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Radiation Laboratory Series Index

Volume numbers appear in boldface type preceding page-number references. For names of persons, companies, and laboratories, please refer to the indexes in the individual volumes.

A Absorption, radio-wave, by precipitation, measurements, 13, 688-692 Absorbing material for radiation, 1, 69; by rain, 1, 61; 19,615,673, 67=685, 12, 560 691, 692 bandwidth of, 1, 71 measurement, 13, 688-692 Absorbing mediums, theory of, ’26, 343- nonresonant, 1S, 643, 652-653 346 relation to index of refraction, 1S, Absorption, atmospheric (see radio-wave, 641-646 below) resonant, 13, 644, 646, 653 coefficient (see also Attenuation con- by trees, 3, 438 stant), 19, 24, 647, 650 by uncondensed gases, 19, 646-664 for oxygen, 13, 647, 651-656, 663 by water droplets, 1,60 measurements, 13, 654–656, 665 by water vapor, 1, 159; 2, 25; 1S, 26, theory, 19, 648-656 312, 363, 646, 647, 656-664 radiation, 26, 266, 345 A-c charging, , 6, 414-416 for water vapor, measurements, 19, general analysis, 6, 380-386 659, 666–671 line-type prdser, 5, 386-416 theory, 1S, 656-664 nonresonant, 6, 381, 385, 393–400 dielectric, X3, 24, 676-678 wave shape for, 5, 399 radio-wave (see af.so Attenuation), 1, resonant, 6, 381, 385, 386-393 112; 2, 22; S, 53-56; 4, 131, 146; , 6, 400-407 19, 641-692 voltage wave shape, S, 408 by condensed water, 19, 671+92 A-c discharge, similarity principle, 9, 239 by fog or cloud, 1, 60, 62 A-c resistance, space charge, 7, 130, 141 by hailstone, 13, 25, 687 A-c resonance charging, pufse network, measurement, 18, 658, 661, 664– 9, 245 671, 688-692 Acceleration, measurement, !41, 371 by nitrogen, 2, 22 servo, 21, 356, 398 by oxygen, 1, 59; 2, 22; 1S, 26, 646- Accelerometers, 21, 77 656, 663 Achromatic doublets, 12, 410 by particles, 13, 23, 676-678 Acoustical media, properties, 19, 755-757 by precipitation, 2, 22; 19, 672, 673, Acoustical wavea, propagation, 19, 757- 676-680, 682-688, 691 759 1 2 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Acrylic plastic, 26, 37o Admittance, matrix, in terms of measur- Action function, 6, 226 able parameters, 16, 119124 Actuators, rotary, 17, 495-497 measurements, 11, 476; 16, 352 Adapters, for coaxial connectors, 9, 273 mixer-loss, 16, 367–372 type N, 9, 259, 261 modulation, density, and velocity, 7, Adder (computer), bar-linkage, 27, 36 114 star-linkage, 27, 256 resonator, annular-sector, 6, 62 Addition, agents, semiconductor, 16, 67, cylindrical side, 6, 59 306-308, 364 rectangular-slot side, 6, 57 as circuit operation, 21, 32, 35 scatter, 16, 134-136, 168 with mechanical devices, 21, 39 short-circuit, 9, 542 potential, 19, 18 side resonator, 6, 56 of pulse count.9, 21, 40 single-velocity, 7, 103 with series sources, 21, 35 source, optimum, 18, 639-641 with synchros, 21, 36 terminal, of waveguide, 12, 366 using parallel impedance networks, 21, transformation ratio, 14, 27 32 transmiaeion-line (see Line) by vacuum-tube circuits, 21, 41 velocity-modulation, 7, 50, 56, 69, 99 voltage and current, 19, 629 Advection fog, 13, 230 Additive (computer) cells, 27, 6-12 Aeromet.eorographs, 19, 347 differential, belt, 27, 10 Aeropsychograph, 13, 272, 297, 298 bevel-gear, 27, 6-7 housing, 1S, 274, 275 cylindrical-gear, 27, 7 on PBY aircraft, 1S, 276 loop-beIt, 27, 10-11 speed correction, 19, 276–280 screw, 27, 9–10 +4FC, 16, 190-202, 290-351, 360; 20, 96, with spiral gear, 27, 9 267; 23, 10, 27-78 spur-gear, 27, 7–9 absolute frequency systems, 16, 294; differential worm gearing, 27, 9, 11 23, 27, 7&78 ADF, 2, 46, 53 , 3, 274-276 Adhesive in radomes, 26, 282, 318 attenuator, 16, 196-199, 372 Adiabatic lapse rate, 19, 194 beacon, 1, 456; 16, 190-202, 227-231, Adiabatic process, 19, 186, 193 234, 244, 287, 341 ; 23, 75 Adiabatic theory, magnetron starting, 6, receiver, S, 170172, 270–278 357 reflector modulation scheme, 16, Admittance, cavity gap, 7, 50, 68, 144 342-347 characteristic, magnetron system, 6, for thermatly tuned tubes, 16, 34i- 113, 461 351 chart, rectangular, 9, 72 control circuits, gas-tube, 2S, 56 Smith, 6, 318, 707; 6, 73, 226; 9,60- hard-tube, 16, 326; 23, 64 67; 10, 10; 12, 29 reflex oscillator, 2S, 34 use of, 9, 94 thermally tuned oscillators, 23, 69 circuit, 8, 84 control range, 29, 51 lumped-constant, 7, 81 control voltage, 16, 296 resonator, 7, 319 d-c -type, 16, 313; 2S, 54 combinations, 8, 70 diiTerenc&frequency systems, 16, 295- computation, 6, 77 341 density-modulation, 7, 50, 58, 68, 99 diodc+transitron, 16, 326-331 electron stream, 6, 214 discriminator, 9,271-274 interaction space, magnetron, 6, 63, 84 modulated-cavity singl=ryatal, 9, intrinsic, TE~ 8, 19 271 matrix, 8, 89, 140; 10, 106; 15, 114-124 tw~rystal standing-wave, 3, 272 INDEX

AFC, double-balanced mixer, 16, 283- AI, Mark IV, 1, 201 287 Mark VI, 20, 334, 370 double-mixer, 16, 193-202, 300; 29, 17 automatic target-selection system, down-pull rate, 16,318, 322, 325 20, 332 drift-in system, 16, 314-331 time discriminator and target selec- effect on radome design, 12, 527, 538 tor, 20, 334 error voltage, 16, 295 Mark VI A, 20, 341 feedback loop, 16, 295 AIA, 1, 203 following rate, 16, 317, 318 Aided tracking, 20, 200, 203, 206; 25,361 gaa-discharge-tube, 16, 315, 317-326, with intermittent data, 20, 247-251 345 mechanical, 19, 541 hold-in, 16, 295; 2S, 32 rms-error criterion in determining, hum problems, 16, 349 26, 363-368 hunting, 16, 295, 331 time constant, definition, 26, 362 absolute-frequency, 16, 341–351 unit, 26, 361–363 locking, 16, 246,.292, 302 velocity servo for, 20, 250 magnetron, 6, 623 Air, control, high-performance radar for, , 7, 18, 27, 384 1, 592-611 oscillator, 11, 58 dry, density, 13, 292 mixer tests, 16, 372-374 equilibrium, neutral, 19, 195, 213, 223, Nibbe-Durand, 16, 333, 337 226, 238 nonhuntiug systems, 16, 295, 312–314 stable, 1S, 196, 220, 228, 234, 238 on-off control, 23, 70 fluctuations in, 19, 270-271 on-off principle, 16, 294, 331 shear in, 19, 234-237 overshoot, 16, 335 unstable, 13, 196, 220, 225, 235, 26g ptdl-in range, 16, 295; 23, 32 fluctuations, 1S, 268 pulling, 16, 290, 317 homogeneous, 1S, 193, 207 radar receiver, 1, 453–457; 2, 143 layer, 13, 221, 222, 226 requirements, 23, 39 horizon ray, 19, 17 resistance-voltage graph, 2S, 347 mass boundary, 13, 339 search stopper, 16, 314, 317, 326 -mileage unit, Bendix, 20, 251 separate-channel, 16, 300 molecular weight, 19, 292 separate-mixer, 16, 193–202 -position indicator, 20, 251 servomechanisms, 9, 276-278 specific heat, 13, 188, 293 sideband, wrong, 16, 294, 314, 331, 332 surveillance, high-performance radar systems, classification, 16, 294 for, 1, 592-611 difference-frequency, 23, 28-74 -to-air rendezvous, S, 13 thermal hunting, 16, 331–341 -to-surface search, 12, 466 Whitford, 16, 332, 333, 337, 339 Transportable Loran, 4,35, 44,93, 413 wide-range tunable, 16, 331–341 unstable, modification rate, 1S, 226 transmitter sample, 16, 19&199, 296- warm, over cold water, 1S, 237-250 299, 301 Aircraft, antennas, 12, 512 tuning coefficient, 29, 24, 31 control by bran, 4, 115-116 UP-PU1lrate, 16, 319, 322, 325 echoes, aximuth variation, 1S, 543 AGC, 20, 41, 279; 23, 241-248, 402-409 propeller modulation, 1S, 532-541 gated, 20, 373 slow-fading, 13, 543 gating circuit, eflect on stability, 2S, electrical systems, 1, 555 243 gun sight, AN/APG15, 26, 171 Loran, 4, 394 installations, interference effects in, 12, Agitation, thermal, 16, 10 515-519 AI, 1, 200; 26, 165 interception (see AI) 4 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Aircraft, psychrometer, 19, 287, 288 Amplifiers, bandpasa, alignment, 16,318- Airfoil section, 26, 423 323 Airplane detection over water, 2, 115 gain control, 16, 290 Airy integral, 19, 95, 149, 150 gain variability, 16, 291 asymptotic expansion, 1S, 150 input connections, 16, 319 Alarms, circuit-trouble, beacon receivers, measurements, 16, 318-323 9, 322 overload, recovery from, 16, 290 Alloys, resistance properties, 17, 70-72 pulse response, 18, 274-300 Alnico V, 6, 542, 547, 548 regeneration in, 16, 323 Alternator, airborne, direct-driven (see response to pulse of detuned carrier ako Dynamometer; Generator), 1, frequency, 18, 329 557-561 synchronous and staggered singl& wave shape, 1, 557 tuned high-frequency, 18, 166-200 aircraft, 1, 561-563 undesired feedback effects, 16, 323– alternatives to direct-driven, 1, 560 327 speed regulators, 1, 571–578 bandwidth, 18, 169, 322 engine-driven, S, 314-316 input circuit, methods of increasing,-. , performance, 1, 557 18, 690 starting current, 1, 561–563 maximum possible at given over-all for (see Voltage gain, 16, 173 regulators) noise, 16, 169 Altimeter, AN/APN-l, 2, 136-141 over-all, obtainable with various barometric, 20, 163, 164 circuits, 18, 289 frequency-modulated, 136-141 basic , 16, 72 pulsed and f-m, comparison, 2, 141 bias, 18, 353 radio, 1, 143–147; 2, 131–142 blackout effects, 18,329, 330; 2S, 187 pulsed, SCR-718C, 2, 132-136 cancellation, 20, 498-511 SCR-718, 20, 163, 219 capacity, e5ect of, between input and output, 2S, 96 Altitude, circle, 12, 514 variation effect, 18, 292–295 determination, 2, 131-142 caacade, 2K35, 7, 22 Aluminum, as addition agent, semicon- output admittance, 29, 83 ductor, 15, 67 synchronous single-tuned, 18, 172– cathode gap (see Spark gap, fixed) 174 Ambipolar diffusion, 14, 184 voltage, 7, 249, 271–278 A. M.E.S. height finder, Type 7, 1, 186 caecode, 18, 440 Type 13, 1, 190 cathode-compensated, 19, 771-774 Amperite, characteristics, 21, 501 choke-coupled, 16, 126; 29, 527 Arnplidyne, 2, 28; 21, 401; 22, 189; 26, circuite for minimal noise, 18, 615-694 106; 26, 221, 233, 238 class c, 19, 547 generators, 21, 437 comparator, 19, 335-338 Amplification bridge (voltage regulator), compensation, 29, 219-220, 399 21, 532 components, aging of, 16, 390, 411 Amplified back-biae (AGC), 1, 459 temperature coefficients, 18, 360 Amplifiers, 21, 37$386, 484 tolerance, 18, 400 a-c, 21, velocity servo with, 487 variability, 18, 390 AFC, 9, 274-276 computer, simple designs, 18, 347–351 d-c, 23, 54 current waveform, 22, 362–370 for antenna measurement, 12, 6W d-c, 16,300, 312, 327; 21, 649 =Ymptotic characteristic, 16, 340 reflex, 16, 314 audio, 12, 605 design, 151 INDEX 5 kplifiers, differential, 4, 231, 246; 18, Amplifiers, high-frequency compensation, 441-451 23,399 direct-coupled, 18, 409-495; 21, 512; i-f (see ako I-f), 16, 24; 23, 155–187 22, 370-374 bandpass shape, 2S, 305 design, 18, 424-479 bandwidth requirement, 16,302 floating-grid potential, 18, 420 beacon receiver, 9, 157-158 gain, maximum, 18, 418 conductance, 16, 111, 249, 364) integration by, 18, 411 design, 1, 442-449 plate potential, minimum allowable, double-tuned, 1, 446 18, 420 flat-staggered pairs, 18, 187-189; 29, special aspects and effects of vacuum- 166 tube properties, 18, 412–424 of small fractional bandwidth, 23, special-purpose, 18, 479-495 168 temperature variation effects, 18, flat-staggered triples, 16, 189-191; 411 23, 168 voltage gain, maximum, 18, 417 gain, 29, M6 voltage-supply variation, 18, 411 incremental, 23, 184 zero adjustment, 18, 411 stability, 29, 182 double-tuned (see also Double-tuned input circuits, 23, 79-121 circuits), 18, 201-231, 322 autotransformer, 29, 103 feedback, 21, 210; 22, 363 double-tuned, 23, 105-109 design, practical considerations, 18, impedance change due to feed. 261–266 back, 23, 90 flat quadruple, 18, 270 single-tuned, 103 four-terminal coupling networks, 18, logarithmic, 24, 30&308 266 output admittance, 16, 90, 178–185 high-frequency, 18, 232-273 output lead, 16, 128–131 low-frequency, 18, 384-408 overload characteristics, 23, 305 amplitude characteristics, 18, 394 pulse response, 23, 305 negative, 20, 117 radar receiver, 1, 8, 442 figure of merit, 18, 73, 171 resistance, 16, 115 filter, 18, 179 single-tuned, 1, 445 folded, 18, 194 test equipment, 23, 305–335 gain, attainable at increasing fre- transfer impedance, 23, 108 quency, 23, 132 transient response, 23, 181 bandwidth factor, 18, 172, 205, 287- tube capacitance, criticalness with 290 regard to, 23, 180 control, 22, 157 and video, 23, 429–439 maximization, 7, 255–256 w-5, 11, 555 measurement, 18, 330 infinite gain, 21, 81 over-all, 18, 336, 361 input, capacitance, 18, 339 ‘ production-line test, 18, 331 coupling networks, 16, 682–692 gated, 1, 508-510 impedance, 18, 338, 339, 348, 363 grid-separation (grounded-grid), 7, 146 loading, 23, 128 grounded-cathode, 18, 655; 23, 126 inverse-feedback, 18, 323 grounded-grid, 18, 661 , 7, 2&23, 240, 243, 244, 248- grounded-grid, 7, 146; 18, 634, 648, 284 653; 29, 83, 92, 117, 136 law, 18, 332 grounded-plate, 18, 655 lightweight selective, 18, 403 high-efficiency, space-charge tube, 7, limiting, 18, 98; 19, 160 148, 162 lin-log, buffering, 23, 587 6 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Amplifiers, linear, negative feedback, 19, Amplifiers, pulse, gain control, 18, 93- 24-27 96 linear shaping, 19, 31-37 gain/rise time ratio, 18, 73 load, in cathode, 18, 87 grid circuit, 18, 84 impedance, 18, 353 high-fidelity, 18, 71-112 line, 18, 356, 426 for intensity-modulated cathode-ray resistive, 18, 354 tube, 18, 111 logarithmic, 9, 713 large dynamic range, 18, 113-165 low-frequency, compensation, 2S, 216 output circuits, 18, 142 response, 29, 214 overshoot, 18, 71–84, 1l&123 with stabilized gain, 18, 3W–383 limiting, 18, 122 magnetic, 19, 666; 21, 72 rise time, 18, 71–84 measurements, 18, 301–332 steady-state and transient responses, microwave, 7, 18–23 relations between, 18, 80 motor and power, 26, 103 step-function response, and low- multiple-overshoot, 18,.,142 frequency cutoff, 18, 86 negative-capacity, 19, 767–770 pulse response, 18, 327 negative feedback, 1, 492 push-pull, 18, 104 Neher tube, 7, 344 r-f, 16, 2, 23, 43 noise, 7, 19–21 beacon receiver, S, 157 nonlinear effects, 18, 121 microwave, 7, 18–21, 257–259 output, impedance, 18, 336 pentode, 17, 570-585 power, 18, 708 cutoff characteristics of, 17, 570– measurement, 18, 708-717 571 stages, 18, 103, 352–357 figures of merit, 17, 571–572 overdriven, 22, 12o RC-coupled, n-stage, 18, 64 overload effects, 18, 329, 330; 29, 184- regeneration problems, 18, 323 187 for resistive load, three-stage, 18, 366- overshoot, 18, 280 383 overstaggered, 18, 284–287 rotary magnetic, 25, 106 P4E, 21, 600 schemes, different, pros and cons, 23, paraphase, 4, 229 178-182 phase response, 18, 341, 343 screen bias, design, 16, 359 phase shift, 18, 353 screen-biasing circuit, 18, 362 phase-splitting, 1, 495; 19, 154–156 sensitivity of, 18, 496+1 4 power, 18, 430 series-fed circuit, 18, 151 available, 18, 621, 697–699 shunt peaking, 16, 73; 23, 219 gain, 18, 621–635 signal, 21, 600 available, 18, 596–604, 651; 2S, microwave, 7, 18–21 2, 81, 85 sine-wave comparison, 19, 355 klystron, 7, 249, 28&284 single+ wershoot, 18, 140 Loran, 4, 298 single-tuned, 18, 168–176 microwave, 7, 21–23, 249 synchronous, 18, 322; 23, 160 pulse, 11, 550; 18, 72 gain-bandwidth factor, 18, 172 cutoff, low-frequency, and step-func- space-charge devices as microwave, 7, tion response, 18, 86 146-169 for deflection-modulated cathode-ray squaring, 20, 70, 72, 110 tube, 18, 109 stability, 18, 339-348, 411, 23, 126, 135 electronic switching, 18, 102 against oscillation, 18, 363-366 flat-top compensation, 18, 89 stabilization factor, 16, 358 -forming, 20, 72 stagger-tuned, 18, 322; 29, 162–169 INDEX 7

Amplifiers, stagger-tuned, gain control, Ampfitude, -balance control, bran, 4, 18, 191 387 negative input resistance at high coefficients of reflection and refrac- frequencies, 18, 197 tion, 28, 349 staggered, 18, 17G186 comparison, 19, 12, 45, 166, 325–363, for standing-wave measurements, 11, 701; 20, 71, 75, 76, 107, 109, 110, 49G503 142-175 step-up, 21, 181 comparator, 20, 144 sweep for reactive loads, 22, 356–333 diode, 20, 71, 73, 108, 125-131, 151, temperature effects, 18, 390 173 testing, 18, 301-332 regenerative, 20, 73–75 proper making of connections, 18, sinusoid, 20, 145 319 demodulation, 19, 53, 501-544 self-rectification, 18, 321 discrimination, 19, 12, 57, 325-363, 697 with swept-frequency generator, 18, factor, alternator waveshape, 1, 557 302 measurements, direct, 19, 695 vacuum-tube voltmeter use, 18, 320 substitution in, 19, 695 torque, 21, 443 subtraction in, 19, 696 transmission-line, 18, 83 waveform, 19, 695–697 traveling-wave, 7, 18 modulation (see Modulation, ampli- , with cathode , 18, 426 tude) characteristic, 18, 426 pulse jitter, 6, 290, 331 linearity, 18, 426, 431 pulsing, 24, 18 single-ended, 18, 424–432 -reflection coefficient, 26, 261, 262, 267, twin-T, 11, 501 288, 290 two-channel, for MTI, 1, 672-675 chart, 26, 275 types, comparison, 18, 297–300 selection, 19, 11, 44, 325–363, 696 variable-gain, 21, 53 electrical, 20, 221 VHF, mixers and oscillators, 23, 126- selector, 19, 331, 365–370, 390, 503–51 1 138 cathode-ray tube, 20, 220 video, 1, 8, 45&453; 21, 584, 604, 610, double diode self-stabilizing, 19, 480 620, 626, 628, 637, 642, 6.52; 22, half-wave circuits, 19, 39&391 145-159, 436, 444, 731–735; 23, stability, oscillator, 19, 103 213-237, 515-544 stabilization, oscillator, 19, 126–128 bandwidth, 22, 30, 147 transmission measurement, in wave- beacon receiver, 3, 177-179 guide, 11, 577–584 brute-force circuit, 23, 523 Analogue computers, 21, 3-212 cutoff frequency, 1, 451 “Angels, “ 13, 593-595 high-frequency response, 22, 151; Anger pulser circuit, 6, 468-471 23, 218 Angle, arrival, affecting radar echoes, 13, low-frequency response, 22, 150 532 output, 22, 154 measurements, 13, 385–395 overshoot, 22, 149 ray theory, 13, 3’31 recovery, 23, 516 attack, effect on radome, 26, 164 rise time, 1, 450; 21, 584; 22, 149 coaxial-line, 9, 170–182 voltage, microwave, 7, 18–21, 249-260 incidence, radome, range of, 26, 286 waveform, 22, 359-362 indices, , 22, 230 Whippany effect, 23, 187 fixed electronic, 1, 514 wideband, 22, 268 movable electronic, 1, 516 single-sideband, 23, 456 radar, 1, 514–518 switched-LO, 23, 456 markers, electronic, 22, 398 8 RADZATZON LABORATORY SERIES

Angle, navigation systems,4, 17 Antenna, conically scanning, 12, 347 penetration, 13, 17 -control servo, AN/APA-46 radar, 21, -positioning, automatic, with grouped 434 data, 20, 389 cosecant-squared, 1, 23–27, 274–277; re501vere, 18, 347 1S, 38:26, 156, 176, 252 -tracking circuits, AN/APG-1, !40,376, low-altitude, 12, 484-486 377 coupling networks, 4, 303, 306, 310, SCR-615, 20, 374 324, 341-343 Angular position of target, shift of, 26, croea section (see Cross section) 249 cut paraboloid, 1, 272 AN/MPN-l (see GCA) feedtilt effects, 12, 488, 489 Anode block (see Magnetron) offset feeding, 12, 454 Anode buildup, spark gap, 5, 320 for shaped beams, 12, 477-483, 487- Antenna (seecaf.soRadiator), 3-cm, S, 131 491 10-cm, 9, 130 for simple fanned beams, 12,451-457 180-kc/see, 4, 329 cylindrical, 4, 315 2-Me/see, 4, 323 design, radar, 3, 374-377 airborne, 2, 155; 26, 155 diffraction, 12, 162–168 6xed, Loran, 4, 343 dipole, 12, 23%256 stabilization, 26, 13, 19$210 center of feed, 12, 239, 343, 562 aircraft, 12, 512 electric, 12, 92–95 arrays (8ee &ray) feeds, directive, 12, 250 assembly of shipborne navigational -disk, 12, 251-253 radar, 2, 364 gain, 2, 16 backlash in driving mechanism, 26,138 half-wave, 12, 98 bandwidth, 4, 307, 317 gain, 12, 99 barrel-reflector, cross polarization, 12, magnetic, 12, 95 503 ekirt-, 12, 240-242 beacon, 8, 125-135; 12, 327 slot-fed, 12, 245-248 on aircraft, 12, 521 aa array element, 12, 284-286 beamwidth, 9, 374 spheroidal, impedance, 12, 249 design, 9, 129-135 tilting mechanisms, 26, 135-137 duplexer, 8, 13&144 dummy, 4, 314 housing, 26, 460 design, 4, 321 pattern measurements, 12, 573 duplexing, 2S, 421 requirements, 9, 133 effective height, 1, 52 beam (see Beam) electrical length, 4, 315 beamwidth, 1, 20, 271; 2, 12; S, 274; elevation order, 26, 109, 110, 463 14, 3; 26, 11 elevation patterns, 26, 450 antenna size and wavelength, rela- end-fie, 1, 277 tion between, 2, 14 fanned-beam, 12, 450-464 and azimuth resolution, 2, 14 feed (see af.so Feed), 12, 25&253; 26, resolution with different, photo- 5, 15, 156-158, 161, 184 graphs showing, 2, 365 definition, 12, 12 beavertail, 2, 210, 215-223; 12, 453, mechanically oscillated, 26, 67 477; 26, 85 offset, 26, 64 Beverage, 4, 87, 267, 328 pillbox, 26, 161, 176, 206 tilt angle, 4, 328 radar, 1, 272–274 center of feed, determination, 12, 564- trapezoidal, 26, 45 570 vertex, 26, 158 cheese, 12, 459 gain (ace Gain, antenna) INDEX 9

Ant.anna, ground, 12, 510; !26, 15 Antenna, mismatch, dependence of ab-

guy insulator, ~ 340 anrption cross section On, 12, 51_53 guy , 4, 339 mount, lo-cm, fully stabilized, 26, 149 H-plane pattern, 12, 103 airborne, 26, 162-170 half-beacon, 12, 460 AN/TPS-1, 26, 79 half-power width, 12, 94, 104 AN/TPS-10, 1, 286; 2, 215; 26,12,97 horn (see Horn) bearing, 26, 170 impedance, characteristic, 4, 315 corrosion, 26, 141 input, 4, 307, 324, 327, 331 CXBL, 26, 232 level, 4, 322 function and design, 26, 10-14 rneasurementa, 12, 544-557 gear boxes, 26, 139 input, reactance, 4, 318 gear case, 26, 78 resistance, 4, 317 gearing, worm, 26, 138 installation, 9, 443-445 gears for power drives, 26, 138 deicing, S, 443 ground, 26, 7G103 mast, S, 443 height-finding, 26, 85-103 preaeurizing, 3, 443 ice loading, 26, 131 problems, 12, 510-542 line-of-sight stabilized, 26, 133 interaction between, 12, 587–592 loads, inertial, 26, 129 inverted-L, 4, 323 radar, 1, 271 isotropic, definition, 1S, 28 three-axis, 1, 309 lens (see Lens) r-f head, 26, 73 line-of-sight (tilt), stabilization, 26, r-f package, 26, 73 195-199, 207 ship, 26, 129–154 two-axis, 26, 144 driving mechanism, 26, 135-142 shock, 26, 130 lobe, region, 2, 356 side, 2, 13 shock loading, 26, 129 simple search, 26, 70-84 -switching, 3, 375 SP-1 M, 26, 86 Loran, 4, 87, 97, 301–344 stable-base, 26, 134, 147 2-Me/see, 4, 323 vibration, 26, 163 airborne trailing, 4, 343 noise, 24, 103–108 bandwidth, 4, 307, 317 nonscanning, 1, 277–279 characteristics, 4, 314 nutating, 23, 380 ground-station, 4, 301 for overhead coverage, 3, 133 receiver-indicator, 4, 342 parabolic cylindrical, gain, 12, 458 receiving, 4, 302, 340 paraboloid, 1, 272–274; 2, 14 vertical, 4, 328 focal length, 26, 26 umbrella-type, 4, 97, 333 patterns, 3, 126 mattress, 1, 274 and aperture illumination, 12, 169- measurements, equipment, 12, 593–613 199 feed pattern, 12, 557-573 aPParent, dome effect on, 12, 526 techniques, 12, 543–592 conical scanning, SCR-584, 20, 367 metal-lens, 19, 386 distortion by radome, 12, 524-526 bandwidth, 12, 48-410 function, 13, 27-31, 116, 437-440, microwave, 3, 13&l 33; 14, 3 482, 589, 629 circuit relations, reciprocity theo- gain determination by integration, rems, 12, 16–60 11, 914 radiation from current distributions, H-plane, 12, 103 12, 61-106 measurements, 11, 898-915 minimum-scattering, 8, 329-333 intensity, 11, -907 10 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Antenna, patterns, parameters, 11, 898 Antenna, shaped-beam, line snurces for, phase, center of, 11,900 12, 495-497 primary, 12, 12 secondary-pattern measurement, 12, intensity measurements, 12, 561– 579 564 shipborne, 26, 1M9 line-source, 12,570-572 beamwidth, vertical, 26, 132 for point-source feeds, 12, 557–570 installation problems, 12, 511 siting apparatus, 12, 560 Laran, 4, 342 recorder, automatic, 12, 60%613 stabilization, 26, 463-472 secondary, 12, 12, 169, 175-180 forsurface search, 12,467 phase-error effects, 12, 186191 sideband energy, 4, 310 symmetrical, 13, 38 size, beamwidth, and wavelength, rela- symmetry irr pattern-propagation tion between, 2, 14 factor, 13,38 stabilization (see Stab~ization, an- synthesis by linear array, 12, 279- tenna) 284 strip reflector, 12, 484 testing apparatus, 26,445 submarine, 26, 132 pedestal, 1,271 ;4,65; 26,8, 115 surface, for air search, 12, 465 pencil-beam, 12,413–450 T-network, 4, 305, 306 cross polarization, 12, 419, 423 temperature of, 1,32; 16, 12; 24, 105 gain, 12, 423-432 top loading, 4, 334 H-plane patterns, 12,422-423, 433- transmitting, balloon-supported, 4, 437 329-336 equivalent-circuit, 12, 37–40 impedance correction, 12, 443–448 low-frequency, Loran, 4, 330, 338 pillbox, 12, 459-464 steel mast, 4, 325 impedance correction, 12, 463 tower, 4, 332 polyrod, 1,278 tripole, S, 130 pyramidal horn, gain, 12,587 variable beam shape, 12, 508–509 Q, 4,301, 308, 320 wave, 4, 301 radar, 1, 271–280; 2, 155–160, 194 wind resistance, 12, 45o, 453 equation, 1, 271–272 Yagi, 1,277 mechanical construction, 1, 279-280 Anticlutter circuits, 1, 460;2, 197 search and height-finding, on single Anticollision radar devices,2, 128–131 mount, 2, 221 Anticyclone, Pacific, 13,262 for radar , 1,713-719 subtropical, 13, 261 filter for, 1, 720 Anticyclonic conditions, 13,347 radiation by, 8, 317–333 Anti-icing, 26, 425 reactance networks, 4, 304 fluid, 26, 131 reactance slope, 4, 318 Antijamming, 1,457-460 receiving, equivalent circuit, 12, 40-45 Loran, 4, 234 pattern, 12, 4 Antimony ae addition agent, semicon- resonant frequency, 4, 317, 322 ductor, 15,67 scanning, 12,513–521 Antirattle clip, 23, 255 rolled parallel-plate, 1, 304 Anti-Stokes lines, 13,73 scattering by, 6, 317–333; 11, 899 Eckersley modes, 13,84 Schwarzschild, 1,29S298; 26,55+1 Anti-TR (see ATR) SCI height finder, 1,298-302 Aperture, angular, 12,416 secondary pattern measurements, 12, blocking, effects of, 12,190-192 574-592 cavity, ‘7, 500 shaped-beam, 12, 465–509 circular, 12, 192–195 INDEX 11

