Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 1: Introduction and External History

L’auteur [V. Pisani, M.W.] a travaillé de seconde main, et sur des textes malheureusement mal édités. Le premier travail à faire (et que nous avons voulu entreprendre) est épigraphique et philologique. Ensuite seulement peut venir, valablement, l'interprétation. L'expérience prouve qu'avec du métier et de l'ingéniosité on arrive toujours à quelque justification, même pour des mots dont il se découvre ensuite qu'ils n'existent pas dans nos textes. Il y a là un danger, auquel l'auteur de ces lignes ne se flatte pas d'échapper lui-même, mais dont il importe de rester toujours conscient.

M. Lejeune 1953 Course Outline 1. Introduction. The External Facts about the Veneti and the Venetic Language 2. The Venetic alphabet and writing system 3. Phonology 4. Morphology and Syntax 5. Lexicon and Onomastics 6. The Veneti issue 7. Subgrouping 8. Language Ecology and Romanization 9. The Origin of the Runes 10. The Tavola of Este

The External Facts about the Veneti and the Venetic Language

I. The Adriatic Veneti in Ancient Sources

A. Earliest references

Herodotus (484-425) 5.9 (The first explicit mention of the Adriatic Veneti)

Μούνους δὲ δύναµαι πυθέσθαι οἰκέοντας πέρην τοῦ Ἴστρου ἀνθρώπους τοῖσι οὔνοµα εἶναι Σιγύννας, ἐσθῆτι δὲ χρεωµένους Μηδικῇ. Τοὺς δὲ ἵππους αὐτῶν εἶναι λασίους ἅπαν τὸ σῶµα καὶ ἐπὶ πέντε δακτύλους τὸ βάθος τῶν τριχῶν, σµικροὺς δὲ καὶ σιµοὺς καὶ ἀδυνάτους ἄνδρας φέρειν, ζευγνυµένους δὲ ὑπ’ ἅρµατα εἶναι ὀξυτάτους· ἁρµατηλατέειν δὲ πρὸς ταῦτα τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους. Κατήκειν δὲ τούτων τοὺς οὔρους ἀγχοῦ Ἐνετῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ Ἀδρίῃ.

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The only men of whom I can hear who dwell beyond the Ister [i.e. the Danube] are those who are said to be called Sigynnai, and who use the Median fashion of dress. Their horses, it is said, have shaggy hair all over their bodies, as much as five fingers long; and these are small and flat-nosed and too weak to carry men, but when yoked in chariots they are very high-spirited; therefore the natives of the country drive chariots. The boundaries of this people extend, it is said, to the parts near the Enetoi, who live on the Adriatic.

B. An anecdote from Theopompus (380-315 BCE) and Lycus of Rhegion (4th-3rd BCE) about how the Veneti placated Jackdaws preserved by Aelian (170-235 CE) Nat. Anim. 17.16 tells how the Veneti made cakes of oil, barley, and honey in September as a propitiatory offering jackdaws to prevent them from destroying their sown fields. They surrounded their fields with scarlet thongs and the birds cautiously sent in a few emissaries to ample the offerings.

C. The topos of the Venetic horse is confused by the existence of multiple ethnicities with the Greek name Enetoí. A passage from Alcman’s Partheneion (7th BCE) almost certainly refers to the fast riding horse of the Paphlagonian (i.e. Anatolian) Enetoi1 (Deveraux 1966) and Deveraux 19642 also makes a good case that Euripides is also referring to Paphlagonian horse in two passages in the Hippolytus (231, 1131). Eventually there were notable chariot horses from the Adriatic Venetic. We are told by the scolia to Eur. Hipp. 230 that a certain Leon of Sparta was the first to win a chariot race with Venetic horses in 440 BCE. Strabo 5.1.4 mentions that Dionysus, tyrant of Syracuse (430-367 BCE) got his horses from the Veneti.

D. The legendary history claims that the Veneti were originally migrants from Asia Minor (defeated Trojans) who came to the upper Adriatic under the leadership of Antenor. This story is told most fully in Livy (1.1) (59 BCE–17 CE), who of course was himself from Patavium, one of the chief cities of the the Veneti.

Iam primum omnium satis constat Troia capta in ceteros saevitum esse Troianos, duobus, Aeneae Antenorique, et vetusti iure hospitii et quia pacis reddendaeque Helenae semper auctores fuerant, omne ius belli Achiuos abstinuisse; casibus deinde variis Antenorem cum multitudine Enetum, qui seditione ex Paphlagonia pulsi et sedes et ducem rege Pylaemene

1 These may in fact be Ἑνετοί to be connected with Ḫane/ita- of the Hittite texts. See LfgE s.v. Spiritus asper is also found in some instance in Strabo (5.1 and 3.2.13) 2 G. Deveraux. 1964. “The Enetian horses of Hippolytus,” L’antiquité classique 33:375-383.

2 ad Troiam amisso quaerebant, venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici sinum, Euganeisque qui inter mare Alpesque incolebant pulsis Enetos Troianosque eas tenuisse terras. Et in quem primo egressi sunt locum Troia vocatur pagoque inde Troiano nomen est: gens universa Veneti appellati.

First of all it has long been clear that though the Greeks unleashed their fury on the other Trojans, when the city was capture, from two, Antenor and Aeneas, the Greek abstained from all the rights of war. This was both because of the ancient law of hospitality and because these two had always been supporters of peace and the return of Helen. After various adventures, Antenor with a horde of Eneti, who had been driven from Paphlagonia by civil conflict and who were seeking a new home and leader after Pylaimenes had been lost at Troy, arrived at the inmost recess of the Adriatic Sea. The Euganei who used to live between the Alps and the sea were driven out and the Eneti and Trojans took possession of t hose lands. And the place where they first came ashore is called Troia and the district is called Trojan. The people as a whole are called Veneti.

The Trojan connection was found already in Cato (234–149 BCE; Origines fr. 42 quoted by Plin. n. h. III 130): Venetos Troiana stirpe ortos auctor est Cato. “Cato supports the claim that the Veneti arose from Trojan stock)

Cf. Verg. Aen. 1.242–9 (mentioning a stop over in Thrace before reaching the Adriatic); Strabo (63 BCE–24 CE) 5.1.4 (who also mentions a possible Celtic connection); 13.1.53. Cornelius Nepos ap. Plin. Nat. hist. 6.2.5 (localizes Enetic homeland of the Veneti in Cromna, a part of Amastris, present-day Amasra, Turkey)

Was there a political motivation for this story? Such a narrative stressing the common Trojan origins of the Veneti and the Romani would tend to bolster Veneto-Roman relations, which in fact were quite peaceful. The Veneti typically chose to ally themselves with Rome against the other Italic peoples.

E. Known Historical Interactions of the Veneti before Romanization

1. Greek Activity in the Adriatic.

a. Mycenaean pottery fragments found at Torcello, an island in the Venetian Lagoon, et alibi. (Di Filippo Balestrazzi. 2000.)

b. The Adriatic was a transit point for sacred offerings from the “Hyperboreans” via the Scythians to make their way ultimately to Delos (Hdt. 4.33)

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c. The mythical Eridanus River and the Amber Isles were occasionally located at the head of the Adriatic (Pseud.-Arist. De Mir. Ausc. 119 Strab. 5.1.9 discounts such stories as nonsense) and for this reason the Po (ancient Padus) is sometimes called the Eridanus in Latin poetry.

d. These mythological narratives probably reflect the fact that the Venetic region was the transit point for the passage of Amber from Central and Eastern Europe to the Mediterranean world.

The Amber Road (Wikipedia)

e. The expedition of Cleonymus of Sparta in 302 attacked Thuriae (sic) in Southern Italy but when he was driven off by Roman intervention he turned to the territory of the Veneti. He sailed up the Meduacus (= present-day Brenta) and attacked villages of the Patavium, but the Patavini rallied and defeated Cleonymus decisively. The Patavini were always in arms because of frequent conflict with the Gauls (Livy 10.2–3).

2. The Veneti and the Celts

(Wikipedia, Cenomani)

4 a. Polybius (200 BCE–118 BCE) 2.17.5: Another very ancient nation possesses the Adriatic regions. They are called the Veneti and they differ little from the Celts in their ways and customs, but they use another language. The tragedians have written much about them and put forward a good deal of nonsense.

b. According to Livy 5.35 The Cenomani invaded the area of Verona and Brixia (present-day Brescia) around 400 BCE under the leadership of a certain Elitovius areas formerly under Etruscan control. In the 4th and 3rd centuries Celtic names become common in Venetic inscriptions.

c. An important find-spot for Venetic inscriptions is Cadore which bore the ancient Celtic name Catubrium (Cf. OIr. cath u-stem, ‘battle’)

d. The Carni were another Celtic people located to the east of the Venetic region, but Venetic is also well attested in this area.

F. Interactions with Rome

1. According to Polybius the Senones were diverted from continuing their sack of Rome in 391 BCE by an attack on their territory by the Veneti.

2. The Veneti and the Cenomani sided with Rome in the conflict with the Boii and Insubres which ended with a Roman victory in the Battle of Telamon in 225 BCE. (Polybius 2.23–4) These two peoples also maintained a friendly neutrality with Rome during the Second Punic War (218–202 BCE).

3. The Romans established a colony at Aquileia in 180 BCE and built the Via Postumia in 148 BCE, which connected Cisalpine Gaul and Venetia to the network of Roman roads. In 91 BCE the Veneti and other Transpadane people were granted partial (Lex Pompeia Transpadanis) rights of Roman citizenship and in 49 BCE full rights (Lex Rubria de Gallia. After the Augustan reorganization Venetia and Istria became Regio X of Italia.

4. Strabo (5.1.10) notes that although the Etruscan, Umbrian, Veneti, Liguri and Insubrians were all Romans they were still called by their individual names.

II. The Archeology of the Veneto

1. Geography of Northeast Italy

5 A. The coastal region extends about 130-150 km on the Adriatic (Gulf of Venice).

1. The central part of which is home to the famous lagune (lagoon in PDE is loanword from the Venetic Romance dialect), i.e. shallow bodies of (sea-)water separated from the main body of sea by a barrier island. This situation certainly existed in antiquity because it is precisely describe by Livy (10.2.5–6 in the description of Cleonymus’ expedition: tenue praetentum litus.. (=barrier island) stagna inrigua aestibus maritimis (= tidal lagoons), agros haud procul campestres, ulteriora colles. The size of the lagoon and location of the barrier islands has varied over the centuries.

2. The coastal region south of the lagoons is made up of the Padus (= Po) delta. which has progressed since antiquity.

3. Inland from the coast is the large, well-watered, and productive Venetic plain, which extends inland up to the first pre-Alpine hills. (Polybius 2.14.7). The plain decrease from 110 km wide in the southwest to 55 km wide in the northeast. The flatness is broken only by the Colli Euganei (south of Padua, up to 600 m) and Berici (south of Vicenza, up to 400 m).

4. To the north the land becomes progressively more hilly and then mountainous reaching 3000 meters.

5. Rivers generally run NW to SE. Servius remarks that Venetia was fluminibus abundans (ad Georg. 1.262). From SW to NE the major rivers are:

Padus > Po Atesis > Adige (connection with Ateste which was located on this river?) Bacchiligione (ancient name unknown) Brenta ~ Medo/uacus (site of Patavium) Silis > Silis (site of Altinum) Plavis (5th-6th CE) > Piave Liquentia ~ Livenze (etymology seem obvious) Lemene (ancient name not known) Tiliamentum > Tagliamento (connection with tilia ‘linden/lime tree’?)

2. The Late Bronze Age (12th-10th centuries)

6 At the outset of this period we see replacement of the Terremare Culture by the Proto- Venetic Culture, which is apparently very similar to the Proto-Villanovan culture.

3. The Iron Age (9th-8th)

1. The first urban centers began to crystalize in the eastern Venetic region at Concordia, Opitergium (Oderzo), and Tarvisium (Treviso).

2. Urbanization at Padua first begins somewhat latter, only in the 8th century.

3. Two large settlements were abandoned Frattesina (Province of Rovigo, in the mid 9th, evidence of amber works) and Montagnana (Province of Padua, beginning of the 8th) Their role as the dominant city on the lower Adige is taken over by Ateste.

4. Orientalizing Period (7th) and Archaic Period (6th)

1. Increased contact with Etruscan world, especially Vetuloni and Populonia, and Bononia (Felsina)

2. Consolidation of Ateste and Patavium

3. Foundation or expansion of other sites (Altinum 7th; Vicetia 6th)

4. First written documents

III. The Venetic Language (Italic, Indo-European)

A. History of Scholarship

1. Some Venetic inscriptions were known already to Luigi Lanzi in the 18th century and T. Mommsen in the 19th, but it was only with the excavation of Ateste by Alessandro Prosdocimi in the 1880s that a critical mass of inscriptions became available.

2. Carl Pauli with two monographs (1885, 1891) first demonstrated that Venetic was an Indo-European language, but his claim that Venetic was Illyrian misled scholarship for about 50 years.

3. Madison Beeler’s 1949 monograph reoriented the interpretation of Venetic toward the Italic branch.

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4. M. Lejeune began a complete revision of all the Venetic inscriptions beginning in 1950. After dozens of brilliant, clearly-argued, and concise article, he summarized his work in his 1974 Manuel de la langue Vénète.

5. The modern era is dominated by the two scholars A. L. Prosdocimi and A. Marinetti who will someday publish a critical edition and commentary on the one longish Venetic inscription, the Tavola da Este.

B. Glosses: (There are none to my knowledge)

C. Inscriptions

1. Dates: The earliest Venetic inscriptions date to the 6th century BCE and the latest from Auronzo di Cadore (Belluno) perhaps from the 1st century CE.

2. Number: There are over 400 inscriptions, but almost all are very short and or formulaic.

3. Locations: The majority of inscriptions come from Este, Padova, Làgole, but Venetic inscriptions are found as far east as Trieste, and Kobarid in Slovenia as far north as Ampass (a suburb of Zurich) as far west as Isola Vicentina (just west of Vincenza).

4. Materials: stone, metal, ceramic, bone.

5. Types: funerary, dedicatory, boundary, legal (Tavola da Este)

D. An inscription Lejeune 57, PP Es 2. From the necropolis of Capodaglio at Este (62 cm in height.

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Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 2 The Venetic Alphabet and Writing System

I. The four phases of Venetic writing

A. Archaic (550?-475? BCE) Scriptio continua, no syllabic punctuation B. Ancient (475?-300? BCE) Syllabic punctuation introduced C. Recent (300?-150? BCE) h is replaced by ·|·3 D. Veneto-Latin (150?-100 BCE)4

II. The Venetic alphabet derives from the Etruscan alphabet with the addition of o from Greek.

A. Venetic is one of the North Etruscan alphabets a group to which also belong the Rhaetic alphabet and the Lepontic alphabet.

3 Lejeune 1974:21 unhelpfully refers to this change as h1 > h2 which naturally is misinterpreted by Gvozdanović 2012 as a change of the 1st to the 2nd laryngeal! 4 Not to be confused with the archaeologically defined partially overlapping phases Este I, Este II, Este III (500-350), Este IV (350-175).

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B. The alphabet of Venetic inscriptions are generally the same throughout the Venetic area.

1. Small difference: In Làgole the digraph �� was simplified to �, presumably after /h/ > ø.

2. The innovations identifying the ancient and recent phase, which may have originated at Este, spread over the entire Venetic territory.

C. The order of the Venetic alphabet is known from one complete abecedary (Lejeune 4 PP Es 23 (sinistroverse))

.a. .e. .v. .d. h .θ. <.i.> .k. .l. .m. <.n.> .p. .ś. .r. .t. .u. .b. .g. .o.

1. How did the get this particular order?

a. β, and δ, the second and the fourth letters were eliminated in the Etruscan source. Greek gamma the third letter of the alphabet was given the value /k/ in the Etruscan alphabet and the Veneti did the sensible thing and got rid of it since kappa already had that value. Thus a, e. They also eliminated the useless qoppa.

10 b. The letter zeta was repurposed as /d/ and retained its original place. Theta was retained as a dead letter. (Why didn’t they use theta to represent /d/?) Phi and chi appear in the same order as in the Etruscan alphabet. The letter o, which the Etruscans had eliminated because they had only a single back vowel, was borrowed from the Greek alphabet and gets added at the very end.

2. We also have evidence for a consonant-centric alphabet which begins with v. See below.

III. The Venetic alphabet was closely associated with certain cultic practices.

A. The goddess Reitia worshipped at Este was a goddess of writing (and also probably of other things).

1. At the Baratella sanctuary of Reitia we find votive offerings specifically associated with writing.

a. The frequent offering of writing tablets and styli as votive offerings

mego dona.s.to vo.l.tiomno.s. iiuva.n.t.s. a.riiun.s. śa.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i.

