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PDF (Volume 2) Durham E-Theses Latin elegy as a genre of dissent. Chapman, Sydney Thompson How to cite: Chapman, Sydney Thompson (1977) Latin elegy as a genre of dissent., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1861/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .. a ; BEST COPY AVAILABLE Variable print quality UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM LOW EGY ASAi OF DISSR ! (Two Volume) 1 TBESIS SUNIITW BY SIDUT THoXP3OJ CRLFML B. A. To THN DEPA ' of CL&$SICS FOR SM DDGRI of DOCTOR©F PSIL©BOPBT 9t1nr 2 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. TABZE OF COMER (Yo1mw Two) CHLPTIR3 Pon SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISS IT il TIM BI GISTS Part One TYs Ro1sstion of 'Anbitio' in Latin Eloaº 3 Iatriduatioa " ......................................... " Gallus, Tibullas, and Poatis Capitalisation ............ 5 Me Seed. Ellgiao Iatraasiglas. of " ........ " "......... "8 10 Sesial Reaaleitranss is Ovid ........................... Ovid 18 The säoas of Withdrawal is Propertias and ......... 28 Tibulluu' Philosophical Basis for Rotrsat .............. 41 Bxprossiens of Disillusion is Tibullus ................. Part ? wo BI! R sad Politisal Eeoriain: tiea 53 Intreduotion .................... ....................... 55 Proportias and the Parthian question ................... 61 The Proportian View of Lotion .......................... 68 The Politisai Import of Tiballis 1.7 ................... 73 Ireq is Ti lvs 2.5 and iAviYss ...................... ?9 A Political Zeki is Tibullss 1.1 ....................... 81 The Military Nstapior as Pelitieal ]Jequitia ............ " Prop. rtiust 1 sr Armtun .................. 89 Propertiuss A. sr Trinspbater .............. 10k Tiballtu ..................... "............. 107 Hesse ..................................... 109 Ovid ......... .............. 4000 ***Go 9000 0000 Chapter Three 223 lots 8stsr1N/ for ". s". " Pa CHAPTER 4 IRREVERENCE AND IN!. RALITY 143 Introduction............ ........................... Immorality: Counter-indictment in Elegy........... 149 Rural Ethic 167 Elegy and the .......................... 'Orbitas' versus 'Ubertas'......................... 187 Freedom and Repression............................. 198 '8ervitium' 218 Role Inversion and ..................... The Use of Marital and Related Terminology and its Implications 235 260 Note References for Chapter Four ............. 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ CHAPTER T1 E SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISSIIT IN THE ELEGISTS Contents of Chanter Three Part One The Rejection of 'Aebitio' in Latin Elegy Introduction Gallus. Tibulluse and Poet ic Capitalisation The Seeds of Eleg iac Intra nsiree noe Social Recaloitra nee in Ovid The Ttiees of Withdrawal in Proae rtius and Ovid Tibulln s' Philoson hioal Basis fo r Retreat Express ions of Dis illusion in Ti bullus Part Elegy and Political Reariaination Introduction Properties and the Parthian Question The Pro vertian Ti.,, of Aotiu* The Pol itical Import of Tibnllus 1.7 Irony g ad 'Lov itas' in Tiballus 2.5 A Polit ical ec ho in Tiballus 1.1 The 1Oili tarr IIfstanho r as Political 119%uitia' P"vsý: Amor Arustus Provortius: L or Trius stor Tibullus Hoac Ovid lote Referenoe" for Ch. ter Three 3" The Rejection of'Ambitio' in Latin Elegy Introduction In the former of the two major divisions into which this chapter is divided I shall be concerned with showing how the elegists can be said to have been socially removed from the spirit of their times. The enquiry will begin by demonstrating that they were dis- orientated from an establishment point of view in that they rejected the constraints placed upon the class of society to with h they belonged, voiced their dissent through their verse, and made it clear that they did not wish to be subjected to Augustus' policy of social engineering. This will not take into account the imperial plan for moral reform to which the elegista ran counter, for I intend to treat this issue in its own right in my final chapter. The word ambitio' will be employed on several occasions not, however, in (l) the narrow sense of canvassing for support at elections, but with the wider meaning of the will to embark upon and succeed in a chosen career in the service of the state. Icy information for the social background in the early stage of the chapter, probing the 'ordo equester' and the modifications which the emperor brought to bear upon it, rely upon the work of Syme and an article by Taylor (T. A. P. A. 211968, pp. 469-86) the latter of whom has summarised the reasons for our crediting all of the elegists with possession of equestrian status (pp. 479-81). Propertius, it will be seen, was content