Aperture, circular, rectangular guide, 10, ARO (automatic range only) radar, 194 Mark H, 20, 342, 345 coupling, 16, 160 Midget, 20, 342 concentric coaxial guides, 10, 377– range system, 20, 342 378 ARP (autofocus radar projector), !4, 340 contiguous rectangular guidee, E- Array, binomiaI, 12, 269 plane, 10, 375-376 broadband-normal-tiing, 12, 331-333 H-plane, 10, 379-3S0 broadside, 12, 318-333; 26, 186 e5ciency, 12, 178 beacon, 26, 162 equivalent circuit, two, 6, 174 binomial illumination, 12, 269 far-zone region, 12, 172 gabled illumination, 12, 269 -field distributions, moments of, 12, 184 gain, 12, 271–274 separable, 12, 182 maximum gain conditions, la 270, -field method for reflectors, 12, 158-160 271 gain, maximum, 12, 177, 178 remnant, 12, 321–327 gain function, 12, 162 corrugated coaxial line, 1, 303 near-zone region, 12, 170 designs, nonresonant, 12, 328-333 rectangular, in rectangular guide, 10, dipole, 26, 186 193 element, longitudinally polarized, 12, uniformly illuminated, 12, 18G182 302, 309, 312 relations, optimum angular, 12, 424 slot-fed dipole as, 12, 284-286 treatment of radiation, from horns, 12, SIOtSSS, 12, 291–301 357 streamlined, longitudinally polar- ized, 12, 312 from waveguides, 12, 334-336 transversely polarized, 12,310,311 Apollonia, 4, 32 tridipole radiator as, 12, 304, 305 Apparatus design, check list, 21, 688–689 waveguide radiators as, 12, 301-303, heat-dissipation problems, 21, 674 329 minimum weight, 21, 680 end 6re, 26, 161 specifications, 21, 668 design, 12, 316-318 subassembly, 21, 701–704 gain, 12, 277-278 Applegate diagram, 7, 204, 272-273, 395 factor, 12, 260 Approach, final, control in, 2, 306-310 free space, capacitive posts, 10, 285- instrument, standard, 2, 291 286 system, 2, 227–232 capacitive strips, 10, 280-284 beacon (see BABS) inductive posts, 10, 286-289 GCA (se. GCA) inductive strips, 10, 284-285 A-and-R-scope (see A/R-scope) horn, 12, 319 A/R scope, 1, 166; 20, 76, 89, 231-238; linear, 3, 130; 12, 312-318; 26, 83, 161 21, 617-626; 22, 17, 275-288 pattern synthesis by, 12, 279-284 Arc power (see TR tube) phase-reversal techniques, 12, 321 Arc-sine sums, 10, 415-420 polynomial associated with, 12, 261- Arc-suppressing circuite for relays, 17,489 264 Arc-width control, beacon, 3, 71 polyrod radiator, 1, 303 Arithmetic (circuit) operations, 21,32-63 semi-infinite plane, E-plane, 10, 289– Arms resolver, 20, 418, 438 292 Armor for r-f cable, 17, 23 H-plane, 10, 195, 292-295 ARO (automatic range only) radar, 20, Tcbebyscheff, 12, 282-284 275, 317, 342-348 uniform, 12, 264–267 electrical system, 20, 342–348 uniformly illuminated, 12, 267–269 Mark I, 20, 342 ASB, homing radar, 1, 197 12 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

A-scope, 1, 164; 2, 30; 14, 417; 20, 215; ATR, , at low power levels, 14, 22, 17 115-138 design, 1, 524-528 Iow-Q, 14, 127-128 display, 22, 26 series mount, 14, 117 focus, 24, 211-222 shunt mount, 14, 119 presentation, 2, 31 and TR, distance between, 14, 288 in British CMH system, 20, 238-243 tuning, 14, 284 kpect function, target., 1, 88 tube, 1, 407; 23, 7 Assembly of random scatterers, 1S, 551, 1B35, 14, 134, 135, 138, 240, 244, 554 248, 249 average echo, 19, 58&59 1, 699–700 1B36, 14, 134, 135, 137, 248, 249 coherence of scattering, 1S, 601, 699- 1B37, 14, 134, 135, 138, 248, 249 706 1B44, 14, 134, 136, 248 frequency sensitivity of echo, 19, 529 1B52, 14, 116, 134, 136, 248 theory of fluctuation, 19, 553 1B53, 14, 134, 248 Astable circuit as waveform generator, 1B56, 14, 134, 248 19, 162 1B57, 14, 134, 248 Astable multivibrator (s.. Multivibrator) branching loss, 14, 277, 292, 322, 427 ASV Mark II, 1, 196 fixed-tuned, 14, 134 A-sweep, 22, 17 impedance meiwurements, 14, 397 Asymptotic expansion of Airy integral, life, 14, 142 19, 150 low-Q, equivalent circuits, 14, 398 Asymptotic representations of solution high-power characteristics, 14, 248 of wave equation, 13, 70, 75–77, 92- production testing, 14, 402 95, 98, 101, 105, 110 reversible mount, 14, 402 A timer, Loran, 4, 199 recovery-time measurements, 14,423 Atmosphere, pressure, and temperature Attention interval, operator, 24, 233 vs. altitude, table, 26, 163 Attenuation, atmospheric (see Absorp- Atmospheric absorption (see Absorption, tion, radio-wave) radio-wave) by atmospheric gases (see Absorption, Atmospheric inhomogeneities, caused by radio-wave) echo fluctuations, 13, 53 1–535 band, microwave filter, 9, 557 meteorological evidence, 19, 267–27 1, Tchchyschcff behavior in, 9,593-597 533, 595, 603 cable, table, 11, 701 producing radar echo, 1S, 594,600-604, calibration with absolute power mess-. 700, 703 urcmcnt, 11, 838–841 wavelength dependence of resulting coaxial line, 9, 25 transmission instability, 13, 534 constant (see also Absorption, coeffi- Atmospheric waves, 1S, 346 cient, radio-wave) 8, 18; 11, 3, Atomic nucleus, 22, 612 682, 686 ATR, cavity, loaded-Q, 14, 118 circular wavcguirles, E-modes, 10, 67 susccptancc, 14, 118 clouds or fog, 1S, 24, 672–673, 677, circuits, fixed-tuned, branching loss, 682 14, 292 coaxial wavegu ides, 10, 73–79 multiple, duplexers with, 14, 308 conical waveguides, dominant E- wideband, double tuning, 14, 317 mode, 10, 99 switch, 1, 7, 407-411; 16, 10 due to losses in metallic guide walls, 3-cm wide-range, 14,”132 10, 24 coaxial, 14, 132 E-mode in arbitrary uniform guide duplexing loss, 14, 279 with dissipative metallic walls, 10, equivalent circuits, 14, 115 24 INDEX 13

Attenuation, constant, for ice and snow, Attenuation, standard cables, 9, 268 z 13, 687-688 standards, calibration, 11, 832–838 measurement, 11, 822 secondary, calibration, 11, 84 1–848 parallel plate guide, 10, 64 very small, measurement of, 11, 821- plane waves in free space, 10, 87 824 rain, anomalous values, at 1.25 cm, and voltage standing-wave-ratio chart, 1S, 691-692 11, 820 raindrops, 13, 678–685 waveguide, 1, 405 waveguide, 10, 18 measurement, 11, 804–853 rectangular, 10, 57, 60, 61 Attenuator, 4, 68, 207, 212, 213, 229, cross-, 16, 194195, 284 258, 259, 265, 26!3, 271, 272; 16, 93, definitions, 11, 67%682 314; 23, 324, 325, 329 dielectric, 9, 27, 50 l-cm, 3-cm, IO-cm band, 11, 925 direct-coupling, through 721A TR 24,600 Mc/scc, 11, 716-718 cavities, 14, 57 calibration by noise generator, 16, 713 TR tube, 14, 13, 24, 55 coaxial, cable as, 11, 743–745, 762 dissipative, 11, 681 carbon-coated, 11, 745–747 flexible cables, 9, 245-247 variable metalized-glass, 11, 769–774 frequency sensitivity, 11, 683 cutoff, 11, 685–719; 16, 196, 374 function, 9, 555; 1S, 122, 126, 161, 3-cm-band TE,,-mode, 11, 715 168-174 equivalent circuit, 11, 700 as function of wavelength in coaxial- input impedance, 11, 696–700 line attenuators, 11, 764, 766 mode purity, 11, 687-689 at harmonic frequencies, TR switch, principles, 11, 685-687 14, 412 with 7’MO,-mode, 11, 719 in line, change in standing-wave volt- design considerations, 11, 682-685 age ratio resulting from, 11, 702 dissipative, 11, 720 low-level signal caused by keep-alive double-vane, 11, 785 discharge, 14, 209 6xed, adjustment, 11, 850 measurement, 11, 804-853 TMX-81 PB, 11, 782 with Ballantine voltmeter, 11, 806 flap, 11, 748 with i-f standard attenuator, 11, 812 helical-spring r-f contacts, 11, 714 sources of error, 11, 824-832 impedance matching in, 11, 700-707 by standing waves, 11, 816-821 inserta, evaporation chamber, 11, 760 substitution method, 11, 80%816 loop-coupled TE,,-mode, 11, 689 with bridge, 11, 813 metalized-glass, precision, 11, 751–799 with two-slotted sections, 11, 805 micrometer, 16, 275 metals and alloys, 9, 12o microwave, 11, 679-803 within meteorological echoes, 1S, 613- Model O, 11, 709 615 Model S, 11, 710 microwave cable, 11, 744 Model T, 11, 709 of by atmosphere (see ako pads (see Pads) Absorption, radio-wave), 1, 58 power dividers, 11, 799-803 -phase analysis, servo, 26, 163 production calibration, 11, 848-853 and phase diagrams, construction and pulsed, as computer, 21, 50 interpretation, 26, 171 for reflection reduction, 11, 573 phase relationships, servo, 26, 169-196 resistive, 11, 720-799 phase shifter, 19, 496 general laboratory, 11, 743-751 plated conductors, 9, 128 reparation of undesirable modes, 11, reflective, 11, 681 689-4393 in sheets, 26, 221 sliding-vane, 14, 383 14 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Attenuator, standard, coaxial, 11,763 Axis, pedestal, cross-traverse, 26, 114 waveguidemetalized glaea, 11, 836 level, 26, 111 step, 22, 157 train, 26, 105 compensated, 18, 94 Ayrton-Perry winding inductance, 17, 86 switch, 14, 349 Azimuth, accuracy, 2, 12 TMX-81 PB,11,782 chopping, 3, 90 TPK 35/PB/40, 11, 786 discrimination, 3, 466 TPS15, 11, 707 -elevation indication, 22, 22 vane, 11, 749; 16, 285 mark circuit, 21, 182, 189 variable, ~-in.-line, 11, 770 markers, 2, 148 ~-in.-line, 11, 771 -pulse removal, 1, 695 l-em-band, 11,786 ratio, 12, 304 calibration, for signal generators, 11, resolution, 2, 12 851 and bcamwidth of antenna, 2, 14 cam drive, 11, 784 stabilization, 2, 149 coaxial-line, matching, 11, 772 methods of, 2, 159 waveguide, 23, 282 requirements, 2, 158 3000Mc/see, 11,707-715 roll, 2, 160 9000 Me/see, 11, 715 sweep, reverse, 22, 393 fixed, 11,747 torque tube, 26, 76 variable, 11, 748-751 construction, 11, 78+790 B performance, ll,79&799 Audio-frequency spectrometers, 1S, 562, Babinet’s principle, 8,28-30, 256; 12, 167 576 BABS (beacon approach system), 2,232- Aural detection (see Detection, aural) 237 Aural methods of interpretation, S, 226 airborne reception and indication, 2, Aural null, DF, 4, 3 234 Aural perception, 24, 23 ground responder beacons, 2, 233 Auroral zone propagation,4, 146 interrogation, 2, 233 Austin-Cohen formrrla, 13,2,3 L-scope localizer presentation, 2, 234 Autocorrelation function, 26,273 system, American 200-Mc, L-scope pre- Automatic 6ight control, C-1, 21,397 sentation, 2, 235 Automatic frequency control (see AFC) British, indicator, 2, 235 Automatic gain stabilization (AGS) cir- Back-bias (AGC), 1, 459; 23, 249 cuits, 2S, 56$567 Back+f-thedish system, 1, 419 Automatic plotting boards, Imran, & 105 Back-lobe interference, 12, 428, 435 Automatic shutoff circuits, 22, 13%144, Back-resistance meter, 16, 100, 113 440, 450, 462 Back-scattering, coefficient, 12, 468 Automatic synchronizer, Loran, 4, 67 croe9 section, 13, 33 Automatic target selection, 20, 325-337 Backlash, antenna mechanism, 26, 138 Automatic volume control, Loran, 4,217, Backswing voltage pulse., 6, 43, 45, 50, 240 79, 88, 146, 154, 261, 509, 551, 569 Autoeyn, 1, 487; 20, 394; 21, 365; 22, 185; Bag-molding technique, radome, 26, 372, 26, 9.167, 234 375 Autatrn~fo~er, 21, 48 Bakelite, dielectric constanta, 26, 409 circuits, 23, 103 loss tangents, 26, 409 variable, 21, 521 Baflistic computer, 20, 142 Average-current meter, 6, 701-706 AN/APA-30, 20, 247 Axie, perktal, cross-elevation, 26, 115 BaUistic function in vacuum, mechaniza- cross-level, 26, 111 tion, 27, 286–299 INDEX 15

Balsa wood for radomes, 26, 379 Bar linkage (computer), mechanical Bandpass, filter, electronic, 18, 384 features, 27, 28 maximally flat, 16, 279 multipliers, 27, 37–40, 250-283 TR tubes (see also TR tubes), 14, 67- accuracy, 27, 39 114 error, 27, 37–40 Bandwidth, 3-db, amplifiers and receiv- with one degree of freedom, 27, 34–36 ers, 23, 81 residual error, 27, 32 antenna, 4, 307, 317 straight-line motion by, 27, 29 cascaded stages, 1, 446-448 with two degrees of freedom, 27, 37–40, considerations, 23, 157 223-249 dielectric lens, 12, 398 as substitute for threedimensional radar receiver, 1, 444 cam, 27, 37 large fractional, double-tuned circuits, Barrel field, CRT, 22, 313 23, 172 Barrel stave, reflector, 26, 157 metal-plate lens, 12, 408–4 10 Barretter, 11, 81-83, 156-171 microwave circuit, 9, 96–99 -amplifier combinations, 11, 171–175 noise, 23, 81 demodulation, 11, 166 receiver (see Recei\rerbandwidtb) direct-reading bridges for, 11, 169-171 requirements preceding limiter, 23, 221 mount, 11, 175–179 small fractional, double-tuned circuits, theory of operation, 11, 161–169 23, 170 Barrier, atmospheric, 13, 76 space-charge tube, 7, 151 nonstandard layer as, 13, 168 switching with inverse-feedback pairs, layer, semiconductor, capacitance, (see 18, 258 also Semiconductor), 16, 75–77 transitional coupling, 23, 108 formation and structure, 16, 7W77 video, 23, 213 Bartlett’s bisection network theorem, 9, Bank angle, 26, 164 556 Bar linkage (computer) (see also Linkage; Baseline, Loran, 13, 53, 56, 59, 62, 70, 71, Three-bar linkage), 27, 5, 27-42 86, 96, 99, 102 adder, 27, 37 Batteries, 17, 399–401 accuracy, 27, 41 life, dry, vs. current, 17, 400 error, 27, 37, 41, 42 as regulator reference element, 21, 494 structural, 27, 41 Beacon, 1, 27, 243–270; 2, 3&43, 257; advantages, 27, 32–33 3, 1-7; 4, 7; 16,23, 190,223,231,287, backlash, !27, 21, 27, 33 295; 20, 33 vs. camoids, 27, 23 3-cm, 3, 12, 24 characteristics, 27, 32-33 10-cm, 3, 12 compared with cams, 27, 33 AFC (see AFC, beacon) compared with integrates, 27, 27 air-to-air systems, 3, 22 complex, 27, 4&42 air-to-surface systems, 3, 20 concepts, 27, 43-57 a~horne, 1, 246; 2, 25&258; 3, 12–14, definition, 27, 27 408-419 design, 27, 31-32 frequency choice, 3, 70 dimensional constants, 27, 31-32 installation, 3, 45%458 disadvantages, 27, 33 maintenance, 3, 456–458 divider, 27, 40 maximum and minimum range, 2, efficiency, 27, 28 257 error, 27, 27, 28, 31–33, 37, 41, 42 operation, 3, 456-458 frictional losses, 27, 28, 32 AN/APN-3, 3, 426 history, 27, 2%31 AN/APN-19, 3, 77, 359, 408-419 inertia, 27, 33 power supply, 3, 330 16 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Beaeon, AN/APS-10, 9, 398-4oo Beacon, ground-based, special appli. beacon-radar presentation, 8, 381 cations, 2, 121 AN/CPN-2, 3, 426 ground-to-ground systems, S, 23 AN/cPN-6, 3, 400 with ground radar, 1, 609 power supply, 3, 324-327 housing, S, 442; 26, 457, 460 AN/CPN-8, monitor, S, 332 how used, 3, 17–24 antenna (see Antenna, beacon) identification, S, 19, 30 AN/UPN-1, 3, 358 installation, 9, 437–472 AN/UPN-2, power supply, 9, 327 interaction of components, 9, 343 AN/UPN-3, 3, 405 interrogation, 1, 252–264; 2, 361 AN/uPN-4, 3, 405 coding (see also Coding), 1, 263; 3, power supply, 3, 328 83-89, 180-203 application, 2, 37 frequency, 1, 263 approach system (see BABS) multiple-pulse, 1, 263; S, 367 arc-width control, S, 71 pulse length, 1, 263 art, first principles, S, 28 S1OW,3, 89 azimuth width of reply, 1, 256 two-frequency, 1, 263; 8, 367 block diagram, 9, &7 side-lobe, 1, 257 CCB, S, 77 interrogator (see also Interrogator- characteristics, S, 26, 29 responsor), S, 4, 6, 386 code distinguishability, S, 91 lightweight, 3, 40$408 coding, 1, 2(X+265; S, 83-103 maintenance, 3, 437–472 interrogation, 1, 263-264 manual tuning aid, 16, 342 range, 2, 37; 3, 91–93 marine radar, 2, 322–324 reply, S, 89-97, 204-220 mixers, 16, 190 reply-frequency, 9, 74 mobile, installation, maintenance, op- response, 9, 20&220 eration, S, 458-472 comparison with other navigational modulator, 8, 237–255 aids, 3, 2*26 monitors, S, 332, 339–341, 457 coverage, mapping, 3, 439 mutual triggering interference, S, 116 decoder, S, 6 navigation, 2, 117–121 delay, S, 101, 152, 344, 379 omnidirectional, 2, 51; 20, 36 density, 8, 105 British, 20, 400, 41&416 , design, S, 123-361 operation, 9, 437472 distinguishable, number of, 8, 92 radar design for, S, 365–384 drift station, 3, 429 operational check, 3, 445 duplexer, 9, 139-144 overinterrogation, 1, 265 elements, 12, 303–309 control, S, 107 equipment, 2, 39 overload protection, S, 322 6fament supplies, S, 321 overwater systems, S, 63 tixed-channel operation, 9, 76-79 packaging, S, 357–361 fixed ground, 1, 248 pressurized, 3, 359 frequency saaignmenta, S, 73-82 splash-proof, S, 359 frequency choice, 1, 260; 8, 29, 63-73 waterproof, 8, 359 functions, 8, 18-20 performance, charts, S, 257-259 future developments, 2, 40 check, 8, 446452 ground, cost, 2, 189 testing, 8, 332-341 frequency choice, 8, 69 personnel requirements, S, 456 heavy, S, 437-452 phsae shifter, S, 148 lightweight, 3, 10-12 portable, 1, 249; 8, 453-472 site, choice, 8, 437-442 power+ontrol circuits, 8, 322-332 INDEX 17

Beacon, power-saving circuits, 3, 324 Beacon, swept-frequency, 1, 262 protection against interference, 3, 352- synthesis, 3, 342–361 356 systems, 2, 42 -radar presentation, simultaneous, PPI, airborne, used with ground radar, 3, 3, 381 408-419 radome designs (see also Radome), 12, crossband, choice of frequency, 3, 540 70-73 range, accuracy, S, 379 ground, used with airborne radar calculations, 3, 59–62 for air navigation, 3, 398-408 coding, 3, 91–93 microwave bands for, 3, 76 considerations, 3, 27–41 navigation, precision, Shoran, 3, equation, 3, 31–33, 38–41, 66 426–433 error, 3, 472 shore, used with ship interrogator- -only systems, 3, 63 responsor, 3, 419–426 performance, 1, 254 surface, 3, 464–472 requirements, 3, 30-41 surface-to-surface, 3, 23 rate station, 3, 429 sweeping-frequency, 3, 73 receiver (see Receiver, beacon) types, 3, 20-24 relay, 3, 22 typical, 3, 398-433 reply coding, 1, 264 voice-modulation, 3, 232–236 gap, range, and width coding, 1, 264 resolving time, 3, 86 test equipment, 3, 332-339, 447 responder, 3, 6 traffic capacity, 1, 265-268; 3, 104,221, response, for heavy traffic, 3, 110 403 for light traffic, 3, 109 interrogation and reeponse links, 3, link, 3, 5 104, 106 saturation, 8, 106 trafic considerations, 3, 104-119 loss, 3, 35 transmitter, 2, 36; 3, 256–312 omnidirectional, 3, 64-66 dummy load, 3, 148 probability of, 3, 108-114 frequency, 2, 40 spurious, 3, 118 triode (see Oscillator, transmitting r-f channeling, 3, 160 triode) sensitivityy, 3, 150, 174 triggering by noise, 3, 348, 352–354 separate-band, 2, 42 tuner, 16, 225, 234 ship-to-shore systems, 3, 23 unsynchronized replies, 1, 268 shipborne, 3, 59 uses, 3, 1–26 frequency choice, 3, 69 for communication, 1, 244, 264-265 installation and maintenance, 3, vibration, 3, 360 452-455 Bead, dielectric, 11, 11 shore, 3, 19 Teflon, 9, 257 signals, distinguishability from radar 4alf-wavelength, 9, 162 signals, 3, 93 supports, 9, 155-170 unsynchronized, interference, 3, 118 thin, 9, 158 site choice, 3, 437-442 three-section, 9, 165 %nne, ~ 4 undercut, 9, 163 special provisions for, in radar, 9, 40 Beam, angular distortion, 26, 252 statistical considerations, 1, 265-270 beavertail, 12, 377, 478 stealing, 3, 105, 42JI broadside, 12, 267-274 stretch-amplitude compensation, 8, 194 deviation factor, 12, 488 ~ppreeaion of unwanted triggering, S, end-fire, 18, 274-278 354-356 fan, 1, 22, 274-277; 26, 30 18 RADI.4TION LABORATORY SERIES

Beam, fanned, 12,7 Bias, cathode, amplifier, 16, 353 applications, 12, 450 cutoff, 304TH, 6, 100 flexure of, 26,383 5D21, 5, 100 gap, klystron (see Klystron) fixed, 18, 358 low-altitude, 12, 484 screen, 18, 359 omnidirectional, 12, 6 voltage, and transconductance, cor- pencil, 12,7 relation between, 18, 290 sector-shaped, 12, 475 Biased diode, 5, 32, 231, 527 shape, choice for radar, 1, 60&604 Biconical horn, 12, 9 variable, 12, 50%509 Bifurcation, coaxial-line, 10, 369–372 shaped, applications, 12, 46S468 E-plane, 10, 112, 160 cut paraboloid for, 12,477–483,487– rectangular guides, E-plane, 10, 353– 491 355, 38G383 cylindrical reflectors for, 12, 494-497 H-plane, 10, 172, 302-307, 362, requirements, 12, 465–468 383-386 shaping by obstacles in horn and wavc- Bilinear modified-index prolile, “19, 140- guide apertures, 12,380-383 174 toroidal, 12,6 Bilinear N-profiles, examples, 19, 143 Beamwidth, affecting sea echo, 13, 483- Bipolar charts, 12, 33–36 485, 491 Birds, echoes from, 1S, 595 vs. aperture illumination, 12, 179, 183 Bisection theorem, 6, 110; 10, 128 187, 195 Bistable, as waveform generator, 19, 162 Bearing measurement, 2,9 Bistable multivibrator (see Multivibra- Bearing transmission circuit for ship tor) navigation radar, 2, 34 Black-body radiation by clouds and earth, 13, 254 Bearings, generator and motor, 17, 367- Blackout effects, amplifier, 18, 329, 330; 370, 412 23, 187 Bellows, flexible, 9,288-291 Blanking gate, prdsc coder, 3, 206 Belt cam, 27, 2&21 Blind-landing system, bolometer, 2, 228 Bc4t differential, 27, 10 Blind speed, 24, 334 Beryllium as addition agent, semicon- MTI, 1, 65&654 ductor, 16,67 Blink, blinker, blinking (see Loran) Beryllium copper, sliding contacts, 9, 119 Blister, 12, 512 Bessel functions, 10,32 Block-diagram design, computer, 21, 12, half-order, 10,52 177 rnth-order, 10, 66 Blocking condenser, lighthouse-tube, 7, roots, 8, 41; 11, 299 164 table, 8, 247 Blocking oscillator (see ako Oscillator), Beth&hole coupler, 8, 313; 11, 858-866 driver, 5, 124-132 Betting curve, 24, 150, 182 , design, 5, 543–547 calculation, 24, 171 Blooming, CRT, 22, 35 width, 24, 173 Blow-in, waveguide window, 6, 489 Bevel-gear differential, 27, &7 Blower engineering, 21, 677 B-H iOOp,d-c, 6, 612 Blumlein pulser circuit, 6, 465-468 idealized, 6,633 Bolometer, 2, 228; 11, 81-83; 12, 549, and acturd pulse, 5, 627 555, 601, 604; 16, 19; 18, 715-717; pulse, 5, 612, 641, 643 28,334 B-H oscillograms, for a-c charging trans- a-f rwponse, 11, 100-103 formers, 5, 403, 405, 406 bridges, temperature compensation, 11, for d-c charging reactor, 6, 369, 370 103-105 INDEX 19

Bolometer, metalized-glses, 11, 184-187 Boxcars, peak value, 24, 258 Boltzmarm’s constant, 18, 503, 517, 620, spectrum, theoretical derivation, 24, 695 273-278 Bombardment, corpuscular, propagation, Brakes, magnetic, on motors, 17,390-391 4, 144 Branch, in coaxial lines, 8, 193-195 meteoric, propagation, 4, 133 cute, 1s, 66, 109 Bombing systems, S, 14-20 network, 6, 85 Bootstrap, cathode-follower linear-sweep points, 6, 85; 19, 66, 109 generator, 19, 258 servo, 26, 135 circuit, 19, 35 Branching loss (ATR), 14, 322, 427 double integrator, 20, 386 with available ATR tubes, 14, 322 driver (see also Driver, bootstrap), S, factor, 14, 277 120-124, 138 for fixed-tuned ATR circuits, 14, 292 integrators, 19, 662; 20, 302, 303 for general T-junction, 14, 323 linear-sawtooth generator, 20, 151, 358 Brazing, alloys, 6, 664-667 self-gating, 20, 347 magnetron, 6, 662-670 linear-eweep generator, 19, 267-278 precision, 6, 670 modulator, 4, 281 problems, 6, 670 self-gating linear-sawtooth generator, Breakdown, field strength and pressure, 20, 347 relation between, 9, 237 time-modulation circuit, 20, 128 power, dependence, on pulse width, 9, triangle generator, 20, 125-131 235 Boron es addition agent, semiconductor, on repetition rate, 9, 236 16, 67 effect of radioactive cobalt, 9, 232 for use as crystal , 16, 7 of 7’MOl-transitions, 9, 405 Boundaries, land-water, 2, 90 voltage (see Voltage breakdown ) Boundary conditions, cathode, magne- Brewster angle, 12, 402; 1S, 399; 26, 289, tron, 6, 257 296 at earth’s surface, 13, 58, 62-64, 111- Bridge (see also specific types of bridges), 112 admittance, 16, 80, 367–372 for meteorological quantities, 1S, amplification (voltage regulator), 21, 201, 255 532 simplified, 1S, 140 bolometer, 11, 103-105 general formulation, radiation theory, circuit, 11, 84–89; 21, 25, 35, 124 12, 66-68 microwave, 10, 128 at imlnity, 12, 84–86; 1S, 71, 76 operation of thermistor in, 11, 84, at media boundary, 6, 12 97-100, 169-171:14, 405 for scattering problems, 12, 130-132 crystaf oscillator, 4, 239 statistical nature, 1S, 430, 527 direc&reading, 11, 84, 169-171 for targets, 19, 445, 448, 454, 456, 458, impedance (see Impedance, bridge) 462, 476 log, 21, 124 for trapped modee, 13, 78 methods for arithmetic operations, 21, Boundary error in correlation function, 56 1S, 57G572 oscillators, 19, 115-123 Boundary friction, 1S, 221 sensitivity, 11, 86 Boundary-value problem, electromag- speed-feedback, servo, 25, 214 netic-, 10, 101 T, eymmetricaf, 25, 12.3 Box horns, 12, 377-380 TBX-lBR, 11, 446, 552 Boxcars, 24, 257 thermistor, 11, 84, 97–100, 169-171; average value, 24, 258 14, 405 generator, 2% 2S eelf-balancing, 11, 127-130 20 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Bridge, transconductarme, 21, 532, 570 Bunching, parameter, 7, 205, 215-224, W-, 11, 118-123 228, 243, 292, 313, 314, 320 Wien, 18, 384, 386; 19, 116; 20, 70, 139 equivalent, 7, 277 X-, 11, 123-127 X, 7, 241, 304 Bridged-T networks, 18,384, 385; 19, 116 X’, equivalent, 7, 273 Bright band from snow echoes, 19.620 and space charge, 7, 380–382 Brillouin steady state, 8, 245 time, equivalent, 7, 374, 375–382 British , 8, 8 13urnout, crystal (see CrystsJ burnout) Broadband matching, with coaxinl stubs, Bushings (see Transformers, bushings) 9, 332-335 Butndicne-acrylonitrile copolymer, 26, with wavcguide iris, 9, 322–331 37!3 Broadband stub support, 8, 194 Butterfly circuit, 7, 174 Broadband T-stub, 14, 266 Buttons and dents, capacitive, wavc- Broadbanding, microwave apparntus, 8, guide, 9, 215–217 203-206 Broken-line characteristic, nonlimmr ele- ment, 19, 41 Brownian movement, 18, 497 Cable, attmruntion, i:hlc, 11, 701 Brushes, 17, 365-367, 414, 424-425 beaded, 9, 243 antenna mount, 28, 78 coaxial (we Cozxial cnble; Line) high-altitude, for rotating machines, 1, flexible, attenuation, 9, 245-247 561 high-impedance, 19, 748 Brute-force circuit, video amplifier, 23, high-power, 9, 252 523 impedance, chnmctcristic, 6, 670 B-scan, 22, 384 matching, 6, 164, 671, 677 distortion, 22, 385 jacketing materials, 9, 247 B-scope, 1, 171; 2, 35; S, 37; 22, 227 and leads, introduction into receivers, design, 1, 528-532 23, 256 dieplay, 22, 26 10SSY,14, 378 electrostatic, 1, 528 low-power, 9, 248-252 magnetic, 1, 528 connectors, 9, 256–259 systems using J-scope with, 20, 243- microwave, 11, 9 246 properties and delay lines, 5, 689 typical, 22, 386 r-f, 17, 15-32 B timer, Loran, 4, 199, 201 air-spaced dielectric in, 17, 22 Buffer, Loran transmitter, 4, 296 armor for, 17, 23 Buffering, lin-log amplifier, 29, 587 metal-braid, 17, 22 Buildup, magnetron starting, 8, 357, 372 Army-Navy standard, list, 9, 269 Q for, 6,365, 374 attenuation, 17, 17–19, 25-27 time m, flter, 25, 142 capacitance, 17, 17–20, 24 Bullet, coaxial-line, 9, 151 center conductor, 17, 16–21 Bunching, 7,11,35, 201–247, 449-452; 11, connectors, 9, 270 24, 25 high-attenuation, 17, 21, 26 angle, 7, 221 Klgh-impedance, 17, 27-32 effective, 7, 317 delay in, 17, 27-32 cascade, 7, 229, 240--245, 393 design methods, 17, 27-31 harmonic, 7, 281 RG-65/U, 17, 31-32 influence of reflector field, 7, 373-383 impedance, 17, 17–19, 24-25, 26-31 optimum, 7, 240, 261–263, 270, 287- jacket, 17, 23 289, 290-291, 294 primary insulation, 17,21-22 INDEX 21