11 mego dona.s.to śa.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i. Pora.i. .e.getora.r.i.mo.i. ke lo.u.derobo.s. ttttttttt

Note on the stylus above the empty space is filled with the repeated nonsense letter t. b. A alphabetic votive tablet in detail (Lejeune 10, PP Es 25) same as above

i. The bottom line has sixteen letters in the order from right to left (a consonant only alphabet)

v d h θ k l m n p ś r s t b g [some vowel]

h always has the form ·|· (h2) The letter θ ( a dead letter) is formally the same as t, i.e. �

The 16th slot is filled by, a, e, ii (as in the tablet pictured), i.e. theoretically any vowel.

ii. The second to fifth lines reading up from the bottom read

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

which read vertically a ke o, i.e. the first and the last letter.

12 iii. Next we have a list of consonant clusters vhr, vhn, vhl, kr, kn, kl, tr, tn, tl, dr, dn

Then on the left border dl, mr, mn, m

Then at the top l, pr, pn, pl, śr, śn, śl, sr, sn, sl, kr, kn, kl, kv, vh

Then at the right br, bn, bl, gr, gn, gl

What do these clusters have in common? They are all the obstruent plus sonorant clusters and precisely those clusters that do not punctuate the first member.

c. Tablets of this sort sometimes refer to themselves as vdan, i.e. by a Panini-like coinage based on the name of 1st and 2nd letter of the consonant-centric alphabet.

IV. The Syllabic Punctuation is introduced in the ancient period and continues to the end of the native Venetic orthographic tradition.

A. The principle of syllabic punctuation can be stated very simply if we resort to a rather abstract level of description:

B. Punctuate any segment that does not conform to the ideal CV syllable type.

1. In practice that means punctuate any initial vowel and any coda consonant.

2. We now see the precise point of the lists of consonant clusters on the votive alphabet tablets. They are the clusters that do not get punctuated because they form complex onsets and hence the first of the two consonants was not in the coda of

syllable1 but in the onset of syllable2.

C. Unfortunately we cannot attribute this brilliant phonological analysis to the Veneti because they got the idea of syllabic punctuation from the Etruscans. (More below).

V. Establishing the sound values of the Venetic alphabet.

13 A. Sound values in Etruscan and for o Greek.

B. Etymological considerations

C. Loanwords into Venetic, e.g. liber.tos. (Lejeune 212)

D. Rendering of Venetic in Latin orthography

dona.s.to/DONASTO (Lejeune 19, PP Es 29)

VI. The problem of h1 and h2

A. In the archaic and ancient period the sign form h was distinct from punctuated /i/ ·|·, but in the recent period the shape of h developed to ·|·. This brought about the unfortunate situation that one sign shape had two different values codaic i and h.

B. This was not a major problem for the Venetic because h did not occur medially and was by this point probably on the way to deletion in initial position. The only frequent position for h was in the digraph for /f/, but this was very misleading for Pauli, who took all ·|· as h. Thus a form like vhrema.i.s.tna.i. was read erroneously as vhremahs.tnah with disastrous consequences.

It was F. Sommer 1924 who first figured out that some of these “aitches” must have been .i. and Lejeune who made the case for reading only .i.

VII. The values of φ (�), z (�), χ (�)

In older works you will often seen these signs used in transcriptions even though it has been clear since Thurneysen that these sounds were voiced and probably stops on the basis of Latin transcriptions with b, d, g. Contrast Etruscan values ph, ts, kh.

VIII. Regional Variation of the Venetic Alphabet

The alphabets of Euganean Venetic (Padua, Vicenza, Este) and Carnic Venetic (the other sites have some notable differences in the letter shapes.

A. In the archaic period /a/ is a1 (a pennant shape). Subsequently Euganean use a2 (a

flag shape as we have seen) and Carnic a branching tree (a3)

14 B. In Euganean we almost always have five-bar mu, but in Carnic only four-bar m. We can see both Carnic features below in this inscription from Cadore (Lejeune 211, PP Ca 19, Làgole; handle of simpulum)

.o.p.po.s. aplisiko.s. doto dono.m. trumusijatei

This inscription also illustrates p2 and l2 which are special features of Lagole

alone. At the earliest stage Lagole had l1 and p1 but when p1 became p2 (graphically

identical to l1) l1 was replaced by l2 (Correct the punctuation of the inscription

above!). Another Làgole development is s3 as in the inscription below:

aviro bro.i.joko.s. doto donon. .ś.ainate.i.

C. But the most important local variation involves the dentals. The following chart is base on Lejeune 1974:31.

/t/ /d/ Este t1 (Etruscan t) x d1 (Etruscan z)

Vicenza t1 (Etruscan t) x d3 (also Etruscan t) Padua t2/t3 (Etruscan theta i, 5) d4 (Etruscan t) x Làgole t1 (Etruscan t) x d2 (also Etruscan z) ||̸ Valle di Cadore t1 (Etruscan t) X d5 (also Etruscan z?) Carinthia t1 (Etruscan t) x d6 (Latin d) D Friulia t4 (Latin t) T ? Carso t1 (Etruscan t) x ?

Where is this inscription from?

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To Feti-ana cf. Golt-anos, Frut-ana

and this?5

IX. Some more details of punctuation and orthography

A. Voiceless velars before s and t are normally written g, e.g. vhag.s.to (Lejeune 127). The sole exception is vhu.k.siia.i. in Lejeune 57, which we have already seen.

B. Origins of Syllabic Punctuation (Vetter 1936)

1. First occurs in 6th century in Southern Etruscan cities of Veii and Caere and in the colonial Etruscan of Campanian, most notably in the Tile of Capua (5th ).

2. The Veian sanctuary of Portonaccio seems to have been a particularly early and important center of the practice.

3. Theories of Origin

a. An earlier syllabic script? No evidence for such a system; doesn’t explain details; syllabic punctuation not in earliest Etruscan text.

b. Part of the process of learning to write evidently involved practice with the basic CV syllable. From Caere we have an Etruscan inscription (TLE 55, 625 BCE) combining the consonants wit the vowels in alphabetical sequence:

ci ca cu ce vi va vu ve zi za zu ze hi ha hu he θi θa θu θe mi ma mu me ni na nu ne pi pa pu pe ri ra ru re

σi σa σu σe Χi Χa Χu Χe qi qa qu qe ti ta tu (t)e

a b c d v e z h θ i k l m n s1 o p ś r s2 t u s3 Φ Χ

5 Pa 25.

16 D. In the votive writing tablet that we examined why are there 16 cells for consonants and 4 cells filled by a ke o when Venetic has 15 consonants and 5 vowels?

Rix 1960 suggested that this arrangement only makes sense if we image an original Etruscan model with 16 consonants and 4 vowels!

E. Northern Etruscan origin of Venetic alphabet (k not c, sigma for s and san for ś)

Inscription (Lejeune 32 PP Es 51)

Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 3 Phonology

I. Synchronic Phonology of Venetic

A. Obstruents

p t k kw b d g

f s ś h

B. Sonorants

i ̯ u̯ r l m n

17 C. Vowels

i, ī u, ū

e, ē o, ō a, ā

There is really no direct evidence for vowel length. There is also no evidence for qualitattive difference between long an d short vowels as e.g. in Oscan.

D. Diphthongs

ei,̯ oi,̯ ai ̯ eu̯, ou̯, au̯

All the diphthongs are stable except for eu̯ which is sometimes retained (te.u.ta ‘people’) and sometimes becomes ou̯ (lo.u.derobo.s. ‘children’). There is also evidence for a late monophthongization of ou to ō.

E. Stress No evidence for weakening, but there is evidence for syncope in final syllable and in the second syllable of trisyllabic and longer words. This would be consistent with initial syllable stress as in VOL and Sabellic.

II. Historical Phonology of Venetic

A. General Western IE treatment of laryngeals as far as we can judge

h *CHC >CaC: vha.g.s.to < *d h1-k-s-to, PATER < *ph2tēr

We don’t know the outcome of CR̥HC. If it was anything other than CRā as in Celtic and Italic I’d be surprised.

B. Late PIE vowels are retained faithfully in all positions:

*a (examples above from interconsonantal laryngeals)

*e *h1ekȗ ̯o- > e.kvo.n ‘horse’ *o PN ho.s.tihavo.s. = Lat. hosti- *i PN ho.s.tihavo.s. = Lat. hosti-

18 *u a.i.su.n. ‘god’ acc. sg.

C. Conditioned changes

*e > o/w__l Maybe *u̯eltr-iko- > vo.l.te.r.kon (an e-grade is normal in a instrument noun in -tro-, but can we exclude a zero-grade?)

D. Syllabic sonorants

1. Syllabic liquids develop to oR or uR

PN *ulti̥ - > voltigenei dat. sg. ‘born in fulfillment of a wish?’ *mr̥tu̯o- > murtuvoi ‘dead’ dat. sg.’

(ur is probably a conditioned development)

2. Syllabic nasals

*n̥ > -an *s-n̥t > donasan ‘they gave’

3. The treatments of the syllabic sonorants match Sabellic pretty well (Sabellic has aN in first syllables only, however)

E. Long Vowels

h *ā (< *eh2) > a vhratere.i. < *b reh2ter- (Lat. frāter ‘brother’)

donasto /dōnāsto/ < *deh3neh2- (Cf. Osc. duunatted, Lat. dōnāvit)

*ē (< *eh1, *ē) > e PATER ‘father’ < *ph2tēr

*ō (< *eh3, *oh1) > o doto ‘gave’ < *deh3-to;

iorobo.s. ‘years’ inst. pl. < *hxioh̯ 1-ro- Cf. Gk. ὧρος

*ī ( i vivoi ‘alive’ dat. sg. < *gwīu̯o- (Cf. Lat. vīvus, OCS živŭ)

*ū (no example)

F. Diphthongs

19 *ei ̯ > e.i. de.i.vo.s. ‘gods’ acc. pl. Cf. VOL DEIVOS athematic dat. sg. -e.i.

*oi ̯ (no clear examples) pro.i.vo.s. acc. pl.

*au ̯ ( < *h2eu̯) augar (name of offering) < *h2eu̯g- ‘increase’

*eu̯ > e.u. te.u.ta ‘people’ < *teu̯teh2 h but lo.u.derobo.s. ‘children’ < *h1leu̯d ero- ‘free’, Lat. līberī ‘children’ (In Lat. script even o TOTICINAI) *ou̯ > o.u. lo.u.ki gen. sg.? Cf. Lat. lūcus, Lith. laũkas

G. Long Diphthongs are preserved

*-ōi ̯ > -o.i. dat. sg. o-stem *-āi ̯ > -a.i. dat. sg. a-stem H. Syncope and Apocope

1. Final -i is probably apocopated in forms like vo.n.ta.r. (act of propitiation) and a.u.ga.r. if they are correctly analyzed as neuter i-stem substantivization of adjective in -āri. Cf. Lat. animāl.

2. An interesting detail: The final consonant of the preposition op < *opi does not get punctuated whereas the r of pe.r. does. This might be because the apocope was more recent that the establishment of the punctuation rules. Since prepositions are proclitic, the loss of i in this form is not apocope but second syllable syncope.

3. Final syllable syncope after Ci ̯ and before s (already n the oldest documents)

klutiiari.s. < *klutiiarii ̯ os ̯

4. This round of syncope was followed by a second round which syncopated all i vowels in final syllables before s, i.e. both original i-stems and the result of post-yod syncope.

.e.kvopetari.s. > .e.kvopetar.s., EQVPETARS (134)

a. This syncope apparently passed through a midstage where the vowel i was reduced to ə before being completely reduced.

20

b. The evidence for this mid-stage is that consonants before a final -s resulting from syncope are punctuated as if they are prevocalic.

*.a.kuti.s. > .a.kut.s. not †.a.ku.t.s.

c. Similarly ekvopetar.s. kara.n.mn.s. not †kara.n.m.n.s.

d. In Este and Gurina there are two examples where a second dot is apparently used to indicate the weak vowel.

krumelon:s. kavaron:s.

e. When the syncope is complete we find correct punctuation. e.g. .o..s.t..s. (Lejeune 125)

5. Second syllable syncope in open syllables with three or more syllables.

.e.kvopet- (122, 223) > .e.kupet- (130, 131, 132) > .e.p.pet- (133, 136) .u.posed- (135) > VPSED-

This syncope is consistent with initial syllable stress.

I. Consonantism

1. Most PIE consonants well retained in Venetic

2. The voiced aspirates

*bh-, *dh- > f vhratere.i., vha.g.s.to, but medially b, d lo.u.derobo.s. *gh- > h ho.s.tihavo.s.

3. The voiced labiovelar *gw > w: vivo.i. No evidence for outcome of *gwh

4. Geminate consonants

a. By assimilation: *ekpetari- > .e.p.petari.s.

21 b. Expressive germination in personal names (Otto type gemination): .o.p.po.s.

c. Gemination of -mno- to -mmno- with dissimilation to -nmno- *karāmnos ‘beloved’ > *karammnos (cf. pi.t.ta.m.mniko.s.)> kara.n.mniio.i. (131) derived adjective in -iio ̯ -.

5. Sonorant Consonants

a. Yod is retained initially in Venetic (iorobo.s.). Intervocallically its fate is unclear. The personal name to.u.peio (137) might point to retention, but it is of uncertain analysis.

b. There seems to be no significance to the two spellings i and ii in post- consonantal prevocalic position. ii is even use initially to spell a non-syllabic.

c. u̯ is retained and may continue either * u̯ or *gw.

i. Some conditioned sound changes involving u̯

*su̯V > śV in SSELBOISSELBOI ‘for himself’ (236) < *su̯elbho-

6 w *u̯l- > l in leno ‘wish’ inst. sg.< *u̯leh1no- (25). Cf. Liquentia < *u̯l(e)ik -. Cf. OI fliuch ‘wet’ < *u̯likwo-.7

i. The spelling la.i.v.na.i. (Ljeune 252, 253) < *laiu̯o- may suggest a labiodental pronunciation of v. Otherwise why not †laiuna.i.? Not sure that is conclusive.

d. Nasals are sometimes omitted before a stop. kata.i. for ka.n.ta.i. (66) kvito for kvi.n.to (100)

e. *-Vns# is reduced to -Vs in Venetic, e.g. de.i.vo.s. ‘gods’ acc. pl. (125); .e..s. ‘up to’<*en-s ‘(in)to’. Cf. Gk. εἰς < *en-s.

6 Perhaps a nominalizing neo-full-grade from a zero-grade verbal adjective *u̯lh̥ 1no-. This process would explain the apparent Schwebeablaut. The normal full-grade is *u̯elh1- (Lat. velim, etc.). 7 Although how else would Latin represent an initial * ul̯ - than as *l- so the evidence Liquentia is not worth much.

22 f. Final nasals. Generally Venetic has changed final -m to -n. This is always true in Euganean. At Làgole final -m is sometimes found, dono.m. (158). Archaism or interference with Celtic or Latin?

g. More on Labiovelars

1. Quarqueni (Modern Quero on the Piave beyond Feltre?) people of Istria < *perkw- (Whatmough 1950). Evidence for Italo-Celtic.

2. Formio (Osapska Reka) a small river east of Aegida (Modern Capodistria, Koper) < *gwhormo- and (Plin. HN 3,127 Ptol. 3.1.27)?

h. Consonant groups

Initial kt- in KTVLISTOI (102) Medial -gd- BRIGDINAI (103) Fate of T+ T unknown

t + yod > tś iiuva.n.tśa.i. PN dat. sg. (58), vhaba.i.tśa PN dat. sg. (8) metśo PN nom. sg. (190), V.OLSOMNOS PN nom sg. (217)

i. Final *-t (or was it *-d?) is lost in donasan ‘they gave’ (123).

III. Inscriptions

(Lejeune 56, PP Es 1, Morlongo)

(Lejeune 59, PP Es 4 Schiavonia)

23

(Lejeune 30, PP Es 49)

Cf. Lejeune 31 another dedication by the same individual nego na.s.to ka.n.ta ruman re.i.tiia.i. (Perhaps the dedicator was not satisfied with this defective text.)

Lejeune 51, PP Es 71 (remnants of equestrian statue)

Lejeune 78, PP Es 77

Lejeune 110 bis, Es 113

Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 4

24 Inscriptions (Lejeune 30, PP Es 49)

Cf. Lejeune 31 another dedication by the same individual nego na.s.to ka.n.ta ruman re.i.tiia.i.