to acknowledge the advantages of peace afforded by the emperor but resented any interference by the state with the private lives of its citizens. Tibullus likewise welcomes the advent of peace while remaining sceptical about the way of life which thrives upon it. The evidence does not warrant our view of his as a 4. professional soldier making 'poetical capital' out of the military (2) life which he professes to dislike as Williams, for instance, would claim. I shall show that he seeks to justify his projected way of life with an appeal to philosophy, in particular that of Lucretius, by reworking sections of his Epicurean tract in a way which, to the best of my knowledge, has not been previously appreciated. In his opinion, a life devoted to 'amor' can have a rational basis and is not a senseless escape from social responsibility. Ovid shares with Tibullus and Propertius a distaste for a career in the service of the state and provides us with autobiographical information about his intentions in choosing to devote his energies to becoming a poet. His predecessors in elegiac poetry were, I suspect, motivated by considerations not entirely dissimilar. In the latter major section of the chapter I shall examine the political aspect of the elegists' verse; a separate introduction will be found prefacing this area of enquiry. I 5. Gallus. Tibullus, and Poetic Cavitalisation In an enquiry into the elegists' rejection of the responsibilities involved in pursuing a career in the service of the Augustan state the influence of Gallus as an elegist and man of action should be considered. His undertaking of the military life is at variance with the anti-militaristic thought expressed in Latin elegy. He almost certainly exploited the contrast between the life of the lover and that of the soldier if Eclogues 10 is an example of Callan subject matter and mode of expression. Lycoris, whom Gallus celebrated in his 'Amores', had been the mistress of Marcus Brutus and then of Marcus Antonius, both great men of action. In Eclogues 10 Vergil portrays Lycoris as attracted by a man of action, a soldier, with the result that she deserts Gallus in order to pursue her new love on a campaign in the North. We will never know to what extent this is biographical even if Servius was correct in deriving the words attributed to Gallus in the Eclogue from his (3), elegies but it is possible that Gallus may have felt drawn by feelings of inferiority - one thinks of Crassus at the time of the first triumvirate - to embark upon an even more enterprising military career in order to regain favour with Lycoris. Even though this is hypothetical, the elegists who succeeded him, had before them the example of a love elegist whose military ambitions had gone beyond bounds acceptable to the establishment with the result that he drove himself to suicide to escape the worst. This event in itself could have affected the elegists' attitude to militarism. Gallus had probably drawn the distinction between the otiose life of a lover (of-10-32-49 and that of a soldier as we find it in the Eclogue, where submission to 'amor', the affection, clashes with 'amor duri 6. Martis' - the demands of military affairs). In view of his fate, a life devoted to 'amor' began to make practical sense and the profession of unwillingness to lead a life of adventure ceased to be a mere literary conceit and was borne out in reality in the lives of (4) Tibullus, Propertiua and Ovid. Williams would take issue with such an argument applied to Tibullus, believing that he, like Gallus, made 'poetic capital' out of his profession as a soldier and poet; he could, as a soldier, decry more effectively the military life as opposed to an idyllic pastoral existence alongside his mistress than if he were a 'civilian' with no barrier preventing him from realising his dream. To this I would reply that the evidence that Tibullus was a professional soldier to any degree is meagre to say the least, consisting of the statement in the 'Vita' that 'ante slice Corvinum Messalam oratorem dilexit, cuius etiam contubernalis Aquitanioo bello militaribus donis donatus est' consonant with Tibullus' claim in 1.7.9 that 'non sine me eat tibi partus honos' where the poet relates how he served Messalla well in the Lquitanian campaign for which he was rewarded. Elegy 1.3 records how he was unable to proceed to the East as a member of the 'cohors' of Messalls for he fell ill at Corcyra; when I subject this poem to criticism it will become clear that Tibullue was so diffident towards the prospect of the expedition and harboured feelings of resentment that he had actually been involved in it in the first place, that the possibility of any professional interest on his part is unlikely.
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