Cable, r-f, re&tance, ta extreme temper- Capacitive gap, coaxiaf lime termination, atures, 17, 23-24 10, 178 to moisture and solvents, 17, 24 Capacitive tuning slug, 1% 43 standard, characteriatiea, 17, 17-19, (s- do Cmdeneem), phaee- 24-27 shift, Loran, ~ 199, 203, 207, 219 voltage rating, 17, 17–19, 27 synchro, 17, 314, 325-328 solid dielectric, 9, 243 Capacity, coupling, transmission-line, 9, standard, attenuation, 9, 268 100-114 Cabling to eliminate noise, 3,351 equivalent, magnetron anode, 6, 108 Calculus, as circuit operation, !41,64-89 variability, effect on amplifiers, 18, Heaviside, 21, 229 292–295 Calibration markers, Loran, 4, 205 Carbon-pile, centrifugal governor, 17,430 Calibrator, Model III, 20, 87-89 inverter regulator, 21, 545 range (see Range calibrator) voltage regulator, 1, 566-570; 3, 320; range circuit, 21, 617 17, 430, 446-451 ; 21, 522, 545 Calorimeter for measuring lose, 11, 582 Carbon (see Resistors, composi- Camoids, accuracy, 27, 23 tion) vs. bar linkages, 27, 23 Carrier, content, constant-output circuit, friction, 27, 23 19, 510 precision, 27, 23 switch demodulator, 19, 520 Campbell’s loaded-line formrdaa, 12,313- demodulation, 22, 128 316 frequency-modulated, 19, 716 Cams, 21, 55, 59; 27, 2, 4, 19-23 high-frequency, 19, 461 belt, 27, 20-21 sinusoidal, use of synchros with, 19,444 compensated, 27, 21-23 spectrum, 24, 5, 14 compared with bar linkages, 27, 33, 37 Cartridge, crystal, 15, 15-20 cylindrical, 27, 20 assembly and adjustment, 16, 323– definition, 27, 19 328 linkage, 27, 34 ceramic, 16, 16, 17, 323–326 plane, 27, 19 coaxial, 15, 17, 326–328 backlash, 27, 19 germanium , 15, 369-372 self-locking, 27, 19 parts, 16, 322 space, 21, 59 pigtail, 16, 18 squaring, 27, 21–23 resistor, 16, 287 threedimensional, 27, 23, 37 standard-impedance, 16, 270 Capacitance (seeaZ.soCapacitor; Capacity; Cmcode amplifier, 16, 440 Condensers), of barrier, 16, 7S77 Cssting, centrifugal, 9, 122 crystal, 16, 53, 92 die, 9, 122 distributed, transformer winding, 6, lost-wax method, 9, 122 507, 516-522, 537; 17, 124, 141- precision, 9, 122 145 Cat-mouse courses, S, 15 fringing, 6, 464 Cat station, 3, 15 i-f, 16, 129 Catalyst wash, 26, 382 interwinding, in transformers, 17, 12+ Cathode, -anode short circuit, magne- 125, 144 tron, test for, 6, 736 network, 6, 84 bias, 18, 353 strip, effect of, in electromagnetic delay cathode-ray tube, 22, 44, 58 lines, 17, 198-203 degeneration, 16, 401 variable, as transducers, 19, 428 drift, compensation, 19, 333 voltage divider, 5, 673-675 emission, pulsed-tube, 7, 191 X-cut crystal, 17, 220 emitting area, 22, 51 22 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Cathode, feedback, 18, 336, 351 Cathode follower, as feedback amplifier, tlicker effect, 18, 588 23, 91 follower (we Cathode follower) input admittance, 2S, 83 -grid region, space-charge tube, 7, 104 input capacity, 22, 116 as input terminal, 18, 441 input resistance, 22, 116 interception of electrons, klystron, 7, operating conditions, 22, 118 396 output voltage, 16, 431 -lens system, 22, 44 overshoot, 22, 359 loading, 22, 51 pentode, 16, 436 ‘Wetron, 6, 11, 23, 378, 411, 503-539 probe, 21, 586 back bombardment, 6, 285 radar receiver, 1, 494 boundary condition, 6, 257 Cathode-ray tubes, 2, 26; 16, 410; 22, breakdown temperature, 6, 529 2-6, 39-92 construction, 6, 665-667 acceleration, pcmtdeflection, 22, 65 -current density, 6, 440 accelerator electron gun, 22, 60 diameter, ratio to anode diameter, 6, as amplitude selector, 20, 220 105 barrel field, 22, 313 emission phenomena, 6, 5tX-519 basing table, 22, 727 end-mounted, 6, 411, 530 beam, convergence, 22, 53 end shields, 6, 537 current, grid-bias relations, 22, 48 heat balance, 6, 412, 519-537 divergence, 22, 52, 83 helical-shape, 6, 796 bias, cutoff, 22, 82 -lead 10SS,6, 728, 729 grid, 22, 48 localized deterioration, 6, 762 blanking, 22, 82, 159 ohmic loss in, 6, 524 blooming, 22, 35 overheated, 6, 738 cathode loading, 22, 51 pulsed, thermal behavior, 6, 520 central-electrode, radial-deflection radial-mounted, 6, 411, 529 type, 3DP1, 22, 70 radiator, 6, 781 characteristics, table, 22, 722–730 radius, 6, 440 circuit techniques, 22, 111–183 secondary-emtilon, 6, 411 circular sweep, 21, 579 size, 6, 23 contrsst, filter, 22, 561 sparking, 6, 413 gradient, 22, 35, 648 steps, 6, 758 Iiminal, 22, 647 temperature, cbaracterietics for 2J42, crossover, 22, 46 6, 528 current density, 22, 53, 55 range, 6, 412 cutoff voltage, 22, 722 thorium oxide, 6, 534, 692 dark-trace, 1, 22o peaking, 16, 90 projection of, 22, 578 pulsing, 9, 289 deflection (see ako Deflecting coils; -ray tubes (see Cathod~ray tubes) Deflecting fields), characteristics, resistor, 16, 90 22, 66 temperature, 18, 419-421 defocusing, 22, 54, 102, 312 unipotential, 16, 421 efficiency, 22, 306-308 virtual, 7, 157 electrostatic, 1, 476; 22, 3, 62–65 Cathode follower, 16, 107, 348; 20, 130; factor, 22, 64, 309, 723 21, 531; 22, 114-11!3, 359 magnetic, 1, 477; 22, 3 d-c, 16, 430 -modulated, pulse amplifier for, 18, differential, 16, 454 109 diode switch, 22,365 push-pull, 22, 76 driver, 6, 121, 125 sensitivity, 22, 64, 308, 723 INDEX 23

Cathod&ray tubea, deflection, cyst.ems, Cathoderay tubes, off-centering, 22, 103, 21,578 429, 466, 483 theory, 22, 303-306 COil,22, 429-431, 484 delay circuits, 22, 262, 272, 279-282 control, 22, 444 development of, 21, 577 mount for, 22, 552 diapersion, 22, 35 permanent-magnet, 22, 412–419 diSp1ily13,19, 387 optimum resolution, 22, 606 demodulation by, 19, 539-543 overlays, 22, 558-560 intensity-modulated, 2* 238-252 parameters, spot size affected by, 22, projection, 1, 219 601-606 electrostatic, 22, 4, 57–77 pattern rotation, 22, 94, 344, 345 focusing, 1, 476; 22, 44 persistence, intermediate, 22, 609, 653 tube mounts, 22, 540 phosphors, 22, 609 tifters, 21, 578; 22, 56&564 photography, 21, 578 flabfaced, pattern distortions, 22, 33% -pip generator, 3, 217 342 projection, 22, 89, 576–589 focus coils (see Focus CO&) indicator, 22, 57%584 focus magnet (see Focus magnet) of televised display, 22, 577 grid, control or modulating, 22, 59 as radar indicator, 1, 475-4so drive, 22, 49 radial-deflection, 22, 70 skirt, 22, 59 resolution, 22, 34 guns (we Electron gun) screens, 1, 479–483; 21, 578; 22, 4, 609 high-intensity, 22, 72 absorptance, 22, 620 intensifier, 22, 65 buifdup, 22, 6, 32 intensity-modulated, pulse amplifier supernormal, 1, 482; 22, 34 for, 18, 111; 19, 717; 22, 6, 246, 384; 24, 23%252 cascade, 1, 480; 22, 5 ion spot, 22, 44, 94 characteristics, table, 22, 728 dark-trace, 1, 483; 22, 6, 664-699 jump, 22, 345–347 light output, 22, 723 deexcitation, 22, 638 liminal contrast, 22, 647 long-persistence, 1, 480; 22, 609, 626 limiting apertures, 22, 86 materials, 22, 610; 24, 23G232 line-width, characteristic, 22, 69 multiple-layer, 22, 610 measurement, 22, 723 P7, components, luminance char- splitting, 22, 347–351 acteristics, 22, 646 luminance, 22, 659 filters, 22, 562 characteristics, P7 components, 22, persistent, 22, 626, 653 646 short-persistence, 22, 643, 609 level, 22, 609 single-layer, comparison to cascade, luminescence, 22, 609, 617 22, 655 short-time, 22, 648 special, properties, 22, 658-664 magnetic, 22, 77–92 sulfide, double-layer, 22, 645-658 tixed-coil mounts, 22, 541–545 superproportionality, 22, 625, 651 focusing, 1, 476 transmittance, 22, 620-623 operating conditions, 22, 91 triple-component, 22, 658 pattern distortion, 22, 338–355 two-color, 22, 661 mean potential adjustment, 22, 75 wavelength, dominant, 22, 659 measurements, manual, 20, 176-274 spot, equivalent rise time, 18, 79 modulation characteristic, 22, 723 sise, 22, 34, 55, 97, 59G608 mounts, 22, 539, 540 affected by various parameters, multigun, 21, 588; 22, 71 22, 601-606 24 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Cathode-ray tubea, spot, size, meaaurb Cavity, design, typical, 7, 188 ment methods, 2!2, 723 with dielectrics, 8, 390-393 double-pulse, 22, 592 direct-coupled, 9, 661-666 microscope, 22, 591 61tere using, 9, 666-873 miscellaneous, 22, 599 dissipation in, 9, 672 polka-dot-raster, 22, 597 equivalent circuit, 6,289,293,297-299, shrinking-raster, 22, 594 311, 330; 14, 29, 386, 388 sweeps, delayed, 1, 522 excitation, 7, 90 “tails,” 22, 108 excited in more than one mode, 9, 673– test pattern, 22, 723 677 transfer characteristic, 22, 67, 80 61ter, 11,377 types, 1, 483 formed by shunt reactance, 8, 182-186 ultrahigh-frequency, 22, 73 H-plane mounted, 14, 119 voltage, blanking, 22, 92 irii-coupled, coaxial duplexer with, 14, cutoff, 22, 722 337 focus, 22, 723 &/4-coupled, 9, 683-686 Catwhieker, 15, 316-323; 23, 11 length measurements, absorption fabrication, 15, 316-322 method, 6, 704 for low-level detectors, 16, 359 loaded-Q, 14, 368 materials, 15, 316 loop-coupled, equivalent circuit, 8, mounting, 15, 321 218-225 point forming, 16, 318-320 losses, 14, 16 shape, 16, 320 lossless, impedance, 7, 406 thermal resistance, 16, 243, 245 measurement conditions, standard, 11, Cauer’s extension of Foster’s theorem, 6, 393 194 microwave, 3, 301 Cavity, for 1B23 tube, 14, 41 normal mode fields, 11, 293–308 bandwidth, 8, 239; 11, 291 oscillator, 707B, 11, 250 beacon-reference, 11, 377 padding, 16, 219-223 breakdown, 6, 641 parameters, determination, 7, 410 capacitively loaded, 8, 274; 9, 687 partial-coaxial, 11, 377-379 with change in height, 8, 275–277 phase of standing wave from, 14, 387 characteristics, distortion, approximate precision reference, 18, 342 correction, 9, 672 Q, 14,30, 388 as circuit element, 11, 286–293 Q-meter, 11,396-403, 447 circuits, 16, 34 radial-line, 7, 72 circulating current, 7, 32 reaction, 18, 218 coaxial-line, 7, 72; 8, 273; 14, 45 rectangular, behaving as double-tuned comparator, 11, 403–407, 446 filter, 9, 675 TFU-lRL, 11, 406 reentrant, 9, 301, 304–311; 7, 71 containing dielectric materials, 11, 307 cathode-tuned, 3, 311 coupling, 11, 286, 33C&342; 14, 31, 33, chokes, 9, 304 49, 385 cylindrical, 9, 683 to coaxial line, 14, 50 plate-tuned, 3, 304 equivalent circuit, 8, 208; 11, 286, reference, 3, 337; 7, 24; 18, 228, 261- 289 264 with two emergent transmission resonant, 1, 405-407; 6, 773; 8, 207– lines, 8, 234-239 239; 10, 89; 11, 390-392 two-line, transmission through, 11, frequency, 7, 86 289 optimum coupling, 14, 31 cylindrical, 8, 48 voltage transformation ratio, 14, 21 , INDEX 25

Cavity, reaonatom (da &o Reaonat.ora)j cellulose acetate, for radomes, 26,379 6, 290; 7, 7, 70 Cement reaorcinol-formaldehyde, 26, ~ as circuit elements, 9, 646-653 383 deeign, 9, 653-661 rubber-base, 26, 284 direct-coupled, fih.ere using, 9, 645- Centering, display, 22,411, 477 677 Centibel (radiance unit), 22, 623 equivalent eircuita, 9, 647 Central-1imit theorem, 2446 insertion lose, 9, 654 CH (see Home chain) rectangular, 9, 656 Chaff (see also Clutter; Echoes), 1, 82; reentrant cylindrical, 9, 66CI 1S, 550; 24124, 137 shunt conductance, 7, 76, 88, 280 echo fluctuations, 1S, 551, 572-575 shunt-mounted, 14, 120 fist probability distribution, 24, 137 shunt resistance, equivalent, 1417 frequency spectrum, 1S, 57>575; 24s side, magnetron, 6, 49 138 spherical, 10, 96 mean spread in velocity, 18, 574 stabilization, 6, 747, 758, 769, 773, 790 voltage correlation function, 19, 667 standard, 24,000 Mc/eec, 11, 383 Chain, Loran, 4, 55 external temperature compensation, star, Gee, 4, 80 11,386-390 Channel, Loran, 4, 70, 347 humidity effects, 11, 384, 3W392 signal radar receiver, 1, 434 temperature, 11, 384-390 switching, 8, 161 temperature-compensated, 11, 384 width and data-handling capacity, TE,,,-mode, 11, 325, 379-382 Hartley law, 3, 97-99 hybrid, 11, 382-384 Chapman distribution, free electrons, ~ TF8-10, 11, 377 127 TR (see TR cavity) Characteristic diagram, vapor prezeure- transmission, 16, 215, 220 temperature, 13, 184, 189, 191, 200- tuning, 6, 583, 758, 773 203, 236, 300 with two loop-coupled lines, represen- characteristic impedance, line (seeLine) tation of, 6, 237 mode, 10, 8 with two pairs of terminals, equivalent Characteristic valuea, for bilinear N-pro- circuit of, 9, 650 lile, 13, 146, 162 use to reduce local-oscillator noise, i6, for first mode, 13, 161 245-249 for large values of g and .s = + W, very high-Q, 11, 344) 13, 171 very low-Q, 11, 339 methods for calculating, 1S, 146 wavelength measurements, transmis for s nearly unity, 13, 163 sion method, 6, 702 trapped modes, 1S, 75 Cayley-Hamilton’s matrix theorem, ~ Charge, conservation of, 7,205-207,215 410 Charge density, 7, 123 Celcure, impregnant, 26, 61 Charging, storage condenser (see a.ko A-c Cells, computer, 27, 3, 6, 40 charging; D-c charging; Full-cycle additive (see Additive cells) charging; Half-cycle charging; In- bar-linkage, 27, 41 ductance charging; Resonant charg- cams (see Cams) ing), 5, 51-69 integrators (see Integrators) Charging circuits, pulser, miscellaneous, linear, 27, 6 6, 414-416 linkage, 27, 40 Charging cycle, pulse transformer, 6,358 multipliers (see Multipliers) Charging inductance, pulser, 6,355,361, resolvers, 27, 15–19 455, 467, 483, 526-530 Weston, 21, 495 Charging period, puleer, 5,384 26 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Charging reaetor, 5,356-360 Circuit, element, multivariable, 19,40 core, maturation, 6,364,370 nonlinear, 19, 10 design, 6,372-380 halo-loop, magnetron output, 6, 191 COd,6,372 merit, propagation, ~ 124 linearity, 6,366 general, filter, 9, 543 Charging voltage, forward, pulser m- phenomena at high frequencies, baeic, urernent, 6, 690, 692 7, 70-94 Chart, Loran, 2, 73; ~ 31,443,55,97, 102, scale-of-two (8sJ2Scale-of-two circuit) 104, 109, 154, 170-194, 406 Circular waveguide (SW Waveguide) matching (sss al-so Navigation, ship, cities, radar features, 2, 91-96 euperposition), 2, 333 radar eignals from, 1, 101 accuracy obtainable, 2, 344 Clamp, circuits, 22, 128-132; 2S, 414 equipment, 2, 335 diode, 11, 238 indicator requirements for, 2, 350 electronic switch, 1, 503-508 suggested improvement, 2, 351 filter, 26, 245-246 projector, radar, 1, 215 four-diode, 22, 476 Check, pre6ight, beacon, 8, 457 one-way, 22, 128 Chemical processes used in magnetron rwistance, 22, 129 construction, 6, 674676 triode, 22, 129 Chemical reaervoire, TR tube, l% 219 two-diode, 22, 131 Choke, coupling, tranemiseion-line, 9, two-triode, 22, 131 1(X)-114 two-way, 22, 131, 475 waveguide, design details, 9, 202 two-way four-diode, 22, 131 flush, 14, 333 Clapeyron’s equation, 13, 183, 279 dipole, 12,242, 243, 245 Clipper, diode, 18, 129 filter, inductance vs. weight, 17, 129 Clipping factor, 24, 356 optimum air-gap ratio, 17, 128 Close control by FDP (forward dwector -6ange couplings, circular-groove, 9, post), 1, 232-240 19>199 junctions, waveguide, open, 9, 291- Clutch, magnetic, 21, 393, 404 294 acceleration considerations, 21, 395 motor, 17, 390-392 harmonic, 16, 17+178 iron-sore, design, 17, 12&130 Clutter (se. also Chaff; Echoes), 1, 124 joints, coaxial-line, 8, 196 126; 2A 297-298 magnetron, 6, 483 echoes, de6nition, 13, 550 on waveguide, 8, 197 fluctuations, 13, 550-587 quarter-wave sections as, 1, 397 Gaussian distribution, 19, 555 reentrant cavity, S, 304 measuring techniques, 19, 562–571 resonant-charging, 17, 129 experimental techniques, 24, 132–137 muffing, Loran, 4, 283 fluctuations, 23, 582 split, waveguide, 14, 333, 334 internal, 1, 642-644 swinging, 21, 521 measured values, 1, 643 waveguide, 26, 166, 188 when radar is moving, 1, 657-658 Chromium copper, sliding contact, 9, 119 foliage, 13, 584 Circle diagram, line (see also Smith frequency spectrum, 1S, 558 impedance chart), 10, 11 ground, 19, 551; 16, 300; 24, 142; 26, Circuit, efficiency, q., 6, 407 94, 250 magnetron, 6, 36, 181, 185, 421, 626, 6rst-probability distributions, 19, 717 582-583 element, electron stream se, 6,291-297 fluctuations, 1S, 551-553, 582-587 linear, 19, 8, 40 frequency spectra, 13, 582-587 INDEX 27

Clutter, ground, moving and stationary Coaxial, cable, transition, one line to targets, 1S, 552, 582 another, 9, 305-314 -noiee, 1, 651 matching techniques, 9, 317–336 origin and description, 24, 124-125 to waveguide, 1, 403; 6, 485; 9, PPI, 8,91-93 314-361 rain, 1, 81 tubing for, 9, 115-119 saturation, reducing, 24, 303-323 tuners, 9, 460-481 sea, removal by sensitivity time con- tuning, 6, 746 trol, 2, 372 cavity, l% 45 CMH, height finder, 1, 188 connectors (see Connectors) A-mope presentation in, 20, 238-243 coupling section, magnetron output, 6, Coatings for power-type -wound 483 resistors, 17, 74-76 junctions, 14, 265 (haxial, cable, 1, 393-398; 7, 7; 11, 11- line (see cable, abave) 13; 12, 217–226; 26, 6, 166 output circuit, magnetron, 6, 169, 191, 50-ohm, 9, ]49 482 attenuation, 9, 25 power-carrying capacity, maximum, bifurcation, 10, 369–372 9, 145, 147 E-plane, 10, 112, 160 power divider, 14, 414 bullet, 9, 15I resonator, 11, 303 caacade transformers in, 12, 221–223 T-junction with broadband trans- characteristics, 9, 23–29, 150 former, 14, 268 choke, 6, 11 T’S, 11, 527 choke joints, 8, 196 -type mixer, 1, 417 connector, 11, 13 universal joint, 9, 414 adapters for, 9, 259, 261, 273 waveguide (see Waveguide) contacts, sliding, 9, 119 wavemeter, 11, 32LW322 coupling for, 1, 396; 9, 15&155 Code, color, for composition resistora, 17, coupling to circular guide, 10, 174 37-38 diecontinuities, 9, 18+188 distinguishability, beacon, S, 91 durability, 9, 254-256 group, multiple-pulse, 20, 400 factors in choice of dimensions, 9, legibility, 9, 92, 377 144150 reply, number of, 3, 94–97 flexible, 9, 243-273 Coded operation, magnetron, in beacon, impedance, 9, 183 3, 262 infinite center conductor, 10, 208 Coder, S, 6 * motional joints, 9, 407–4 16, 44fE455 combined pulse-width and pulse-spac- parallel stubs, 12, 223-225 ing, 3, 219 radiating into half space, 10, 213 for equally spaced pulses, 9, 208-210 resonances, 9, 253 low-power, S, 217 rigid, 11, 923 pulse, 9, ~6-217 rotary joint for, 1, 396 blanking-gate, 3, 206 series reactance transformer, 12, 225 multiple-response, 9, 206–210 , 9, 528–533 pulse-spacing, 3, 21(Y217 tapers, 9, 305-311 pulse-width, 8, 206 TEM-mode, 12, 217-219 -pulser combinations, 8, 218 termination by capacitive gap, 10, radar, 20, 451 178 response, 3, 204–220 transformer sections “between, 9, single-pulse, S, 206 311-314 triple-pulse, 1, 686 28 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Coding (ax nlao Beacon, interrogation Coil, tunable, 18, 295 coding), 3, 6, 83-103 unity-coupled, 18, 196 by amplitude modulation, S, 94 ~incidence, circuit, 4, 210; 19,364 mmbined prdee-width and pule~spac- detection, 16, 344 ing, 8, 96 tube, 16, 342, 345, 347 and data tranamiasion, 9, 100 Cold fronta, 1S, 263 delay, Loran, ~ 57, 102, 204 echoes from, 18, 23, 630-632 effectiveneae of, 1, 688 from radar echoes, 2, 32o frequency, 2, 41 Color code for composition resistore, 17, interrogation, 1, 263; S, 83-S9, 180-203 37-38 multiple-pulse, 8, 367 Column vectors, matrix, 8, 87 EdOW,s, 89 Coma lobes, 12, 488 parameters, 9, 85-89 Combined plan and height systems, 1, reply, S, 89 192 pip, S, 96 Cbmmon-mode signal, 19, 58, 340, 359 pllk, 1, 686; 6, 131, 486 timmunication, beacon, 9, 221-236 pulse-width, 2, 41; 8, 88 properties, S, 97-100 radar, 2, 40 by blinking, Loran, 4, 252, 256 range, beacon, 2, 37; 8, 91–93 pulse, S, 221–236 reply, beacon, S, 89-97, 204–220 Commutated signal in automatic track- frequency, 8, 74 ing, 26, 293 =Ponse, beacon, S, 89-97, 204-220 Comparators, amplifiers for, 19, 335- space, 2, 41 338 Coherence, ways of producing, between amplitude (see Amplitude comparator) echo signals and reference signal, 1, blocking+scillator, 19, 342 63.9638 double-triode, 20, 116, 118 Coherent scattering, from assemblies of cathode-coupled, 20, 11&l 18 random scatterers, 18,601-607, 699- multiar, 20, 114-116; 124, 356 706 multivibrator, 19, 341 magnitude, from drops, 1S, 600, 605- regenerative amplitude, 20, 356 607 SCR-268, 20, 135-137 Coherent systems, 24, 329 sine-wave, 19, 343-350 Coho (coherent oscillator), 1, 632; 20, 11; two-way, 19, 348 29, 579 amplitude, 29, 588 Comparison, circuit, balanced, 21, 549 voltage regulator, 21, 51 1–519 . locking, 29, 606 moving, 23, 610 cc circuit operation, 19, 42 output, 2S, 609 C%mpass, Gyro Fluxgate, 21, 365 signal, addition of, 2S, 583, 597 radio, 2, 46, 53; 8, 25 stability, 29, 609 C’ampensated belt cam, 27, 21-23 Coil, bifilar, 18, 196 Compensating differential, 27, 16 deflection (see Deflection coils) Compensation theorem, network, 8,92 duolaterally wound, 5, 554 Complementary identification of param- Helmholtz, 20, 137 eter and variable, 27, 49 low, contribution to amplifier noise, Complex radar targeta, 1, 73, 75-81 18, 649 Component, characteristics, for wave- material, pulse transformers, 6, 648- form generators, 20, 50-62 660 for computer, 27, 4 pretuned, 18, 295-297. solver, 27, 2, 26 vs. tunable, 18, 295 tolerances, amplifier, 18, 400 relay, 17, 474-479 variability of, 18, 390 INDEX 29

Composite waveguide structures, 10, Computer, elements, 21, 5-8 387-413 ENIAC, 21, 40 Composition resistors (see Resistors, equalizing network, 26, 221, 223 composition) equatione, rearrangement, 21, 14 Compound targets, 1, 73, 81 errors, 21, 21-23, 186; 27, 2, 4 Compreeeion, dynamic-range, 20, 496 cancellation, 21, 24 Computation, Loran, methods, 4, 177- explicit analogue, 21, 15 180 general comments, 21, 3–5 speed, 21, 9, 130 geometric, 26, 117 Computational errors, 27, 201 ideaf functional, 27, 43 Computer, accuracy, 21, 22; 27, 1, 4, 166 input parameters, 27, 10, 19, 44, 45 airborne navigation, 21, 172 linkages (see Linkage) analog, 21, 3–214 loading, 21, 130 analytic, 26, 117 mechanical constraint, 26, 118 bail, 26, 117 as mechanization of equation, 27, 3 ballistic, 20, 142 navigational, 21, 173–190 AN/APA-30, 20, 247 operation speed, 21, 25 constraint linkage in, 27, 297–299 output parameters, 27, 11, 19, 44, 45 bar-linkage multipliers, 27, 25(L283 performance analysis, 21, 185 cells (see Cells, computer) power-dissipation reduction, 21, 26, 27 component solver, 27, 26 power supply, 21, 24, 25 components for, 27, 4 precision, 21, 22 constraint, 26, 117 pulee digital, 21, 40 constructive, 26, 118 radar, stabilization, 26, 117–128, 217 continuously acting, 27, 1 trainer, 21, 172 crank, 27, 27 Radiation Laboratory, 26, 128 dead-reckoning, 1, 215 reference voltages, 21, 24, 25 design, 21, 11-31, 172-212; 27, 2-5 regular mechanism, 27, 45 analytical method, 27, 3 restricted parameters, 27, 280, 282 block-diagram, 21, 12, 177 scale factors, 21, 130, 184; 27, 61 constructive method, 27, 2 input, 27, 51 error, 27, 2, 4, 223 output, 27, 51 function generators with two degreea screw differential, 27, 11 of freedom, 27, 284-304) stability, 21, 25 linkage, combinations, 27, 166-222 structural error reduction, 27, 199, 207 harmonic-transformer, 27,58-106 terminals, 27, 43–44 three-bar (see abo Three-bar link- crank, 27, 44 ages), 27, 107–165 input, 27, 11, 43 with two degrees of freedom, 27, linear, 27, 46 223-249 output, 27, 11, 43-44 differential-equation solvere, 27, 1–2 slide, 27, 44 component solvers, 27, 2, 26 travel, 27, 45 integrators, 27, 2 tolerances, 21, 21-23 planimeter, 27, 2 types, 21, 5-8; 27, 1-2 speedometers, 27, 2 use of servomechanisms, 21, 23 digital vs. analogue, 21, 6 weight reduction, 21, 26, 27 dimensional conatanta, 27, 32 working model, 27, 5 variations of, !?7, 201, 2J35 Condensers (see do Capacitor), 21, 56, driver, 21, 180 105, 369 EDVAC, 21, 40 3-phaee, 4phaee, 19, 494 elementary (SW cells) absorption, 21, 68 30 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Condensers, bypass, cathode, 18, 368 Cone of silence, 3, 41, 58 series-resonant, 18, 273 Cone-cylinder combination as multiply- calculation of load-tuning, 18, 728–729 ing device, 21, 55, 120 charging (see also Charging; Storage Conformal mapping, 10, 154 condenser), 6, 51-69 Conical regions, waveguide, 10, 53 coupling, 22, 112 Conical scan, 1, 188, 205; 3, 56; 20, 367, CV-I 1 sweep, 22, 216 368 D-150734 4-phase, 19, 494 antenna pattern, SCR-584, 20, 367 discharging, 6, 25-51 Conical waveguide (see Waveguide) electrolytic, 18, 348 Connector, coaxial, 11, 13 cc energy reservoir, 5, 21–23 adapters for, 9, 273 leakage, 21, 82 assembly, convention to be followed linear-sweep, commercial, 17, 305-309 in, 9, 153 method of data transmission, 22, 398 for cables for low power, 9, 256-259 modulator, 21, 516 high-power, to rigid lines, 9, 26&267 use of, 19, 457 HN, 9, 260 phaae-shifting, 17, 288-298; 19, 492- polarized, 9, 151 496; 21, 105, 370 Polyglas, 9, 267 accuracy of phase shift, 17, 296 ptdse-transformer, 5, 654 construction, 19, 494 r-f cable, 9, 270 mechanical design, 17, 296–298 Teflon, 9, 259 resolved-time-base, applications, 22, type N, 1, 397; 9, 256–259; 11, 9 217 UHF, 11, 10 PPI, 22, 218 unpolarized, 9, 153 sinecosine, 22, 452 Constant-current circuits, 18, 431, 432, sinusoidal, 22, 218, 472 437 sweep, 17, 308-309 Constant-current elements, voltage regu- soaking, 21, 68 lator, 21, 501 stability, 19, 475 Construction techniques, microwave com- swee~canning, 17, 298-309 ponents, 9, 121–124 tachometers, 21, 37o timing, 19, 167 Contact, bounce, 17, 471, 512, 514 variable, 17, 288-309; 19, 455, 456 10ZZW,transmission-line, 9, 108 as electromechanical modulators, potential, 16, 51–53 22, 212 distributed, 15, 183 . . uniform, 15, 182 ~ Posltlondaktramtiion d~ce, 22, 213 , 17, 255–261 as transducer, 19, 428 pressure, 17, 261 voltage equilibrium, 6, 53, 55 rectifiers, 19, 68–72, 671 Conductance, network, 8, 84; 18, 4 relay, 17, 467–472 shunt, cavity, 7, 76, 8S, 280 materials, 17, 470 Conduction (thermal), 1S, 213, 219 preseurea, 17, 471 Conductivity (thermal), 18,208,209,293 protection, 21, 436 Conductor, attenuation, 9, 50 ratings, 17, 468-470 center, for r-f cable, 17, 16-21 shapes, 17, 471 10ss, 9, 21, 28 special forms, 17, 472, 49&491 minimum, 9, 146, 147 .didiug, coaxial-line, 9, 119 metallic, at microwave frequencies, Contractors, motor, d-c, 17, 504507 skin depth in, 9, 127 Continuous-wave navigation systems, 4, plated, attenuation in, 9, 128 18 stranded, for hook-up wire, 17, 3–4 Continuous-wave signals (seaC-w signals) INDEX 31