Lejeune 51, PP Es 71 (remnants of equestrian statue)

Lejeune 78, PP Es 77

Lejeune 110 bis, Es 113

Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 6 Pronominal, Numeral and Verbal Morphology I. Pronominal Forms

A. Personal Pronouns

25

1st sg. nom. ego (56, etc.) acc. mego (orth., 8 etc.) me (clitic, Isola Vicentina)

1st pl., 2nd person sg. and pl. unknown

B. Gendered Pronouns

1. Anaphoric stem *i/e: acc. sg. em (Altino), loc. sg. ei.k. ‘here’ (242 A) or possibly this belongs with Lat. hīc 2. Intensive: SSELBOISSELBOI < *su̯e-l-bho-, Cf. OHG der selb selbo

II. Numerals

A. Cardinals are unknown.

B. Ordinals: tritijonijos (patronymic from *tritijo n-stem. Belluno), turijo (Belluno) PN <— *kwturiio ̯ -, cf. Ved. turiya- ‘fourth’. se.g.tio[.i.] PN (97). Cf. OHG sehto contrast Lat. sextus.

C. Combining forms tri- ‘three’ and tru- ‘four’ perhaps in tribus.iiati- (154 etc.) and tru- mus.iiati-.

1. kvito (100) and qvartio (241 bis) are both loanwords from Latin.

III. There are not many verb forms. Here is a complete list

A. Present or perfect atisteit (75 ter)

B. Present medio-passive 3rd sg. [d]idor or [kv]idor

C. s-aorist

1. 3rd sg. vha.g.sto vha.s.to (Vicenza)

2. 3rd sg. la.g.[s.to]

3. 3rd sg. dona.s.to, 3rd pl. donasan

D. Root aorist: doto

26

E. Perfect: 3rd sg. tole.r. (Lagole 159, etc), tola.r. (Gurina 245), 3rd pl. te.u.te.r.s (Padua), preker (TdE)

F. Aorist subjunctive doti (?)

G. Participles:

1. nt-participles: horvionte, Personal names vho.u.go.n.te[.i] (68), va.n.t.s (9 etc.), iuva.n.te.i. [122 bis]

2. to-participle: POLTOS ‘struck’ (110 bis)

3. -mno-participle: alkomno (123), kara.n.mn.s. PN ‘beloved’ (9)

IV. Derivational Morphology

A. Thematic suffixes (with associated a-stem feminines)

1. Genitival -iio ̯ - is productive in the formation of patronymics: .e.getoriio.i. (60) <— egetor- ( EGETOREI 100 etc.); ENNONIOI (106 B) <— e.n.no (205, n-stem) From both athematic and thematic bases. Sometimes extended with n-stem “individualizing” suffix.

a. The extended form -aiio- is common after a base ending in i/j: katus.ia.i.io.s (125); .okijai.joi. (203), but not excluded after non i/j bases: de.i.volaijos[.] (239 b).8

b. -eiio- (distributional principle unclear): ENNICEIOS (217), ENICONEIO (n-stem) (219)

c. A non-patronymic example of -iio- is found in vo.l.tiio (12 A) instr. sg. ‘voluntary’ <— volti- ‘wish’.

d. Cf. Lat. patrius ‘paternal’ <— pater ‘father’ and Marcius <— Marcus, etc.

8 This form might potentially be interesting for the support it could give to the supposed *uel̯ to uol̯ rule in Venetic. A diminutive derivative of *deiu ̯ o̯ - should be *deiu ̯ ̯elo-.

27 2. -(V(n))ko- is another productive suffix in patronymic function. (“individualizing variant n-stems also attested)

a. -iko-: deipijar-iko.s. (213) kupr-iko-n-.io.i. (with Sabellic kupro- ‘good’?)

i. A non patronymic example in vo.l.te.r.kon ‘pertaining to a wish’< *u̯eltr-iko-

b. -ako- predominantly after bases ending in i/j (cf. the distribution of -aiio-): butijakos (160) a patronymic in the function of an individual name; vho.u.go.n.tiiaka

c. -oko-: .ossoko.s. (158), bro.i.joko.s. (157) (probably of Celtic origin *brogiio ̯ - with a Celtic lenition of g as in Catubrium < *katubrigo-.

d. -nko- : .a.r.bo.n.ko.s. (228) (probably Celtic); resu.n.ko.s. (152) <— Resu with Celtic -ū<*-ō#

3. -no- in deverbal nouns: dono.m. ‘gift’ <— dō- ‘give’; leno instr. sg. (12 A) ‘will’ <

*u̯leh1no-

a. -īno-: OSTINOBOS (242) <— *ost- ‘bone’, cf. Lat. os, ossis, etc. Genitival adjective replacing base as in *suīno- > PDE swine?; .o.te[.r.]gin(--) ‘of the Opitergini <— Opitergium

4. -ero- in lo.u.derobo.s. obviously an inherited formation ( Gk.ἐλεύθερος ‘free’), the oppositional suffix?

5. Instrument suffix -tlo- and -tro-:

a. metlon (123) ‘measurer’?, <— *meh1- ‘to measure’; magetlon (245), klovetlo (La Regina 1989)< *kloueie̯ -tlo- ‘instrument for causing something to be heard’ oracle? (Contrast Sabellic and Latin with -klo-, but Etruscan loanword putlumza ‘cup’ preserves an earlier stage.

b. volte.r.ko.n. (151, 244) ‘will’ < *u̯el-tro-

B. Athematic suffixes

1. i-stems

28

a. Secondary -ri-: .e.kvopeta-ri- ‘knightly funerary monument < *eku̯opeta (ekupetabos)

b. -ari-: neuter nominalizations augar (248, name of offering), vo.n.ta.r. (151)

‘veneration’?? <— *u̯ontā <— *u̯enhx- ‘want’ ?

c. Nominalization of o-stem: karis ‘affection’ <— *kāro- ‘dear’ Lat. cārus

d. -ti-: stati inst. sg. ?(234), volti-genei PN (56); ho.s.ti-havo.s. (137)

e. -āti-: śa.i.nate.i. (epithet of Reitia); tribus.iiate.i. Cf. Lat. optim-āti- ‘member of best class’ <— optimo- ‘best’, Arpīnāti- ‘inhabitant of Arpinum < Arpīnum

f. -ni- in kane.i. ‘dear’? (242 A) <— *kā- ‘love’

g. vebele.i. epithet of Reitia (47) ‘weaver’? *u̯ebh- (PDE weave, etc.)

2. -et-: VESCES (102), ve.s.kete.i. (122 bis) name of family relationship, perhaps a fosterling?. Cf. Lat. vēscor ‘feed’.

3. -tor-: In personal names Egetor (26, etc.), tomatoriio.i. (74 bis), Lemetore.i. (18)

4. -ter- Inherited PATER ‘father’ (110 bis) and vhratere.i. ‘brother’ (18) note generalization of full-grade suffix.

5. n-stems mainly denominative from o-stems in “individualizing” function: turijo ‘PN ‘the fourth’ (Belluno)

V. Compounds

A. Verbal governing compounds:

1. Agricola type ekupeta- ‘horse-rider’, i.e. ‘knight’ < *eku̯o-peta with Lat. petō ‘strive’, Hitt. pattai- ‘run’.

2. Thematic verbal adjective in 2nd part of compound

29 PN ho.s.tihauo.s. ‘summoning the guest-friend’. Cf. OCS zovǫ ‘call’.

B. Bahuvrihis

1. volti-genei (56) ‘whose birth is desired’, eno-gene.i. (123) ‘whose birth is eno-‘ fu- gene.s,

2. *voltoparis in the patronymic vo.l.topariko.s. (209) also “whose birth is desired’ Cf. Lat. pariō, etc.

3. The benignus type: vo.l.tigno.s. (63)

4. *upo-sedos ‘who sits beneath’ —> patronymic .u.posediio.i. (135) uśedika (229)

C. Prepositional governing compounds

Opi-terg-ium .o.te[.r.]gin( ) gen. pl. ‘Opiterginorum’ (235) ‘behind the tergo- ‘market?’ Cf. Tergeste?

Inscriptions (Lejeune Ca 24) A bronze handle larger and heavier than normal (260 mm long)

Ca 31 Lejeune 174

30 Ca 66 Lejeune 198

Ca 11

Ca 11 Lejeune 212

31

Ca 25 Lejeune 168

Venetic Michael Weiss, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University Leiden Summer School, July 2013 HO 7 Syntax and Lexicon

I. Syntax. Almost nothing is known about the syntax of complex clauses.

A. Dedicatory Formulae

1. S[nom] V DO[acc] IO[dat] (These are the structural elements not necessarily the only linear order!)

a. S can be a personal name in the nom. or names conjoined with ke (203) or in asyndeton (123). In 163 S is a collectivity teuta

b. V is naturally in the 3rd person singular or plural (2x). The attested verbs are dona.s.to, vha.g.sto, toler, tolar, [d?]ido.r. dona.s.to ke la.g.sto

c. O is often 1st sg. acc. pronoun mego sometimes with a specifying apposition (vdan 13, .e.kvo.n. 51). The object can also be just the specific thing (metlon 123, augar 248, magetlo.n. Gurina, dono.n. Làgole).

i. cognate accusative doto dono.m. (11x) dono.m. doto (1x 167). Cf. Umb. dunum dede, Osc. dunum deded, Lat. donum dedit

d. IO is normally the recipient of the dedication, and hence a divine name in the dative

32 i. As we have seen, however, some times the recipient can be in the accusative with the verb don.a.sto (1 x at Este, 5 x at Lagole, 3x at Gurina). If the recipient is in the accusative then no other noun in the accusative occurs.

ii. Sometimes a dative may indicate the beneficiary of the dedication and hence be a personal name. Sometimes the name of the divinity is omitted:

mego lemetore<.i. v>hratere.i. do|na.s.to bo.i.iio.s. Side B vo.l.tiio.m.mno.i.

e. The arguments can be expanded by optional adjunct prepositional phrase:

.u. dono.m. (168) ‘as a gift’ .u. te.u.ta.m. (203) ‘in the name of the people’ .o.p iorobo.s. (8) per vo.l.ter.kon vo.n.tar (151) ‘for the fulfillment of a vow’? .o.p vo.l.tiio leno ‘libens merito’

B. The Funerary Formula

The elements of this structure include necessarily the name of the dead person either in the nominative or the dative. The name of the curator may be added in the nominative or possibly in the genitive. The inscription may be parlante in which case we find ego. Finally we sometimes find the name of the type of funerary monument (ekupetaris)

1. The most common type is the bare name in the nom., then the bare name in the dat.

2. The type ego + dat. is only found in Euganean Venetic.

C. Word order

1. V does not occur initially, but can occur either finally or medially.

2. mego occurs initially or finally but not medially

3. Prepositional adjuncts are final.

4. Hyperbaton is rare. In funerary monuments the patronymic of the name of the dead person is sometimes split from the individual name, e.g. 133

33

.e.nogene.i. .e.|netii.o.i. .e.p.pe|tari.s. a.l.ba|reniio.i.

Knightly monument for Enogenes son of Enet(o)s, grandson of Albarenos.

Sometimes appositions can be separated from their apposee vdan… mego (13)

5. In funerary inscriptions the name of the tomb is medial or final, never initial. Ego if present is normally is usually initial, rarely final, and only once medial.

D. Coordination

1. Venetic has both a proclitic connective ke (cf. Lyc. se) and an enclitic connective kve (Lat. -que)

VP ke VP [do]na.s.to ke la.g.[s.to] (12 A) NP ke NP .A.i.mo.i. ke lo.u.derobo.s. (26)

Adj Adv-kve Adj vivoi oliialekve murtuvoi

II. Lexicon: The nononomastic forms probably do not exceed 100 forms.

A. Stratification

1. Common PIE atisteit, kom, kude, deivos, dekomei, donom, doti, doto, ego, ekvon, vhrateres, iorobos, louderobos (but meaning is only Italic), louki, nei, murtuvoi, PATER, per, POLTOS, teuta, stati, termon, u, upo (note: without s- as in Italic), vivoi

2. Words shared with another Italic language. kvan, diei, donasto, vhato, vhagsto and vagsonti, *mais, ommni, opedon

3. Words shared with other IE language but not Italic kanei (OI cain, MW kein? ‘fine’), ke (Lyc. se), moltevebos (Celt. *moltos), SSELBOISSELBOI (OHG selb selbo)

4. Uniquely Venetic words

a. Inherited roots or base on inherited formations

34

aklon, aisun (meaning ‘god’ Italic) alkomno, augar, karis, klovetlo, diaritores, didor, ekupetabos, ekupetaris, horvionte leno, magetlon, maisteratorbos (formation parallel to Italic), mego (remade from *mege and thus shared with Germanic), metlon, OSTINOBOS, porai, proivos sefladukas, termonios, teuters, tolar, vebelei, vesket-, vesoś volterkon, voltiio, vontar, vottsom

b. No Clear IE etymology henopr[a]toi, planam, śainatei, tribusiiati-, trumusiiati-, valgam

c. Made up: vdan

III. Onomastics

A. About 50% of Venetic words are personal names.

B. The Veneti retained an archaic state of affairs in regard to names. Individuals were identified by an idionym plus or minus a patronymic in the case of males and unmarried females. Married females added a gamonymic. The praenomen plus gentilic plus or minus the fathers name in the genitive or in the form of a patronymic adjective—the system found in the rest of the Italic languages does not appear until very late under clear Latin influence.

C. Occasionally we find original patronymics (especially in -ko-) and even gamonymics becoming individual names the Thucydides phenomenon).

122 PP E […..]m.mno.i. vo.l.tiiomniio.i ‘For X-mnos son of Voltiomnos”

Contrast

86 PP Es 85: vo<.>l<.>tiom.nio.i. ‘For Voltiomnios’

D. The Euganean and Carnic onomastic lexica differ to some degree. Certain names frequent in one locale are not found in the other or vice versa.

Euganean: Kant-, Iuvant-, Vant-, Fougont-, Egesto-, Lemetor- Carnic: Fouv-, Futt-

35 Common: Enn-, Ost-, Vot-, Frem- (more common in Euganean), Fug- (more common in Euganean)

E. The patronym is added in a little more than 50 percent of the inscriptions. Occasionally one person can have a patronym and a papponym, e.g. Lejeune 9 vant.s. mo.l.do.n.keo kara.n.mn.s.

Venetic Inscriptions with non-onomastic material

Lagole

Stereotypical material only 9 (mego d), 10 (mego d), 11 (mego d), 13 (vdan mego d), 18 (mego d),19 (mego d), 20 (doto), 21 (d), 22 (doto), 23 (doto), 24 (doto), 24 A (m(ego)), 24 B (mego doto), 27 (mego doto), 28 (vdan d), 31 (mego d), 30 (d), 32 (vdan d), 34 (mego d)35 (mego d), 36 (d), 37 (mego d) 38 (mego d), 42 (vdan d), 43 (mego), 43 bis (d), 44 (mego d), 45 (mego), 46 (d), 48 (d), 50 (d), 51 (mego) 52 (mego), 53 (mego d), 54 (mego), 55 (mego d), 57 (ego), 58 (ego), 59 (ego), 60 (ego), 61 (ego), 63 (ego), 64A (ego), 65 (ego), 66 (ego), 67 (ego), 68 (ego), 69 (ego), 70 (ego), 71 (ego), 72 (ego), 73 (ego), 74 (ego), 74bis (ego), 75 (ego), 80 (ego), 80 bis (ego), 101d (ego),103 (ego), 124 (d), 130 (ego ekupetaris), 131 (ego ekupetaris), 132 (ego ekupetaris), 133 (eppetaris), 134 (equpetars), 135 (epetaris), 136 (eppetaris), 157 (doto donom), 158 (doto donom), 165 (doto donom), 166 (doto donom), 167 A (doto), 170 (donom), 172 (donom), 174 (donom), 192 (donom), 195 (donom), 197 (donom), 198 (doto donom), 201 (doto donom), 207 (doto donom), 211 (doto donom), 220 (donom), 241 A1 (doto)

Nonstereotypical material 8 Es 23 mego dona.s.to e.b. vhaba.itśa pora.i. opiorobo.s.

