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2 THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION General Editor C. K. Ogden The History of Civilization is a landmark in early twentieth Century publishing. The aim of the general editor, C. K. Ogden, was to “summarise in one comprehensive synthesis the most recent findings and theories of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, sociologists and all conscientious students of civilization.” The History, which includes titles in the French series L’Evolution de l’Humanité, was published at a formative time in the development of the social sciences, and during a period of significant historical discoveries. A list of the titles in the series can be found at the end of this book. 3 4 First published in 1934 by Routledge, Trench, Trubner Reprinted in 1996,1999 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN & 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First issued in paperback 2013 Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 © 1996 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or utilized in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN13: 978-0-415-15602-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-84876-3 (pbk) eISBN: 978-1-136-20299-5 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent 5 CONTENTS FOREWORD (by HENRI BERR). THE CELTIC GENIUS PART ONE CELTIC EXPANSION IN THE LA TÈNE PERIOD I. THE CELTS IN ITALY I. The Civilization of La Tène. Extension of Gallic Settlements in Gaul. II. The Great Gallic Invasion of Italy. III. How the Gauls entered Italy. IV. Character of the Gallic Settlement in the Valley of the Po. V. Civilization of the Cisalpine Gauls. VI. The Earliest Gallic Settlements in the Eastern Alps and on the Middle Danube. II. THE CELTS IN THE EAST I. The Gauls in the Balkan Peninsula. II. The Galatians in Asia Minor. III. Gallic Mercenaries in Egypt. The Civilization of the Galatians. IV. The Celts on the Danube. V. Composition of the Celtic Armies. III. THE CELTS IN THE WEST. ITALY AND SPAIN . 6 I. The Belgæ in Italy. II. The Belga; in Spain. The Celtiberians. III. The Celts in the Punic Wars. IV. THE CELTS IN THE WEST. GERMANY AND GAUL I. Celts and Germans. II. The Cimbri and Teutones. III. Results of the Invasion. IV. The Character of the Celtic Expeditions. V. CELTIC GAUL I. The Formation of the Gallic Peoples. II. The Constitution of Roman Gaul. III. The Positions of the Gallic Peoples. IV. The General Aspect of Celtic Gaul. PART TWO THE END OF THE CELTIC WORLD I. THE ROMANS IN ITALY, SPAIN, AND GAUL . I. The Completion of the Roman Conquest of Italy and Spain. II. The Conquest of Gaul. III. The Romanization of Gaul. IV. The Celts of the Danube. II. THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN I. Britain before its Romanization. II. The Roman Conquest. III. The Army of Britain. Arthur. 7 III. THE END OF CELTIC BRITAIN AND IRELAND. SAXONS, SCOTS, AND NORSEMEN . I. The Germanic Invasions. II. The Occupation of Brittany. III. The Independent Celts of Scotland and Ireland. IV. The Inroads of the Scots. V. The Scots in Scotland. VI. Christian Ireland to the Scandinavian Invasions. VII. The Scandinavian Invasions. VIII. The Wars of Independence. 1, Wales. 2, Scotland. 3, Ireland. IX. Conclusion of this History. PART THREE THE CIVILIZATION OF THE CELTS I. THE OBJECTS AND METHOD OF A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CELTS I. The Bases of a Comparative Study of Celtic Civilization. II. The Solidarity of the Celtic Societies. The Action of the Druids. III. Celtic Societies and Indo-European Societies. The Celts and the Indo-European World. 8 IV. Celtic Societies and more Primitive Societies. Practices dating from before the Formation of the Indo-European Group. 1, Head-hunting. 2, Blood-covenant. 3, Potlach. II. THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY. LEGAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS I. The Segmentary Character of Celtic Society and the Politico-Domestic Character of its Institutions. II. The Divisions of Society. 1, The Tribe. 2, The Clan. 3, The Family. 4, Marriage and Descent. 5, Extension of the Family. 6, Inheritance. 7, Floating Elements. III. The Land and Ownership. 1, Causes of the Formation of a Landed Aristocracy. 2, The System of Agriculture. IV. Penal Law. V. Political Institutions 1, The King and the Evolution of Kingship. 9 2, Public Bodies and Assemblies. 3, The Nation. 