Contour, of constant field strength, 19, Converters, 16, 3, 24, 26-28, 44, 56, 119; 130 17, 417-445, 599-610 ; 24, 9 diagram, free-space, 13, 30 Brown (modulator), 19, 402; 20, 361, propagation, 13, 32 447 field strength in surface duct, 13, 178, crystal, 16, 56–66 179 linear-network representation, 16, radome, constant-reflection, 26, 309 59-61 first-order, 26, 295 three-terminal-pair-network repre- reflection, 26, 294, 323 sentation, 16, 61-66 second-order, 26, 295 Loran, 4, 97, 367 zero-order, 26, 295 noise, 24, 108–112 Contrast, CRT, 22, 35 pentagrid, 17, 6CW604, 606 Control, automatic, for engine-driven regenerative, 16, 90, 93 generator sets, 17, 408 rotating, 17, 417–431 -motors, synchro, 17, 321–323 superregenerative, 16, 93 transformer (servo), 17, 314, 319–321, triode-heptode, 17, 60&607 325-326 ; 22, 187; 26, 224 triode-hexode, 17, 605–606 Controllers, photoelectric, 19, 541 tubes, 16, 28; 17, 599–610 scanner, 26, 21 1–213, 216, 218, 220 vibrator (see Power supply, vibrator) servo (see Servo) Convolution theorem, 18, 3, 39 Convection, air, 13, 193, 220, 268, 283 Cook bellows, 9, 290 Convective mixing, 13, 225, 253, 258 Cooling, from below, 13, 220, 228-234, Conversion (frequency) (see also Detec- 251, 254, 300 tion), 16, 4, 111-178; 16, 26; 24, 10 initially stratified air over water, 13, 251 amplification, crystal, 16, 398 microwave-tube, 7, 177 theory, 16, 406-415 by radiation, magnetron, 6, 524 efficiency, 16, 58; 24, 9 Cooling system, constant-temperature, gain, 16, 90 17, 406-407 10ss (see also Crystal conversion 10ss), nocturnal, 13, 221, 253–257 16, 25; 16, 100, 249, 359, 365 Coordinate, bipolar, 21, 167 dependence on image-frequency ter- fixing by beacons, 3, 18 mination, 16, 75-83 integration, spherical, computer de- measurement methods, 16, 101–105 sign, 21, 190-212 amplitude-modulation, 15, 215- nonrectangular, 21, 157 218 oblique, 21, 165 heterodyne, 16, 200-202 polar, 21, 157 impedance, 16, 202–213 rectangular, 21, 157 incremental, 16, 213–21 5 rotation of, 21, 159 Llewelyn, 16, 207 transformation as circuit operation, 21, mechanical-modulation, 16, 218 157-171, 226, 477 Pound, 15, 20&212 Copper, oxygen-free high-conductivity and mixer admittances, 16, 12S152 (OFHC), 6,650, 694,695 special definitions, 16, 128 Coradi harmonic analyzer, 26, 283 test set, l-cm, output circuit, 16,278 Cores, design, d-e charging reactor (we phenomenological theory, 16, 119-152 a.ko Transformer cores), 6, 372 physical theory, 15, 152-170 energy dissipation, 6, 626-630, 660 reciprocity in, 16, 117–118, 124-128, equivalent circuit for pulee-trans- 203, 216 former, 6, 626-633 with subharmonic local oscillator, 15, Hipereil pulse-transformer, 6, 610 114, 170-173 10ss, 17, 149

— — 32 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Cores, performance, techniques for me- Counters, dividers, 20, 102 uring, 6, 639-648 energy storage, 19, 602, 614–628 Corner reflector, 1, 67; 2, 324; 26, 21 methods of introducing feedback into, 4-ft, 2, 330 19, 618 clusters, 2, 326, 328 parallel, 19, 625 dropped from airplane, 2, 112 phantaetron, 19, 624 mounted on life raft, 2, 329 ring, 19, 603, 612-614 square, 2, 325 scale-of-two, 20, 154 triangular, 2, 325 sequence, feedback in, 19, 628 Correlations, between angle of arrival and sequenc~perated, 19, 602 M-prolile, 13, 388 step, gaa-filled tube, 20, 100 function, 24, 37; 25, 273-277; 283-288 , 19, 619 in amplitude, 13, 557, 567–569 Counting se circuit function, 19, 602-628 connection, with frequency spec- Coupler, Bethe-hole, 8, 313; 11,858-866 trum, 13, 559 branched-guide, 11, 866-873 definition, 1S, 556 equivalent circuit, 11, 868 effect of steady signal, 13, 562 coaxiaf, inside-out, 11, 874 finite sample, 13, 566, 568 directional (see ako Coupling), 3, 147; in R, 13, 558 8, 299-301, 437; 9, 229; 11, 522, measurement, 13, 566 800, 854-897, 925 ; 16, 146-150, errors in, 13, 569 201, 301 ; 23, 298 nonstationary signals, 13, 567–569 biplanar, 8, 445-447 normalized, 24, 38 branched-guide, modified, 11, 873 power, 13, 568 equivalent circuit, 11, 855–858 preeence of noise, 13, 559, 566 properties, measurements, 11, 894 and spectral density, relation be- reverse-coupling, 11, 883 tween, 26, 283-288 scattering matrix, 8, 301–303 statistical fluctuations, 13, 568, 569 Schwinger, 11, 885 and velocity distribution of sca& revers~oupling, 8, 312 terers, 19, 556 single-hole, 8, 437–445 matrix, definition, 25.277 slotted-block, for coaxial line, 11,878 between one-way tranemimion and re- theoretical considerations, 11, 891– fraction, Maeeachusette Bay, 13, 894 301-328, 33(5-353 two-hole, 8, 312; 11, 873–879 between radar echoes, and M-pro61es, with two slotc, 11, 876 19, 355-361, 365-368 typee, 11, 850 and on+way transmission, 13, 10, long-slot, 11, 885-890 361, 367 multiplepath, 11, 879-883 and precipitation, 13, 591–592 reciative-loop, 11, 891 and superrefraction, 13,363, 367–373 two-hole, 11, 873-879 Corrosion teste, microwave components, Coupling (ace also Line, coaxial; Wave- 9, 130-132 guide), capacity, transmimion-line, C!osecant-squared coverage, 2, 15 9, 100-114 Coulomb friction, 21, 357 cavity, 11, 266, 330-342; 14, 31, 33, 49, d-c motor, 26, 220,,226 365 Coulomb’s law, 7, 354 channel, equivalent network, 16, 155- Counters, 20, 102 163 blocking-oscillator, 19,621 choke (see Choke coupling) cascaded, feedback in, 19, 626 choke-flange, circular-groove, 9, 193- cascading, 19, 624 199 combinations of, 19, 624-628 coaxial-line, 9, 150-155 INDEX 33

Coupling, coefficient, 11, 487 Coverage, overhead, 3, 128 cavity-to-line, 8, 22S-230 pattern, antenna, 12, 4, 5 maximum, T and r network, 23, 112 and specular reflection from earth, 18, conductive, d-c amplifier, 18, 411 406 contact, waveguide, 9, 193 statistical propertic9, 13, 430 critical, amplifier, 23, 107, 170 target, 1, 5G54 devices, low-Q, 8, 578 wavelength dependence, 13, 406 microwave, 9, 654, 659 Crest factor, alternator waveshape, 1,557 Iilter, high-pace, 23, 467 Critical field, magnetron, 6, 437-439 flexible, 21, 461 Cross attenuation, mixer, 16, 194, 195, i-f, 18, 271 284 irk, 9, 659 Cross-correlation function, definition, 26, resonator, 7, 507 277 load, microwave-tube, 7, 197 Cross modulation, 24, 8 100p, 6, 11, 169; 9, 659 Cross polarization, 12, 423, 579 resistive-stripe, for cutoff attenu- of antennsa, barrel-reflector, 12, 503 ator, 11, 703 fanned-beam, 12, 457 for 2’E,,-mode cutoff attenuator, 11, pencil-beam, 12, 419, 423 703 meamrement, 12, 57%580 magnetic, 9, 354 Cross section, aircraft, 1, 7L%78; 13,470- measurement, 11, 895 472 parameters, 11, 2W antenna, 11, 899; 12, 3, 42 probe, 9, 659 average, for matched system, 12, 50, quarter-wavelengt,b, 9,677-683 51 filters using, 9, 677-706 dependence on antenna mismatch, resonant-slot, 9, 354 12, 51-53 sealing, 9, 140 receiving, 12, 3 sections, frequency sensitivity, 9, 691 corner reflector, 1, 67 segment-fed, 6, 170, 194 cylinder, 1, 66; 13, 458-462 strap-fed, 6, 170, 193 effective receiving, 1, 20 from 7’E,~mode to TE,rmode, 8, 337 flat sheet, 1, 65 transitional, amplifier, 23, 107, 170 interception, 12, 468 bandwidth at, 23, 108 per unit area for sea echo, 13, 483 between transmitter and receiver, 1!2, per unit volume, for echoes from ions, 45-48 13,590, 599, 618-621 waveguide, 9, 19~202, 28%303; 11, for precipitation echoes, 13,590, 596 15, 859 propeller modulation, 1, 76 Course indication, 2, 117 radar (sss Radar, cross section) Course-indicator method of navigation, raindrops, 13, 6H12 2, 119 scattering (see Scattering, cross section) Course lines, para-, 2, 119 segment of sphere, 1, 66; 13, 450, 452- Cberage, antenna, 2, 14 453 beacon, 3, 42, 57, 126–129 ShipS, 1, 80; 13, 472 considerations, S, 57-62 target, 2, 16 coeecant-equared, 2, 15 wavegnide, resonant change in, 8, 189 diagram, GCA antennas, 2,242 Cross-spectral density, detition, 26,279 long-range microwave radar system, Crossbar transitions, coaxial line tQwave- 2, 202 guide, 9, 346-349 distortion by refraction, 1S, %11, 366, Crossing angle, lines of position, ~ 80,83 369, 370, 3?4-385, 427, 473 Crossover, CRT, 22, 46 frequency, 3, 151, 162, 172 statistical analysis, 25, 304 34 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Crystal (see also Semiconductors), ac- Crystal, contact, geometry, ideal, from ceptance testing, 1, 128 point of view of burnout by short back resistance, 1, 413; 16,54, 113,297 pulses, 15,254 back-to-front ratio, 15, 297 long thin, 15, 247 barrier, equivalent circuit, 11, 279 conversion amplification, 15, 398, 406– bias, d-c (see d-c bias, below) 415 voltage, 16, 95, 249, 251 conversion 10ss S (see also Conversion, boundary layer, 11, 279 loss), 23, 18 British red-dot, 16, 8, 91, 99 affected by design, 16, 329 burnout, 3, 176; 14, 151; 16, 236-263; in broadband case, 15, 13G135 16, 96–100, 118, 172-174 effect of parasitic impedances, 16, affected by design, 16, 329 157-163 causes, 15, 236 aa function, of image impedance, 15, continuous d-c power, 16, 256–258 202 harmonic leakage, 16, 238 of image tuning, 15, 212 long pulses, 15, 241-248 of r-f tuning, 16, 232–235 short d-c pulses, 16, 258–260 general expression, 15, 136–140 short pulses, 16, 248–256 image termination effect, 15, 14W definition, 16, 236 148 edge, 16, 253 LO,mixer matched tO Iocal oscillator, electrostatic discharge, 16, 100 15, 133 experiments, 15, 256–263 measurements, 15, 198-218, 227-235 flat and spike, importance of, 16,260 welded~contact rectifier, 15, 403– limitations of standard crystal units, 406 15, 260 production testing methods, 16, 213– 218 temperature at, 16, 257 range of, in production units, 16, testing, 16, 239, 293–300; 16, 111- 32 113 test set, l-cm band, 16, 276-280 field, 15, 297-300 3-cm band, 16, 265–272 with microsecond d-c pulses, 16, l~cm band, 16, 272–276 295 standard, 16, 264-283 simulated spike, 14, 152 converter-type, specifications, 1, 414 spike, 16, 293-295 and crystal holder, 29, 508–515 using circuit for coaxiaf fine, 16, current, 16, 95, 256 293 sensitivity, 16, 335-340, 342 theory, 16, 239-256 memurement, 16, 349-357 voltage-breakdown hypothesis, 16, damage, S, 444 240 d-e bias, 16, 88 calibration, 14380 effect, on figure of merit, 16, 347 capacitance, 16, 53, 92 on low-level properties, 16, 340- cartridge (see Cartridge) 342 c-at whisker (see Catwhkdcer) on mixer crystal, 16, 249-256 checker, 16, 113; 2S, 294 on noise temperature of ger- d<, 16,297 manium rectifiers, 16, 35 fimitatione, 16, 298 on silicon crystal-mixer perform- reliability, 16, 300 ance, 16, 34 conductance, negative, 16, W, 92 d+ characteristic, 16,50, 90 contact, capacitance with voltage, d+ impedance, 16,333 variability of, 16, 398 d-c reaietance, comparison with i-f aa function of time, 15, 248-254 resistance, 16, 41 INDEX 35

Crystal, d-c resistance, measurement, 16, Crystal, holders, for video-crystal testing, 40 variable-tune, in 3-cm band, 15, d-c return, 16, 126 353 delay-line, 17, 221-229 waveguide, 16, 278 absorbing backing, 17, 224225, 227 i-f conductance, negative, 15, 398, active area, 17, 222 401 bandwidth, 17, 220 theory of, 16, 406–415 beam-spread formula, 17, 220 i-f impedance, 16, 4W44 capacitance measurement, 17, 237 effect, of image termination, 16, 148– mounting technique, 17, 222–229 152 thickness, 17, 221–222 on Y-factor, 16, 220 detection, 3, 172-177; 12,549,554,555, measurement, 16, 40 601, 604; 16, 19; !29, 197 i-f resistance, comparison with d-(, deterioration, 16, 99, 114 resistance, 16, 41 dummy, 18, 317; 29, 326 dependence on r-f matching cond i electrical performaxice, deeign consider- tions, 15, 43 ations, 16, 328-330 as function of rectified current, 16, electrolytic pointing, 16, 319 42 electrolytic poliehing process, 15, 318 measurement, 16, 230 etching, 14, 314-316, 369 spread, 16, 42 figure of merit, 15, 239 image impedance, effect on conversion measurement equipment, 16, 355- ]0sS, 16, 202 357 image termination, effect, on conver- video, 16, 344-347 sion loss, 15, 140-148 on i-f impedance, 16, 148-153 forward conductance as function of image tuning, efiect on conversion 10ss, frequency, 16, 378-380 16, 212 forward resistance, 16, 297 impedance, conversion loss, 16, 208 frequency standards, 17, 175-180; 21, 10ss, 15, 203 587 r-f (see r-f impedance, below) accuracy requirements for radar, 17, tester, 15, 383 176 variation with frequency, 16, 39 effect of oscillator circuit on fre- law, calibration, 12, 552-556 quency, 17, 177 local-oscillator level, optimum, 16, 33 mountings, 17, 178–180 loea and noise measurements, 16, 198- resistance, to humidity, 17, 177 235 to-shock and vibration, 17, 177 low-frequency, 19, 109 special quartz cuts, 17, 177–178 properties, 16, 372-378 table, 17, 179 low-level properties, dependence on temperature coefficient, 17, 176 bias, 15, 340-342 use in radar, 17, 176–177 variation with temperature, 15, 342- gate, 14, 406 344 germanium (see Germanium) manufacturing techniques, 16, 301–330 harmonic response, 16, 298 special, for low-level detectors, 16, heat treatment, 15, 91, 314-316, 365 357-360 high-burnout, 15, 8 in meaeurementa (see also tests, below), high-frequency properties, 16,378-389 12, 555, 559, 601, 604 holders, 9, 172; 11, 925; 16, 267 circuit details, 16, 285 for video-crystal testing, &ad-tuned, mechanical shock, 16, 96, 100 16, 351 se microwave noise generator, 16, 195– tunable, 16, 35J 197, 229 36 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Crystal, mixer (see Mixer) Crystal, r-f impedance, affected by de- modulators, 15, 174-178 sign, 16, 328 mounts, 16, 101, 122–126, 171–172, effect of varying r-f power level on, 279-283 15, 39 3-cm and lo-cm bands, 16, 124-128 r-f matching, dependence of i-f resist- balanced mixer, 16, 279-283 ance on, 16, 43 broadband, 16, 281 r-f power, 16, 206 crossbar, 16, 171, 172 second detector, rectification efficiency, inverted, 16, 280 15,388 tunable, 16, 131–134 silicon (see Silicon) fixed, 16, 123, 134-136 special types, development of, 1s, ~–I ] tuning screws, 16, 132 specifications, 16, 100, 114–118 negative-reeistonce, characterietica, 16, JAN, 16, 264 391 comments on, 16, 429 region in hack direction, 1S, 362 spreading resistance, 1, 413; 16, 24, 83; noise, dependence on temperature, 1S, 16, 51, 92 194 of elliptical contact, 1S, 427 figure, 15, 25-30 local, 16, 88 generatore, 2S, 323 stability, 16, 18-20 i-f, 16, 187–195 standard, 16, 201 dependence on excitation fre- calibration, 16, 272 quency, 15, 188 techniques, Loran, 4, 216, 237 and loss measurements, 1S, 198–235 temperature, 7, 473 ratio, 16, 30 equivalent, 16, 618 sources, 16, 186 ratio t., 23, 18 temperature (see Noise temperature) teeta, 16, 100-114 video, 16, 187–195 coupling-circuit, 16, 286 spectrum, 16, 189-194 narrow-band, 16, 222, 225 oscillation, 16, 90 Roberts, 16, 223-225 oscillator (see Oscillator, crystal) equipment, 15, 264-31M output, circuit, 16, 269 modulation-circuit, 16, 268 -meter circuit, 16, 287 preamplifier-circuit, 16, 287 resistance, dynamic, 1S, 333 production methods, kc measure- performance figures, 14, 152 ment, 1S, 213-218 photopeak, 16, 395 r-f components, 16, 277, 285, 290 polizhing, 16, 314-316 adjustment, 18, 289, 276, 279 precautions, handling, 15, 18-20 r-f 61ter, 16, 285 production units, range of conversion r-f oscillator, 16, 273 loss and noise temperature, 1S, 32 tuning, standard fixed, 16, 270 properties, effect of phase of reflected Type B teat set for measuring over- wave at image frequency, 15, 233 all performance of crystaf second protection, 3, 357 detect.mr, 16, 386 gate for, 1$424 Type C teat set for-measuring recti- quartz, 19, 752-755 fication efficiency of crystal second for supersonic crystal transducer, 17, detectore, 15, 388 181-182 tolerances, 16, 114 frequency atandarde, 17, 175-180 transmitting, 20, 135 receiving, 20, 135 types, 23, 512 rectification (a~ Rectification) units, cartridge, properties, 11, 7 representative, 16, 134, 354 video, S, 172–177; 16, 56; !48, 508 r-f impedance, 11, 498; 16, 35-40 characteristic, S, 176 INDEX 37

Cryets.1, viddo, equipment for production Current, waveforms, in inductance, 22, teeting, 15, 352 358 6gure of merit, S, 175; 15,344-347 level-setting, 19,321-324 holder, with single tuning adjust- Crrreors, 20, 178 ment for 1N30 rectifiers, 16, 354 Curve, approximation of, by eegmente, low-temperature performance, 9, 177 19, 315 -video receiver (see Receiver, crystal- fitting, 21, 90-104 video) with linear , 21, 95 welded contacts, 15, 99, 254 for triangle solution, 21, 143 X-cut, capacitance, 17, 220 cutoff, attenuator (see Attenuator, cut- resonant frequency, 17, 219 off) Y-factor, 16, 31 frequency, low-pass filter, 8, 116 as function of i-f impedance, 16, 220 waveguide (see Waveguide) csc~ o pattern, 12, 466, 470, 507 magnetron, 8, 3, 238, 340, 342, 369 C-scan, 22, 384, 401 parameter, 11, 686 c-scope, 1, 173; 22, 401-406 plate current, in grid-controlled tubes, set (z,~), function, 8, 268 19, 73-77 ct (z,y), function, 8, 259 wave number, waveguide, 10, 8 Ct (z,y), function, 8, 259 wavelength, 11, 685; 12, 205 Current, addition, 19, 18, 629-648 circular waveguides, .l?-modee, 10, 67 -balance tube, 22, 438 H-modes, 10, 70 discriminator, 21, 44 coaxial waveguidee, H-modes, 10, 77 saturable-core, 21, 45 higher E-modes, 10, 74 distribution, radiation theory, discon- conical waveguides, dominant E- tinuous, 12, 146-149 mode, 10, 99 far-zone fickle, 12, 87-91 E< and Hi-modes, 10, 88 over reflector, 12, 144-149 elliptical waveguides, fi~~-mode, space-charge tube, 7, 100, 122 10, 83 due to moving charge, 7, 36, 37 parallel-plate waveguide, E-modes, electron, 7, 48 10, 64 exciting, tube, 7, 50, 58, 68, 99, 106 H-modes, 10, 65 -fed network (see Network) radial waveguides, E-type modes, feedback, 22, 363, 436-440 10, 91, 94 generator, 18, 4 H-type modes, 10, 92, 95 longitudinal, waveguide, 9, 51 rectangular waveguide, 8, 35 modes in pulse transformer, 5, 528 E-modes, 10, 57 noise-exciting, ‘1, 106, 112 H-modee, 10, 60 pulse, 5, 175, 176, 666 for TE,~mode between coaxial cyl- amplitude, 5, 69 inders, 8, 42 droop (see Pulse droop) Gw modulation (see Modulation, con- rectangular, 19, 215 tinuous-wave) in copper, 6, 655-658 C-w signals, 24, 3-17 shapes (eee Pulee shape) Fourier analysis, 24, 152 -viewing rcaistors, 5, 676 frequency-modulated, 24, 13-17 regulation (see Voltage regulation) minimum detectable, 24, 150 subtraction, 19, 18, 62’+648 phase-modulated, 24, 17 transformer, 20, 316 C-w systems, frequency-modulated, 20, puleer, 6, 574 398 -viewing resistore, 6, 666 CXAM, radar, 1, 180 waveforms, 19, 317-324 Cycle matching, 20, 11 amplifiers for, 22, 362–370 Loran, 4, 99, 117, 252, 400 38 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Cyclized rubber for radomee, 26,371 Data, tranemtilon, position-, 22, 184- Cyclotron frequency, 6,599 226 OSCihltiODS,6, 3 potentiometers, 1, 487 Cyliider, multiple momenta, 13,461 ra&o, 20, 398-416 parabolic, 12, 457-459 short-distance wire, 20, 391–398 8cattering coefficients, 1S, 469 systems, special, 20, 391–416 Cylindrical cam, 27, 19 varioue, characteristics, 20, 399 cylindrical-gear differential, 27,7 variable condensers, 1, 489 backlash, 27, 7 variable transformers, 1, 487 friction, 27, 7 transmitter, angle, 1, 486492 Cylindrical rack, 27, 10 D-c charging, current from nonlinear Cylindrical refleetor, 1,276 charging reactor, 5, 365 general analyeie, 6, 356-363 D lim+type puleer, 5,356-380 reactor design, 6, 37%380 J-function, 18, 23 practical, 5, 364-372 Dampere, oscillation, 21,332-341 voltage for, 6, 362, 365 Damping resistors, synchro, 22, 382 D-c hystereaie loop (see a.!so B-H loop), Dark-trace screens, 1, 483; 22,6,664-699 6, 600, 605 Dark-trace tube, 1, 220 D-e resolvers, 21, 110 Darlimgt.on pulser circuit, 5, 464 supplies (sss Power supply) Data, grouped, or periodically inter- D-c resonance charging, puke network, S, rupted, tracking on, 20, 378 243 -handling capacity and channel width, D-e restoration, 18, 96-98; 19,11, 55; 22, 3, 97-99 112, 113 high-prectilon, methods for using, 3, D-e restorer (see obo Level setting), 1, 102 503; 2S, 227, 230-232 input devicee, 21, 362-374 heater-to-cathode hum, 18, 96 measurement, 21, 461 D-c servo motors, 25, 103 time-derivative, 21, 370 Debunching (sss Klystron) intermittent, 20, 28, 29 Debye formula for dielectric constant. aided tracking with, 20, 247-251 i$ 609, 643, 652, 675 multiscale, 21, 27 Decay, phosphorescent, !22, 632 output devices, 21, 362–374 Decay laws, 22, 632 measurement, 21, 461 Decca, 2, 76; 4, 13; 20, 34 time-derivative, 21, 370 Decibel-log frequency diagrams, 21, 271, precise, 9, 100-103 304 representation, 21, 28, 29, 60 Decibel phase-margin diagram, 21, 310 discrimination with other typee, 21, Deck-tilt correction, antenna, 26, 108, 48 463-468 single-scale, 21, 27 Decoder, 19, 366; 20, 426, 454 smoothing, 21, 25 beacon, S, 6 in servo loop, 21, 347 double-pulse, 3, 195-199 stabilization, 1, 311–312 multiple-pulse, 9, 199-201 tranemiceion, 1, 283; S, 97-103; 21, pulse, S, 84 372; 26, 167, 212, 223-225 storage, 9, 84 beacon, systems, 9, 99 trigger, S, 84 and coding, 8, 100 triple-pulse, 1, 687 condenser method, 22, 398 Decoding circuits, synchronizing-pulse, phase for, 20, 393 20, 426-429 photoel~tric-mechanical, 22, 221 Decrement meaeurementa, 11, 340-342 INDEX 39

Deflecting fields, magnetic, defectc in, Degeneration, cathode, 28,465 22,312-314 d-c, 29, 100 methods of producing, 22, 314-316 Deicing, 26, 425 square iron-core coil, 22, 316 Delay, absolute, Loran, 4, 52, 56, 96 Deflection characteristic, CRT, 22, 66 beacon, S, 101, 152, 344 Deflection roils, 1, 477; 22, 3, 303-337, correction for, 9, 379 356-359 and cancellation of recurrent wave air-core, 22, 330, 712–718 trains, 20, 471–525 with distributed windings, 22, 333 circuits, CRT, 22, 262, 272, 27%282 with iron return path, 22, 334 coding, ~ 57, 102, 204 with lumped windinge, 22, 330 device, supersonic, 19, 751-765 two-axis, 22, 334 intentional, 9, 347 balanced winding, 22, 32o interrogator, 9, 102 bearings, 22, 546 line, 6, 133, 158; 20, 475-487 characteristic, 22, 713 attenuation, 1, 670 circuit constants, measurement, 22, and cable properties, 6, 689 325-329 characteristic impedance, 1, 671 construction, 22, 712 circuits, 1, 634 core materials, 22, 317 terminated in too-high (low) im- damping resistance, 22, 356 pedance, 18, 133 distributed capacity, 22, 358 crystals (SW Crystal, delay-line) eddy currents, 22, 317 driving circuits, 1, 672 energy storage, 22, 307 duplication of pulses by, 19, 247- iixed, mounts, 22, 541-545 253 impregnation, 22, 71%721 electrical, 19, 730-750 inductance, 22, 310 correction methods, 19, 746 iron-core, distortion due to, 22, 351– measurement of properties, 19, 354 ‘749-’750 equivalent circuit, 22, 324, 356 types, 19, 742-747 inductance, 22, 323 uses, 19, 747–749 square, deflecting field, 22, 316 electromagnetic, 17, 191–217 toroidal, 22, 329 balanced, 17, 198-199 maximum length, 22, 306 continuous, 17, 197–202 motor stator, 22, 336 distributed-parameter, 17, 192– mount, off-centering, 22, 552 209 rotating-coil, 22, 545–555 effect of natural coil capacitance, servomechanism-driven, 22, 550 17, 202 synchro-driven, 22, 547 effective inductance, 17, 192–193 pie windings, 22, 320 equalized, typical, 17, 203–209 power loss, 22, 310 highdielectric constant, 17, 206 push-pull-operation, 22, 319 lumped-parameter, 17, 209-217 recovery time, 22, 311 mismatch effects, 17, 194-196 resistance, 22, 309 simple, 17, 194 rotating, 22, 426-445, 484, 492 with subdivided winding, 17, selenium rectifiers with, 22, 466 203, 206-m shields, 22, 321–324 end cells, 1, 669 single-ended-operation, 22, 319 examples, 19, 752–764 and synchro, equivalent circuit, 22,382 fused-quartz, 1, 669 synchro driving, 22, 381 grid-circuit, 18, 131, 145 voltage drive for, 22, 310 laboratory-type, 1, 633 windings, 22, 31~320 liquid, 1, 667-669 40 RADIA TZON LABORATORY SERIES . Delay, lime, , design conatanta, Demagnetization curve, Afnico, 6, 542 1, 670 Demodulation, amplitude and time, 19, folded, 1, 668 53, 501-544 supersonic, 20, 481 by cathod~ray-tube display, 19, 539- signal circuits, 1, 672475 543 stabilization, frequency dividers, 19, mechanical, 19, 543 599 time, 20, 5-7, 62-64 supersonic, 1, 667-672; 17, 218-242; and amplitude, 19, 53, 501–544 19, 708 Demodulators, 20, 391, 400 assembly, 17, 236-239 balanced triode, 19, 512, 513 crystals (see Crystal, delay-line) four-diode bidirectional-switch, 19,519 faithful reproduction, 19, 763 full-wave bidirectional-switch, 19, 522 folded, 17, 226, 231-233, 242 phaae-sensitive, carrier-balanced, 19, formulas, 17, 218-221 512 insertion loss, 17, 220-221, 235- switch, 19, 513-524 236 Density modulation, 7, 33, 40, 57, 59, linedesign problems, 17, 229-235 132, 143 maintenance, 17, 239 Depolarization, 18, 389, 457, 468 mechanical tolerances, 17, 232 by rough surfaces, 1S, 539 mercury, 20, 481 by scattering cylinder, 1S, 462 multiple echoes, 17, 223 Derivative feedback, 21, 329-332 reflectors, 17, 226, 230-232, 235 DespWlng circuit, 6, 453 solid, 20, 484–487 Despiklng RC-network, 5, 436 specifications, 17, 239–241 Detectability criteria, 24, 161-165 stability, 17, 229–230 deflection criteria, 24, 161 table, 17, 24@241 power criterion, 24, 163 variable, 17, 226, 227, 230, 232– Detection (see ako Conversion), 1S, 2-4; 235, 242 16, 20; 29, 564 water, 20, 482–484 aural for c-w radar, 1, 134 temperature coefficient, 19, 474 methods, 24, 252-256 h terminate, regenerative action, average, 19, 502 19, 245 coincidence, 16, 344 step function, 19, 238-242 crystal, S, 172-177; 12, 549, 554, 555, trigger circuits, 1, 675-677 601, 604; 16, 19; 29, 197 variable, 20, 132 double-time-constant, 19, 509 linear, 20, 429-433 heterodyne, 2$10 linear-sweep, 3, 217 linear, 16, 2 multivibrators, 4, 199, 204, 206, 210, low-level, 16, 333-360 211, 226 theory, 15, 344-349 over-all control of, 3, 344–348 meter, 24, 23 patterns, propagation, correlation b+ methods, 24, 252–256 tween, 4, 141 peak, short-time-constant, 19, 502 stages, blocking-oscillator, S, 215-217 equare-law, 16, 3 delay-line, S, 210 superheterodyne, 12, 559, 578, 607-609 multivibrator, 9, 211–213 system calibration, 12, 552–556 overshoot, 3, 213–215 Detector, 24, 6 trigger, 8, 206 -balance-bias (DBB), 2S, 251, 371 tank, liquid, 1, 669 balanced, 23, 597 supersonic, 20, 132–135, 140 for MTI, 1, 666 time-modulation system, 20, 132 bolometcr, 12, 555, 601-604 Delta function, 10, 162; 25, 30 boxcar, 22, 198 INDEX 41