36 12 A Es 27 vda.n. vo.l[.tiio.n.]mno.s. dona.s.to ke la.g.[sto/ śa.i.]nate.i. re.i.tiia.i. o.p[vo.]l[.]tiioleno 14 Es 32 vda.n. dona.s.[to] vhrem.i.st[nare.]i.tiia.i.o.pvo.l.t 25 Es 43 mego doto fogonta Moldna e b Es 44 mego foto fugsia votna śainatei reitiai op voltio leno 26 Es 45 mego donasto śainatei reitiai porai egetora (a)imoi ke louderbos 38 bis Es 58 vhougonta lemetorna [.e.b[.] dona.s.to ś.i.natii p[----].ś 47 Es 67 p]or[a]. vebele.i. ka 49 Es 69 e.i. .o.p iio[robo.s. 56 Es 1 ego voltigenei vesoś 62 Es 7 e.go ra.i.teviio.i. lo.r. XX 75ter (= Al. Prosdocimi 1971, A.L. Prosdocimi 1972) 77 Es 76 Fougota Graikoi veskeś 102 Es 104 ego vhontei ersiniioi vineti karis vivoi oliialekve atisteit 109 Es 111 Fovgontai Egtorei filia Fvgenia Lamvsioi 110 bis Es 113 Gavis Ravpatnis miles poltos ostinobos frivi pater 122bis Prosdocimi SE 1972 ego iuvantei he[--]toriioi vesketei ekvopetaris kala[-]iioi 123 Prosdocimi 1969 alkomno metlon śiokos enogenes vilkenis horvionte donasan 125 Vi 2 osts katusiaiios donasto atraes termonios

37

38

126 Vi 1 vhrenmo 128 Pa 16 voto klutiiari.s. vha.g.s.to 148 Pa 14 ento.l.l.ouki te.r.mo.n. -edios te.u.te.r.s 151 Ca 6 iion.ko.s. tona.s.to śa.i.nat. trumus.iiat. per. vo.l.|te.r.kon. vo.n.ta.r. 152 Ca 7 suro.s. resu.n.ko.s. tona.s.to |trumus.iiatin 154 Ca 9 voto.s. na.i.son.ko.s tona.s.to tribus.iiati.n. 155 Ca 10 [vo.l.s]iio.n.mno.s[. ] | tona.s.to tr. 159 Ca 12 Ku.i.juta .ametiku.s. tule.r. 160 Ca 14 ke.l.lo.s. pi.t.| am.mniko.s. tole.r. trum|usijate.i. dono.m. 161 Ca 17ś butijako.s. [----]kos. | dono.m. trumusijate.i. toler 162 Ca 17 bis to]ler d[onom 163 Ca 13 te[.]u[.]t[atol]e.r. 164 Ca 16 futtos es[----]os [t]o[l]er | trumusijatei dono[m] 168 Ca 25 trumus.ija( ) .u. dono.m. 169 Ca 26 don[o.m.] to[le.r.] 188 Ca 46 vot.tso.m. 200 Ca 70 teu. tru 203 Ca 24 turijonei. okiji.jo.i.be.bos. ke a.pero u. teu.ta[m.] 208 Ca 68 le.s.sa tole.r dono.m. śa.i. nate.i. 209 Ca 65 trumusijatei oler fu.t.o[.]s. vo.l.to pariko.s. 210 Ca 15 futto.s. aplisikos. triśiko.s. toler. | [tru]musijate.i. dono.m. 212 Ca 11 .o.p.po.s. aplisiko.s. doto dono.m. trumusijatei 213 Ca 64 oppos deipijariko.s. pelonikoi kv [-]ido.r. dono.m. trumusijatei (vac) XIX (vac) IIIdi 223 Prosdocimi AGI 1971 234 Od 1 .o.stiala.i. [……….] t]a.i. kve .e.kvo|petar.s. | vhrema.i.s.[t ] 236 Bl 1ENONI. ONTEI. APPIOI. SSELBOISSELBOI. ANDETICABOS. ECVPETARIS 239 Ag 1 Text A ]nijo kapro.s. o.r.. [ ] | Text B do.s.tide.i.me.s. de.i.volaijos[ | ]nisijariko.ns[.] 242 Ca |4 kov .a..e. pro koija Numbers pro 242 A 1 Ca 4 .e..i.k. go.l.tano.s. doto lo.u.dera.i. kane.i. 243 d Gt 1 .a..tto.dona|.s.to . |.a..i.su[.]ś 244 A Gt 2 d]ona.[s.t]o .a..i.su.n. per. v|o.l.te.r.k[o.n. vo.n.ta.r.] 244 B Gt 2 [----dona.s.]to .a..i.su.s.| [per. vo.l.t]e.|]r.ko.n. vo.n.ta.r.] 245 Gt 3 ve.n.na tola|.r. magetlo.n. 248 Gt 8 augar Es 20 vdan vhrateres donasan Es 83 (epetaris) .e.go vhrema.i. bo.i.a.l.na.i[.]rebeton[-]ia.i. votina.i. .e.petari.s. Es 21 mego vo.l.[ti]o.m.no.s. [bl]adiio [ke[i-]e[-]un.s. dona.sa heno[pra?]to.i.

39 Pa 25 .e.nopetiariio.i. a.klo.n. Pa 4 vhrema.i.sto.i. ka.i.tiiariio.i..ekupetabos Pa 3 ]ante.i. a.klo.n. Pa 31 .e.n.to.l. lo.u.ki te.r.mon e.dio.s. te.u.te.r.s. Pa 8 votite.i. ve .u. enonio iut[---]o .u. sotina kve Pa 5 enokleves Oderzo Tr 2 kaialoiso padros pompeteguaios T2 2 matronkvonioato? Vc 1 iats venetkens osts ke enogenes laions me.u.fas.to

Bl 78 maisteratorbos fouva toler Bl 79 donom maisteratorbos ostiś Bl 80 turijo tritijonijos maisteratorbos Fr 9 iu.s.tovo.i vat.kos gra.i.tka.s. Fr 20 go geminioi Fr 8 en.temone[.]i (Imperial) Paganica vante.i. e.go .a.r.to.s. vhl.oroi.tekiio.i.ego.vhato.sevhladuk:as.kl.ovetlo.mar::sko

Thematic and Chronological Bibliography of Venetic from 1949 Michael Weiss Deaprtment of Linguistics, Cornell University, July 6, 2013

1. Historically Important Pre-1949 Works

40 1882 Prosdocimi, Alessandro. 1882. “Le necropoli euganee atestine.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 5-37.9 (Online http://periodici.librari.beniculturali.it/PeriodicoScheda.aspx?id_testata=31) 1885 Pauli, C. 1885. “Die Inschriften nordetruskischen Alphabets.” Altitalische Forschungen, vol. 1. Leipzig. (Online http://archive.org/stream/altitalischefor04paulgoog#page/n7/mode/2up) 1891 Pauli, C. 1891. “Die Veneter und ihre Schriftdenkmaler.” Altitalische Forschungen, vol. 3. Leipzig.10 (Online at Google Books) 1924 Sommer, F. 1924. “Zur Venetischen Schrift und Sprache.” Indogermanische Forschungen 42:90–133. 1935 Vetter, E. 1935. “Die Herkunft des venetischen Punktiersystems.” Glotta 24:114-33. 1939 Krahe, H. 1939. “ Ἰλλυριῶν Ἐνετοί.” Rheinisches Museum 88:97–101.

2. 1949 to Present 2.1 Linguistics 2.1.1 General Monographs 1949 Beeler, M. S. 1949. The Venetic Language. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reviews: Whatmough. 1950. Language 26:302–4 | Lejeune. 1950. Bulletin de la société de linguistique 46:87–8 | Martinet. 1951. Word 7:69–72 | Tovar. 1951. Emerita 19:304. 1955 Pellegrini, G. B. 1955. Le iscrizioni venetiche. Pisa: Libreria Goliardica. 1967 Pellegrini, G. B. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1967. La lingua venetica, Padua: Istituto di Glottologia dell’Università di Padova. Reviews: Campanile. 1967. Revue archéologique 209–11 | Camporeale. 1968. Studi etruschi 36:506–9 | Giacomelli. 1968. Athena e Roma 13:185–8 | Mihăescu. 1968. Revue des études sud-est européennes 6:693–4 | de Simone. 1968. Beiträge zur Namenforschung 3:265–71, 1969. 4:77–85. | Susini. 1968. Epigraphica 30:188–90. | Untermann. 1968. Kratylos 13:137–45 | Beeler. 1969. Language 45:904–14. | Fischer. 1972. Studii clasice 14:313–6. 1974 Lejeune, M. 1974. Manuel de la langue vénète Heidelberg: Carl Winter.11

9 This Alessandro Prosdocimi (1843-1911), the director of the Museo Civico Lapidario of Este is not to be confused with the Alessandro Prosdocimi active in the 1960s and 70s (1913–1994) or the more famous Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi. 10 (1834–1901). On Pauli’s work see: Lejeune, M. 1974. “Notes de linguistique italique, XXXII: Carl Pauli et le vénète.” Revue des études latines 52:95–110. Pauli’s daughter, Nanna Conti, and grandson, Leonardo Conti, made quite a name for themselves in the Nazi period. 11 On Lejeune’s accomplishments see: Prosdocimi, A.L. 2001. “Michel Lejeune et l’Italie antique.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 175–83 and Callegari, Francesca. 2004. Michele Lejeune et le vénète, Tesi di laurea, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.

41 Reviews: Beeler. 1975. Kratylos 20:94–101 | Flobert. 1975. Revue des études latines 53:422–4 | Pisani. 1975. Paideia 30:261–6 | Bader. 1976. Bulletin de la société de linguistique 71:108–114 | Fleuriot. 1976. Études celtiques 15:356–8.| Bonfante. 1977. Archivio glottologico italiano 62:162–166 | Monteil. 1976–1977. Revue des études anciennes. 78–9:231–232 | Radke. 1977. Gymnasium 84:98–100 | Sheets. 1977. Classical World 70:487 | Zimmer. 1977. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 91:317–9 | Szemerényi. 1979. Gnomon 51:13–17 | Carruba. 1980. Athenaeum 58: 475–8

2.1.2 Sketches and Updates 1950 Pellegrini, G. B. 1950. “Studi sul paleoveneti.” Archivio per l’Alto Adige 44:336–58. 1951 Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, I: État de la recerche” Revue de philologie 25:202–4. 1952 Lejeune, M. 1952. “Sur les inscriptions de la Vénétie préromaine.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres:11–15. Palomar Lapesa, M. 1952. “Las últimas investigaciones sobre la lengua véneta.” Emerita 20:509–26. Schick, C. 1952. “Rassegna paleoveneta.” Archivio glottologico italiano 37:173–9. 1953 Lejeune, M. 1953. “Venetica, I: État de la recherché; II: L’édition Pisani des textes vénète.” Latomus 12:385–401. 1954 Lejeune, M. 1954. “Venetica, III: Les recherches de O. Haas.” Latomus 13:9–24. Lejeune, M. 1954. “Venetica, IV: État de la recherché; V: Nouvelles dédicaces de Làgole; VI: L’édition Pellegrini d’urnes funéraires vénètes.” Latomus 13:117–128. 1961 Untermann, J. 1961. “Die venetische Sprache (seit 1950).” Kratylos 6:1–15. 1965 Lejeune, M. 1964–5. “Les inscriptions vénètes.” Ann. della Fac. di Lettere di Trieste 1:185– 206. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1965. Review of V. Pisani, Le lingue dell’Italia antica oltre il latino. Studi etruschi 33:631– 45. 1969 Pighi G. B. 1969. “Adversaria Venetica.” Latinitas 17:3–8. Prosdocimi, A.L. 1968–9. “Note linguistiche italiche 1-4.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Patavina 81:279–92. 1977 Королёв А. А. 1977. ”Новые данные о венетском языке.” In Aнтичная балканистика и сравнительная грамматика; Славянское и балканское языкознание. Вып. 3. М., 118–28. Moscow: Nauka. 1978 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1978. ”Il venetico.” In A. L. Prosdocimi (ed.), Lingue e dialetti dell’Italia antica, 257–379. Rome, Biblioteca di Storia Patria. Untermann, J. 1978. “Veneti.” In Paulis Realenzyclopädie, Suppl. 15 (Munich) 855–98.

42 1979 Lejeune, M. 1979. “État present des études vénetes.” In Le iscrizioni pre-latine in Italia, 29–37. Rome: Accdemia Nazionale dei Lincei. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1979. “Le iscrizioni italiche. Acquisizioni temi problemi.” In Le iscrizioni pre-latine in Italia, 119–204. Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1980 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1980. ”Tra indeuropeo ricostruito e storicità italica. Un dossier per il venetico.” In A. Neppi Modena (ed.), Este e la civiltà paleoveneta a cento anni dalle prime scoperte, 213–81. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. Untermann, J. 1980. “Die venetische Sprache.” Glotta 58:281–317. 1983 Hüttenbach, F. L. von. 1983. “Veneter und Venetisch. Überlieferung, Problemen, Forschungstand einer idg. “Trümmersprache.” Grazer linguistische Studien 19:70–87. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1983. ”Il venetico.” In E. Vineis (ed.), Le lingue indeuropee di frammentaria attestazione – Die indogermanischen Restsprachen, 153–209. Pisa: Giardini. Untermann, J. 1983. “Indogermanische Restsprachen als Gegenstand der Indogermanistik.” In E. Vineis (ed.), Le lingue indeuropee di frammentaria attestazione-Die indogermanischen Restsprachen, 11-28. Pisa: Giardini. 1985 Marinetti, A. 1985. “Venetico.” Studi etruschi 51:285–300. 1988 Fogolari, G. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1988. I Veneti antichi. Lingua e cultura. Padua: Editoriale Programma. 1989 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 1989. “Le lingue dell’Italia preromana.” In Storia d’Italia, vol. 1, 241–64. Milan: Bompiani. 1991 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 1990–1. “Venetico e dintorni.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto. 149:401–50. 1998 Marinetti, A. 1998. “Il venetico. Bilancio e prospettive.” In A. Marinetti et al. (eds.) Varietà e continuità nella storia linguistica del Veneto, 49–99. Rome: Il Calamo. Wallace, R. 1998. “Recent developments in Venetic.” Indoeuropean Studies Bulletin, University of California at Los Angeles, 7.2. 1999 Marinetti, A. 1999. “Venetico 1976–1996. “Acquisizioni e prospettive.” in Protostoria e storia del ‘Venetorum angulus’, 391–436. Pisa: Istituti Editoriali Poligrafici Internazionali. Marinetti, A. 1999. “Iscrizioni venetiche. Aggiornamento 1988–1998” Studi etruschi 63:461–76. 2003 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 2003. “Problemi linguistici nell’area adriatico.” In F. Lenzi (ed.), L’archeologia dell’Adriatico dalle preistoria al Medioevo, 176–87. Florence: Insegna del Giglio. 2004 Urbanová, D. 2004. “Venetstina.” Sbornik Pracé Filosofické Fakulty Brnenské University Rada archeologicko-klasicka 9:33–45.

43 Wallace, R. 2004. “Venetic.” In R. Woodard (ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, 840-856. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005 Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 2005. “Lingua e scrittura. Epigrafia e lingua venetica nella Padova preromana.” In M. De Min (ed.), La città invisibile. Trent’anni di scavi e ricerche, 32–47. Bologna: Tipoarte. 2008 Marinetti, A. 2008. “Venetica I: Lo stato attuale dell’epigrafia venetica.” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 24:189–93. 2010 Marinetti, A. 2010. “Venetico, retico e camuno.” AION, linguistica 30:109–144. 2011 Marinetti, A. 2011. “Schrift und Sprache im antiken Italien.” In R. Gebhard, F. Marzatico, P. Gleirscher (eds.), Im Licht des Südens. Begegnungen antiker Kulturen zwischen Mittelmeer und Zentraleuropa, 178–83. Munich: Josef Fink. Marinetti, A. 2011. “Scritture e lingue dell’Italia antica.” In Le grandi vie della civiltà. Relazioni e scambi fra Mediterraneo e il Centro Europa dalla preistoria alla romanità, 385–91. Trento, Castello del Buonconsiglio. Monumenti e collezioni provinciali.

2.1.3 Phonology 1951 Lejeune, M. 1951. “Notes de linguistique italique: III: L’isoglosse –m/n– dans l’Occident indo–européen.” Revue des études latines 29:86–95. 1952 Lejeune, M. 1952. “La consonne yod en vénète.” Word 8:51–64. 1954 Pellegrini, G. B. 1954. “Noterelle epigrafico-linguistiche. I. Del nesso t + j in venetico e d’una iscrizione inedita di Làgole (Cadore).” Archivio per l’Alto Adige. 48:419–31. 1960 Lejeune, M. 1960. “Notes de linguistique italique: XIV: Sur un fait de phonétique vénète.” Revue des études latines 38:132–139. 1966 Lejeune, M. 1966. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, XII: Les deux sifflantes.” Revue de philologie 40:7– 20. Lejeune, M. 1966. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, XIII: Principes et problèmes de translitération.” Revue de philologie 40:20–32. Lejeune, M. 1966. “Notes de linguistique italique XXI: Les notations de f dans l’Italie ancienne.” Revue des études latines 44:141–81. 1971 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1971. “L’esito venetico di ie *kw.” Archivio glottologico italiano 56:29– 37. 1972 Lejeune, M. 1972. “Venetica, XVII: Les formes à samprasāraṇa.” Latomus 31:3–21. 1975 Lejeune, M. 1975. “Les étapes d’une syncope vocalique observées dans une langue morte.” Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Emile Benveniste, 359–66. Louvain: Peeters. 1976 Lejeune, M. 1976. “Les problemes du H venete.” In V. Pisani an C. Santoro (eds.) Italia linguistica: studi linguistici in memoria di Oronzo Parlangéli, I:147–71. Galatina: Congedo. 1980 Jiménez Zamudio, R. 1980. “Sobre algunos grupos de oclusiva + oclusiva en las lenguas itálicas.” Studia philologica Salmanticensia 4:147–63.

