate change policy making at all levels. Additionally, this study features the perceived socio-cultural impacts of relocation with reference to Fiji and its different dimensions through the lens of the target communities. It is evident that Kiribati communities are zealous in the celebration of their cultures, identities, socio-cultural and spiritual values. Findings based on the perceptions of local communities and experiences of those residing in Fiji, reveal that relocation is perceived as the last ‘adaptation resort’ to escape and offset individual losses caused by climate change but is also an option that will compromise their socio-cultural practices and values in the long term. This study indicates that attention shouldn’t be focused only on factors that drive human relocation but should also prioritize justifications of those who choose not to relocate. This approach will better serve community expectations for in- country climate change adaptation and help shape future strategies and/or policies on climate change driven relocation. Finally, policies and adaptation initiatives should be holistically framed; integrating values that are important to grassroots level such as socio-cultural values, spiritual and mobility concerns for informed decision making at all levels. iii Acronyms CIER Center for Indigenous Environmental Resources COP Conference of the Parties ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation EUGCCA European Union Global Climate Change Alliance IEA International Energy Agency IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action NCDs Non Communicable Diseases NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIV New International Version Bible OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human rights SIDS Small Island Developing States SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences UNDP United Nations Development Program UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific Office of Education Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNOHRLLS United Nations Office of the High Representative for Landlocked Developing States iv Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Overview .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Implications of the study ....................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Objectives and Aims .............................................................................. 9 1.5 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................. 10 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER .................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Climate change, indigenous people and socio-cultural consequences. ................. 13 2.3 Kiribati and Climate Change: A brief background .............................................. 17 2.4 Scientific evidence: Past and future climatic changes in Kiribati ......................... 18 2.5 Kiribati and socio-cultural values in the face of climate change .......................... 20 2.6 Climate Change and Human Mobility
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