Detector, cathode-follower, 19, 507 Detector, video, 1~ 115 coheren&signal, 11, 546 peaking, * 2ol-21)4 “crystal, a, 172-177; 12, 549, 554, 555, Wollactm wire, 16, 18-19 601, 604; 16, 19; 23, 197 Dew point, 13, 182, 186, 198, 200, 207 dMerence (see olao Dtierence detec- hygrometer, 18, 182, 186 tms), 19, 52%530 DFF circuit (double flip-flop), 2$ 71, 73 diode, 17, 533-539 Diamond (diode modulator), 19,397,398, double-time-constant, with recycfing, 521 19,510 Dmphragms, capacitive, 8, 166 efficiency, 2S, 191 interaction between, 8, 173 envelope, 21, 600 as shunt reaetancea, wave-guide, 6, first, 16, 3 163-179 gain, 16, 20 D]aplex (mica substitute), 6, 215 grid, 2S, 204 Dicke method of loss measurement, 16, and i-f stage, interaction between, 23, 2@+207 194 Dicke reciprocity theorem, 16, 417–424) in6nite-impedance, 28, X34 Dlehl motor, 21,391, 437, 474 keyed, 22, 197 Diehlsyn (servo), 26, 167 law, 18, 332 Dielectric, air-spaced, in r-f cablee, 17,22 Littelfuee, 16, 18 attenuation, 9, 27i 50 low-level, 16, 17-19, 47, 54, 111, 115, constant, 9, 59 124, 133 cavity with, 8, 390-393 measurement, 16, 349-357 constant (see olao Index, of refraction), special manufacturing techniques, air, 4, 129 15, 357-360 experimental information, 19, 190 multielectrode, 29, 204 Bakelite, 26, 409 nonlinearity effects, 11, 635 complex, 9, 28, 133; 10, 18; 11, 561; peak, 22, 196, 231 13, 397, 448, 641 ; 26, 266, 344 half-wave diode, 19, 503 earth, 19, 111, 398 precision, 19, 506 effective, 28, 287, 288 synchro modulator using, 19, 446 Fiber-A laminates, 26, 413 pentode-switch, 19, 516 foam, 26, MM-413 ph~e-sensitive, 19, 503, 515; 22, 196; GR-N, 26, 411 26, 111 general properties, 19, 641+46 synchro modulator and, 19, 446 gkleeel!, l% 39 plate, 23, 204 high, reflection of sandwiches with position error, 20, 367 cores, 26, 327 push-pull, 23, 196, 197 low-frequency, 7, 66 recycling, 19, 508, 509, 532 measurement, 11, 561-676 regenerative, 16, 45 bibliography, 11, 67M76 respense, 12, 601–603 choice of method, 11, 568-570 r-f, 22, 259 comparison with optical methods, second, 29, 18%212 11,604 germanium crystal as, 15, 384-388 consistency of results, 11, 666 radar receiver, 1, 449 corrections for clearance, 11, 576 testing, 29, 206-210 details of computation, 11,584 square-law, 16, 19-2 1; 24, 8 by phaee shift in guide, 11, 571 for standing-wave meaaurementa, 11, by reflection, 11, 666-625 496-503 by reeonauhcavity methods, 11, traveling, 2S, 328 657-665 42 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Dielectric, conetant, measurement, by Difference detectors, 19,528-630 short-circuited-line method, 11, with constant output, 19, 52+531 621,625-656 time selectors and, 19, 534 eummary of methods, 11, 666-672 DiEerenee frequency AFC systems, 16, by transmission in free space, 11, 294; 23,27 591-606 Dtierential, ampli6er, Loran synchron- by tranemiagion in guide, 11,570- izer, * 231, 246 591 analyzer, 21, 89, 369; 27, 4 mixtures, 26, 410, 412 belt (computer), 27, 10 phase angle, 8, 365 bevel-gear, 27, 6-7 and , de6nition, 6, 652 compensating, 27, 16 radome materirde, tablee, 26, 406, cylindrical-gear, 27, 7 411 loop-belt, 27, 10-11 reflection from change in, 8, 369-374 in mechanization of functions, 27, relation to absorption, 1S, 641–646 233-238 relations for analysis of data, 11, screw, 27, 9-10 562–568 spiral-gear, 27, 9 relative, 11, 561 spur-gear, 27, 7–9 resonant and nonresonant, 13, 643 worm gearing, 27, 9, 11 sandwich core, tolerances, 26, 320 equation solvers (see Computer) eandwich skin, tolerances, 26, 321 gear, 21, 39 soil, table, 13, 398 input, amplifier, 18, 443 speciEc, 26, 266, 343 output, amplifier, 18, 447 effective, theory, 26, 352 Differentiation, 19, 648-662, 700 table, 8, 382 based on inductance, 21, 72 water, 19, 111, 398, 60%613, 674- as circuit operation, 21, 64-78 675 with current amplifiers, 21, 72 dissipation factor, 6, 216 in d-c amplifier, 18, 411 electrical properties, 9, 134, 135 electrical thickness, 26, 261 Differentiator, ball-and-disk, 21, 77 at oblique incidence, 26, 291 drag-type, 21, 76 loss, 9, 21 mechanical, 21, 76 loss tangents, 26, 266, 409 RC-, 21, 64, 65, 70 materials, 9, 132–143 cross section, target, 1, 69 properties, 10, 19 Diffraction, by earth’s surface, 1S, 6, 34 reflection and transmission of elec- Fraunhofer, 11, 898 tromagnetic waves by, 26, 341–368 phenomena at medium wavelength, 1, mechanical properties, 9, 134, 135 715 and metal-plate lenses, 12, 388-412 of radiation, 3, 52 parts, construction, 9, 137–140 region, 13, 5, 6, 109 plates in waveguide, 8, 37+376 Diffusion, 13, 213, 248, 252 plugs, half-wavelength, 9, 222 equations, 6, 617-626, 656 in pulse network, 6, 215 theory, 13, 175, 238 sheet, half-wavelength thickness, 26, of rectification, 15, 77–81 263 Diffusivity, 13, 209, 293 modified, at perpendicular polari- Diode, 17, 533-548; 22, 113, 128 zation, 26, 302 amplitude comparator, 20, 71, 73, 108, tolerances, 26, 264 125–131, 151, 153, 173 quarter wavelength, 26, 273 biased, 5, 32, 231, 527 waveguide, 8, 365–400 bridge circuits, 19, 409 partially filled with, 8, 385-389 characterietice, 19, 59 INDEX 43

Diode, charging (sa also hold-off, below), Dipole, moment, 18, 13, 190, 451, 461, 6, 138, 361, 414 599, 609,646,649,650,652, 658,675, pulser, 1, 383 677 clippers, 18, 129 Dirac delta function, 7, 101; 26, 279 cold-cathode gea, voltage regulatora, Direct identification of parameter and 17, 609-610 variable, computer, 27, 48 comparator, simple, 19, 338 Direct ray, 1S, 5,36-38,99, llXl, 104, 107, detectors, 17, 533-539 116 carrier-balanced full-wave, 19, 513 Direct-reading bridge, 11,84 drift, 19, 64 for barretter, 11, 169-171 dynamic resistance, 5, 231 Direction 6nders, airborne, 2, 51-54 61amentary, 19, 65 automatic (see ADF) GL559, 11, 193 ground, 2, 54 GL582, 11, 193 shipborne, 2, 51-54 half-wave, for detection, 17, 536 Direction finding, 4, 3, 17, 110 heater voltage effect, 19, 63 Directional coupler (see Coupler, direc- hold-off (see ako charging, above), 5, tional) 163, 381, 414, 416, 456 Directivity, measurement, 11, 895 impedance, a-c, ‘1, 64 waveguide, definition, 11, 859 limiters, 1, 504 Discharge, r-f, spectrograms, l% 148 logarithmic characteristics, 19, 62 TR-tube, decay of light intensity from, microwave, 7, 17 14, 196 mixer, 2S, 141 Discharging, storage condenser, 5, 25-51 microwave, 7, 17 Discharging circuit, effect on pulse shape, multiple, for detection, 17, 537, 538 6, 255-261 noise, generators, 29, 321 efficiency, 5, 449 temperature-limited, 7, 158 general propertied, 6, 225-233 8.9nonlinear circuit element, 19, 58-68 line-type prdser, 6, 225-272 -phantaatron control circuit, 23, 64 Discharging (pulse) interval, 6, 54 plate-supply, 17, 539-547 Disconnector, 20, 304 R6271, 11, 464 neon tube, 20, 386 rectifiers, 11, 193; 2S, 334 Discontinuities, waveguide, equivalent high-voltage, 17, 545-547 circuits, 10, 108-117 resistance, a-c, 7, 113 representation, 10, 101–108 selectors, 19, 328-331 Discrimination, as circuit operation, 19, shunt, 8020, 6, 154 42; 21, 32, 42-48, 511 in pulser, 5, 44, 146, 154, 348, 426- with other types of data representa- 429, 433, 443, 455 tion, 21, 48 space-charge-limited, 7, 113 pulse-shape, 24, 363 strobed, 19, 516 beacon, 3, 152 -switch, for bipolar signals, 19, 371 modulator, 19, 401 pulse-width, general characteristics, S, for unipolar signals, 19, 370 193-195 temperaturdimited, 16, 109, 365 time, 19, 12, 56, 364; 20, 62-64, 276 theory of rectification, 15, 78, 81–82 time-interval, 21, 47 transitron, 16, 345 Discriminator, 16, 295, 302-312; 21, 378; tube, single, 23, 188 2S, 28 tuning, magnetron, 6, 615-621 AFC (see ako AFC discriminator), 8, variation from tube to tube, 19, 65 271-274 Diplane, reflector, 1S, 11 beacon (decoder), S, 6 Dipole, 26, 159, 161, 186, 190 circuite, 2S, 35-38 44 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Diecriminatmr, crossover frequency, 16s Display, one-dimensional, 1, 164-167 296, 302, ~ 307, 310, 314, 328 pip-matching, 1, 167 current, 21, 44 polar, 22, 428 delay-line and integrator, comparison rotatingail method, ~ p, of, S, 187–189 484 direct-coupled, 19, 358-362 rrdal-timebase, 22, 425-481 efficiency, 16, 305 off-centering, 22, 419-424, 440-445 Foster+eeley, 16, 304 zero reference level, 22, 445 gain, 16, 305 rectangular-coordinate, 22, 384-410 hum in, 16, 306, 311 =Ctir, 1, 168; 22, 19, 482-5I5 integrator, S, 180-184 coil, tied, 22, 48+486 Loran, ~ 260, 261, 265, 269 position error, 22, 488, 493, 502, 504 microwave, 11, 63-67; 16, 342; 28, 77 television, 22, 406 two magic T’s, 11, 66 projed.ion of, 22, 577 modulated-carrier-amplitude, 19, 362 three-dimensional, 1, 174-175 peak-reading, 2S, 36 three-tone, 22, 38 peak-tc-peak separation, 16, 304, 310 two-dim~sional, 1, 167–174 phase, S, 170 type A, 22, 14 pulse, constan&delay, S, 191 type B, 22, 15, 21 ~elay-line, 8, 184-187 type C, 22, 15 repetition-frequency, S, 201-203 type E, 22, 15, 21 -width, S, 180-195 type F, 22, 15 to reject, long and short pulses, S, 186 type J, 20, 180, 220; 22, 14 short pulses, S, 181–186 type K, 22, 15 short and long pulses, S, 183 type L, 22, 15 theory, 16, 30&312 type M, 20, 180 time (see Time discriminator) V-beam, 22, 15 Travis, 16,304 vertically expanded,” 22, 517 with triode detectors, 16, 307 D~ipation, in cavities, 9, 672 Weies, 16, 305, 308-312 effect, on pass-band cbaracteristica, 9, video, %9, 75 603 balance needed by, 16,306 on rejection-band characteristics, 9, voltage, 21, 43 604-607 Disdrometer, 1S, 617 Dish, 26, 16 electric-type, 10, 18 Dieprmion (beam drection), S, 375-377 factor, dielectric, 6, 216 CRT, 22,35 tuned-circuit, 16, 168 Dwplay (SW abo Indication; Preaen& incidental, 9, 601-609 tion), A-scope, 22, 26 magnetic-type, 10, 23 B-scope, 22,26 uniform, correction for, 9, 607-609 centering, 22, 411, 477 waveguides, 10, 17 CRT, 20, 64 Dissipative line, perturbation method of demodulation by, 19,387, 539-543 calculation, 10, 26 deflection-modulated, 22, 6, 17, 251- standing waves, 10, 26 302 Dksipative wavcguide, scattering de- doubledot, 1, 174; 22, 22 scription in, 10, 27 expanded, 22, 429-432, 516 Distance finder, c-w system, 20,7 intensity-modulated, 26238-252” Distance measurement, 20, 4-16 j]tter, 22, 429 accuracy, 20, 32 loss, CRT, S, 34-38 Diet.ortion, associated with rcedving micro-B, 22, 21 power, 2, 91 INDEX 45

Distortion, due, b asymmetries in iron- Divider, phase delay, 19, 508 core deflection coils, 22, 351-354 phaae jitter, 19, 508 to 5nite beamwidth and pulse PRF, 19, 567-601 length, 2, 153 pulse, ~ 199, 203, 209, 219, 222, 236 geometrical, CRT, 22, 429 pulse-frequency, multivibrators aa, 20, range, on PPI, 2, 151 154 in start of eweep, 22, 354 with regeneration and modulation, 19, Diurnal cycle, 18,253-260 562-566 Diurnal effects, 1S, 321, 324, 331, 337- regenerative, 19, 558, 56&562 339, 343, 351, 368 schemes and intermittent-frequency Divergence factor, 12, 143; 1S, 40, 99, division, 19, 592-601 113-115, 137, 138, 401, 404 sinusoidal, 20, 158 Divergence theorem, 7, 83 stability, 19, 580 Diversity effects, and average signal ten-to-one AN/AP8-15, 20, 166 level, 19,306 twenty-five-to-one AN/AP8-15, 20, frequency, 1S, 304, 306 166 spatial, 19, 304, 306, 345, 420, 432 using time baae, 19, 558–560 Diversity reception, 1S, 136 voltage (see Voltage dividers) Divider (see do specific types of di- Division, based on Ohm’s law, 21, 58 viders), satable multivibrat.or, 19, aa circuit operation, 19, 66t3678; 21, 575-577 32, 48-60 blocking oscillator, 19, 582-591; 20,83, frequency (ace Frequency division) 110, 165 intermittent-frequency and divider single-stage, synchronization, 19, schemes, 19, 592-601 586 by multipliers, 27, 40 variations sasociated with circuit potential, 19, 18 configuration, 19, 586 D-layer, ionosphere, ~ 88, 128 chains, with feedback, 19, 599 Domain (computer), of parameters, 27, phantaetron triggering, 19, 581 44 computer, bar-linkage, 27, 40 of variable, 27, 44 counter, 20, 102 Dominant mode, waveguide, 10, 2 frequency, 11, 354-357; 20, 88, 102, Doorknob transitions, 6, 485; 9, 349-353 267; 22, 122 high-power rotary joints with, 9, 451- amplitude-comparison multivibra- 455 tor, 20, 147 Doping materials (see Addition agent) delay-line stabilization, 19, 599 Doppler, c-w radar, 1, 125-159 fundamental circuits as continuous, frequency, 20, 17 19,572-592 Shtit, 2, 107 with injection feedback, 20, 100 MTI, 1,626-677 jitter, 19, 508 pulsed, 20, ’20 monostable oscillators, 19, 569 radar system, bandwidth, 1, 135 neutralization, 19, 590 range-measuring, 1, 139-143 pulse, 20, 83 simple, 1, 132-139 regenerative-modulator, 11, 356 Doubl-half integrators, 27, 24-26 sin~idd, 19, 545-566; 20, 160 accuracy, 27, 26 stability, 19, 5Wl error, 27, 26 triggering, 19, 530 Double-dipole system, on coaxial line, frequency-tracking, 19, 570 12, 253-254 gas-tube, 19, 591 theory, 12, 101-104 monostable multivibrator, 19, 572-575 waveguide, 12, 255-256 phantaatron, 19, 577–582; 20, 104 Double-mixer system, 2S, 44 46 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Double-probe coupling, 11, 213 Driving line, circuit considerations in, Double-scale systems, phase modulation, 20, 487-498 19, 490 Driving mechanisms, antenna, 26, 135- time modulation, 20, 49 137 Double-tuned circuits, 18, 201-231; 29, Droop, 22, 149 169 percentage, 23, 215 admittance, input driving point, 18, Droopiug, pulse oscillator, 7, 185 214 Drop-size distribution, 13, 672, 680-681 alternate primary and secondary load- method of meaeuring, 19, 615-618 ing, 18, 230 Droplet t@ory of sea echo, 13, 494, 497, capacity-coupled, 18, 210 519, 522-527 coupling, coefficient, 18, 202 Drops, attenuation, 19, 615, 678-685 critical, 18, 204, 214 Croeesections, 1S, 608-613 transitional, 18, 204, 213 Dry-adiabatic lapse rate, 1S, 194, 280 Duality principle, 8, 85; 10, 10 equa]-Q, critical coupling for, 18, 279 Duct (see m’.soM-inversion), 1, 56-58; 3, high-Q, 18, 202, 210 input network, 18, 686 50; 19, 9, 14, 17-22, 143 associated with M-inversions, 1S, 15 large fractional bandwidth, 29, 172 conditions for, over water, 1S, 9, 223- low-Q, transitionally coupled, 18, 216 226, 22S234, 254-260 mistuning, effects of, 18, 215 elevated, 13, 14, 18 radar receiver, 1, 446 height, 1S, 21, 225, 238, 243 small fractional bandwidth, 29, 170 and height of temperature inversion, stagger-damped, 18, 221–226 1s, 244 transitionally coupled, 23, 171 exact, equal-Q, 18, 218 definition, 1S, 224 ratio of, tQ M-deficit, 19, 225, 241, with one-side loading, 18, 220 243 Doublet lens, 12,410 surface, 1S, 14, 18, 75, 176, 304, 335, Drag-cup a-c motors, 17, 383-385 364 Drift, action, bunching by, 7, 35 deep, 1S, 302, 306, 308, 378 determination, doppler, 2, 107 formation, over land, 18, 352 measurement, 2, 105-110 shaUow, 1S, 302, 306, 308, 374 over water, determination, 2, 110 trapping in, 18, 21 etation, beacon, 8, 429 Dueppel (German chaff), 1,82 Drive, mechanical, data tranemiesi~, 22, Dummy input circuits, 29,326 184 Dummy load, beacon transmitter, 9, 148 Driver, 50-kc/see, Loran, 4, 253 Dummy mixer, 18,317 attenuator, Loran, * 229 double, 18, 318 -biae, Loran, ~ 212 Duplexer, 16,6, 96, 199; 28, 7; 26, 72 blocking-oscillator, S, 124-132 1.25-cm, l% 346 bootstrap, 6, 120-124, 138 ~g circtiar polarization, 1* 372 c~ctiti, 6, 11%139, 157, 163 3-em, 14, 343, 344 computer, 21, 130 wideband for, 14345 exciter, Loran, ~ 211 8.5 cm, 14,342 Loran, ~ 298 10.7 cm, l% 342 multivibrator, 5, 132-139 reception lose for, l% 343 pulse-forming-network, 5, 132-139 1050 Me/see, 14, 339 pbpower output, S, 119, 229 balanced, 14, 35W375 regenerative, 5, 12+134, 150 basic circuits, 14, 279 resolver, 21, 133 beacon, 8, 133-144 etep-up, 21, 133 branched, 1$262-328, 329-350 INDEX 47

Duplexer, circular-polarization, 1% 369 Dynamometere, voltage regulation, 17, coaxial, with iris-coupled cavities, 14, 418-420 337 Dynatrol (motor), 21, 45o double-tuned, 14, 339 electrical design, 14, 329 E without gas-filled tubee, 9, 141 high-power operation, 14, 429 Earth, curvature, 19, 40, 48, 50 impedance, cold, 14, 336 correction, 22, 533 insertion loss, 14, 427 effective radius, 13, 6, 53, 115, 339, measurement, 14, 382 392, 406 junction, 14, 262 Earth-flattening method, Maxwell’a leakage, r-f, 14, 335 equation, 13, 51 linear balanced, 14, 352 Ebonol corrosion protection, 9, 125; 26, loop-coupled coaxial, 14, 336 142 mechanical design, 14, 333 Eccles-Jordan circuit, 1, 497; ~ 209, 223; microwave mixers, and local oscilla- 16, 333 tors, 23, 7–26 Echo (see afso Chaff; Clutter), box, 2, with multiple ATR circuite, 14, 308 381 ; 11, 192, 303, 325; 23, 294 nonlinear balanced, 14, 355 nonresonant, 19, 669-671 pressurized coaxial, 14335 OBU-3, 11, 327 pressurizing, 14, 334 TS-218A, 11, 447 radar, 9, 139–141 clutter (see Chaff; Clutter) recovery time, 14, 430 fluctuations, distribution, 6ret prob- with r-f 61ter protection, 9, 143 ability, 13, 514, 515, 518, 554, 560, ring-circuit, 14, 357 571, 575, 582 turnstile, 14, 372 ground-reflection effects, 13, 539 frequency sensitivity, 1* 375 interference effects as source, 1S, two-channel, 14, 347 535-538, 543–545, 547-550 ultrahigh-frequency, S, 142 origins, 19, 527–550 waveguide, 14, 341 from insects, 13, 595 Duplexing, i-f, 23, 428 from ione, 13, 598 10SS,with ATR ewitch, 14, 279 meteorological, 13, 588+40 without ATR tube, 14, 274 average echo, 13, 589-591 r-f, 22, 423 from causes other than precipita- switch, requirements, 1A 4 tion, 13, 593-595 and TR ewitches, 1, 407-411 and coherent scattering, 13, 605+36 7 Duration (see Pulse duration) cm-relation, with precipitation, 13, Duty, 6, 4 591-592 cycle, 6, 4 cross section, per unit volume, 1S, ratio, 6, 4; 22, 113 590, 59*598 limitation, S, 111 dependence, on antenna area, 1S, 591 magnetron, 6, 8 on beam width, 13, 590 Dynamic reaiatance of pulaer load, 6, 3, on drop size, 13, 596 33, 78, 110 on pulse length, 13, 590 Dynamometer (we Of.90 Alternators; intensity, 13, 607-621 Generators), 1, 579-581; 17,417-4211 magnitude, from atmospheric in- booeter armature voltage regulation, homogeneitice, 1S, 60W604 1, 580 nondrop theories, 13, 598 duakmtput, 1, 579 origin, 13, 58%-667 triple-output, 1, 579 from solid precipitation, 18,618 48 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Echo, meteorological, validity of Ray- Echo, sea, firat probability distribution, leigh scattering law, 19, 598 19, 514-516, 579 varianta of drop theories, 19, 604-608 fluctuation, 13, 486, 514-518, 551, multiple, in supersonic delay lines, 17, 579-581 223 frequency dependence, 19, 494-499, paired, method of phaseAietortion 511, 524 analysis, 19, 736 frequency spectmm, 24, 142 precipitation, 13, 22, 621; 24, 140 6° vs. (3, 1S, 503-510, 521, 524, 525 band structure, 19, 632, 637 average signal, 13, 482-486, 495, confusion and masking, 19, 625+26 500 iirst probability dwtribution, 1S, dependence, on wavelength, 19, 575; 24140-141 517, 580 fluctuation, 1S, 551, 575-578, 588 fluctuations, 19, 514-518, 578 frequency spectra, 1S, 575-578; 2$ frequency spectra, 19, 51&518, 140-141 579-581 from hurricanes and typhoons, 1S, at large depreeaion anglea, 18, 636-640 485, 460, 5O*51O, 518-519 identification, 19, 621-625 maximum range, vs. height, 1S, from layers, 18, 634-636 500-503 magnitude, 13, 596-598 methods of measuring, 1S, 495, meteorological structure, 1S, 626 500 probability distribution for ratio of polarization affecting, 19,498,522, successive amplitudes, 1S, 578 527 probability distribution for ratio properties, 13, 621-640 of successive amplitudes, 19, 580 rain, 13, 591–592 radar cross section, 1S, 483 magnitude, 19, 596-598 per unit area, 13, 490-499, 506, self-absorption, 19, 613 512-514, 522, 526 variability in frequency spectra, 13, radar transmission equation for, 575, 576 1S, 484 from widespread rain, 1S, 633 range dependence, 1S, 490 radar, from cold front, 2, 320 maturation of, in rough seas, 13, long-range, 13, 9, 358, %7-373 513 steady, examples, 13, 547 mattering from surface wavea, 1S, from rain and storm, 19, 81-84 519-522 reducer (enabling circuit), 16, 300,314 shadow effect, 1S, 493, 522 sea, 1S, 481–527 ; 24, 142 slow variation, 1S, 517-518, 578- aP-a~ee, on airborne radar, ls, 579 theories, 1S, 494, 518-527 on A-scope, 1S, 492 velocity distribution of scatterers, with Klgh resolution, 19, 491–492 13, 517 azimuth variation, 13, 514 studks, future progrem, 1S, 526 beam width affecting, 19, 4&485, seennd time around, 1, 117 491 ship, first probability distributions, 18, dependence, on beam width and 545-546 pulse length, +, 491 fluctuations, 1S, 543-546 on range, 1* 460 frequency of fluctuation, 18, 54*544 difllicultiea in mesure ment, 1S, 496, range of, 1S, 474 500, 503 smoke, 13, 593, 621 errore in measurement, 1S, 496 rnnow,1S, 620 experirnenta with, table, M, 501 nt.orm, 1, 81 INDEX 49