44

2.1.4 Morphology 2.1.4.1 Verbal Morphology 1963 Schmidt, K-H. 1963. “Venetische Medialformen.” Indogermanische Forschungen 68:160–9. 1966 Lejeune, M. 1966. “Le verbe vénète.” Bulletin de la société de linguistique 61:191–208. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1966. “Forme verbale venetiche. A proposito di un nuovo verbo in –r.” Archivio per l’Alto Adige 61:123–53. 1980 Statha–Halikas, H. 1980. “The Venetic r–forms in a comparative perspective.” In Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon, Shirley Silver (eds.), American Indian and Indo- european Studies in honor of Madison S. Beeler, 477–86. Mouton: The Hague. 1985 Michelini, G. 1985. “Riflessioni diacroniche sul sistema delle desinenze verbali del Venetico.” Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese 26:50–1. 1991 Marinetti, A. 1991. “Sabino hehike e falisco fifiked. Nota sul perfetto, tra italico e latino.” In Miscellanea etrusca e italica in onore di Massimo Pallottino, 597–612. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. 1993 Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1993. “Appunti sul verbo italico (e) latino.” In H. Rix (ed.), Oskisch-Umbrisch. Texte und Grammatik, 219–80. Wiesbaden: Reichert. Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1993. “Appunti sul verbo latino (e) italico. II. Umbrica 2.” Studi etruschi 59:167–201. Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1993. “Appunti sul verbo latino italico. III. Sulla morfologia del tema-base del perfetto latino. I: I perfetti in -u- e in -s-.” In F. Heidermanns et al. (eds.), Sprachen und Schriften des antiken Mittelmeerraums, Festschrift für Jürgen Untermann zum 65.Geburtstag, 297–328. Innsbruck. 1994 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1994. “Appunti sul verbo latino (e) italico. V. La vocale del raddoppiamento nel perfetto.” In P. Cipriano et al. (eds.), Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, 283–304. Roma. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1994. “Appunti sul verbo latino (e) italico. VI. Perfetti non raddoppiati. I perfetti a vocale lunga.” In G. Del Lungo Camiciotti (ed.), Studi in onore di Carlo Alberto Mastrelli. Scritti di allievi e amici fiorentini, 219– 39. Padua: Unipress. 1996 de Simone, C. 1996. “Sul venetico teuters.” Studi etruschi 62:315–7. Prosdocimi, A. L. and Marinetti, A. 1996. “Appunti sul verbo latino (e) italico. VII.” Studi etruschi 61:263–312. 1997 Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1997. “La morfologia del perfetto latino come farsi. (Appunti sul verbo latino (e) italico, IV).” In R. Ambrosini et al. (eds.), Scríbthair a ainm n-ogaim: Scritti in memoria di Enrico Campanile, 565–603. Pisa: Pacini Editore.

45 2006 Martzloff, V. 2006. Le thème du present en yod dans l’épigraphie italique et en latin archaïque. Ph.D. dissertation, Lyon 2. 2007 Melo, W. D. C. de. 2007. “The sigmatic future and the genetic affiliation of Venetic: Latin faxo ” I shall make” and Venetic vha.g.s.to ‘he made’.” Transactions of the Philological Society 105:1–21. 2011 Prosdocimi, A. L. 2012. “Venetico “3º sg. toler, 3º pl. teuters; a. irl. ˙fitir.” In E. R. Luján and J. L. García Alonso (eds.), A Greek Man in the Iberian street. Papers in Linguistics and Epigraphy in Honor of Javier de Hoz, 399–412. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.

2.1.4.2 Nominal Morphology 1952 Pisani, V. 1952. “Il gen. sg. dei temi in –o– in veneto e in latino.” Acme 5:521–30. 1954 Lejeune, M. 1954. “La déclinaison du vénète.” Revue des études latines 32:37–8. 1961 Untermann, J. 1960-1. “Zur venetischen Nominalflexion.” Indogermanische Forschungen 65:140- 60 and 66:105–24. 1972 Lejeune, M. 1972. *AISU- “DIEU” et la quatrième déclinaison italique”, Bulletin de la société de linguistique 67:129–37. Lejeune, M. 1972. “Venetica, XVI: Le genitive singulier thématique.” Latomus 31:3–21. Lejeune, M. 1972. “Les dérivés italiques en –*tlo–.” Revue de philologie 46:185–91. 1982 Lejeune, M. 1982. “Venetica: XVIII: Dans la plus ancienne épitaphe atestine, vinetikaris ou vineti karis?” Latomus 41:732–42. 1988 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 1988. “Sulla terza plurale del perfetto latino e indiano antico.” Archivio glottologico italiano 73:93–125. 1989 Lejeune, M. 1989. “Notes de linguistique italique: XXXIX: Génitifs en -osio et génitifs en -i.” Revue des études latines 67:63–77. 1995 Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1995. “Su alcuni aspetti dei numerali nell’Italia antica: gli apporti del venetico.” AION, linguistica 17:171–92. 1996 Agostiniani, L. 1995–1996. “Relazione di possesso e marcatura di caso in venetico.” Studi Orientali e Linguistici 6:9–28. Solinas, P. 1996. “Sul genitivo venetico: tra forma e funzione.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 154:141–72. 2002 Eska, J. F. and R. Wallace. 2002. “Venetic consonant–stem dative singulars in -i?” Studi etruschi 65–68:261–73. 2009 Prosdocimi, A. L. 2009. “Sul genitivo singolare dei temi in –o– in alcune lingue indoeuropee.” Archivio glottologico italiano 94:50–78. 2011 Prosper, B. M. 2011. “The instrumental case in the thematic noun inflection of Continental Celtic.” Historische Sprachforschung. 124:250–67.

2.1.5 Syntax

46 1952 Lejeune, M. 1952. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, IX: Le formulaire votif.” Revue de philologie 26:204–15. 1973 Berman, H. 1973. “Word order in Venetic.” Journal of Indo–European Studies 1:252–6. 1977 Negri M. 1977. “Una congiunzione proclitica nell’Italia antica.” Acme 30:439–43. 1979 Granucci, F. 1979. “Posizione attributiva (preposta) e posizione appositiva (posposta) in venetico.” Archivio glottologico Italiano 64:114–28.

2.1.6 Lexicon 1951 Pellegrini, G. B. 1951 “Divinità paleovenete.” La Parola del passato 6:81–94. 1952 Haas, O. 1952. “Zur Deutung der venetischen Inschriften.” Die Sprache 2:222–40. Lejeune, M. 1952. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, VII: La conjunction ke ‘et’.” Revue de philologie 26:192–99. Lejeune, M. 1952. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, X: Le nom du “dieu” en vénète.” Revue de philologie 26:215–8. 1955 Gaeters, A. 1955. “Die baltische Lauma bzw. Laume und die venetische Louzera.” Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 73:52–77. 1957 Beeler, M. S. 1957. “North Venetic katus.” In E. Pulgram (ed.), Studies Presented to Joshua Whatmough on his Sixtieth Birthday, 17–21. Mouton: The Hague. 1960 Mastrelli, C. A. 1960. “Paleoveneta pora.” La Parola del passato 15:282–93. 1966 Schmidt, K-H. 1966. “Questions d’ étymologie gauloise et vénète.” Ogam 18:97–103. 1967 Lejeune, M. 1967. “Fils et fille dans les langues de l’Italie ancienne.” Bulletin de la société de linguistique 62:67–86. Peruzzi, E. 1967. “Toitesia.” Parola del passato 115:291–2. 1973 Lejeune, M. 1973. “The Venetic vocabulary of relations between persons.” Journal of Indo–European Studies 1:345–51. 1974 Lejeune, M. 1974. “Hittite ḫatrai- et les témoignages italiques.” Bulletin de la société de linguistique 69:63–68. 1975 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1975. “La religione dei Veneti antichi. Contributi linguistici.” Les religions de la préhistoire, 271–290. Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici. 1976 Prosdocimi, A.L. 1976. “Lingua e cultura nella Padova paleoveneta.” In G. Fogolari and A. M. Chieco Bianchi (eds.), Padova preromana, 45–59. Padua: Antoniana. Pulgram E. 1976. “Venetic .e.kupeθari.s.” In A. Morpurgo Davies and W. Meid (eds.), Studies in Greek, Italic, and Indo–European linguistics offered to Leonard R. Palmer, 298–304. Innsbruck: Inst. für Sprachwissenschaft. 1985 Brewer, W. A. 1985. “Notes on Venetic .e.kvopetari.s.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 98:54–8. 1987 Jimenz Zamudio, R. 1987. “Reitia, una divinidad veneta de la escritura?” Cuadernos de filologia clásica 20:357–65.

47 1991 García Jurado, F. and R. Jiménez Zamudio. 1991. “Véneto Magetlon: nueva interpretación.” Epos 7:577–82. 1993 Hamp, E. 1993. “Venetic ke ‘and’.” Glotta 71:65. Lejeune, M. 1993. “Enclos sacré dans les épigraphies indigènes d’Italie.” In Olivier de Cazanove (ed.)Les bois sacrés, 93–101. Naples: Céntre Jean Bérard. 1995 Hamp, E. 1995. “Venetic ostila, Ostiala/OSTIALAE.” Glotta 73:7. 1998 Beekes, R. S. P. 1998. “The origin of Lat. aqua, and of *teuta ‘people’.” Journal of Indo-European Studies 26:459–65. Hamp, E. 1998. “Venetic Louderai-Lith. Laume.” Baltistica 33:58. 2001 Prosdocimi, A.L. and A. Marinetti. 2001. “I riti dei Veneti antichi. Appunti sulle fonti.” In Orizzonti del sacro. Culti e santuari antichi in Altino e nel Veneto orientale, 5–35. Rome: Edizioni Quasar. 2002 Marinetti, A. 2002. “Tra lingua e istituzioni: nuovi dati dal venetico.” Quaderni patavini di linguistica, 51–77. 2003 Marinetti, A. 2003. “Il ‘signore del cavallo’ e i riflessi istituzionali dei dati di lingua. Venetico ekupetaris.” In G. Cresci Marrone and M. Tirelli (eds.), Produzioni merci e commerci in Altino preromana e romana, 143–60. Rome: Quasar. 2005 Semioli, A. A. 2005. “Liber, Libera e *Louzera: le origini di un culto alla luce della comparazione indo–europea.” Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni 29:249–74. 2006 Marinetti, A. 2006. “Definizione dello spazio e rituale funerario nel Veneto preromano. La documentazione epigrafica.” In G.Cresci Marrone, M.Tirelli (eds.), Terminavit sepulcrum. I recinti funerari nelle necropoli di Altino, 9–13. Rome: Quasar. Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 2006. “Novità e rivisitazioni nella teonimia dei Veneti antichi: il dio Altino e l’epiteto sainati–.” Ut rosae ponerentur. Scritti di archeologia in ricordo di Giovanna Luisa Ravagnan, 95–103. Rome: Quasar. 2007 Marinetti, A. 2007. “Sulla presenza di ‘frateres’ (?) nel santuario paleoveneto di Reitia a Este: rilettura dell’iscrizione.” Studi in ricordo di Fulvio Mario Broilo, 437–50. Padua: Sargon. 2008 Marinetti, A. 2008. “Culti e divinità dei Veneti antichi: novità dalle iscrizioni.” I Veneti antichi. Novità e aggiornamenti, 155–82. Verona: Cierre Edizioni. 2009 Marinetti, A. 2009. “Da Altno– a Giove: la titolarità del santuario. I. La fase preromana.” In G. Cresci Marrone, M.Tirelli (eds.), Altnoi. Il santuario altinate: strutture del sacro a confronto e i luoghi di culto lungo la via Annia, 81–127. Rome: Quasar. Marinetti, A. 2009. “Un etnico per ‘etrusco’ nel venetico?” Etruria e Italia preromana. Studi in onore di Giovannangelo Camporeale, 557–62. Pisa: Fabrizio Serra. 2011 Marinetti, A. 2011. “Il dio Altino e le sue attestazioni epigrafiche.” In M. Tirelli (ed.), Altino antica. Dai Veneti a Venezia, 68–68. Venice: Marsilio.

48 Montagnaro, L. 2011. “Venetico termon. Lessico e istituzionalità nella terminologia della confinazione.” Alessandria 6:419–438.

2.1.7 Onomastics 1953 Lejeune, M. 1953. “Voltiomnos, Volsomnos, Volsounos.” Bulletin de la société de linguistique 49:41–51. 1955 Lejeune, M. 1955. “Structure de l’ anthroponymie vénète d’ apres les inscriptions d’Este.” Word 11:24–44. 1959 Pellegrini, G. B. 1959. “Onomastica antica e toponomastica nel Veneto.” Raccolta di studi linguistici in onore di G. D. Serra, 309–327. Naples: Solta, G. R. 1959. “Venetische Personennamen und indogermanische Femininbildung.” Die Sprache 5:187–208. 1961 Untermann, J. 1961. Die Venetischen Personennamen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Reviews: 1962 Gnomon 34:729–31 | 1962 Beiträge zur Namenforschung 13:308–9 | 1963 Živa Antika 12:411–2; 1963 Bulletin de la société linguistique de Paris 58:85–6. | 1964 Paideia 19:112–6 | 1964 Latomus 23:788–92 | 1965 Indogermanische Forschungen 70:106–10. Pfiffig, A. J. 1961. “Osservazioni sui nomi veneti nelle iscrizioni etrusche di Spina.” Studi etruschi 29:327–9. 1964 Polomé, F. 1964. “L’anthroponymie vénète.” Latomus 23:788–92. Zammarchi DeSavorgnani, L. 1964. “Appunti sull’ onomastica antica dell’Istria.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 122:417–51. 1966 Lejeune, M. 1965–6. “Notes d’onomastique vénète.” Atti e Mem. Accad. Patavina di Sc. Lett. ed Arti 78:511–48. • (cf. Archivio Veneto LXXXII 1967 104 Sartori). 1970 Campanile, E. 1970. “Sui rapporti onomastici fra Celti e Veneti.” AION (linguistica) 9:41–51. 1978 Lejeune, M. 1978. Ateste à l’heure de la romanisation. Étude anthroponymique. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. Flobert. 1980. Revue de Philologie 54:172–4 | 1981 Athenaeum 59:537-540 | | Crawford. 1981. Journal of Roman Studies 71:153–60 | Šašel. 1982. Gnomon 54:603–5 | de Hoz. 1981. AEA 54 1981:268–72 | Galsterer.1983. Kratylos 27 143–8. 1978 Alföldy, G. “Ein “nordadriatischer” Gentilname und seine Beziehungen.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 30:23–6. 2008 Mennella, G. 2008. “Un patavino verace: nota onomastica a CIL, V, 6899.” In Patrizia Basso et al. (eds.), Est enim ille flos Italiae… » :vita economica e sociale nella Cisalpina romana : Atti delle giornate di studi in onore di Ezio Buchi, 219–21. Verona: QuiEdit.

49 2009 Marinetti, A. 2009. “Terminologia istituzionale e formula onomastica in venetico.” In P. Poccetti (ed.), L’onomastica dell’Italia antica. Aspetti linguistici, storico–culturali, tipologici e classificatori, 357–74. Rome: l’École française de Rome.

2.1.8 Toponymy 1950 Pellegrini, G. B. 1951. “Del nome Cadore.” Archivio Storico di Belluno, Feltre, Cadore 21:1–9. 1974 Doria, M. 1974. “Problemi di etimologia e storia linguistica istriana.” Incontri Linguistici 1:129–39. 1975 Granucci, F. 1975. “Note di onomastica e toponomastica preromana.” Archivio per l’Alto Adige 69:333–46. 1978 Doria, M. 1978. “Sul nome prelatino Parentium.” Atti e memorie della Società Istriana di archeologia e storia patria 26, N.S.:347–54. 1980 Pellegrini, G. B. 1980. “Problemi di toponomastica veneta preromana.” In Este e la civiltà paleovenete a cento anni dalle prime scoperte, 285–310. Verona. 1990 Cerutti, A. 1990. “La presenza venetica suggerita dai toponimi Ragogna, Flagogna, Luincis, alla luce di nuovi ritrovamenti archeologici.” Forum Iuli 14:75–87. Pellegrini, G. B. 1990. Toponomastica italiana. Milan: Hoepli. 2002 Prosdocimi, A. L. 2002. “Veneti, Eneti, Euganei, Ateste: i nomi.” In A. Ruta Serafini (ed.), Este preromana: una cittàe i suoi santuari, 45–76. Treviso: Canova. 2005 Schürr, D. 2005. “Tiroler toponyme und das zeugnis venetischer inschriften.” Beiträge Zur Namenforschung 40:425–51. 2008 Schürr, D. 2008. “Zur Deutung Nordtiroler Ortsnamen: Tradition und Revision“ Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 124:531–47. 2010 Schürr, D. 2010. “Von nauders und womöglich verwandten namen.” Beiträge Zur Namenforschung 45:389–403. 2011 Borghi, G. 2011. “Possono i toponimi fursìl, fèrsina, festornìgo, fodóm risalire all’indoeuropeo preistorico attraverso il sostrato preromano venetico?” Ladinia 35:251–319.