4, The Army. 5, The Nation. Relations of the Celtic Peoples. The Celtic Empire. III. THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY (continued). THE RELIGION OF THE DRUIDS AND THE DRUIDIC PRIESTHOOD I. The Druidic Priesthood a Pan-Celtic Institution. II. The Character and Working of the Druidic Priesthood. III. The Druids and other Indo-European Brotherhoods. IV. What Celtic Religion owed to Druidism. V. The Unity of the Celtic Religions. VI. Stages of the Celtic Religions. VI. Politico-Domestic Organization and Hero-worship. VIII. Festivals. IX. How Religion Developed. X. Ritual. XI. Representations of the Gods. XII. Mythology. IV. THE SETTING OF SOCIAL LIFE I. Space : Fields, Dwellings, and Distribution of the Population. II. Time and Number. V. SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 10 I. Economic Life. The Coins of Gaul. II. Crafts. III. Art. IV. Literature. V. A Picture of Celtic Life. The Morality of Honour. CONCLUSION. THE HERITAGE OF THE CELTS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX MAPS I. Cisalpine Gaul II. The Celts of the Danube III. Gaul 11 FOREWORD THE CELTIC GENIUS HAVE already explained and justified the division of I Hubert’s work on the Celts into two volumes. With the present volume we find ourselves in the La Tène period. It begins by describing a new expansion, then a retreat, the florescence and decline of the Celtic world. It is about 500 B.C. that the La Tène civilization appears with an increase of the population, which descends from the heights into the plains, an advance in technical processes, and a growth of prosperity which give rise to the great historical expeditions. The movements which now take place are different from those described in the previous volume, about which we have little direct information. From definite evidence it can be seen that operations now assume a “ co-ordinated, concerted, and, one might say, political character ” (p. 18), and that is a great novelty among the Celts. All round the circumference of the Celtic world this activity manifests itself—first in Italy, the Danube Valley, and Britain, and then in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, the south-west of France, and even in Spain. They found settlements, or rather the previous inhabitants mingle with them, and they contribute and receive in varying proportions. But what the advanced bodies receive—for example, the idea of a political life in Italy, and intellectual and moral culture in Greece—will benefit the whole Celtic world, doubtless in different degrees. The Celts “ enter the history of the world ” (p. 32). “ Unsettled and unruly elements,” bands of barbarians, “ great companies,” will still break in ; the 12 energy, courage, and “ roving spirit “ of the Celts will make some of them mercenaries in great demand, free-lances scattered among many peoples. “ Mercenary service was a regular Celtic industry, and a well paid one ” (pp. 64, 66, 90). But the mass of the race is settled, and the Celts are involved in the politics and economics of the whole world. Being both inventive and receptive, they are agents for the unification and progress of mankind. There are, it is true, Gallic Celts and British Celts, Celts of the Danube and Germany and Italy ; but a Celtic civilization has grown up which is comparatively homogeneous and comparatively native in its character. From the end of the third century onwards the Celts are in conflict with Rome on every side. Their civilization stands face to face with a different, and in some respects higher, civilization, while from behind they are pressed by a people of lower culture, the Germans, with whom, as we know, they have a real “ intimacy ” (p. 93). The more active the civilizing and political influence of the Celts is in Germany, the harder they will be pressed by their neighbours, to be finally driven back. There was a twofold process—“ a process of assimilation of the German world on the one hand, but on the other, as a result of that very assimilation, a process of penetration by the Germans into the Celtic world ” (p. 103). The Cimbri, Teutones, Suevi were Celticized Germans, mixed with Celts to a various extent. Gradually the Celts are driven back on themselves. The Rhine becomes the frontier of the western Celts. In the course of their disturbed history main peoples and subordinate groups have parted, reunited, mixed, and passed one another. Now they are in what are almost their final positions. The Celtic 13 world has assumed what Hubert strikingly describes as “ the face under which it was last known to antiquity, and it was a face of death ”. At this moment “ its features appear in broad daylight and that thanks to its conqueror ” (p. 119). The Romans, and Cœsar above all, help us greatly to picture them. Hubert, in the part of his work describing the civilization of the Celts, begins by studying their social structure. As a sociologist, he compares one Celtic society with another, he compares them with other Indo-European societies and points out their common characteristics, and he looks in them for survivals of primitive organizations, earlier than the Indo-European societies, traces of clan life (pp.
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