Echo, stretching, 9, 195, 441 Electrodynamometer multiplier, 21, 57 suppression, 9, 161; 29, 469 Electroforming, 9, 121; 11, 524; 26, 55 techniques in measurement, 1S, 562– Electromagnetic energy storage, 1, 356 570 Electromagnetic field and electron reac- Eckersley modes, 19, 71, 84 tion, 6, 207-287 generalized discussion, 13, 85-87 Electromagnetic wavee, 8, 1W59 phase-integral method, 13, 87, 151 longitudinal, 6, 30-59 Eddy, current, 5,620, 624, 636 reflection and transmission by di- energy dissipated by, 6, 626 electric materials, 26, 341–368 10W, 6, 629 Electromagnets, magnetron, 6, 540 diffusion, 19, 208-219, 232, 238, 245 Electromechanical systems, time meas- diffusivity, 13, 208, 211, 213, 218, 238 urement, 20, 357–366 height distribution, 1S, 219, 239 Electrometer, condeuzer, dynamic, 19, ratio ta eddy viscosity, 19, 211–212 418 stress, 1S, 210, 216, 218 tubes, 18, 409, 419 transfer of heat and water vapor, 13, Electron, attachment, 14, 187 211, 212 beam (see cd-soBeam; Gap), 7, 31 viscosity, 1S, 208, 210, 213, 214, 217, precentering, 22, 342–344 218 -beam tuning, magnetrons, 6, 592+315 dynamic, 13, 210 capture, mechanism, 14, 188 ratio tQ eddy diffusivity, 13, 21 1–212 cathode interception of, klystron, ‘7, Rozeby’s distribution, 19, 215 396 Edge effecte in scattering, 13, 457, 462, and electromagnetic field interaction, 464, 465 6,207-287 Edgewise compression test, 26, 402 excitation impedance, 7, 127, 133 EDVAC computers, 21, 40 free, vertical distribution, ~ 128 Effective height, ship target, 1, 80 -gaz dispersion formula, 6, 598 Efficiency, contours, 6, 443, 452 gun, 22, 2, 46-56, 57-62, 78-89 adjusted, 6, 445 accelerator, 22, 60 lines, 6, 447 electrostatic focus, 22, 86 magnetron, 6, 35, 36, 333, 401, 409, 450 ion-trap, 22, 87 microwave tube, 7, 27, 28, 269, 305, t.etrode, 22, 79-85 310, 349, 378-383 modified, 22, 85 pulser, 6, 13, 16, 244, 249-255, 462, triode, 22,59, 78 470 zero-tire&anode-current, 22, 61 Eigenvalue equations, matrix algebra, 6, leakage, magnetron cathode, 6, 537 405 lens (see do Focusing lens), 22, 2, 40, Eight-terminal waveguide structures, 10, 93 373-386 multiple-transit, klystron, 7, 39M3 Eighth-power region, 1, 51 optics, 22, 39-43 Eikonal equation, 19, 41 d-c, 7,352-357 Ekman spiral, 1S, 213, 214 secondary, beam-loading loss, 7, 254 Elayer, ionosphere, & 60, 95, 128, 135, -stream admittance, 6, 214 136 as circuit element, 6, 291–297 tranenku ‘on, ~ 133 thermal velocities, 6, 211 one-hop, ~ 62 trapping, 22, 694 E2eetrioal length, determination, 12,550- Ekctronic admittance, 6, 293, 312 552 Electronic angle markers, 22, 230, 398 line, 10, 12 Electronic apparatus, design and con- Electrical quantities, dimensions and struction, 21, 667-708 Units, & 12 mechanical assemblies, 21, 698-7WI 50 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Electronic computing devices, 18, 333 Entropy, 16, 516 Electronic conductance, 8, 391 Envelope, Loran signal, 4, 151, 153 Electronic efficiency, klystron, 7, 304 Envelope-viewer, CRO, S, 334; 18, 97, magnetron, 1, 345 373 Electronic markers, 22, 16 E-plane, bifurcation of waveguide, 8, 293 and indices, 22, 227–250 junction, 14, 269 movable, 20, 222–225 equivalent circuit, 14, 121 Electronic phenomena, basic at high mounting, 14, 117 frequencies, 7, 31-69 patterns, principal, of pencil-beam an- Electronic susceptance, 8, 410 tennas, 12, 422–423, 433-437 Electronic switches, 1, 503-510; 22, 128 principal, 12, 103 Electronic transadmittance (kee Trans- sectoral horns (see Horns) admittance, electronic) T, wavemeter on, 11, 314316 Electronic tuning, coefficient, 29, 24 T-junction (see Junction) hysteresis, klystron, 11, 30 Equation, simultaneous, solution, elec- magnetron, 8, 592+21 tronic, 21, 135 Electroplating, 9, 12+132 solver (see also Computer), illustrative Electrostatic energy etorage, 1, 356 design, 21, 133 Elevation angle, true, 28, 463 third-degree, fourth-degree, roots of, Ellipse, probable, Loran geometry, 4, 85, 21, 263 427 Equisignal, Sonne, 4, 4 Emagram, 19, 188 Equivalence relations for free space and Emission, magnetron cathode, 6, 352, waveguide, 11, 565 379 Ergodic hypothesis, 25, 271-273 primary, 8, 413 Ergodic system, 18, 519 Emitters, electron, 6, 411 Error, curve, microwave network meas- metallic, high-temperature, 6, 413 urement, 10, 136 Enabling circuit (echo reducer), 16, 300, cyclic, 20, 141 314 deck-tilt, 1, 309; 2, 364 E modes (see Modes) in aircraft, 1, 311 Energy, conservation of, 7, 354 gimbal inertia, 26, 208 density in waveguide, 8, 5G54 gTOSS,20, 156 and impedance relations, field, 6, independent linearity, 21, 363 135-137 indicators, 22, 23 integral, 7, 52 limiting, 20, 113 loss, pulse transformer, 6, 626-633 Loran, & 33, 144, 157, 167, 193, 432 product, magnetic, 6, 541 measuring element, servo, 25, 134 reservoir, comparison of a condenser systems, 26, 77 and an inductance, 5, 23–25 potentiometer, 26, 95 -storage units, 21, 255 probable, in measurements, 20, 113 transfer, maximum, pulse transformer, range, beacon, S, 472 5, 533 reset, 20, 192 Engine, cooling system, cOnstant-temper- servo, 26, 212, 213, 215, 216, 222, 228 ature, 17, 406-407 signal distortion, 23, 41 fuel, 17, 405 Slope, 20, 114 ignition, 17, 407 Synchro, 17, 330-331 power+upply, 17,401-403 voltage, AFC, 16, 295 two-cycle vs. four-cycle, 17, 405-406 zero, 20, 114 ENIAC computers, 21, 40 EsCOpe, 1, 173; 22, 250, 518 Enee.mble average, 18, 504, 519; 2% 35; hybrid RHI, 22, 534-533 26,268, 271-273 Etranaformer (sSNO), 26, l@

,. ,, .:\ INDEX 51

Euler’s equation, 1S, 45 Fast-time-constant circuit, 1, 458; 23, Eureka, S, 10 223, 374 Evaporation coefficient, 1S, 219, 224 Fast-trace pattern, Loran indicator, 4, 65 Evaporation duct, 1S, 329, 336, 364, 374 Feed (see also Antenna feed), center of, E-waves, 8, 17 12, 239, 343, 562 Excitation, space-charge tube, 7, 99, 10W coefficients, 12, 259 102 dipole-disk, 12, 251-253 Excitation transform, 18, 30 double-dipole, 12, 253-256, 434 Exciter driver, Loran, 4, 211 double-slot, 12, 348-349 Exciter units, Loran, 4, 211, 278 extended, 12, 473, 474, 477, 487–494 Expanded elevation indicator, 19, 627 dipole-array, 12, 491-493 Exponential, function generator, 21, 122 horn-array, 12, 493-494 waveform, 19, 297–301 four-dipole, 12, 256 Extra-oDtical path, 1S, 6 point-source, primary pattern for, 12, 557-570 F and reflectors, 12, 149–151 primary, 12, 12 Fading, 4, 88, 90, 95; 19, 302, 324, 335, requirements, 12, 239-240 339, 340 systems, front, 12, 448 on 1.25 cm, 19, 312 rear, 12, 347, 434, 448 amplitude, 19, 307, 336, 343, 346, 348, -tilt, effects, in cut paraboloids, 12, 488, 350 489 early studies, over land, 19, 337 in paraboloidal reflector, 12, 487, effect of path geometry, 1S, 343 488 on Mt.Snowdon, 19, 328 impedance changes with, 12, 488 period of, 1S, 304, 350 Feedback, 21, 16, 24, 54, 63, 129 proposed mechanisms for, over land, amplifier, 21, 210 13, 339 integrator using inductance, 21, 83 radar, 25, 265 RC-differentiator, 21, 65 RC-integrator, 21, 79 echoes, 19, 354, 363, 367 as random process, 13, 313–315, 328 arrangements, microwave oscillators, 7, roller, 13, 302, 304, 306, 324, 328, 335, 179 337-343 cascaded counter, 19, 626 cathode, 18, 336, 351 ship echoee, 13, 543 -to-grid, 19, 231 synchronism of, 13, 307, 328, 336, 345, -lead inductance, 18, 675; 23, 93 346 chain, 18, 235 wavelength dependence, 19, 307, 324, with four-terminal shunt imped- 343, 348 ances, 18, 233 Falcon radar, AN/APG-13A, 20, 223, gain, 18, 236 225–231 gain-bandwidth product, 18, 238 Fall time, video amplifier, 23, 215 radar receiver, 1, 449 Faltung theorem (see also Convolution reduction of, to feedback paire, 18, theorem), 18, 39 249 Families, of hyperbolas, 4, 113 synthesis, 18, 249253 Loran, 4, 55, 99, 180 uniform, 18, 252, 266 Fan beam, 1, 22, 274-277; 26, 30 change of impedance due to, 23, 90 Far-zone fields, of current distributions, circuit, R(7-, 19, 15@154 12, 87–91 cutoff frequency, 26, 160 of line-current distributions, 12, 9&98 derivative, 21, 329-332 Far-zone region of apertures, 12, 172 divider chains, 19, 599

E G. & G. LIBRARY LAS VEGAS BRANCH 52 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Feedback, effect, on noise figure, 18,666- Fermat’s principle, 12, 122-125; 18, 6, 672; 2S, 91 45, 99 undwired, in bandpase amplifiers, Fernico, 9, 119 18, 323-327 Ferromagnetism at microwave frequen- energy-storage counter, 19, 626 cies, 8, 382-385 function, servo, ’26, 134 Fetch (wind), 1S, 488 without high gain, 21, 18 Fiber-A, 28, 379 and implicit functions, 21, 131 laminates, dielectric constants, 28, 413 with integration, 21, 18 stiffness rating, 28, 416 inverse (see Inverse feedback) strength rating, 28, 416 ]OOp,18, 384, 392 Fiber mat, cellulosic, 28, 379 AFC, 18, 290 Fiberglas, 28, 375, 377 methods of introducing int.a counters, fabric, 26, 377 19, 618 heat-cleaned, 26, 375 in microwave amplifiers, 7, 152, 294- heat-treated, 26, 375 295, 301 laminates, dielectric propertied, 28, 413 Miller, 20, 131; 21, 80 flexure, 26, 389 time modulator, 20, 114 stiffness rating, 26, 416 negative, 18, 428, 459; 22, 535 strength rating, 26, 416 networks, 19, 242–245 resin-impregnated, 26, 52 one-stage, 29, 183 Field, attenuation, 13, 30, 31 pairs (see also Inverse feedback pairs), current control of generator voltage, 18, 134, 234 21, 57 radar receiver, 1, 449 distribution, circular waveguides, E- reduction of feedback chain to, 18, modee, 10, 66 249 H-modes, 10, 69 resistor in, effect of capacity across, coaxial waveguides, higher E-modes, 18,265 10, 75 syntbesie, 18, 244 H-modes, 10, 78 phase shifting by, 21, 150 lowest E-mode, 10, 72 plate-to-cathode-to-grid, 19, 232 elliptical waveguides, .,?i’~”-mode, plate-to-grid, 19, 226 10,81 practical considerations, 2S, 182 ,H~.-mode, 10, 82 RC, velocity servo with, 21, 487 parallel plate guide, H-modes, 10, 65 resistor, between input and output, 2S, radial waveguides, E-type modes, 10, 92 90, 93 tapped on coil, 18, 268 H-t~ modes, 10, 92, 94 sequence counter, 19, 628 rectangular waveguides, E-modes, signal, compensation for screen cur- 10, 57 rent, 22, 368 H-modes, 10, 60 single-stage, gain, 18, 235 Hi~mode, 10, 61 system analysis, 26, 62-75 spherical waveguidee, E_~-mode, 10, tachometer, 21, 329-332 97 T-network, 18, 266 Hmm-mode,10, 97 transfer function, 21, 230, 266 dominanbmode, of sectoral horns, 12, transfer locus, 26, 66-68 352, 355 with transit angle, vector diagram for, equatione, for cylindrieaf waveguide, 18, 264 12, ml-m triples, 18, 234, 250 invtiiant transverse vector formu- variable negative, 18, 95 lation, 10,3 voltage, 18, 353 magnetron, 6,217-222

. >“ :.. ,,. . INDEX 53

Fiefd, squatione, radiaf w8vcguidea, 10, Fifter, attenuation, average, in pass band, 29 9, 603 fluctuations, magnetron, 6, 222-228 band-rejection, 9, 704 intensity, sky-wave, 4S 121 bandpaee, electronic, 18, 384 longitudinal, 10, 5 broadband, 9, 709, 710 magnetic, 10, 5 test procedures, 9, 709-714 transverse electric, 10, 5 build-time, 26, 142 pattern measure menta, magnetron, 6, cavity, 16, 235 710-713 charac.terietiea, degree of dissipation, representation by characteristic modes, 9, 696 8, 252-256 effcot, of incidental dissipation, 9, strength, ~ 121 601-609 calculation, in interference region, of mismatched terminations, 9, 1s, 117-122 609-612 bilinear prdle,” 1S, 168 clamped, stability, 25, 251 standard refraction, 1S, 112–140 with clamping, 26, 245-254 at total horizon range, 19, 125 constant-k, 9, 569-572 CRT, 22, 560-564 contours, constant, 1S, 130 in surface duct, 19, 178, 179 contrast, 22, 561 dark adaptation, 22, 564 coverage diagram, 1S, 32 P7 screens, 22, 562 coarse, 1S, 130, 13*140 delay time, 26, 142 free-space, 19, 32 design, amembly and test procedures, generalized equation, 1S, 36 9, 702-715 for plane earth, 19, 39 normalization, 9, 560-566 radar, free-space, 1S, 34 double-tuned, equivalent forms, 9, 674 depth-loca effect, 19, 168-170 rectangular cavity behaving SC, 9, dipole, M, 21, 58, 65 675 integral for, 1S, 95, 101 employing tranemtilon lines, 9, 61A fre~space, 1S, 29 645 intermediate region, 1S, 125, 409 equations, 8, 11=119 from A/2 doublet, 1S, 30 feedback, 25, 124 level surfaces, 18, 42 fin 2’E,,-mode, 9, 397 natural units, advantages, in compu- frequency-recponse function, 25, *51 tation, 19, 136 frequency-selecting, 19, 54*551 space variation in, 13, 373–365 high-pass, for d-c feedback, 26, 126 etandard, definition, 1S, 14 waveguides as, 9, 644 with standard refraction, 1S, 112 idealized low-pass, 16, 722 superposition of, 12, 99-101 image parameters, 9, 554-560 theory, magnetron spectrum by, 6, 66 linear, 26, 2*35 time-periodic, Maxwell’s equations, 12, responee to sinusoidal input, 26, 40– 68 42 Fighter control system, IX TAC, 1, 229 low-pass, cutoff frequency, 6, 116 Figure of merit, amplifier, 7, 19-22, 152 between detector and video ampli- FM, 23, 509 fier, 29, 199 Filter (see af-soNetwork), 25, 24-30 ideal, 26, 141 absorption, 9, 707 lumped-constant, 26, 2428 amplifiers, 18, 179 frequency-response function, 26, 42- bandpass, electronic, 18, 384 43 intihunt, use of, 26, 215 normal modes, 26, 26-28 arbitrary input, response to, 25, 48 transfer function, 26, 59-61 54 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Filter, ?Aerived, 9,572-576, 702 Filter, unstable, 25,38-40 derivation of delay line from, 17, using direct-coupled cavity reconat.era, 210-211 9, 645-677 microwave, design, 9, 613–716 using lines, as four-terminal elements, miscellaneous, 9, 706-709 9, 634-643 mode, 8, 347–349; 9, 707 aa two-terminal elements, 9, 625-634 with n identical sections in cascade, 9, using quarter-wavelength couplings, 9, 577 677-706, 714, 715 narrow-band, 9, 710-714 waveguide, 9, 643445 normal modes, 26, 27 Filtering, noise, S, 351 response, 26, 26 in servo loop, 21, 347 normalized, de6nition, 26, 236 Fin Z’E,,-mode filter, 9, 397 notch interval, 26, 121 Finishes, microwave-component, 9, 124 parameters, 9, 543 132 pees band, 9, 557 nonmetallic, 9, 124, 125 power-loss ratio, 9, 550, 558 Fire control, servo systems, 26, 237 selection of, 9, 589-597 First-hop length of ray, 13, 83 power-transmission ratio, 9, 550 Fittings, type-N (see Connectors, type N) pulsed, definition, 25, 232 Fix, errors, 4, 169 repetition frequency, 25, 232 navigational, 4, 53 stability, 26, 233–236, 242–244 precision, 4, 83 transfer function, 25, 2*242 probable error, 4, 429 with pulsed data, 26, 232–245 relayed, 4, 115 RC, two-section high-pass, graph for taking-process, 2, 117 designing, 25, 127 Fixed-channel operation, beacon, 3, 76- realizability of, 18, 721–727 79 rejection, 24, 346 Fixed-coil mounts for magnetic cathode- resonant, to reduce local-oscillator ray tubes, 22, 541–545 noise, 16, 243–245 Fixing, instantaneous, Loran, 4, 366 response to sinusoidal input, 26, 238- simultaneous, Loran, 4, 249 240 Flat-earth formulas, region of validity, r-f, 3, 144-146 13, 121-122 band-rejection, 3, 146 Flat-staggered pairs, 18, 187-189; 2S, 166 bandpam, 3, 144 bandwidth, small fractional, 23, 168 double-tuned, 9, 145 exact, 18, 188 coupled-mode, 9, 145 m-cascaded, shrinking of over-all band- high-pass, S, 145 width, 18, 187 single-tuned, S, 144 quintuples, 16, 193 -ring transitions, 9, 393 triples, 16, 189–191 and servo systems with pulsed data, 26, bandwidth, small fractional, 2S, 168 231–261 F-layer, ionosphere, 4, 128, 135 slope, 24, 16 Flexible-shaft coupling, 22, 184 stable, 26, 38-40 Flicker effect, 24, 95 response to arbitrary input, 26, 48 Flight checks, quantitative beacon, 9,451 with switches, 26, 253–254 Flight rules, contact, CFR, 2, 288 TE,,-mode, 9, 388-400 instrument, IFR, 2, 288 theory, 9, 54&612 Flights over water, information available, tone, 18, 407 2, 112-115 transfer function, 26, 241 Flip-flop, 1, 497; 19, 162; 22, 125, 127, transient response, 26, 27 128, 142, 239, 243 with transmission lines, 9, 614-645 double (DFF), 23, 71, 73 INDEX 55

Fl@lop, eingle (SFF), 2S, 71-74 FM, signal, pulsed, spectral dietibution, Floating-paraphaee circuit, 22, 139 23, 442 Flopover circuit, 1,497, 496-499; 22, 126, Foam, dielectric eonstanta, 28, 409-413 234, 249 GILN, dielectric conetanta, 28, 411 Fluctuation, 24, 36 hard-robber, 28, 379 compression, 29, 604 phenolic. 26, 379 strong signal, 23, 582 polyester-styrene, 26, 379 clutter, 2S, 582 polystyrene, 26, 379 frequency spectnrm, es Doppler beats, Foaming in place, radome fabrication, 2~ 1S, 516, 575 379 for sea echo, 19,516-518, 579-581 Focal length, paraboloid antenna, 28, 26 in M, 1S, 268-271 Focus, COibl,22, 93--105 noise, 18, 497 construction, 22, 707 radar echoes, from aircraft, 1S, 539-543 current control, 22, 98-102 from chaff, 19, 551, 572-575 imPref@ation, 22, 719-721 from complex targets, 18, 547-550 mechanical adjustment, 22, 103-105 due to, atmospheric variations, 19, performance, 22, 96-98 531-535 types, 22, 95 varying ground reflection, 13, 539 compensation, 22, 102, 440 varying water reflection, 1S, 535- magneta, 22, 105-110 538 construction, 22, 708 experimental techniques, 19, 562- magnetization, 22, 710 571 operation, 22, 105 origin, 13, 527 shunt, 22, 708 from precipitation, 13, 551 modulation, 19, 716 from ships, 19, 543-547 voltage, 22, 723 from two interfering simple targets, characteristic, 22, 68 13, 549 Focusing lens, 22, 48 sea echo, 13, 486, 514-518, 551 magnetic, 22, 43 signal, 24, 249–252 magnetostatic, 22, 43 in stable equilibrium, 13, 27G271 systems, 22, 43–46 statistical, 18, 496 Fog, advection, 13, 230 in unstable air, 13, 269, 270, 375 and fading, 13, 346 in unstable equilibrium, 13, 268 vs. poor visibility and substandard Fluorescence, 22, 616, 617 transmission, 13, 324 Flux density, distribution, pulse trans- Follow rate, 23, 50 former, 5, 623 Follow-up systems, 20, 395-397; 25, 1 incremental, 5, 537 Follower (of three-dimensional cam), 27, Flux plot for typical pulse-transforming 23 winding, 5, 659 Form factor, alternator waveshape, 1,557 Flux-plotting methods, 61, 72 Formvar, 17, 150-151 Fluxes, soldering, 6, 664-667 Forward Director Posts, 1, 229–240 Flyback, 22, 133 Fosterite varnish, 6, 557, 649, 650 Flywheel, synchro motor-damping, 17, Foster’s theorem, 5, 193, 194; 8, 97, 156- 316, 318 158 FM (see also Modulation, frequency), Four-junctions, degenerate, 8, 313–315 figure of merit, 23, 509 equivalent circuit, 8, 298 -LO method (wideband receiver), 2S, with small holes, 8, 311–313 456 Four-terminal waveguide structures, 10, range-measuring system, 1, 143–147 217-335 56 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Fourier analysia, 6, 340 Frequency, measurement, spectrum, 11, Fourier integral, 16, 2; 25, 43-46 393-395, 408-469 representation of Fraunhofer region, multiplication, 11, 33 12, 174-175 chain, klystron, 7, 286 Fourier series, 6, 187; 16, 2; 26, 43 in detector crystals, 7, 24 Fourier transform, 10, 164; 16, 1, 5%63; multiplier, klystron (see also Klystron, 21, 231 ; 26, 45 frequency multiplier), 7, 22, 285- Fractional modulation, 24, 4 294 Fraunhofer region, 12, 160-162, 172 microwave, 7, 23–25, 232 criteria for, 12, 198, 199, 561, 574 push-pull, 11, 368 Fourier integral representation, 12, push-push, 11, 368 174175 sinusoidal, 19, 545 Free-running circuit, 19, 162 vacuum-tube, 11, 365-373 gratings in, 10, 88 velocity-modulated, 11, 373 Free space, plane waves in, attenuation plots, decibel-log, 21, 328 constant, 10, 87 pulling, 12, 538 propagation range, 13, 31–33 by reactive load, 11, 291-293 system, frequency consideration, 3, 63 pulsing, 24, 18 -response function, filter, 25, 40-51 transmission, 13, 27-34 se uniform waveguide, fields in, 10, w lumped-constant filter, 25, 42-43 88 and weighting function, relation between, 26, 48-50 Frequency, channels for single-band sensitivityy, magnetron output, 8, 189, microwave systems, 9, 75 482, 582 choice, beacon, 1, 260; 3, 29, 63-73 -shifting, spontaneous, 3, 237 complex, 6, 300, 306, 357 sink, Rieke diagram, 6, 328 conversion (see Conversion) spectrum, 24, 138, 140, 141 dependence, of lossless junctions 6, 151, for precipitation echo, 24, 14G141 of symmetrical junctions, 8, 476-479 for sea echo, 24, 142 determination, CRT circular sweep, 19, stability, klystron, 7, 179, 191, 328 704 magnetron, 6, 35, 408, 409 diagrams, decibel vs. log, 21, 271, 304 oscillator, 3, 256, 259–261, 303, 310, -difference measurements, 11, 453; 14, 366; 9, 83; 16, 212; 19, 103, 128 391 stabilization, magnetron, 6, 402, 622- discrimination, 21, 46; 2% 362 645 divider (see Divider, frequency) microwave, 11, 67 division, 19, 225; 20, 81-89 oscillator, 19, 128 pulse-recurrence (see Division, PRF) standard, broadcasts, 11, 353 use of time selectors in, 19, 569 crystal (see CTystal frequent y stand- using resonant stabilization, 19, 59s ards) 599 microwave, 11, 344 doubler, 4, 207, 219 design considerations, 11, 345-347 -doubling, klystron, 7, 400 Radiation Laboratory, 11, 347- jitter, in PRF dividers, 19, 568 375 marker, active, 18, 305 primary, 11, 343–347 blanking, 18, 306 secondary, 11, 375–384 passive, 18, 305 synchronizer, reactance-tube-con- measurements, 11, 343–407, 453 trolled, 19, 554 equipment and techniques, 11, 392- tracking, electronic, 20, 522 407 -tripling, klystron, 7, 400 oscilloscopic, 19, 702–706 Fresnel diffraction, 13, 412 INDEX 57

Freenel equations for specular reflection, G la, 396 Freanel integrals, 18, 477 ~, G (see also Spectral density), 26,313, Freanel region, circular aperture, 12, 19i3- 317-321 199 Gain, antenna, 1, 19; 2, 16; 3, 125; general characteristics, 12, 171–172 11, 899; 12, 3, W, 99, 177; 13, 28- Freanel zones, 12, 196; 13, 417 29, 31; 26, 10 on targets, 13, 464, 468 sbeoluti, 12, 90 Friction, Coulomb, 21, 357; 26, 220, 226 comparison, 12, 581 dynamic, 21,357 dependence on aperture illumina- lumpy, 21, 357 tion, 12, 177–178 measurement, 21, 460 determination, by mirror method, static, 21, 357 11, 911-914 ViSCOUS,21, 357, 452; 26, 212, 216, 218, by pattern integration, 11, 914 221, 226 by reflection method, 12, 58&586 -wheel integrators, 27, 24 directive, 12, 580-581 Frictional influence, layer of, 13, 213, 231 effective, 12, 583 Front-feed systems, 12, 448 factor, 11, 899; 12, 178, 425 Frontal inversion, 13, 263 vs. aperture illumination, 12, 187, Frontal passage, 13, 264 195 Frontal surface, 13, 263 function, 2, 90, 94 Fronts, effect on propagation, 18, 263, for aperture, 12, 162 319, 325, 331, 347 scattering, 12, 590 Fruit, CRO, S, 75, 222 meaaureme~ta, 11, 907-912; 12, 580- $-transform, 18, 59 586 Full-cycle charging, line-type pulser, 6, parabolic cylindrical, 12, 457–458 394-397, 449 pencil-beam, 12, 423–432 [’unction, ~actorization, 27, 168-174 scattering pattern, 12, 468 generated by three-bar linkage, 27, sectoral horns, 12, 587 122–127 standard determination, 12, 582–585 standards, secondary, 12, 586 generation (we aZsoAddition; Multipli- balance, Loran, 4, 389, 393 cation; Roots), 21, 90-128 -bandwidth, factor, amplifier, 16, 172, generators, 21, 90-128; 27, 1 205, 287-290 bar-linkage computers, 27, 27-42 feedback chain, 18, 268 compared with integrators, 27, 23 flat-staggered n-uple, 16, 176 grid structure, 27, 22*233 incresae due ti overstaggering, 18, ideal, 27, 233 287 immittance, 21, 230 synchronous aingl~tuned ampli- implicit, and feedback, 21, 131 fiers, 18, 172 mechanization (computer) (see Mech- transitionally coupled double- anization of function) tuned circuit as function of Q- miscellaneous, 21, 120-128 ratio, 18, 206 with two degrees of freedom, 27, various inter stage coupling 284-299 schemes, 16, 288 of two independent parameters, 27, 224 product, 7, 19-21; 18, 171, 172; 297, of two independent variables, 27, 23, 298; 23, 177 223 double-tuned stage, 1, 447 unit, automatic time measurement, 20, feedback chain, 18, 238 277, 279, 280, W5-308 maximum, 16, 82 Fungus growth, protection against, 9, 125 single-tuned stage, 1, 446 58 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Gain, control, amplifier, 18, 93-96, 290; Gating, signal, 22, 123 2S, 168, 182,23&252 system, automatic tracking, 9, 205 automatic (see AGC) Gaussian distribution, 2446-50 effect on noise figure, 18, 717 ndimensional, 2% 47 instantaneous automatic (see IAGC) one-dimensional, 24, 46 manual, 2S, 238 two-dimensional, 24, 49 stagger-tuned amplifiers, 18, 191 Gaussian error curve, 16, 80, 81, 721, 723 time-varied, 24, 303, 31 1–313 GCA (ground control of approach), 2, limited receiver, 23, 277 227, 237-251 ; 1S, 432; 26,86,188 storage, 1, 44 advantages and limitations, 2, 248-251 voltage-amplifier, 7, 252-257 AN/MPN-1, 1, 211 Galvanometer-amplifier, 11,499 antenna beam coveragea, 2, 242 Roberts, 21, 517, 518 azimuth and elevation assemblies, 2, Gamow mode, 13, 83, 309 244 Gamow pbaee-integral method, 13, 151, presentation, 2, 241, 245-247, 249 167 GCI (ground control of interception), 3, Gap (see also Klystron; Magnetron), ad- 8; 26, 12, 231 mittance, 7, 50, 68, 144 Gears, 21, 55, 59 beam current, 7, 32 boxes, aircraft, dual-autlet, 1, 560 conduction current, 7, 36 differential, 21, 39 current density, total, 7, 37, 84 motor, 17, 389-390 d-c gap field, 7, 46 ratios, 21, 355 high-velocity, 7, 54 trains, 25, 13&133 low-velocity, 7, 60 lubrication, 26, 169 d-c conditions, 7, 62, 129, 140 Gee, 2, 60-64; 3, 17, 26; 4, 9, 11, 17, 22, pulser (see Spark gap) 80, 100; 20, 30, 34, 261 resonator, driving current, 7, 32, 42, lattice, 4, 11 43, 49, 58, 98, 338, 340, 345 Generation, of functions (see also Addi- displacement current, 7, 36 tion; Multiplication; Roots), 21, 90- rotary (see Spark gap, rotary) 128 transit angle (see Transit angle, gap) harmonic, 19, 54&548 voltage, 7, 49, 133, 232–240 characteristics, finite, 7, 218-224 Generators, 17, 408417 momentary, 7, 446 400-cps, permanenhmagnet-field, 1, spectrum, 7, 480 585 Garlock Klozure (oil seal), 26, 140 a-c, type of excitation, 17, 411 Gas, discharges, microwave, 14, 139-225 aircraft, voltage waveshape, 17, 422– focusing, klystron, 7, 212 423 tubes, 17, 61O-613 aircraft (see ako Alternators; Dyna- cold-cathode, 19, 592 motors), 17, 413417 control circuits, 23, 5LWM dual-purpose, 1, 560 Gate, 24, 26, 343 amplidyne, 21, 437 for crystal protection, 14, 424 angle information, 20, 458 feedthrough, 22,476 angle-sweep, SCR-598, 19, 460 generator multivibrator, 20, 117 azimuth-marker, 19, 345 puls~electing, 6-P see, 20, 152 bearings and lubrication, 17, 367–370, Loran timing, 4, 210, 231, 246 412 -pulse mixer, 4, 199, 227 boxcar, 24, 28 selecting, 20, 151 brush wear, 17, 424425 Gating, 22, 223; 24, 253 compound-wound, 17, 409410 circuits, 19, 364 controlled, 21, 401, 436 INDEX 59