2.1.9 Subgrouping 1950 Krahe, H. 1950. Das Venetische. Seine Stellung im Kreise der verwandten Sprachen. Heidelberg: Winter. Reviews: 1950. 1950. Bulletin de la société linguistique 87–8 | Whatmough. 1951. Language 26:302–4 | 1951. Word 7:69–72 | Leroy. 1953. Latomus 12:343. 1951 Erhardt, A. 1951 “Venetština v Italii—samostatný jazyk indoevropský?” Listy filologické 75:317–8. Lejeune, M. “Commentaire sur la liste des antiques populi du Latium chex Pline, III, 69.” Revue des études latines 29:43–4.

50 Pellegrini, G. B. 1951. “A proposito dei Veneti.” Archivio storico di Belluno Feltre e Cadore 22:40–6. Polomé, E. 1951. “Germaans en Venetisch.” In Handelingen van het 19e Vlaamse Filologencongres. 199–203. 1952 Menghin, O. F. A. 1950–2. “Veneto–illyrica, II.” Anales de filología clásica 5:61–9. 1954 Hamp, E. 1954. “The relationship of Venetic within Italic.” American Journal of Philology 75:183–186. 1956 Beeler, M. S. 1956. “Venetic and Italic.” Hommages à M. Niedermann, 38–48 Brussels: Ed. Latomus. 1957 Polomé, E. 1957. “Germanisch und Venetisch.” In Mnemes Charin. Gedenkschrift P. Kretschmer, vol. 2, 86–98. Vienna: Brüder Hollinek. Barić, H. 1957. “Venetisch-Germanisches und Illyrisch-Germanisches.” Godišnjal Naučnog društva N. R. Bosne i Hercegovine 1:272–5. 1959 Hamp, E. 1959. “Venetic isoglosses.” American Journal of Philology 80:179–84. 1966 Beeler, M. S. 1966. “The interrelationships within Italic.” In H. Birnbaum and J. Puhvel. Ancient lndo–European Dialects, 51–8. Berkeley: University of California Press. Polomé, E. 1966. “The position of Illyrian and Venetic.” In H. Birnbaum and J. Puhvel. Ancient lndo–European Dialects, 71–6. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1967 Pisani, V. 1967. “Zum Venetischen.” Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 20:39–44. 1968 Campanile, E. 1968. Studi sulla posizione dialettale del latino. (on Venetic 112–5) Pisa: Pacini. 1974 Safarewicz, J. 1974. “Relationships of the Venetic language.” In Linguistic Studies, 63–5. Mouton: The Hague. 1976 Carruba, O. 1976. “La posizione linguistica del venetico.” L’Italia settentrionale nell’età antica. Convegno in memoria di Plinio Fraccaro, 110–21. Pavia: Athenaeum. 1981 Beeler, M. S. 1981. “Venetic revisited.” In Bono homini donum. Essays in historical linguistics in memory of J. A. Kerns, 65–71. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 1985 Negri, M. 1984–5. “Le isoglosse latino–venetiche.” Atti del sodalizio glottalogico del Milano 26:2–3. 1986 Bonfante, G. 1986. “Latino, itálico, venètico.” Archivio Glottologico Italiano 71:146–8. 1990 Kortlandt, F. 1990. “The spread of the Indo-Europeans.” Journal of Indo-European Studies 18:131–40. 1993 Euler, W. 1993. “Oskisch-Umbrisch, Venetisch und Lateinisch.” In Helmut Rix (ed.), Oskisch- Umbrisch. Texte und Grammatik, 96-105. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 2012 Gvozdanović, J. 2012. “On the linguistic classification of Venetic.” Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства 7:33–46.

2.1.10 The Veneti Issue

51 1964 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1963–4. “Un frammento di Teopompo sui Veneti.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. 76:201–23. 1966 Devereux, G. 1966. “The Enetian horse of Alkman’s Partheneion.” Hermes 94:129–34. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1965–6. “Il nome Veneti nell’antichità.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arte. 78:549–90. 1968 Georgiev, Vladimir I. 1968. “Illyrier, veneter und urslawen.” Balkansko Ezikoznanie/Linguistique Balkanique 13:5–13. 1975 Gołąb Z. 1975. “Veneti/Venedi. The oldest name of the Slavs.” Journal of Indo–European Studies 3:321–36. 1979 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1979. “L’inquadramento indeuropeo di ‘Veneti’ e ‘Vendi’: una postilla con pretese metodologiche.” In A. M. Raffo (ed.), Studi slavistici in ricordo di Carlo Verdiani, 275–85. Pisa: Giradini. 1981 Szemerényi, O. 1981. “Etyma Latina III (19–23). Latin vindex, vindici, vindicta, provincia, Greek (w)anaks, and West European Veneti from the point of view of semasiology.” In H. Geckeler (et al.), Logos semantikos. Studia linguistica in honorem Eugenio Coseriu 1921–1981, vol. 3, 303–23. Berlin: de Gruyter. 1985 Cerrato, T. 1985. “Sofocle, Cimone, Antenore e i Veneti.” Athenaeum 63:167–74. 1988 Ramat, P. 1988. “Sul nome ‘Veneti’.” In M. A. Jazayeri and W. Winter (eds.) Languages and Cultures. Studies in Honor of E. C. Polomé, 411–41. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1992 Schmid, W. P. 1992. “Der Namenhorizont im germanischen Osten: Suebi und Veneti.” In G. Neumann and H. Seemann (eds.), Bericht über die Kolloquien der Kommission für die Altertumskunde Nord– und Mitteleuropas im Jahre 1986 und 1987, 190–202. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1997 Darden, B. J. 1997. “On Zbigniew Gołąb, The homeland of the Slavs, The Indo- Europeans, and the Venetae.” Balkanistica 10:430–5. 2002 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 2002. “Veneti, Eneti, Euganei, Ateste: I nomi.” In Este preromana: una città e i suoi santuari, 45–76. Treviso: Canova. 2003 Nicolai, R. 2003. “Le mule di Paflagonia e l’origine dei Veneti: un problema di geografia omerica: (Il. 2, 852). In R. Nicolai (ed.), Ῥυσµός. Studi di poesia, metrica e musica greca offerti dagli allievi a Luigi Enrico Rossi, 47–62. Rome: Quasar.

2.1.11 The Language Ecology of Northern Italy 2.1.11.1 Neighoring Languages 1960 Schick, C. 1960. “Il paleoveneto e la sua posizione fra le lingue della stessa area culturale.” Atti dell’Accademia delle scienze di Torino 95:579–641. 1961 Battisti, C. 1961. “Raeter und Veneter in den venetianischen Voralpen.” Studia Onomastica Monacensia 3:112–20.

52 1962 Pfiffig, A. J. 1962. “Spina—etruskisch oder venetisch?” Die Sprache 8:149–53. 1969 Katicic, R. 1969. “Liburner, pannonier und illyrier.” In Manfred Mayrhofer (ed.), Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft und Kulturkunde. Gedenkschrift für Wilhelm Brandenstein, 363–368. Innsbruck. 1970 Untermann, J. 1970. “Venetisches in Dalmatien.” Godišnjak CBI, Sarejevo. 5:5–22. 1972 Fischer, I. 1972. Les inscriptions des Wurmlach sont–elles venetes? Bucharest: l’Académie de la république socialiste de Roumanie. 1976 Prosdocimi, A. L. and P. Scardigli. 1976. “Negau.” In V. Pisani (ed.), Italia linguistica nuova ed antica. Studi linguistici in memoria di Oronzo Parlangeli, vol. 1, 179–229. Gelatina: Congedo. 1978 Wells, P. S. 1978. “A bronze figurine from Stična in Slovenia.” Archaeological News 7:73– 82. 1980 Untermann, J. 1980. “Alpen, Donau, Adria.” In G. Neumann et al. (eds.) Die Sprachen im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1–17. Cologne: Rheinland Verlag. 1986 Hironuma, T. 1986. “The dialects of ancient northern Italy.” Journal of Indo- European Studies 14:205– 17. 1986 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1986. “Contatti di lingue nella Decima Regio.” Antichità altoadriatiche 28:15–42. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1986. “Lingue antiche nei Colli Euganei.” In M. Cortelazzo (ed.), Guida ai dialetti veneti VIII, 1-18. Padua. 1990 Marinetti, A. and Prosdocimi, A. L. 1990. “La X Regio.” In M. Cortelazzo (ed.), Cultura popolare del Veneto. L’ambiente e il paesaggio, 30-51. Cinisello Balsamo: Amilcare Pizzi. 1994 Eichner, H. 1994. “Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäss aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache.” Arheološki vestnik 45:131–42. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1994. “Le varietà linguistiche preromane nelle Alpi: il problema del retico.” In F. Marzatico and R. De Marinis (eds.) Popolazioni retiche ed euganee nell’area culturale centro- alpina, 53-61. Milan: Associazione lombarda archeologica. 1999 Eska, J. F. and R. Wallace. 1999. “The linguistic milieu of Oderzo 7.” Historische Sprachforschung 109:122–36. 2001 Gambacurta, G. and A. Ruta Serafini. 2001. “I Celti in Veneto. Appunti per una revisione.” In I Celti nell’alto Adriatico, 187–201. Trieste: Editreg. Schürr, D. 2001. “Zu schrift und sprache der inschrift auf helm B von Negau: ‘germanizität’ und inneralpine bezüge.” Sprachwissenschaft 26:205–31. 2002 Bonfante, G. 2002. “Pompeteguaios.” Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei Ser. 9a 13 (3):315–6.

53 2003 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 2003. ”Problemi linguistici dell’area adriatica.” In L’archeologia dell’Adriatico dalla Preistoria al Medioevo, 176–87. Florence, All’Insegna del Giglio. 2009 Šašel Kos, M. 2009. “Ig: a rural settlement on the southern edge of the Ljubljanica barje.” In Peter Turk et al. (eds.) The Ljubljanica: A River and its Past, 108–11. Ljubljana: Narodni Muzej Slovenije. Stifter, D. 2009. “Neue inschriften in norditalischer schrift aus Österreich. Die Sprache 48:233– 40. 2010 Solinas, P. 2010. “Sulle epigrafie pre–romane dell’Italia settentrionale (con particolare riguardo al celtico).” Incontri linguistici 33:125–60 2012 Radman-Livaja, I. and H. Ivezić. 2012. “A review of South-Pannonian indigenous antrhoponymy.” In B. Migotti (ed.), The State of Research and Selected Problems in the Croatian Part of the Roman Province of Pannonia. Archeopress: Oxford.

2.1.11.2 Romanization 1949 Pellegrini, G. B. 1949. Contributo allo studio della romanizzazione della provincia di Belluno. Padua: A. Milani. 1954 Pellegrini, G. B. 1954. Cadore preromano e romano. Feltre: Panfilo Castaldi. 1957 Lejeune, M. 1957. “Observations sur les inscriptions vénèto-latines.” Studies J. Whatmough, 149–63. 1961 Safarewicz, J. 1961. “Quaenam linguae in Italia Tiberii aetate in usu fuerint.” Eos 51:317–22. 1970 Scarfì, B. M. 1970. “Altino (Venezia). Le iscrizioni funerarie romane provenienti dagli scavi 1965-1969 e da rinvenimenti sporadici.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 128:207–89. 2000 Marinetti, A. 2000. “La romanizzazione linguistica della Penisola.” In J. Hermann and A. Marinetti (eds.), La preistoria dell’italiano, 61–79. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 2002 Langslow, D. 2002. “Approaching bilingualism in corpus languages.” In J. N. Adams et al. (eds.), Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text, 23–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008 Marinetti, A. 2008. “Aspetti della romanizzazione linguistica nella Cisalpina orientale.” In G. Urso (ed.), Patria diversis gentibus una? Unità politica e identità etniche nell’Italia antica, 147–69. Pisa: ETS.

2.1.12 Substratum and Survival 1962 Frey, H. J. 1962. Per la posizione lessicale dei dialetti veneti. Venezia: Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale.

54 1966 Zamboni, A. 1965–6. “Contributo allo studio del latino epigrafico della X Regio augustea (Venetia et Histria). Introduzione. Fonetica (Vocalismo).” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 124:463–517. 1972 Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. 1972. “Una propaggine venetica nel Bresciano.” Sibrium 11:107- 111. Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. 1972–3. “Note venetiche.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 131:183–208. 1976 Pellegrini, G. B. 1976. “Continuatori balcanico–danubiani del veneto ‘balota’.” Linguistica 16:119–23. 1978 Pellegrini, G. B. 1977–8. “La lingua venetica e l’eredità paleoveneta.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 90.3: 5–21. 1990 Pellegrini, G. B. 1990. “Breve nota di antroponimia veneta: Dal venetico al veneziano.” In D. Kremer (ed.) Dictionnaire historique des noms de famille romans, 100-6. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. 1991 Crevatin, F. 1991. “Storia linguistica dell’Istria preromana e romana.” In E. Campanile (ed.), Rapporti culturali e rapporti linguistici tra popoli dell’Italia antica, 43– 109. Pisa: Giardini. Pellegrini, G. B. 1991. Dal Venetico al Veneto. Studi linguistici preromani e romani. Padua: Editoriale Programma. Review: Flobert. 1993. Bulletin de la société de linguistique 88:216–8. 1996 Rizzolatti, P. 1996. “Fuoci di paglia. Su pignarul e le denominazione friulane e venete del falò epifanico.” Ce fastu? 72:175–202. 1998 Crevatin, F. “Sostrati linguistici nella X Regio e la ricerca etimologica.” In A. Marinetti et al. (eds.), Varietà e continuità nella storia linguistica del Veneto, 11–24. Rome: Il Calamo. 1999 Pellegrini, G. B. 1999. “A proposito di *musu- e *busu-.” La ricerca folklorica 39:131–4. 2000 Rapelli, G. 2000. “Veneto ‘scaranto’ e latino ‘grandis’.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia di Verona 176:295–307. 2001 Crevatin, F. 2001. “Appunti sul Friuli linguistico preromano.” In G. Cuscito (ed.), Celti nell’alto Adriatico, 37–41. Trieste: Editreg.

2.1.13 The Pannonian Mirage 1987 Harmatta, J. 1987. “Contribution aux antecédents locaux du Latin vulgaire en Pannonie.” In J. Herman (ed.), Latin vulgaire-latin tardif, 87-96. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. 1990 Lejeune, M. 1990. “Venetes de Pannonie.” Comptes rendus de l’académie des inscriptions 629–53. 1991 Lejeune, M. 1991. “Venetica XIX: L’écriture vénète à la lumière des documents pannoniens.” Latomus 50:785–97.

55 1992 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1992. “Pannonia. Iscrizioni venetiche inesistenti.” Studi etruschi 58:315– 6. 2001 Gérard, R. 2001. “Observations sur les inscriptions vénètes de Pannonie.” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 79:39–56.

2.1.14 Epigraphical 1951 Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: II, Le problem du H.” Revue de philologie 25:204–15. Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: III, Le pseudo-déesse Lahvna.” Revue de philologie 25:215–8. Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: IV, Le pseudo-”Sanatrix” d’Este et du Cadore.” Revue de philologie 25:218–24. Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: V, Le problem du C.” Revue de philologie 25:224–9. Lejeune, M. 1951. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: VI, Le pseudo-Hécate du Cadore” Revue de philologie 25:229–34. 1952 Lejeune, M. 1952. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, VIII: Les “tablettes alphabétiques” d’Este, technique orthographique et magie.” Revue de philologie 26:199–204. Lejeune, M. 1952. “Problèmes de philologie vénète, VIII: Les “tablettes alphabétiques” d’Este, technique orthographique et magie.” Revue de philologie 26:199–204. 1957 Lejeune, M. 1957. “Notes de linguistique italique: XIII: Sur les adaptations de l’alphabet étrusque aux langues indo–européennes d’Italie.” Revue des études latines 35:88– 105. Lejeune, M. 1957. “Contribution a l’histoire des alphabets vénètes: la notation de t et de d.” Revue de philologie 31:169–82. Lejeune, M. 1957. “Indications generals sur l’écriture vénète.” Tyrrhenica 182–95. 1958 Correard, G. 1958. “La lecture de |< dans les inscriptions vénète de Làgole.” Latomus 17:493–6. 1960 Lejeune, M. 1960. “Notes de linguistique italique XV: Note sur les “tablettes alphabetiques” d’Este.” Revue des études latines 38.139–50. Rix, H. 1960. “Zu den venetischen Schrifttäfelschen.” Indogermanische Forschungen 65:124– 39. 1962 Lejeune, M. 1962. “Sur la notation des voyelles vélaires dans les alphabets d’origine étrusque.” Revue des études latines 40:149–60 (Venetic, p. 151). 1965 Lejeune, M. 1965. “Notes de linguistique italique: XX: Notes sur la ponctuation syllabique du vénète et de l’étrusque méridional.” Revue des études latines 43:164–80. 1967 Radke, G. 1967. “Die italischen Alphabete.” Studium Generale 20:401–31.

56 1968 Degrassi, A. 1967–8. “Epigraphica III. no. 11: “L’iscrizione di una stele paleoveneta di Padova” = Pa 6). Atti dell’Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 13 Ser. 8: 40–3. Rix, H. 1968. “Zum Ursprung der etruskischen Silbenpunktierung.” Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 23:85–104. 1971 Kispert, R. J. 1971. “Recent Venetic inscriptions: A supplement to the Prae–Italic Dialects of Italy, part one, ‘The Venetic Inscriptions’.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 102:217–63. Lejeune, M. 1971. “Sur l’enseignement de 1’ecriture et de l’orthographic vénètes à Este.” Bulletin de la société de linguistique 66:267–98. 1973 Beeler, M. S. 1973. “A new edition of Venetic texts.” Journal of Indo–European Studies 1:245–51. Briquel, D. 1973. “Remarques sur le signe en croix de l’écriture vénète.” Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome 85:65–89. 1983 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Marinetti. 1983. “Puntuazione sillabica e insegnamento della scrittura nel venetico e nelle fonti etrusche.” AION(ling) 5:75–126. 1984 Valeri, V. 1984. “Puntuazione venetica e sillabismo etrusco.” AION(ling) 6:335–60. 1986 Wachter, R. 1986. “Die etruskische und venetische Silbenpunktierung.” Museum Helveticum 43:111–26. 1988 Marinetti, A. 1988. “Aspetti epigrafici e linguistici.” In A. M. Chieco Bianchi and M. Tombolari (eds.), I Paleoveneti, catalogo della mostra sulla civiltà dei Veneti antichi, 2–26. Padua: Editoriale Programma. 1989 Marinetti, A. 1989. “La trasmissione dell’alfabeto in Etruria e nell’Italia antica. Insegnamento e oralità tra maestri e allievi.” In Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, vol. 3, 1321-69. Rome. 1990 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1990. “Insegnamento e apprendimento della scrittura nell’Italia antica.” In M. Pandolfini and A. L. Prosdocimi (eds.), Alfabetari e insegnamento della scrittura in Etruria e nell’Italia antica, 155–301. Florence: Olschki. 1991 Slunečko, V. 1991. “K problematice punktace etruských a venetských nápisů.” Listy filologické 114:1–12. 1992 Marinetti, A. 1992. “Epigrafia e lingua di Este preromana.” In Este antica: Dalla preistoria all’ eta romana, 125–172. Este: Zielo. 1996 Marinetti, A. 1996. “Epigrafia e lingua di Altino preromana.” In La protostoria tra Sile e Tagliamento. Antiche genti tra Veneto e Friuli, 75–80. 1999 Benelli, E. 1999. “La romanizzazione attraverso l’epigrafia: il Veneto e il modello etrusco.” Protostoria e storia del « Venetorum angulus » 651–64. 2001 Benelli, E. 2001. “The Romanization of Italy through the epigraphic record.” In S. J. Keay and N. Terrenato (eds.), Italy and the West: Comparative issues in Romanization, 7–16. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

57 2002 Marinetti, A. 2002. “Caratteri e diffusione dell’alfabeto venetico.” In AKEO. I tempi della scrittura. Veneti antichi: alfabeti e documenti, 39–54. Cornuda: Tipoteca Italiana Fondazione. Marinetti, A. 2002. “Trasmissioni alfabetiche e insegnamento della scrittura.” In AKEO. I tempi della scrittura. Veneti antichi: alfabeti e documenti, 25–38. Cornuda: Tipoteca Italiana Fondazione. 2003 Markey, T. and B. Mees, “Prestino, patrimony and the Plinys.” Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 53:116–67. 2005 Marinetti, A. 2005. “La scrittura e l’insegnamento della scrittura nel veneto antico.” Minima epigraphica et papyrologica 7–8:399–414. Širola, D. 2005. Two pre-Roman Alphabets of Northern Italy: Venetic and Raetic. Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford University. 2009 Marinetti, A. 2009. “Venetica II.” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 25:203–9. Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 2009. “Nota sulla convenzione grafica delle dentali nell’alfabeto venetico.” Studi etruschi 78:461–4. Prosdocimi, A. L. 2009. “Sulla scrittura nell’Italia antica.” In Scrittura e scritture: le figure della lingua, 143–231. Rome: Il Calamo. Sacchetti, F. 2009. “Contrassegni commerciali alfabetici e alfanumerici dalle anfore greche arcaiche e classiche dell’Etruria padana.” Epigraphica 71:37–72. 2010 Marchesini, S. 2010. “L’alfabeto atestino: determinazione cronologica delle iscrizioni dopo analisi con strumenti informatici: (The Bonn Archaeological Software).” Incidenza dell’Antico 8:127–42. Marinetti, A. 2010. “Venetica III.” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 26:227–32. 2011 Marinetti, A. 2011. “Varietà alfabetiche e scuole scrittorie nel Veneto antico. Nuovi dati da Auronzo di Cadore.” In Tra protostoria e storia. Studi in onore di Loredana Capuis, 305–24. Rome: Quasar.

2.1.15 The Runic Connection 1966 Pisani, V. 1966. “Italische Alfabete und germanische Runen.” Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 80:199–211. 1985 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1985. “L’origine delle rune come trasmissione di alfabeti.” In Studi linguistici e filologici per Carlo Alberto Mastrelli, 387–99. Pisa. 1992 Rix, H. 1992. “Thesen zum Ursprung der Runenschrift.” In L. Aigner-Foresti (ed.), Etrusker nördlich von Etrurien, 411–41. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1997 Rix, H. 1997. “Germanische Runen und venetische Phonetik.” In T. Birkmann et al. (eds.), Vergleichende germanische Philologie und Skandinavistik, Festschrift für Otmar Werner, 231–48. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

58 2004 Prosdocimi, A. L. 2004. “Sulla formazione dell’alfabeto runico. Promessa di novità documentali forse decisive.” In Corona Alpium II. Miscellanea di studi in onore di Carlo Alberto Mastrelli, 427–40. Florence: Istituto di studi per l'Alto Adige. 2006 Prosdocimi, A. L. 2006. “Luogo, ambiente e nascita delle rune: una proposta.” In Lettura dell’Edda. Poesia e prosa, 147–202. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso. 2012 Ю. К. Кузьменко. 2012. “К вопросу об источниках германского футарка.” Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология 16:387–405. ftcm. Mancini, M. ftcm. “La ‘via del ferro’ alle rune.” Giornata di studi con Albano Leoni.

2.1.16 Editions of Texts 1950 Pellegrini, G. B. 1950. “Iscrizioni paleovenete da Làgole di Calalzo (Cadore).” Atti dell’Accademia dei Lincei, 8:307-32. 1951 Lejeune, M. 1951. “Stèles votives d’Este.” Studi etruschi 21:215–27. Pellegrini, G. B. 1951. Importanza degli scavi di Làgole (Calalzo) nel quadro della preistoria italiana. Feltre: Panfilo Castaldi. Vetter, E. 1950. “Zu den venetischen Inschriften Kärntens.” Carinthia 140:130–40. 1952 Lejeune, M. 1952. “Les bronzes votifs vénètes de Làgole (étude épigraphique).” Revue des études anciennes 54:51–82. Lejeune, M. 1952. “Les bronzes votifs de Gurina.” Revue des études anciennes 54:267–74. Pellegrini, G. B. 1952. “Nuove iscrizioni paleovenete da Làgole di Calalzo (Cadore).” Atti dell’Accademia dei Lincei 7:58–74. 1953 Lejeune, M. 1953. “Les plaques de bronze votives du sanctuaire vénète d’Este (étude épigraphique).” Revue des études anciennes 55:58–112. Lejeune, M. 1953. “Les urnes cinéraires inscrites d’Este.” Revue des études latines 31:117–74. Lejeune, M. 1953. “Note sur les fouilles de Lagole.” Latomus 12:3–13. Pellegrini, G. B. 1953. “Iscrizioni paleovenete da Lagole, III serie.” Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei 8, Ser. 8a.8:313–31. Pellegrini, G. B. 1953. “Nuove osservazioni su iscrizioni venetiche e latine.” Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei 8, Ser. 8a:501–24. Pellegrini, G. B. 1953. “Estudios vénetos.” Emerita 21:235–40. Vetter, E. 1953. “Die neuen venetischen Inschriften von Làgole.” In Gotbert Moro (ed.), Beiträge zur älteren deutschen Kulturgeschichte. Festschrift Rudolf Egger II,123–36. Klagenfurt: Geschichtsverein für Kärnten. 1954 Lejeune, M. 1954. “Les obélisques funéraires d’Este.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 112:191– 267. Lejeune, M. 1954. “Les épingles votives inscrites du sanctuaire d’Este.” Revue des études anciennes 56:61–89. Lejeune, M. 1954. “Les dédicaces sur pierre du sanctuaire d’Este.” Athenaeum 32:134–58.

59 Lejeune, M. 1954. “Les urnes cinéraires inscrites de Montebelluna et de Covolo au musée de Trévise.” Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei 9, Ser. 8a:21–33. Lejeune, M. 1954. “Notes de linguistique italique: XII: Les dédicaces du sanctuaire de Làgole.” Revue des études latines 32:120–38. Pellegrini, G. B. 1954. “Noterelle venetiche.” Studi etruschi 23:275–89. Pellegrini, G. B. 1954. “Iscrizioni paleovenete da Làgole di Calalzo (Cadore)” Archivio per l’Alto Adige, 48:419-431, 1956 Pellegrini, G. B. 1956. “Iscrizioni paleovenete da Làgole di Calalzo (Cadore).” In Atti del II Convegno intern. di linguisti, 62-72. Milan. 1958 Pellegrini G. and G. Fogolari. 1958. “Iscrizioni etrusche e venetiche di Adria.” Studi etruschi 26:103–54. 1961 Pellegrini, G. B. and G. Fogolari. 1960–1. “Nuove iscrizioni venetiche.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 119:355–82. 1962 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1961–2. “Le iscrizioni venetiche su pietra di Padova e di Vicenza.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 120:699–765. 1963 Pellegrini, G. B. 1963. “Problemi di epigrafia venetica.” Studi etruschi 31:351–90. Prosdocimi, Alessandro. 1963–4. “Un altra stele paleoveneta patavina.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti 76:257–70. 1965 Lejeune, M. 1965. “Notes de linguistique italique: XIX: Les inscriptions vénètes du Haut Isonzo.” Revue des études latines 43:152–64. Lejeune, M. and P. Guida 1965. “Les situles vénètes inscrites.” Parola del passato 20:347– 74. Pellegrini, G. B. and G. Fogolari. 1965. “Nuove iscrizioni etrusche e venetiche di Adria.” 263–73. In Studi in onore L. Banti. Rome: L’Erma. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1964–5. “Osservazione sulle nuove iscrizioni venetiche su pietra da Padova. Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 123:479-504. 1966 Lejeune, M. 1966. “Venetica, VII: Adria.” Latomus 25:7–25. Lejeune, M. 1966. “Venetica, VIII: Les traces de l et de p a Làgole; IX: La double tradition épigaphique de Làgole; X: L’anthroponymie de Làgole; XI: Une nouvelles forme verbale à Làgole.” Latomus 25:381–413. Lejeune, M. 1966. “Venetica, XIII La tablette votive de Vicence; XIV: Les deux thêtas de l’écriture vénète.” Latomus 25:677–88. Pellegrini, G. B. 1965–6. “Iscrizioni venetiche da Làgole di Calalzo.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 78:13–46. Prosdocimi, Alessandro. 1965–6. “Stele paleoveneta patavina con guerriero a cavallo.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. 78:197–205. 1968 Frey, O. H. 1968. “Eine neue Grabstele aus Padua.” Germania 46:317–20.

60 1969 Chieco Bianchi, A. M. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1969. ”Una nuova stele paleoveneta iscritta.” Studi etruschi 37:510–5. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1968–9. “Una iscrizione inedita dal territorio atestino. Nuovi aspetti epigrafici linguistici culturali dell’area paleoveneta.” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto 127:123–83. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1969. “Una nuova iscrizione preromana dal territorio atestino.” Studi etruschi 37:317– 24. 1970 Fogolari, G. 1970. “Alcune stele paleovenete.” Atti del’Istituto Veneto 129:1-15. Pellegrini, G. B. 1970. “Postille venetiche.” Athenaeum 47:236–55. 1971 Lejeune, M. 1971. “Problèmes de philologie vénète: XIV: Les épitaphes « ecupetaris ».” Revue de philologie 45:7–26. Lejeune, M. 1971. “Notes de linguistique italique: XXVI: Une antiquissima vénète, le bronze votif de Lozzo Atestino.” Revue des études latines 49:78–102. 1972 Lejeune, M. 1972. “Venetica, XV: Épitaphe vénéto-latine d’un miles pour son fils à Este.” Latomus 31:3–21. Pellegrini, G. B. 1971–1972. “Nuova iscrizione venetica carinziana.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 84.3:5–17. Prosdocimi, Alessandro. 1971–2. “Pietra sepolcrale iscritta di epoca paleoveneta da Pernumia.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti. 84.3:67–74. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1972. “Venetico I-V.” Studi etruschi 40:193–245. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1972. “Venetico VI. Una nuova iscrizione da Cartura (Padova).” Archivio glottologico italiano 57:97–134. 1973 Baggio, E. “Venetico.” Studi etruschi 41:372–85. 1974 Pisani, V. 1974. “La nuova iscrizione venetica da Cartura.” Archivio glottologico italiano 59:157– 60. Uggeri, G. “Venetico. Nuova iscrizione da Spina.” Studi etruschi 42:348–9. 1975 Prosdocimi, A. L. and A. Mancini. 1975. “Venetico VII-VIII.” Arch. Veneto 105:5–68. 1977 Letta, C. 1977. “Venetico o latino?” Athenaeum 55:427–8. 1978 Pisani, V. 1978. “Ancora sulla iscrizione degli Alcomini.” Paideia 33:36–37 Prosdoscimi A. L., L. Calzavara Capuis and A. M. Chieco Bianchi Martini. 1978. “Due nuovi ciottoloni con iscrizione venetica.” Studi etruschi 46:179–203. Roth, H. 1978. “Venetische Ex voto–Täfelchen aus Vicenza, Corso Palladio.” Germania 66:172–89. 1979 Greco, C. 1979. “Ex-voto paleoveneti a Pedavena.” Archivio storico del Belluno, Feltre e Cadore 50:85–7. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1979. “Venetico. L’altra faccia di Pa 14, il senso dell’iscrizione e un nuovo verbo.” In Studi in memoria di Carlo Battisti, 279-307. Florence: Istituto di studi per l’ Alto Adige.