Gemratore, c~taf*ontrolled range Generators, cawtuoth, 1, 510-514; 22, mark, TS-102/AP, 21, 662 132-139 d-c, type of excitation, 17, 410-411 bootstrap, 22, 135-138 delay-line pulse, and blocking oscil- linear, 20, 151, 347, 358 lators, 19, 205-253 SCR598, 19,460 delayed-pulse, 21, 591 seriee-wound, 17, 409 delayed-trigger, 22, 281 shun&wound, 17, 409 Diekd, 20, 424 signal (see Signal generator) differential, 26, 225 single-etroke, 1, 496 drag cup, 21, 75 sinusoidal waveform, 19, 101–158 dual-voltage, 17, 415416 810W-SWeCp)4, 209, 212, 229; 16, 314, electromagnetic, 21,’74 316, 326 enclosures, 17, 412 specidcationa, 17, 408413 engine-driven automatic controls, 17, square-wave, 4, 203, 209, 223 408 sweep, 4, 212; 21, 595, 603, 611, 614, heavy-duty, 17,401402 618, 626, 642, 647; 22, 266, 274, maintenance, 17, 408 360, 435 portable, 17, 402 boot&rap, 22,367 power required, 17, 405 ‘ exponential, 20, 144 speed of operation, 17, 407-408 Loran, 4, 212 type of duty, 17, 404-405 ehutoff, automatic, 22, 508 ultraportable, 17, 402403 synchro, 22, 185; 17, 313, 316-317; 26, function (see ako Addition; Multipli- 224 cation; Roots), 21, 90-128 differential, 17, 314 grouped-marker, 20, 106-110 tachometer, 22, 219 grouped pulee, 20, 400 time-base, 22, 258 i-f pulse, 29, 311 time-mark, 19, 727 induction, 21, 75, 86 time-marker, 20, 108 linear-sawtooth, bootstrap, 20, 151, triangle, bootstrap, 20, 1~131 347, 358 accuracy teste, 20, 129 positive-feedback, 20, 225 trigger, 22, 118-123, 255, 262, 272 linear sweep, 20, 153 multiple-frequency, 20, 81 Loran, 90-kc/see, 4, 291 tube-oscillator high-voltage, 22, 173 fas&sweep, 4, 199,205,212,227,228, video pulse, 21, 593 255 voltage control (see ako Governor; pulse-signal, ~ 395 Voltage regulation), 17, 411412, r-f, 4, 293 418420, 445454 marker, 22, 283 carbon-pile, 17, 446-451 XLmile, 20, 85 by field current, 21, 57 multiple-frequency, 20, 81 Ward Leonard, 21, 401 and trigger, 20, 81–106 Geodetic reference points, 4, 193 single-frequency, 20, 69-81 Geometrical optics, 13, 4, 6, 41-58 noise (see Noise generators) back scattering, 18,461, 465-468 permanent-magnet, 17, 372, 374–376 Geometrical precision, hyperbolic fam- phantastron-gate, 20, 104 ily, 4, 72, 102, 425 pulse (see Pulse generators) Germanium (see abo Crystaf; Detector; rang~mark, 20, 69 Rectifier; Semiconductor), 15, 10, ratings, 17, 409 21, 398-416; 19, 69, 331, 408, 608; rectangle, 20, 222 20, 91; 29, 11 rectangular-wave, 22, 123-128, 140, addition agents for, 1S, 308 432, 526 back current, 16,374 60 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Germanium, cartridge, 15, 32S Grating, quarter-wave, 12,447 characteristic ccmstanta, 16, 61 reflectors, 12, 449-450 etching, 15, 316, 369 Gravitational wavea, 1S, 346 forward conductance, 15, 373 Grazing angle, 18, 10S, 114, 115 heat treatment,. 15, 316 Grazing path, 1S, 6 i-f impedance, 16, 382-3S4 Green’s function, 10, 162 ingot, preparation, 15, 30S-3 13, 364- Green’s theorem, 8, 44, 51 369 sCdm, 12, 108 life tests, 15, 377 vector, 12, SO photoelectric effec$a, 15, 393-397 Grid, bise, microwave-tube, 7, 176, 193 polishing, 16, 316 characteristics, pulsed, 19, 81 purification, 15, 304-306 circuit, delay-line, 18, 131, 145 rectifier, 1S, 10 current, 18, 349, 41S-421 noise temperature, 15, 35 klyetron, 7, 107 welded~ontact, 1S, 21, 39S-416; 16, negative, IS, 418 87-93, 104, 365, 367 nordinearities, 6SN7, 19, SO surface treatment, 16, 369 photoelectric, 18, 419 Ghost, 2!4, 59 positive, 16, 419 Loran, 4, 101, 250 emission, 18, 419 Gibbe phenomenon, 5, 187 generator, computer, definition, 27,225 Gimbal inertia error, 26, 208 gauging error, 27, 281-283 Glaas, dielectric constant, 14, 39; 26,409 for given function, 27, 225 laboratory, 6, 679, 6L?LI mechanization of function by, 27, layer, 22, 645 238 10= tangents, 26,409 nonideal, 27, 238-242 low-Q, window, leakage, 14, 233 star, with almost ideal grid structure, for magnetrons, 6, 4S3, 487 27, 25@2S4 seal, Kovar-t.o-, 6, 4S3 structural error, 27, 226 magnetron output, 6, 482 grounded (see Grounded grid) secondary-emission coefficients, 19, 709 klystron, 7, 500 windows, resonant, 14, 102 -leak bias, microwave-tube, 7, 175 Glid-path, facilities, POPI, 4, 13 noise, current, 7, 107–109, 117, 120 system, 2, 227 induced, and shot noiee, correlation Glow tubes, drift, 21, 500 between, 18, 677–682 modes, 21, 499 partition current, 7, 108 regulator, 21, 530 -plate capacitance, 7, 1S4 temperature effecte, 21, 499 pulsing, S, 288; 7, 187 Goniometer, 20, 240; 21, 105 -screen regions, microwave-tube, 7, 115 inductance, 20, 158, 161 -separation amplifier (grounded grid), phase-modulating, 20, 154 7, 146 Governor, centrifugal carbon-pile, 17,430 structure (computer), function, 27, 228– Lee centrifugal, 17, 39>395 233 motor-speed, 17, 392–395 generalized, 27, 243 GPI (ground position indicator), 1, 216; ideal, 27, 229-230, 233–238, 240 2, 122-128; 20, 251; 21, 173 star-grid generators with, 27, 250- Gradient operator, 10, 4 284 Gradients, meteorological, 1S, 192, 193, non ideal, 27, 230-233, 241, 2S4-299 198, 267 regularized, 27, 239-242 Grating, and arrays in free space, 10j 280- transformation of, topological, 27, 295 232-233, 239, 244, 246, 249, 251 in free epace, 10, SS use of, in linkage design, 27, 243–249 INDEX 61

Grid, tranzadmittance, microwave-tube, Half-power points, 14, 389 7, 107-109 Half-wave amplitude-selector circuits, CR-N foam, dielectric constants, 26, 411 carrier-balanced, 19, 391 Ground, circuits for i-f stages, 29, 266 unbalanced, 19, 39o clutter (see Clutter) Half-wave charging, single-phaae, 6,476- control+f-interception (GCI), S, 8; 478 26, 12, 231 Hall coefficient, 16, 53-61 currents, 29, 261 Hall effect, 16, 54 -position indicator (GPI), 1, 216; 2, Hankel function, 10, 43 12>128; 20, 251; 21, 173 amplitude, 10, 44 return, 1, 92, 154 and phaae, 8, 246 speed measurement, 2, 105 modified, of order one-third, 1S, 94 Doppler method, 2, 110 phaze, 10, 44 over water, 2, 110 spherical, 10, 54 target area, effective, 12, 469 Harmonic, analysie for stationary ran- track, 20, 23 dom processes, 26, 270-291 virtual, 20, 294, 295 analyzer, Coradi, 26, 283 wave propagation, 4, 60 bunching, 7, 281 Grounded cathode, 16, 634, 652; 2S, 83, chokes, 16, 174-178 126 content, klystron-tube, 7, 207, 209, grounded-grid, 18, 616, 645, 657, 660, 217, 239, 240, 245 661; 2s, 117 generator, 16, 3-4 input circuit, 18, 646 crystal rectifier, 11, 373; 16, 173 pentode, 16, 644 frequency range covered, 11, 374 triode, 18, 645 welded-contact rectifier, 15, 398, 415 Grounded grid, 16, 634, 648, 652; 2S, 83, “haeh,” 18, 298 135 i-f, 28, 41 amplifier as feedback amplifier, 2S, 92 mixer, 16, 61, 82, 265, 301, 372, 374; triode, 18, 645 23, 19 Grounded plate, 18, 648, 652; 2S, 83 ratio, 28, 46 -grounded-grid triode, 18, 645, 664 reinforcement in frequency conver- Group velocity, propagation, 4, 129 sion, 15, 114, 167–170 CR-S cyclized rubber, 26, 371 shutters, 16, 174-178 Guide (see cleo Waveguide), chamfered, transformer (computer), 27, 27, 34, 36, waveguide window, 6, 466 58-106 Guided-wave concept, 9, 36-40 double, 27, 36, 77-106 Guillemin networke (see Network) functione, tablea, 27,63-67, 301-332 Guillemin’s theory, 6, 189-207 ideal, 27, 58-67 Guillotine attenuator, 11, 787 double, 27, 77-95 Gyroscope, 21, 77, 88; 26, 194, 196, 197, in homogeneous parameter, 27, 202, 206 62-63 erection mechaniem, 26, 302 monotonic functione mechanized by, 27, 78, 82-88 H mechanization of function by, 27, 61-63 Habann-type oscillation, 6, 4 monotonic functions, 27, 78, 82–88 Hailstone, attenuation by, 18,25, 687 nonide4 27, 58-60, 67–77, 249 eohoea, 18, 619 structural error, 27,59,64,67-75 Hair hygrometer, 1S, 182 nonideal double, 27, 95-102 Half-cycle charging, 5,397-400 nonmonot.otic function, 27, 89-91 Half-period zones, 1S, 413 parameters, 27, 61 62 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Harmonic, trarmformer, in series, 27, 77– Height-gain effect, 13, 10, 304, 307, 350, 106 375, 378 two, with three-bar linkage, 27, 166- Heigh&gain function, 13, 22, 65, 78, 86, 195 112, 122, 128, 141–142, 145, 164–168 usage, 27, 61–62 Height-indicator, scale, 22, 565 Hart inversor, 27, 30 V-beam, 1, 547; 2, 211; 26, 85, 89 Hartree diagram, 6, 30, 341 Height indices, 1, 518-524 Hartree’s condition, 6, 340 Height-loss effect, 13, 10 Hash, 3, 75 Height markers, 22, 521 Haze layers and signal fluctuations, 13, movable, 1, 520 346 Height measurement, 22, 517 H + B triangle solutions, 21, 40 by radar, errors, from refractive effects, Heading marker (data take-off), 26, 168 13, 385, 436 Heat, capacity of air, 13, 293 Heil tube, 7, 29 convection, 21, 675 S22A, 7, 30 dissipation in beacon packaging, 3,359 Helical-spring r-f contact for attenuators, latent, 13, 183 11, 714 radiation, 21, 674 Helipot, 21, 368 vaporization of water, 13, 188, 293 Helmholtz coil assembly, 20, 137 Hertz vector, 8, 21; 13, 58-60 Heater, construction, cathode, 6, 687–693 open, magnetron cathode, 6, 736 Hertzian dipoles, free-space transmission equation, 13, 32 power, magnetron, 6, 402, 411 Heterodyne detection, 24, 10 rated, magnetron, 6, 528 High-frequency a-c motors, 17, 379-381 -voltage variation, effect on amplifier, High output-voltage circuit, 16, 144 16, 353, 421424 Hinge joints, waveguide, 9, 438442 Heating from below, 13, 193, 220–223, Hipersil, 17, 145–149 227, 228, 300, 364 H modes (see Modes) Heaviside calculus, 21, 229 HN connectors, 9, 260 Heaviside unit function, 21, 235 Home Chain, British (CH), 1, 175-180, Height as function of wavelength, 13, 123 226 natural unit, 13, 96 Homing, on aircraft, 1, 200 Height finders, 2, 207-227 ASD, 1, 19$203 AN/TPS-10, 1, 191 with gee, 2, 63 beavertail, 10-cm, mount, 2, 218 radar, ASE, 1, 196 CMH, 1, 1S8 ASG, 1, 199 Height-finding, 1, 1*196;, 12, 467; 26, ASH, 1, 199 85 on surface target, 1, 196 accuracy, absolute and relative, 2, 212 techniques, 4, 16 effect of elevation beamwidth, 2, 213 Homogeneous parameters, 27, 43, 47-49, by elevation scanning, 1, 189 62-63, 68-71 methods, 2, 207 ideal harmonic transformer expressed long-wave, 2, 208 in, 27, 62–63 pencil-beam with conical scan, 2,210 Homogeneous variables, 27, 43, 47-49, V-beam, 2, 211; 26, 85, 89 62, 64-67, 78, 79, 87, 89, 171 vertically scanned beams, 2, 210 Horn, 2, 15, 16; 26, 158, 174 by null readings, 1, 184 arrays, 12, 319 by searchlighting, 1, 187 biconical, 12, 9 by signal comparison, 1, 1S5 box, 12, 377–380 system, combined with plan system, 1, compound, 12, 350, 376 192 E-plane, 11, 906 INDEX 63

Horn, Eplane, phase center, 11, 906 H,X, time modulator, 20, 121 phase front, 11, 906 H,X, 20, 386-388 power pattern, 11, 906 H-waves, 8, 17 radiation pattern, 11, 906 Hybrid coil, 8, 307; 10, 128; 11, 546; 16, as extended feeds, 12, 493494 267 feeds, 12, 334-387 Hybrid junction, 10, 386 pyramidal, 12, 587 Hybrid time and phase discriminator, 20, sectoral, E-plane, admittance charac- 97 teristics, 12, 369-374 Hydraulic devices, 21, 397 modes in, 12, 350-354 Hydraulic servos, 21, 398 mouth admittance, 12, 369 Hydrogen bottle for brazing, 6, 669 radiation from, 12, 357–365 Hydrogen thyratron (see Thyratron, hy- tenth-power widths, 12, 364, 365 drogen) throat transition, 12, 369–371 Hydrostatic equilibrium, 13, 22o transmission-line equations, 12, Hygraph, Loran, 4, 186 366369 Hygrometer, dew-point, 13, 182, 186 H-plane, admittance characteristics, electrolytic, 13, 182, 284, 286 12, 374-376 Hyperbolas, 4, 11, 70 modes in, 12, 355-357 families of, 4, 113 mouth admittances, 12, 375 spherical, 4, 72, 175 radiation from, 12, 358-365 waveform generation, 19, 301–305 tenth-power widths, 12, 365 Hyperbolic, course, 3, 16 throat transition, 12, 375 line of position, 4, 10 HR radar system, 20, 163 navigation, 2, 56-60; 3, 17; 4, 17, 19; H-systems of navigation, S, 15-17, 426; 20, 261 4,9 accuracy, 2, 77 Hue, 22, 659 positional, 2, 59 Hulsmeyer patent, 1, 13 automatic piloting, 2, 82-85 Hum, AFC, 16,349 Gee, 3, 17 reduction, multivibrator, 19, 194 range, 2, 77 synchroscope, 22, 266 surveying, 4, 117 Humidiometer, Gregory, 19, 289 track, 4, 16 Humidity, M, 182, 206 Hysteresis, d-c motor, 21, 360 absolute, 13, 182 electronic-tuning, 11, 30 deficit, 18, 222, 224, 229 loop (see BH loop) lo-per cent rule, 1S, 227, 228, 300 ]0ss, 6, 627 -e5ect nomograph for cavitiea, 11, 391 nonlinear characteristic, 19, 41, 85, 165 and refractive index, 19, 181–193 in reflex , 7, 384-403 relative, 1S, 182, 184, 206 tachometer, 21, 75 specific, 13, 185, 187, 188, 206, 218 and temperature in lower atmosphere, I instruments to measure, 1S, 272- 293 IAGC (instantaneous automatic gain Hunting, AFC, 16, 295, 331 control), 1, 459; 2S, 248, 369-371; Hurricane study by radar, 13, 23, 636- 24,302, 345 640 receiver, 23, 601 Huygens’ principle, 1S, 412, 454 Ice, crystals, attenuation by, 18,687-688 HuygerwFreanel principle, 12, 108 echoes from, 18, 618 HZ, 20, 119 index of refraction, 18, 686 range phantaatron, 20, 122 point, 13, 292 range unit, 20, 120, 123 Iwmoscape, 19, 707 64 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Ideal ob8erver, criterion, 24, 168 Impedance, a-c, line (we Line, imped- theory, 24, 167–173 ance) Ideal transformer, three-winding, 10, 127 bridge, 11, 446, 515-560; 14, 395 Identification, beacon, 3, 19, 30 basic measuring techniques, 11, 53CP blinker, Loran, 4, 256 537 complementary (computer), 27, 49 built-in calibrator, 11, 558 direct, 27, 48-49 calibration, 11, 556-559 Identity operations, 21, 32, 60-63 elements, 11, 516-530 change, impedance, 21, 61 line-component, 11, 540-545, 549, of representation, 21, 62 554 scale, 21, 61 magic-T, 14, 395 voltage-level, 21, 60 for measuring phase shift, 14, 403 I-f, admittance, 16, 71–75, 79, 105, 253, with modulation frequency discrimi- 277, 359 nation, 11, 543–548 output, 16, 90, 178-185 multifrequency, 11, 537–543 amplifiers (see Amplifiers) with panoramic receiver, 11, 539 bandwidth, 24, 199-210, 239 with panoramic receiver, 11, 552–556 capacitance, 16, 129 pulsemodulated, 11,538, 548-552 choice of, 1, 444; 2S, 15S160 single-frequency, 11, 530 conductance, 16, 111, 249, 360 sources of error, 11, 559 coupling circuit, 16, 271 typical, error, 11, 560 impedance, 16, 256 changer, 16, 430; 22, 114–116 output lead, 16, 128-131 changes, with feed tilt, 12, 488 overloading, 24, 343–347 chart, rectangular, 8, 74; 9, 72 rejection ratio, Loran receiver, 4, 389 Smith, 8, 73, 226; 9, 6&67 resistance, 16, 115 use of, 9, 457–460 spectrum, 16, 302 -circle diagrams, 11, 697 strip, bent, 23, 264 delay lines, 1, 671 IFF, 1, 251; 2, 42; 3, 8, 19 discontinuity in klystron output line, Illumination, aperture, beamwidths vs., 7, 427 12, 179, 183-187, 195 and energy relations, field, 6, 135-137 dependence of gain on, 12, 177-178 free space, 9, 58 gain factor vs., 12, 187, 195 gap, and admittance, 7, 110 aide lobes vs., 12, 179, 187, 195 i-f, 16, 256 binomial, of broadcide arrays, 12,269 image, microwave filter, 9, 554-557 gabled, of broadside arraya, 12, 269 network, 8, 114 Image, current density, CRT, 22,53 input network, determination, B, 5K% of dipole radiators, 12, 135-137 586 frequency, 16, 27, 60, 256, 276, 358, prescribed, 9, 586-589 362, 364, 365; 29, 17 internal, prdser, 1, 366 termination and conversion lose, 16, VR tube, 21, 530 75-83 intrinsic, TEM wave, 8, 19 higher+rder, frequency spectrum, 11, iterative network, 6, 113 416 10W, 16, 66, 68, 80, 89 principle of, 12, 132-137 Iow-paes filter, 8, 66, 115, 116 for dipole sources, ’12, 135-137 -matching, 6, 4, 9, 13, 16, 227; 8, 179- reflection, 16, 367 187; 9, ~ 59-100, 209-218 -rejection ratio, Loran receiver, ~ 388 beacon oscillator, S, 285 reaponee, 16, 26 cable, 6, 671, 677 termination, 16, 62 hard-tube puleer to load, S, 70-76 Immersion-lene system, 22, # methods of achieving, 9, 86 INDEX 65

Impedance, -matching, transformers, 9, Index of refraction, atmospheric, con- 9G95 stancy, in microwave region, 19,641, transmission-cable use in measure- 643 ments, 5, 669-673 complex, 13, 448 matrix, 8, 87, 140; 10, 103 dependence on meteorological param- measurement, 9, 18; 19, 706 eters, 13, 13, 191 apparatus, 12, 547 dielectric, 8, 366 of ATR tubee, 14, 397 effective, 26, 352 input~utput, network, 10, 131 and humidity, 13, 181–193 microwave, 6, 705 ice, 13, 686 probe errore in, 12, 548, 556 modified, 13, 12, 50, 53, 191, 192 mismatch with long cable, reflection gradient, 13, 192 effects of, 6, M–89 inadequacy, over land, 13, 352 mutual, mesh, 8, 86 profde, bilinear, analytical state- network, 8, 84; 18, 4, 5 ment, 19, 142 reciprocal, 9, 544 idealizations and definitions of nonlinear, 21, 503 types, 1S, 14 normalization, 9, 561 nonlinear, 13, 174 open-circuit, network, 9, 542, 555 radome materials, 28, 266, 343, 345 oscillator, magnetron, 6, 36 variable gradienta, 13, 9. 192 polyiron, in coaxial line, 11, 724 water, 13, 609-613, 674-676 in waveguide, 11, 727 Indication, azimuth-elevation, 22, 22 moving-target (sse MTI) pulser load, 7, 187 on-target, 20, 328 short-circuit, network, 9, 555 true-bearing, 1, 311 source of low, 18, 366 type C, 22, 22 spheroidal dipole, 12, 249 Indicator, 24, 2 static input, magnetron, 6, 401 transformation, ratio, of transformer, Ak-Position, Bendix, 20, 25I angular resolution, 22, 35 6, 10 classification of, 1, 164 by transmission line, 8, 67–69 design considerations, 2, 148-153 transformers, variable, 9, 456-516 Gee, 4, 11 transmission line (see Line, transmis- ground position (see GPI) sion) Loran, 4, 100 transverse wave, 12, 209 direct-reading, 4, 104 wave, 8, 18; 9, 37, 41, 53, 647 plan-position (see PPI) TEM, 8, 18 position error, 20, 367 Implicit-function, loops, stability, 21, 21 presenting search and height data, 2, techniques, 21, 15 223 Impregnation compound, 22, 719 projection, 22, 579-584 Impulse function, 22, 357 radar, 1, 161–175; 2, 7, 26-36; 8, 377– Incidence, angle of, measurement, 11,602 384; 20, 108 arbitrary, measurement at, 11, 599- radial time base, 1, 174 604 rang%height (see do RHI), 24, 22 far from normal, 11, 613 remote, 22, 191 normal, meaeurementa at, 11, 593-599 response of, in line measurement, 12, Incoherent scatterers, 18, 588-591, 699- 549 706 nghtAeft, 4, 110 Index of refraction (se also Dielectric self-synchmnous, 22, 25 constant), additivity rule, 18, 190 for shipbome navigational radar, 2, air, 4, 129; 1S, 6, 189 373-377 66 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Indicator, spot error, 1, 175 , rotary (see ako Magnesyn; -Tracker Unit BC-1365, 20, 255 Resolver; Selsyn, d-c; Synchro; two-trace, 4, 21, 22 Telegon), 17, 310-355 type B precision, 20,255 Inhomogeneity of rain, 19, 24, 672, 684, type C, 24, 22 689 type M, 20, 223 Injection, in cycle matching, controlled, types, 2, 30-36 4, 401 Indices (scale markers), 1, 163; 20, 180- pulsed, 4, 398 184;22, 15 Input circuits, bandwidth, methods of angle generator, photoelectric, 22, 230 increasing, 18, 690 derived, 22, 249 double-triode, 18, 656-666 fixed, 20, 181 double-tuned, noise figure of 6rst flashing, 22, 229 stage, 18, 690 generation of, 20, 69-110 dummy, 18, 316; 23, 326 for manual time measurement, 20, noise, 7, 157 215 loading, microwave-tube, 7, 155 movable, generation, 20, 111–175, 182 noise, microwave-tube, 7, 112 range and angle, 1, 513–524 spectral-density matrix, 25, 313 single-scale circuits, 20, 111–114 scale (computer), 27, 46, 51 slow-scan, 22, 229-238 signals, multiple, mixing of, 18, 9%102 substitution, 22, 229, 236 variable (computer), 27, 45 timing, 22, 238-247 Inquisitor, beacon, 3, 6 tracking, 20, 183 Insertion loss, of cavity resonators, 9, Inductance, Ayrtcm-Perry windings, 17, 654; 14, 29 86 definition, 11, 680 charging, 1, 382; 5, 355, 361, 455, 467, functions, physical realizability, 9, 58W 483 583 from a-c source (see al-so A-c charg- network, 9, 550 ing), 6, 380-386 specified, reactive networks with, 9, from d-c power supply, 6, 356-380 58&589 efficiency, 5, 363 supersonic delay lines, 17, 22&221, as energy reservoir, 6, 23 23S236 equivalent, resonator, 6, 114 Instability, magnetron, 6, 345, 349, 355 leakage calculation, 6, 512 Instrument motors, 17, 356-395 measurement, 6, 366-372, 515 Instrument vibrators, 17, 497A98 mutual, in nodal analysie, 18, 16 Insulation, interlaminar, 5, 638 network, 6, 84 material measurements, 6, 653 nordinear, as switch, 1, 381 primary, for r-f cables, 17, 21–22 self-, of iron-core coil, 17, 11*124 for pulse transformers, 6, 648-655 transformer, 6, 400 relay, 17, 488 -tuned system, mrdticavity, mode spee reaiatance of hook-up wire, 17, 14-15 trum, 6, 165 Integral, controllers (see Servo control- Inductive, capacity, specific, 11, 561 lers) kicker pulse circuit, 5, 305-307 equation, homogeneous, 10, 163 alit, waveguide, 8, 164-166 r-f field, 7, 127, 128, 130, 141 tuning screws, 14, 43 Wiener-Hopf, 10, 184 wire, thin, in waveguide, 8, 167 superposition, 19, 653 Inductors, iron-core, 17, 115-174 Integrafe table, 25, 369 construction, 17, 145-174 evaluation of, 25, 333-339 design, 17, 115-145 Integrated+quare error, 25, 314 pie windings, 22, 320 Integration, 19, 648-668 INDEX 67

Integration, based on inductance, 21, 82 Interference, classification, 24, 143-144 8s circuit operation, 21, 78-89 coherent, propagation, 3, 4245, 466 multiplication by, 21, 56 complex types, 24, 145-148 of radar information, 1, 38-47 C-W, 24, 144, 335-340 with respect ta dimension other than amplitude-modulated by noise, 24, time, 21, 86 146 time, 24, 150 frequency-modulated by noise, 24, of voltage with respect to time, 21, 83 147 Integrator, ball-and-disk, 21, 88, 199 noise-modulated, 24, 353–358 bootstrap, 19, 662; 20, 302, 303 effects on microwaves, S, 4549 coast, 20, 304 electronic, 24, 335–366 computer, 27, 2, 4, 23–26 elimination, beacon, 3, 454 compared with function generators, lobes, 1, 50; S, 45 27, 23 low-frequency, 2S, 519 component solver, 27, 26 nulls, 3, 437 double-ball, 27, 24-26 pattern, 1S, 5, 38-40, 113–122, 407– friction-wheel, 27, 24 410, 421-444 difference, 20, 302, 303 fluctuations, 1S, 535 double, bootstrap, 20, 386 pulsed, 24, 145, 358-366 electrical, 20, 291–303 radar, 3, 442 Oboe, 20, 354 railing, 24, 358-365 region, 18, 5, 6, 113–122, 408 electrolytic, 21, 89 rejection, 20, 400 electromechanical, 20, 252 suppreeaor, 24, 361 electronic, 20, 347, 357 Interfering signals in beacon systems, S, feedback amplifier, 20, 302, 303 114-119 using inductance, 21, 83 Intermediatefrequency (see I-f) mechanical, 20, 305; 21, 88 amplifier (see Amplifier, i-f ) Miller, 19, 37, 323, 664; 20, 114_l 17 choice of, 1, 444; 2S, 158-160 high-gain, 20, 140 Internally gated circuits, 19, 486490 linear-sweep generator, 19, 27=285 Interpulse interval, S, 16, 54, 119 mdtistage, 20, 116-118 Interrogation, channel, 9, 418 parabola generator, 19, 310 coding (see Coding, interrogation) ee~-gating, 20, 118-124 directional, S, 64-66 RC-, 21, 78 link saturation, S, 104 feedback amplifier, 21, 79 random, 3, 85-89 with regeneration, 21, 82 Interrogator, beacon, S, 4, 6, 386 system operation, 21, 194 cc radar set, 9, 66-69 using tachometers, 21, 83 -responeor, 1, 253; 2, 42; 3, 6, 385 velocity servo, 21, 84 -beacon, combined, 9, 389 watt-hour meters 8s, 21, 87 design, 8, 385-397 Integro-differential-function generation, ship, with shor-beacon system, S, 21, 126 419-426 Interaction field, reeonator, 6, 74, 9%98 uced rdone, for range and azimuth Interaction space, 6, 11, 84, 403 information, 3, 389-394 admittance, 6, 63, 84 for rangeordy information, S, equivalent network, 6, 52 385-389 trial design, 6, 403 used with radars, for range and Interface reflection, dielectrics, 11, 600 azimuth information, S, 396 Interference, -absorbing materials, 1,69 for rang~rdy information, 8, within beacon system, S, 116 394-396 68 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Interrogator, shipborne, S, 19 Iris, waveguide, 8, 162 Interruption frequency, 24, 12 broadband matching with, 9, 322- Intersection nomograme, 27, 40, 251 331 Interval-selector circuite, 19, 364 windows, ~. 203 Inveree feedback, 18, 90-93, 333, 384, Iron-eponge mercury-cathode gap (see 422; 29, 175 Spark gap) aft, 16, 324 Isobaric cooling, 19, 186 chain, gain stability, 18, 253 Isolating element pulser (see Pulser) and output voltage capability, 18, 104 Isotropic spherical waves, 12, 78 paire (see also Feedback pairs), 18, 134, 241-249 ; 23, 524 J bandwidth ewitching, 18, 258 direct-coupled, 18, 136 Jamming, 18, 193, 300, 331 flat, 2S, 177 Jig, bending, panel teets, 26, 386 gain stability, 18, 253 test, eandwich, 28, 400 overloading, 18, 255 Jitter, frequency, in PRF division, 19, series-fed direct-coupled, 18, 151 568 Inversion, temperature, 9, 50 multivibrator, 19, 194 Inversor (computer), Hart, 27, 30 phase, in PRF division, 19, 568 Peaucellier, 27, 29, 30 time, 6, 15, 16, 120, 129, 278, 284, 295, Inverted function, 27, 184 2!)9, 326, 330, 334, 351, 471 mechanization, 27, 138-139, 143–145, Johnson noiee, 7, 257; 18, 11 155, 177 Johnson wattmeter, 11, 216 Inverter, 17, 420431 Jointe, rnotional, in coaxial line, 9, 407– Leland aircraft, 21, 544 416 output waveform, 17, 422–423 combining coaxial line and wave- regulator, carbon-pile, 21, 545 guide, 9, 446-455 speed regulation, 17, 425431 waveguide, 9, 433445 Epeed variation, 17, 426 with polarization rotator, 9, 43G432 ntarting current, 17, 422, 424 rotary, 1, 403; 9, 100–109, 407, 416– trigger, 22, 432 433; 18, 291 ; 28, 6, 74, 165, 184 Ionization, cloude, 4, 136 circular-polarization, 9, 428 maximum, height of, 4, 130 resonance in, 9, 429 spmadic E-region, 4, 144 coaxial, 9, 407-413 Ionized gazes, propagation in, 8,393-396 chokes in, 9, 408 Ionosphere, 4, 59, 88, 94, 126 with combinations of transitions, 9, reflections from, 2, 71 448-451 Ions, focusing, 22, 44 with croza-transition from coaxial noise, magnetron, 6, 395 line to waveguide, 9, 446 Iris, coupling, adjustable, 18, 164, 165 filter-ring, TE,,-mode for, reso- in attenuators, 11, 709 nance in, 9, 423 magnetron output, 8, 194 high-power, with doorknob trahsi- resonator, 7, 507 tione, 9, 451455 dielectric-filled, 8, 392 resonances in, 9, 422 inductive, in waveguidee, 9, 78 pressure seals, 9, 141–143 output, stabilized, 8, 498, 499 with probe transitions, 9, 447 rejection, 9, 706 pti, 28, 73 rmonant, 8, 16%171; 9, 660, 68fM90 rmonancee in, 9, 416-420 thick, 8, 417420 r-f, 28, 73, 141 transformer, 8, 494 with !f’E,l-mode filter-ring tranei- trial, 12, 552 ticme with TE,l-absorberz, 9,425 INDEX 69