61 1981 Pellegrini, G. B. 1981. “Osservazioni epigrafiche.” Arheološki vestnik 32:311–4. 1982 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1982. “Venetico. Due nuove ciottoloni patavini (*Pa 27, *Pa 28). Morfologia e sistema onomastico. Nuovi dati da *Pa 28.” Studi etruschi 50:199– 224. 1983 Crevatin, F. 1983. “Pozzuolo del Friuli.” Studi etruschi 51:283–5. Marinetti, A. 1983. “Este, Padova.” Studi etruschi 51:285–302. Prosdocimi, A. L. 1983. “LV Pa 15 = MLV 127.” Studi etruschi 51:308–10. 1984 Prosdocimi, A. L. 1984. “Una nuova iscrizione venetica da Oderzo (*Od. 7) con elementi celtici.” In M. G. Marzi Costagli and L. Tamagno Perna (eds.) Studi di antichità in onore di Guglielmo Maetzke, 423–445. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider. Ruta Serafini, A. “Gli abitati di altura tra l’Adige e il Brenta.” In A. Aspes (ed.), Il Veneto nell’antichità, 753–76. Verona: Banca popolare di Verona. 1985 Petraccia Lucernoni, M. F. 1985. “Varia epigrafia veneta.” Epigraphica 47:154–65. 1986 Mambella, R. 1986. “Osservazioni su alcune iscrizioni preromane di Adria.” Aquileia Nostra 57: 265–80. Prosdocimi, A. L. and G. B. Frescura. 1986. “Tavolette alfabetiche atestine.” Aquileia nostra 353–82. 1988 Gambiari, F. G. and G. Colonna. 1988. “Il bicchiere con iscrizione arcaica da Castelletto ticino e l’adozione della scrittura nell’Italia nord-occidentale.” Studi etruschi 54:119–64. Marinetti, A. 1988. “Nuove testimonianze venetiche da Oderzo (Treviso): elementi per un recupero della confinazione pubblica” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 4:341–7. 1990 Marinetti, A. 1990. “Le tavolette alfabetiche di Este.” In M. Pandolfini and A. L. Prosdocimi, Alfabetari e insegnamento della scrittura in Etruria e nell’Italia antica, 95–142. Florence: Olschki. 1991 Marinetti, A. 1991. “Due nuove iscrizioni venetiche dal Friuli,” Aquileia nostra 62:211–4. Marinetti, A. 1991. “Iscrizione venetica dall’area archeologica del CUS–Piovego (Padova).” Terra d’Este, 7:175–8. Zaccaria, C. 1991. “Notiziario epigrafico.” Aquileia nostra 62:209–36. 1993 Marinetti, A. 1993. “La tavola venetica iscritta da Este. Appunti preliminari.” In Terra d’Este 3:7–22. 1994 Marinetti, A. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1994. “Nuovi ciottoloni venetici iscritti da Padova paleoveneta.” Studi di archeologia della X Regio in ricordo di Michele Tombolani, 171–94. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. 1995 Crevatin, F. 1995. “Nuovi testi venetici provenienti dal Friuli.” Incontri linguistici 18:71– 7.

62 1996 Calzavara Capuis, L. 1996. “Nuovi documenti di arte delle situle nel Veneto.” In E. Jerem and A. Lippert (eds.), Die Osthallskultur, 37–45. Budapest: Archeolongua Alapítvaný. Marinetti, A. 1996. “San Donà di Piave. Iscrizione venetica.” In L. Malnati et al. (eds.), La protostoria tra Sile e Tagliamento. Antiche genti tra Veneto e Friuli, 99–100. Padua: Esedra. 1997 Crevatin, F. 1997. “Nuovo testo venetico da Trieste.” Incontri linguistici 20:23. 1999 Agostini, C. 1999. “Veneto: Patavium” Studi etruschi 63:447–50. Marinetti, A. 1999. “Gli apporti epigrafici e linguistici di Altino preromana” In G.Cresci Marrone and M. Tirelli (eds.), Vigilia di romanizzazione. Altino e il Veneto orientale tra II e I sec. a.c., 75–95. Rome. Marinetti, A. 1999. “Iscrizione venetica da Rosara (PD).” Studi etruschi 63:451–6. 2000 Marinetti, A. 2000. ”Gli ossi iscritti.” In G.Rosada (ed.) Il teatro romano di Asolo, 53–6. Treviso: Canova. Marinetti, A. 2000. “Le iscrizioni sui materiali da Montorio (Verona).” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 16:74–7. 2001 Crevatin, F. 2001. “Nuove iscrizioni Venetiche provenienti dal Friuli.” Aquileia nostra 72:65–70. Crevatin, F. 2001. “Le iscrizione venetiche del Friuli.” In G. Bandelli and F. Fontana (eds.), Iulium Carnicum: Centro alpino tra Italia e Norico dalla protoistoria all’eta imperiale, 115–25. Rome: Quasar. Marinetti, A. 2001. “Il venetico di Lagole.” In G. Fogolari and G. Gambacurta (eds.), Materiali preromani e romani del santuario di Lagole di Calalzo al Museo di Pieve di Cadore, 59–73. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider. Marinetti, A. 2001. “Le iscrizioni.” In G. Fogolari and G. Gambacurta (eds.), Materiali preromani e romani del santuario di Lagole di Calalzo al Museo di Pieve di Cadore, 337–370. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider. Marinetti, A. 2001. “Testimonianze di culto da Altino preromana nel quadro dei confronti con il mondo veneto: i dati delle iscrizioni.” In Orizzonti del sacro. Culti e santuari antichi in Altino e nel Veneto orientale, 97–119. Rome: Quasar. 2002 Marinetti, A. 2002. “L’iscrizione votiva.” in Este preromana: una città e i suoi santuari, 180–4. Treviso: Canova. Marinetti, A. 2002. “Altino.” in Este preromana. Una città e i suoi santuari, 318–320. Treviso: Canova. Marinetti, A. 2002. “Catalogo [iscrizioni venetiche e retiche]” in AKEO. I tempi della scrittura. Veneti antichi: alfabeti e documenti, 157–275. Cornuda: Tipoteca Italiana Fondazione. Marinetti, A. and Locatelli, D. 2002. “La “coppa” dello Scolo di Lozzo.” In Este preromana: una città e i suoi santuari, 281–2. Treviso: Canova.

63 2004 Marinetti, A. 2004. “Iscrizione venetica su lebete bronzeo da Cervarese S.Croce (Padova).” Studi etruschi 70:363–8. Marinetti, A. 2004. “Venetico: rassegna di nuove iscrizioni (Este, Altino, Auronzo, S.Vito, Asolo)” Studi etruschi 70:389–408. Tomaello, E. 2004. “Una coppa iscritta di Padova preromana: via Cesare Battisti 55-67.” Studi etruschi 68:369–71. 2005 Marinetti, A. 2005. “L’iscrizione su lamina bronzea (US 1077, n.1).” In A. Comella and S. Mele (eds.), Depositi votivi e culti dell’Italia antica dall’età arcaica a quella tardo– repubblicana, 452–5 Bari: Edipuglia. 2009 Marinetti, A. 2009. “Per una interpretazione della nuova iscrizione su osso da Oderzo.” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 26:20–23. Marinetti, A. 2009. “Le iscrizioni venetiche dal santuario in località Fornace di Altino (VE).” Studi etruschi 78:421–50. Mancini, M. 2008–9. “L’iscrizione venetica di Monte Manicola.” Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademi di Archeologia 81:519–54. Schumacher, S. 2009. “Eine neue venetische Inschrift aus Ampass bei Hall in Tirol.” Die Sprache 48:201–8. 2010 Magnin, S. 2010. “Este ou la décadence d’un territoire. Étude d’une inscription vénète.” Ph.D. dissertation, Paris. Marinetti, A. and Prosdocimi, A. L. 2010. “L’iscrizione da Fornace Minelli di Bazzano.” In Cavalieri etruschi dalle Valli al Po. Tra Reno e Panaro, la valle del Samoggia tra VIII e VII sec. a.C., 273–8. Bologna: Edizioni Aspasia. Marinetti, A. and Prosdocimi, A. L. 2010. “Un nuovo cippo votivo con iscrizione dal Colle del Principe (Este).” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 26:229–32. 2011 Marinetti, A. 2011. “Appendice I. L’iscrizione.” In Tra protostoria e storia. Studi in onore di Loredana Capuis, 177–81. Roma: Quasar. Marinetti, A. 2011. “Il venetico di Altino.” In M.Tirelli (ed.), Altino antica. Dai Veneti a Venezia, Venice: Marsilio, 22–9. 2012 Mlinar, M. and F. Crevatin. 2012. “Laminetta d'argento con iscrizione venetica proveniente da Vrh gradu sull'altipiano di Šentviška planota in Slovenia occidentale.” In V. Orioles (ed.), Miscellanea in memoria di Roberto Gusmani, Udine (in press).

2.1.17 Useful Websites: Mnamon: http://lila.sns.it/mnamon/index.php?page=Lingua&id=42&lang=fr Bridge: http://bridge.kromann.info/page/Bibliografi Ancient North Italic Inscriptions: http://adolfozavaroni.tripod.com/este.htm (But Zavaroni’s analyses are not to be trusted!) Lila: http://snsgreek.sns.it/eng/montagnaro.html

64 (Lecture by Laura Montagnaro on the teaching and learning of writing among the Veneti (50 min. in Italian) Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muZNX20nuJU (Professor Marinetti discusses La Lasta di Mondeval (6 min. in Italian)

2.1.18 Of Political Interest 1988 Bor, M. and J. Šavli. 1988. Unsere Vorfahren die Veneter. Vienna: ed. Veneti. 1989 Šavli, J., Matej Bor and Ivan Tomažič. 1989. Veneti: naši davni predniki (English edition “Veneti: First Builders of European Community: Tracing the History and Language of the Early Ancestors of Slovenes”), Ljubljana, Dunaj, Maribor.12 2012 Pääbo, Andres. 2012. The Veneti Language.

2.2 Historical and Archaeological 1953 Schwarz, E. 1954. “Die Urheimat der Veneter.” Forschung und Fortschritte 27:179–80. 1955 Merlat, P. Veneti. 1955. RE XV. Halbbd., 2. Reihe:705–84. 1956 Fogolari, G. 1956. “Dischi bronzei figurati di Treviso.” Bolletino d’arte del Ministero per beni culturali e ambientali 41:1–10. 1967 Fogolari, G. 1967. “Nuovi reperti archeologi da Lagole di Cadore.” Atti e Memorie dell’Accademia Patavina 78:425–39. 1968 Dufkova, M. 1968. “Venetische vasenmalereien im Museum zu Ferrara.” Listy filologické 91:107–10. 1970 Scarfì, B. M. 1970. “Documentazione archeologica preromana e romana.” Mostra Storica della Laguna Veneta, Venice. 1974 Colonna, G. 1974. “Ricerche sugli Etruschi e sugli Umbri a nord degli Appennini.” Studi etruschi 42:3–27. 1973 Ferro, G. A. 1972–3. “Considerazioni sulle origini di Adria.” Atti e memorie dell’Accademia Patavina di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 85:247–59. 1975 Filippo Balestrazzi, E. di. 1974–1975 “Alcune considerazioni a proposito di tre monumenti funerari del territorio veronese.” Aquileia nostra 45-6:329–48. Furlani, U. 1974–5. “Una necropoli dell’età del ferro sul Monte di Medea.” Aquileia nostra 45–6:31–56. 1976 Bernardi A. 1976. “I Celti nel Veneto.” In L’Italia settentrionale nell’età antica. Convegno in memoria di Plinio Fraccaro, 71–82. Pavia: Athenaeum.

12 On The Slovenetic theory see: Lencek, Rado L. 1990. “The linguistic premises of Matej Bor’s Slovene–Venetic theory. Slovene Studies: Journal of the Society for Slovene Studies 12:75–86; Šašel Kos, Marjeta. 2007. “Ethnic Manipulations with Ancient Veneti and Illyrians.” In Stefano Magnani and Carlo Marcaccini (eds.) Le Identità Difficili, Florence: Volo; Weithmann Michael W. 1990. “Ein neuer Mythos am Alpenrand.” Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde 6:175–87.

65 Innocente, E. and A. L. Prosdocimi. 1976. “Area Venetica: Este e territorio.” Studi etruschi 49:268–74. 1984 Pallotino, M. 1984. A History of Earliest Italy. London: Routledge. 1986 Capuis, L. 1986. “Per una ‘archeologia della morte’ nel mondo paleoveneto: limiti e prospettive di ricerca.” Aquileia nostra 57:77–92. Filippo Balestrazzi, E. di. 1986. “Gli uomini sulla riva e l’uccello della scogliera nel rilievo di Arghenidas.” Aquileia nostra 57:129–44. 1987 Scarfi, B. M. and M. Tombolani. 1987. Altino preromana e romana. Quarto d’Altino: Comune. 1989 Chieco Bianchi, A. M. (et al.). 1989. Italia: omnium terrarum alumna: la civiltà dei Veneti, Reti, Liguri, Celti, Piceni, Umbri, Latini, Campani e Iapigi.Milan: Scheiwiller. (“I Veneti.” Italia omnium terrarum alumna, 1–98.) La Regina, A. 1989. “I Veneti nella guerra sociale.” In A. M. Chieco Bianchi, et al.). 1989. Italia: omnium terrarum alumna: la civiltà dei Veneti, Reti, Liguri, Celti, Piceni, Umbri, Latini, Campani e Iapigi, 429–32. Milan: Scheiwiller. 1990 Capuis, L. 1990. “Antenore e l’archeologia: le varie chiavi di lettura del mito.” Padova per Antenore, ed. Zampieri Girolamo, 151–64. Padova: Ed. Programma. 1991 Marinetti, A. 1991. “L’ambiente preromano e i più antichi insediamenti.” In M. Cortellazzo (ed.), Cultura popolare del Veneto. L’ambiente e il paesaggio, 8-29. Cinisello Balsamo: Amilcare Pizzi. 1992 Capuis, L. 1992. “Il Veneto nel quadro dei rapport etrusco-italici ed europei dalla fine dell’età del bronzo alla romanizazzione.” In L. Aigner-Foresti (ed.), Etrusker nördlich von Etrurie, 27–44. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft. 1993 Capuis, L. 1993. “I Veneti: società e cultura di un popolo dell’Italia preromana.” Milan: Longanesi. 1994 Gambacurta, G. 1994. “La paletta da Scaltentigo di Mirano. Alcune considerazioni in margine alle palette nel Veneto preromano.” Quaderni di archeologia del Veneto 10:153– 60. 1996 Gregarin, R. and A. L. Prosdocimi 1996. “Altino. Materiali dall’abitato.” In L. Malnati et al. (eds.), La protoistoria tra Sile e Tagliamento, Antiche genti tra Veneto e Friuli, 34–41. Padua: Esedra. Malnati, L. 1996. “Gli antichi Veneti orientali. Il punto sulla situazione archeologica.” In L. Malnati et al. (eds.), La protoistoria tra Sile e Tagliamento, Antiche genti tra Veneto e Friuli, 3–9. Padua: Esedra. 1999 Ruta Serafini, A. 1999. “Il celtismo in area veneta. Nuovi dati.” In I Celti in Carnia e nell’arco alpino centro-orientale, 197–210.

66 2000 Di Filippo Balestrazzi, E. 2000. “Tre frammenti micenei di Torcello.”Hesperìa 10. Studi sulla Grecità di Occidente, 203–26. 2001 Jablonka, P. 2001. Die Gurina bei Dellach im Gailtal. Klagenfurt: Verlag des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten. 2002 Malnati, L. 2002. “Monumenti e stele in pietra preromani in Veneto.” In AKEO. I tempi della scrittura. Veneti antichi: alfabeti e documenti, 127–38. Cornuda: Tipoteca Italiana Fondazione. Ruta Serafini, A. 2002. Este preromana: Una città e i suoi santuari. Treviso: Canova. 2003 Malanati, L. (ed.). 2003. I Veneti dai bei cavalli. Treviso: Canova. Ruta Serafini, A. 2003. “Padova. Dalle origini alla romanizazzione.” In Veneto. Luoghi e tradizioni d’Italia, 255–9. Rome Editalia. Tirelli, M. 2003. “Nuovi dati da Altino preromana.” In L. Braccesi and L. Antonelli (eds.), Hesperia 17. Studi sulla Grecità di Occidente, 223–34. Rome. 2004 Capuis, L. 2004. “The Etruscans in Veneto.” In P. Bernardini and G. Camporeale (eds.) The Etruscans outside Etruria, 130–45. Ruta Serafini, A. and C. Balista. 2004. “Primi elementi di urbanistica arcaica a Padova.” Hesperia 18:291–310. 2005 Marinett, A. 2005. “Cavalli veneti.” In Animali tra zoologia, mito e letteratura nella cultura classica e orientale, 197–217. Padua: Sargon. 2007 Bassignano, M. S. and F. Boscolo. 2007. “Particolarità amministrative, sociali e religiose in alcuni centri veneti.” Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome 119 (2): Gambacurta, G. 2007. L’aspetto Veneto orientale. Materiale della seconda età del ferro tra Sile e Tagliamento. Gruaro: La Villotta 2010 Granucci, F. 2010. “Antiche designazioni e postazioni commerciali: Da Tresto a Trieste.” In F. Finco et al. (eds.), Il mestri dai nons: Saggi di toponomastica in onore di Cornelio Cesare Desinan, 283–93. Udine: Società filologica friulana. 2011 Lomas, K. 2011. “Communicating Identities in Funerary Iconography: The Inscribed Stele of Northern Italy.” In M. Gleba and H. W. Horsnæs (eds.), Communicating Identity in Italic Iron Age Communities. Oakville, CT: David Brown. Marinetti, A., and G. Cresci Marrone. 2011. “Ideologia della delimitazione spaziale in area veneta nei documenti epigrafici.” In G. Cantino Wataghin (ed.), Finem dare. Il confine tra sacro, profano e immaginario, 287–311. Turin: Mercurio. 2012 Perego, E. M. 2012. The construction of personhood in Veneto (Italy) between the late Bronze Age and the early Roman period. Ph.D. dissertation, University College, London.

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