Joints, rotmy, waveguide, 1, 403; 9,416- Junction, T-j unction, mon@ring, 11, 433 257 swivel, 9, 433-438 in rectangular guide, apertur~cou- universal, S, 442-445 pled, circular stub, 10, 364, Jordan’s lemma, 1S, 110 367 J-scope, 1, 166; 20, 216-219; 22, 10, 17, E-plane, 10, 363-366 70, 296-301 H-plane, 10, 366 with B-scope, 20, 243-246 reetmgrdar stub, 10, 363, 366 with PPI, 20, 243–246 open, E-plan% 10, 337–339 Junction, choke-flange, open, 9, 291-294 H-plane, 10, 355-360 circuit, three-way, l% 262 alit-coupled, E-plane, 10,339-352, coaxird, 14, 265 412%413 coaxial T-, 10, 114 H-plane, 10, 360-362 b waveguide, 10, 116 with small hole, 8, 296 connected in csacade, 8, 160 standing-wave-ratio curves, 14, 272 symmetrical, 6, 430 cross, H-plane, 8, 315 two coaxial guides, 10, 116 transformer representation, 8, 122 waveguide, circuit elements, 14, 122 effect, in transmission lines, 8, 187 turnstile, 8, 459-466 in waveguides 12, 214, 215 waveguide (see Waveguide junction) E-plane, symmetry, 10, 114; 14, 269 wideband symmetrical, 8, 479 T-junction, 18, 260 Y-junction, 10, 112 equivalent circuits, 8, 289, 292, H-plane, 10, 113 294 symmetrical, 8, 420-427 at high frequencies, 8, 291–294 Juxtaposition in manual CRT measure at long wavelengths 8, 288–291 ments, 20, 186, 188, 190-196 with three-wiuding transformer, 8, 294 K equivalent circuit, choice of, 8, 286-288 four-, degenerate, 8,313-315 Keep-alive, characteristics, TR tube, 14, H-plane, 14, 269 208 equivalent circuit, 14, 121 circuits, 14, 211 symmetry, 10, 116 prepulsed, 14, 212 T-junction, 8, 294; 16, 260 discharge, 14, 143 equivalent circuit, 8, 295 low-level signal attenuation, 14, 209 lossless, frequency dependence, 8, 151 structure, 14, 206 Magic-T, 10, 116 volt-ampere characteristics, 14, 205 N waveguides, 10, 102 electrodes, 14, 245; 23, 10 probe-coupled, 10, 114 coaxial, 14, 200, 245 Purcell, 8, 466-476 within cones of 1B24 and 1B27 symmetrical, frequency dependence, 8, tubes, 14, 205 476-479 properties, 14, 426 T-junction, 8, 2=-297; 16, 155, 260 side-arm, 14, 206, 245 120°, 8, 292 TR tube, 1, 410 coaxial, 10, 114 pre.wure-voltage characteristic, 1B24 in coaxial guide, aperture-coupled, TR tube, 14, 209 10, 368 Kelvin line, 16, 95 rmaxial-line, 8, 295; 14, 268 Kicker, inductive, 5, 305-307 equivalent circuit, 11, 867 Kinematic viscosity, 13, 208, 214, 293 general, branching loss, 14, 323 Kirchhoff’s laws, 8, 85; 18, 1, 10 general theorems, 8, 283–286 Kite ascents, 13, 262 70 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Klystron, 7, 11; 14, 377; 16, 36 Klystron, current, integrated, 7, 123 2K25 (723A/B), 7, 27, 512; 11,31, 35- peaks, in6nite, 7, 206, 233–236 37; 28, 22 starting, 7, 320, 333 mount, 11, 39 total, 7, 32, 36, 39, 48 2K28, 11, 3541; 2S, 22 debunching, 7, 66, 20%217, 219, 252, 2K33, 7, 392403, 516; 11, 36, 47 253, 262-263, 268, 278, 286-294 2K45, 7, 513; 11, 45; !29, 25 longitudinal, 7, 214-217 2K50, 7, 518; 11, 47; 2S, 25 transverse, 7, 21>213 2K57, 7, 517 wave number, 7, 211 41OR, 7, 21, 26, 27, 296, 300, 310; 12, detuning, 7, 298, 299, 305, 307, 310 596 doubkeavity, 11, 374; 12, 59&599 operating characteristics, 7, 268-270 electronic efficiency, 7, 304 417A, 7, 378, 510; 11, 43 electronic tuning, 7, 315, 323, 350, 420; as noise generator, 15, 229 11, 23, 29, 30; 16, 38 419B, 12, 595 frequency doubling, 7, 400 707A, 23, 22 frequency multiplier, 7, 22, 285-294, 707B, 7, 508; 11, 35; 2S, 22 298 723A/B, 7, 27, 512; 11, 31, 35-37; 23, 2K37, 7, 285 22 applications, 7, 286 726, 7, 403; 23, 22 efficiency, 7, 293 amplifiers, 7, 20-23, 240, 243, 244, 248- operation at high input-gap voltage, 284 7, 293 overdrive, 7, 261 stability, 7, 179, 191, 328 Applegate diagram, 7, 204, 272, 395 ssymmetry, 7, 384403 frequency tripling, 7, 400 beam, conductance, 7, 44, 64, 252, 318 gain, gap-voltage, 7, 250 coupling, 7, 41 gap, input, 7, 202, 225 coupling coefficient, 7, 33–35, 42, output, 7, 225, 231 203,.225, 231, 241, 269, 332, 499 gas focussing, 7, 212 current, effe;tive, 7, 335 grid-absorption losses, 7, 269 modulation, 7, 452454, 465-46g harmonic content, 7,207,209,217,239, loading, 7, 44, 225, 231, 254-256, 240, 245 260, 267, 269, 289, 332, 380 hysteresis, 7, 221, 330, 384-403, 431; admittance, 7, 45, 49, 58, 68, 99, 11, 30 319, 347 multiple-transit, 7, 397-403 coefficient, 7, 43 load conductance, 7, 319, 328 conductance, 7, 45 effects, 7, 404 impedance, 7, 51, 67, 110 high-Q, 7, 435 susceptance, 7, 45 optimum, 7, 251, 267 potential, 7, 44 long-line effects, 7, 429 bunching (see Bunching) mixers, 7, 18 cascade amplifier, 7, 22 modes (see Mode) circuit efficiency, 7, 251, 267, 304, 306 modulation (see Modulation) cold tests, 7, 404, 409 multiple-transit electrons, 7, 395–403 conductance, critical, 7, 265, 269 multiresonator, 7, 248 load, 7, 319, 328 oscillation, condition, 7, 299, 302, 303, parameter, 7, 319, 320, 322 348 current, bunched, waveform, 7, 205- frequency, 7, 306 207, 218 modes, 7, 301, 307 density, reflectnr, 7, 354-357 phase relations, 7, 329 driving, with noise, 7, 491 steady, 7, 314 INDEX 71

Klystron, oscillator (we aZ80 Oscillator, Klystron, reflex, voltage generator, klystron), 2K34, 7, 29, 296 equivalent, 7, 456, 463 -buffer, 7, 28, 295-296 resonator (see Resonator) output Coupfing, 7, 422, 507 Rieke diagram, 1, 339; S, 257-259; 6, e5ciency, 7, 304 40, 178-187,317,327, 733; 7, 405, overbunching, 7, 222, 253, 261-263 414416, 417; 9, 83; 11, 31; 16, phsae aberrations, 7, 380 203, 211 modulation with, 6, 597 experimental, 7, 432 optimum, 7, 312 practical, 7, 421 and reflector nonlinearitiee, corn. scaling, 7, 354-357, 373 parieon of, 7, 382-383 SD-835 external resonator tube, 7, 379 factors, 7, 221-230 space, 7, 203, 212, 218-219, 231, 248 shift, 7, 221–230 characteristics, 7, 218-224 hysteresis, 7, 387–393, 401403 charge, 7, 20%217, 356357, 372 stationary, points of, 7, 233, 236, 240 coefficients, 7, 219-224, 241, 271, power-amplifier, 7, 260-271 374, 377, 387 power supplies, 11, 924 distance, 7, 252-253 pulling, 7, 197, 416, 437 field-free, 7, 212, 222-224, 230 reflection transit time, 7, 465-469 length, 7, 286 reflector, deep, 7, 366 spectra, primary, 7, 490 field, influence on bunching, 7, 373- stabilization, 7, 435, 439 383 thermal effects, 7, 413 with phase aberrations, 7, 383 thermal tuning, 7, 503–504 hemispherical, 7, 367 transadmittance (seeTransadmittance) mode patterns, 7, 357–374 transconductance (see Transconduct- nonideal, 7, 352–383 ance) plane-parallel space-charge free, 7, transient phenomena, 7, 458-462 359 turn-around point, 7,367,368,377, 381 space-charge effects, 7, 373 wavelength limit, long, 7, 373 space-charge-free recessed, 7, 364- short, for klystron operation, 7, 373 367 wavelength range, 7, 373 supply impedance, 7, 525 reflex, 1, 414; 7, 27, 211, 218–219, 222, Kovar, 6, 677, 678, 695; 9, 119 223, 226, 230, 238, 240, 311-526; -to-glass seal, 6, 483, 677 11,21, 31-51; 12, 594-596; 16,37- Kraft paper, 6, 551 43, 206, 236, 361 ; 23, 21–25 K-scope, 1, 167 l-cm, 11, 47–51 KXS trials, 13, 327, 363 characteristics table. 11.35-36 hysteresis in, 7, 384403 L load effects, 7, 404440 losses, 7, 407, 416, 423 Laboratory glasses, 6, 679, 680 modulation, 7, 441469 Ladder networks, 9, 597–601 noise in, 6, 7, 470 Lag coefficient, 13, 280 oscillator, 11, 23–33 ML-313, 13, 287 output, coupling effect, 7, 422, 507 psychograph, 13, 28G281 conversion efficiency, 7, 327 Laguerre functions, 26, 319 power and efficiency, 7, 320 Laguerre polynomials, 16, 86 supplies, 11, 51–58 - Lambert correction, Loran, 4, 176 practical tubes, 7, 495-526 Lambert projection, 4, 181 principle, 16, 36 Lambert’s law, 21, 122 static characteristics, ‘7, 442444 Laminar eublayer, 1S, 209, 213, 219 72 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Lmninatee, electrical properties, 26, 413, Layer, surface, superadiabatic, 13, 221, 414 222 10ss tangenta, 26s 414 supemtandmd, 13, 14, 229, 25s I reduceddensity, 26,377 “Lazy man” reversing switch, 16,333

Lamp, load, L4PD, 11, 180 Lead (derivative control, servo), 26, 197 I Land, reflection coefficient, 1S, 430436 Leading edge of pulse (see Pulse) Landing, final control, 2,306-310 Leakage, core, pulse transformer, 5, 400, radar aids, 2, 227–251 409 Landing aids (see Approach system) diode heater-cathode, 19, 67 Langmuir-Childs law, 7, 356 energy, spike (see Spike leakage Laplace integreJ, 13,88 energy) Laplace transform, 6, 27, 175; 18, 1, 21- inductance, calculation, 6, 512 42; 19, 651 ; 21, 226; 26, 51-57 measurement, 6, 515 convergence, absolute, abscissa, 26, 51 transformer, 5, 400 ~ convolution, definition, 26, 54 -reactancmre gap, 6, 411 I of two functions, 26, 54 of signal, transmitter, 16, 198, 199, 299 I e–-g(t), 25, 54 Leaking modm, 13, 22, 71, 84, 333, 378, integral, 26, 54 382 I inverse, 18, 3, 31 Least-square method in leakage prob- limiting values, 26, 55 lems, 27, 206-207 pairs, 21, 228 Lee centrifugal governor, 17, 392-395 list, 18, 70 Lee speed regulator, 1, 574 steadyatate, 1655 Legendre function, associated, 10, 96 use in solution of linear differential Length, natural unit, as function of wave- equations, 25, 5&58 Lapse rate, 1S, 193, 194, 196, 197, 260, length, 13, 124 279, 280, 297 Lens, dielectric, 12, 389-402 I Latent heat, 19, 183 attenuation, 12, 399–400 vaporization of water, 19, 188, 293 bandwidth, 12, 398 Lattice, factor, 12, 105 frequency sensitivity, 12, 398 I network, 8, 110; 9, 706 one-surface, with elliptical contour, symmetrical, 9, 566 12, 392-393 Lawson method, Q measurement, 6, 713 with hyperbolic contour, 12, 390- Lawson regulator, 21, 562 392 Layer, elevated, 1S, 14, 18 reflections from surfaces, 12, 401 frictional influence, N?, 213, 214 tolerance, 12, 400 homogeneous, 13, 193, 199, 231, 235 two-surface, 12, 390, 394 nonstandard, aa barrier, 13, 75, 76, S3, zoned, 12, 39$398 168 doublet, 12, 410 saturated, 19, 207 focusing CRT (see Focusing lens) standard, 1S, 14, 235 metal-plate, 12, 402-412 substandard (see uko surface, below), achromatic doublets, 12, 410 13, 14, 143, 168, 301, 302, 315 bandwidth, ,.12, 408410 analytical complications, 13, 172 one-surface, with elliptical contour, superstandard, 13, 15, 237, 304 12, 403405 surface, 13, 14, 22&226, 22&234, 238- parallel plates, 12, 402-405 260, 348 parallel wires, 12, 406 standard, 13, 230, 258 polystyrene-foam bonded, 12, 406 substandard, 13, 14, 230, 258, 303, reflection from surfaces, 12, 410412 306, 316 tolerances, 12, 407-408 and scintillations, 13, 305 spherical, 12, 39o INDEX 73

Level setting (SW do D-c restorer), 19, Line (transmission), capacitance, 6, 228 11, 54 charts, 6, 71–75; 9, 59-82 of current waveforme, 19, 321–324 choice of, 9, 75-62 d-c, in synchro eyetems, 19,454 and impedance-matching, 9, 59-82 level stabilization (d-c restoration), 22, coaxial (see Coaxial cable) 113 components, 9, 5 by waveform distortion, 19, 454 contact loseee, 9, 108 Levers, 21, 39, 55; 27, 27 corrugated, 12, 319 LHTR, l% 339 coupling capacity, 9, 100-114 power supply, 1, 208 coupling unite and lines, flexible, 9, L]ght inteneity, decay of, from discharge, 243–304 14, 196 waveguide units, 9, 273–304 Light-microsecond, 4, 52 -current distributions, far-zone fields, Lighthouse tube, 1, 207; 7,9, 286; 14, 377; 12, 96-98 16, 18, 29, 33, 35, 45, 290; 23, 20 current parameter, 12, 210 2B22, 11, 193, 461 dielectric materials, 9, 13>139 2C40, 7, 25; 23, 20 dissipative, perturbation method of 2C43, 7, 25 calculation, 10, 26 cavity, 11, 256 distributed-constant, 19, 745 inverted, 7, 163 elementary theory, 9, 9-114 Lightweight apparatue, deei~, 21, 679 equations, 8, 65, 79-82; 9, 32; 10, 6 Lightweight construction, 21, 700-708 for E-plane sectoral horns, 12, 366- Limit switches, 21, 403 369 Limiter, 24, 16 equivalent, for E-modes, 8, 119 bandwidth requirements preceding, 23, flters with, 9, 614–645 221 finishes and electroplating, 9, 124-132 cascade, 23, 445 frequency behavior, 9, 614-623 design, 23, 443 as guides for electromagnetic wavee, diode, biased, 1, 504 9, 3&59 eingle-stage, 23, 443 half-wave, 1, 392 special, 23, 228 homogeneous, 12, 23–26, 544-546 time conetants, 23, 444 ideal (lossless), 9, 19, 23 Limiting, 24, 30, 195, 246-248, 301 impedance, 1, 391; 6, 177; 8, 66; 9, i-f, 23, 585 13-23, 41, 51; 10, 6; 11, 476; 12, link, beacon, S, 40 23, 213, 216 plate-circuit, 23, 444 changes in, 8, 187–193 receiver, 23, 596 coaxial, 9, 183 of video output signal level, 1, 452 eccentric, 9, 148 Lin-log (linear-logarithmic) receiver, 29, effective, 9, 52 583 function, 6, 181 range, 23, 591 -matching and design procedure, 9, Line (transmission), S, 13&138; 5, 177; 82-114 10, 1-54; 26, 73, 157, 165, 184 traneformation, 14, 14 admittance, 10, l&12; 12, 26, 213 loaded, conetants, 12, 313-316 functions, 5, 165 long, effect of, 1, 393 attenuation, 26, 6 loss length, 9, 146 bifurcated, 11, 801 Iossless, 6, 176, 226; 12, 26-29 branched, 8, 193-198 lumped-constant, 19, 743-745 -breadth conetant, 13, 650, 654 matched, 1, 393 breakdown, 9, 84, 106 materiale, and construction techniques, broadening, 13, 645, 650 9, 115-143 74 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Line (tranemtilon), materials, metallie, Line (transmission), etanding-wave ratio, 9, 115-124 14, 30 microwave, 12, 2643+238 stretcher, type N, 9, 481 mismatched, 6, 309 stub-supported, 1, 393 as resonant load, 6, 3%329 switches, 9, 528-539 modes, 10, 55-100 tapered, 8, 191 motional joints, 9, 406455 terminating in guidee beyond cutQ5, combining coaxial line and wave- 10, 168-178 guide, 9, 446455 termination, 8, 154-156 nonuniform, 6, 242 theory, conventional, 9, 9-36 open-circuited lossless, 5, 176 threewire, 12, 247 mnetwork equivalent, 10, 12 T-network equivalent, 10, 12 power, dividers, 9, 516-528 transformation charts, 12, 29-36 effect of, on leakage character- transition units, 9, 305-405 istics, 14, 243 tuners, 9, 456-516 -1OSSratios, selection of, 9, 58%597 two-wire, 12, 21–37 pressurization, 9, 139-143; 26, 163, 167 uniform, 10, 7–29 quarter-wave, 1, 393 complex parameter, 10, 17–29 radial, 8, 24G282 impedance deecriptionn, 8, 248-252; dominant E-type mode, scattering 10, 9 description, 10, 43 scattering descriptions, 10, 13–16 dominant H-type mode, 10, 46 voltage reflection coefficient, 10, 13 equivalent circuit, 8, 267–271 use, in impedance matching, 6, 669– E-type, circuit representation, 10, 42 673 frequency sensitivity, 10, 43, 46 limitations on, 9, 62>625 H-type, T-circuit representation, 10, voltage, attenuation constant, 12, 23 42 parameters, 12, 210 voltage reflection coefficient, 10,44 vs. puls~power output, 6, 229 impedance description, 8, 256-265 reflection coefficient, 12, 25 voltage and current nodes, 9, 196, variation, effect on switch-tube, 6, 197 117 radiating into space, 10, 179-216 waveguides as, 8, W82 reflection coefficients, 10, 13, 15, 44 Linear cells (see Additive cells) relations in, 9, 29-36 Linear-exponential, M-profile, field- r-f, 26, 73 strength contours, 13, 178-180 breakdown, 6, 738 proiile, 13, 169, 174 rigid, 9, 144-242 Linear, mechanization, 27, 46-48 coaxial, 9, 144–188 modified-index profile, 1S, 14-16, 87- waveguides, 9, 188-242 112 sealing, 9, 140 shaping (waveshape), 19, 9 short-circuited, 6, 209 -sweep delay, 21, 591 -simulating network, 6, 124, 180 terminal computer, 27, 46 single, termination of, 8, 132-138 Linearity, circuit, in time measurements, with small losses, 9, 20, 34 20, 114 source feed, primary pattern, 12, 570- Link computer, 27, 27 572 Linkage, bar (seeBar linkage (computer)) and reflectors, 12, 151–154 cams, 27, 34 sources for shaped-beam antennas, 12, computers, definition, 27, 44 495-497 constants, 6nal adjustment of, eccen- spherical, scattering description, 10, tric linkage, 27, 217–222 53 gauging parameters, 27, 200-217 INDEX 75

Linkage, decign, graphical vs. numerical L-network, antenna, 4, 306 methods, 27, 199-200 LO (SWOaAllator, local) numerical methods, 27, 167–198 Load, characteristics, effect on pufaer structural error, 27, 199 regulation, 6, 108-118 three-bar, geometric method, 27, circuite, containing tranemiaaion cav- 14S165 ity, 16, 215-218 use of grid structure, 27, 243–249 high+, 16, 209-215 double three-bar, 27, 36 coaxial-line, high-power, 11, 732-735 in series, 27, 195-198 coupling, lighthouse tube, 7, 197 successive approximations in decign, current, change in, during a pufee, 5, 27, 196 58, 166 eccentric, 2’7, 35 variation, pulser, S, 117 aa corrective device, 27, 217 effect, on mode spectrum, 6, 141–147 in function generation, 21, 104 on pulser operation, 5, 416-423 gauge of precicion, 27, 201 g, reduced, 6, 443 gauging constant, 27, 202 gas, for power measurement, 11, 214 gauging error, 27, 201, 205, 211–215 high-power, 11, 721 gauging parameters, 27, 200-217 1.25-em-band, 11, 742 eccentric, 27, 218 3-cm-band, 11, 738 three-bar linkage design, 27,207-217 diceipative-wall, 11, 739 invercors, 27, 34 hot transmission-line, 11, 271 logarithmic, 27, 238 IRC resistance, for rectangular wave check of, 27, 209-217 guide, 11, 729 improvement, by eccentric linkage, lamps, 11, 180-183 27, 219-222 line, 6, 238-244 by gauging-parameter method, 27, low-power, 11, 721 209-217 matched, 11, 503-505; 16, 200, 206 structural error, 27, 216, 219, 222, water, 11, 194-213 223 l-em-band, 11, 203 multiplier, 27, 4, 2S29, 223–283 3-cm-band, 11, 202 adjustment, 27, 277-281 coaxial line, 11, 19$199 error, 27, 4 flow systems, 11, 204-211 with one degree of freedom, 27, 58-198 r-f, 9, 229 precision, gauge of, 27, 201 thermopiles for, 11, 211 star, 27, 238 waveguide, 11, 199–204 three-bar (see Three-bar linkages) high-power, 11, 735-743 transformer (see Transformer, linkage) Loalin, 26, 372 with two degrees of freedom, 27, 37, Lobe-switching, 1, 203; 3, 390; 13, 436; 40, 223-250 20, 367 structural error, 27, 223 system, airborne, S, 390 S-integral, 18, 25 Lobes, 19, 39, 40, 407-410 Liouville’s theorem, 7, 123 side, 1, 272; 12, 176; 26, 250 Liquids, velocity of propagation of vs. illumination, 12, 179, 187, 195 eaund in, 17, 21tL219 Local-oscillator, injection, 23, 147 Liesajous figure, 21, 579 klystron, 1, 414-416 Littelfuse detector, 16, 18 MTI, design, 1, 659-662 mount, tunable, 11, 176 stability, 1, 638-640 Llewelyn approximation, 7, 101, 129, 135 stabilities, typical, 1, 661 Llewelyn’s equation, 7, 61, 66 Localizer system, 2, 227 Lloyd’s mirror, 13, 4 Loci of A[~] (s) and Af~\(8) in complex propagation effect, S, 42 plane, 19, 158 76 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Lockover (scaling) circuits, 1, 497; 19,164 Loran, choke, snufling, & 283 Locus of maxima, 1S, 137 coding delay, 4, 57, 102, 204 Log bridges, 21, 124 computations, 4, 170 Log frequencydecibel diagrape, 21, 271, methods, 4, 177–180 304 converter, 4, 97, 367 Logarithmic devices, 19, 67G674 coordinates, 4, 55, 109 Logarithmic distribution, 13, 222 chart, 4, 110 specific humidity, M, 218 cycle matching, 4, 99, 117, 252, 400 turbulent boundary layer, 18,215 delay, absolute, 4,4, 52, 56, 96 velocity, 1S, 217 control, 4, 65 water vapor, 18, 223 curve, 4, 134 Logarithmic function, 27,36 differential, 4, 39 I with , 21, 125 Ay-wave, ~ 134, 139, 147 kgarithms as circuit operation, 21, 55, delayed synchronism, 4, 67 122 disadvantages, 2, 70 Long-line effect (aeeako Klystron; Mag- distance, computing, 4, 171 netron; Oscillator), 8, 26$267 double puleing, ~ 70 Long-wave transmission, proposed mech- driver, ~ 298 anisms, 1S, 1 50-kc/see, 4, 253 Loop-belt differential, 27, 10-11 attenuator, 4, 229 Loop gain, 18,336,340,352, 363; 22, 124, -bias, 4, 212 367 ellipse, probable, 4, W, 427 servo, 21, 345, 375 envelope, signal, 4, 151, 153 S-operator, 18, 25 errors, 4, 33, 144, 157, 167, 193, 432 Loran, 2, 64–70; S, 26; 20, 11, 34, 173, exciter, 4, 211, 278 181, 261 families, 4, 55, 99, 180 accuracy, 4, 107 fast-trace pattern, 4, 65 Air Transportable, 4, 35, 44, 93, 413 feedback PRF divider, direct-reading, angle, crossing, 4, 80, 83 lightweight, 20, 101 tilt, 4, 328 field equipment, ~ 397 A timer, 4, 199 fix (useFix; Fixing) automatic data analysis, 2, 7%82 frequency, 4, 135 automatic-frequency-tracking circuit, future trends, 4, 107–12O lightweight, 20, 97 gain balance, 4, 389, 393 automatic plotting boards, 4, 105 gain control, automatic, 4, 394 automatic synchronizer, 4, 67 differential, 4, 23, 390 AVC, 4, 217, 240 gate, timing, 4, 210, 231, 246 average errors of fix, 2, 66 generatore (sss Generator, Lorari) baseline, 4, 13, 53, 56, 59, 62, 70, 71, geometrical error, 4, 144 86, 96, 99, 102 geometry, parametric latitude, 4, 173 bibliography, 4, 457-461 ghost, 4, 101, 250 blink, 4, 68 graphical solution, 4, 434 warning, 4, 229 grid, 4, 11 blinker communication, 4, 252, 256 ground stations, 4, 31, 41%424 identification, 4, 256 system, 4, 87, 301, 324, 340, 341 blinking, 4, 197 -wave range, 1.95 Me/see, 4, 23 B timer, 4, 199, 201 history, 4, 1$51, 403-405 buffer, 4, 296 hygraph, 4, 186 calibration markers, 4, 205 indicated time difference, 4, 59 charta, 2, 73; 4, 31, 41, 55, 97, 102, 104, indicators, 2, 65, 67; 4, 100 109, 154, 170-194, 406 circuit details, 20, 267–274 INDEX 77

Loran, indicators, lightweight, direct- Loran, pulse, recurrence rate, 4, 57, 348 reading, 20, 169-174 remote, 4, 67 internal memoranda on, 4, 457, 465- shapes, low-frequency, 4, 149 468 time sequence, 4, 57 Lambert correction, 4, 176 pulsed doubler, 4, 294 Lambert projection, 4, 181 pulsed injection, 4, 398 latitude effect, 4, 139 Q-prOcedure, computation, 4, 187 LF, 2, 72-76; 4, 60, 97 quadrilateral, 4, 55, 79, 94 average position-line error, 2, 74 SS, 4, 72 indication, 2, 75 radio frequencies, 4, 55 lines, 4, 173, 425-431 range, 4, 62, 98, 107, 122, 130 marker-mixer, 4, 212, 226 rate, basic, 4, 69 markers, 4, 12, 66, 104 specific, 4, 69 master station, 4, 59, 68; 20, 261 receiver-indicator (see Receiver-indi- measurements, 4, 386-404 cator, Loran) precision of, 4, 107 recurrence, period, 4, 57 median errors, 4, 167 rates, 4, 12, 23, 57, 204, 348 modulator, 4, 278 remote signal, 4, 259 monitor station, 4, 68 repetition frequencies, 20, 264 monitor timer, 4, 250 selector circuits, 4, 199, 206 multiple-hop transmission, 4, 136 selectors, 4, 210, 226, 236 network, 4, 56 service area, 4, 49, 74, 92, 99 oscillator (see also Oscillator, Loran), signal, required, 4, 122, 124 crystal, 4, 201, 207, 253 single-hop, 4, 130 oscilloscope (see Oscilloscope, Loran) sky-wave, accuracy patterns, 4, 142 and other navigational nets, 2, 5&85 corrections, 4, 31, 61, 62, 138, 157, pair designation, 4, 70 180 pairs of stations, 4, 11, 76, 80 delay, 4, 134, 137, 139, 147, 152 parallelogram, probable, 4, S4 pulse, 4, 88 phaae, control, UE1, 4, 240 ranges, 4, 23 corrector, 4, 231 results, 4, 22 inverter, 4, 218 synchronized (see SS, below) shift, coarse, 4, 204 synchronized pairs, 4, 36 plotting board, 4, 104, 110; 21, 165 train of, 4, 60 with Loran projection, 2, 81 transmission, ~ 59, 159 position-determining set, 4, 108 at 2 Me/see, 4, 12&139 positional error, 4, 33 delay, 4, 60, 62 power, amplifier, 4, 298 errors, 4, 139–148 plant, 4, 87 time, 4, 133 preamplifier, 4, 278 slave station, 4, 59, 68; 20, 261 PRF generator, direct-reading, ligh~ slow-trace pattern, 4, 63 weight, 20, 100-103 epecial techniques and measurement, principles, ~ 52-106 4, 386-402 probable error, 4,72,84,91,95,98, 140, spectrum-control filter, 4, 310 193 spectmm measurements, 4, 397 in distance, 4, S5 splitting, pulse, 4, 88, 90 of 6x, 4, 429 spurious response, 4, 389 propagation, 4, 121–169 Ss, 2, 70-73; 4, 12, 30, 94, 144 pulse, -matching accuracy, ~ 98 charte for, 4, 97 mixer, ~ 210 European system, ~ 420 overlapping, 4, 137 navigation, 4, 33 78 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Loran, SS, teata, 4, 31 Lorhumb, 2, 84, 85; 4, 106, 112 Standard, 4, 12, 56, 85 Loss, conductor, 9, 21, 26, 146, 147 station equipment, 4, 87 conversion (see Conversion 10ss) station, error, 4, 193 in CRT displays, 8, 34–36 positions, 4, 432 dielectric, 9, 21 selection, 4, 69 general defiition, 15, 128 stations, Air Transportable, 4,413-414 pulser, 5, 237–238 switching equipment, 4, 258-274 reflex klystron, 7, 407, 416, 423 synchronism, 4, 101 relative, of various metals, table, 8, 47 average deviation of, 4, 158 tangent, 9, 29 delayed, 4, 67 calculation, 11, 629 synchronizer, 4, 67, 199, 213, 229, 234, dielectric constant, 11, 561 245 water, 11, 587 tables, 4, 102, 180 distilled, 11, 195 and charts, methods of computing, 4, Lossy cables, 14, 378 170-194 Lowpass-bandpass analogy, 16, 276 test and training equipment, 4, 381–385 L-scope, 1, 167 time difference, 4, 12, 52, 59, 63, 67, localizer presentation, 2, 234 101, 432 presentation, S, 11 measurement, 4, 345 American 200-Mc BABS system, 2, time discriminator, lightweight, auto- 235 matic-frequency-control circuit, LST, radome, 26, 440 20, 98 S-transform, 16, 25 timing diagram, 20, 99 Lubricants, 26, 140 time modulator, direct-reading, light- Lubrication, 17, 367–370, 412 weight, 20, 169 Lucero, 3, 6 timers (see Timers, Loran) Lucite, 26, 370 timing errors, 4, 144 Lumped guides, magnetron output, 6,198 timing sequence, 4, 57; 20, 2W267 Lustron, 26, 372 top-locking synchronizer, 4, 366 trace separation, 4, 207, 212, 223 M traces, nonlinear, 4, 374 Mach number, 26, 423 transmission, at 180 kc/see, 4, 143-169 Magic T, 6, 30G308, 447; 9, 706; 11, 63, delay, 4, 98 237, 331, 517, 525, 546; 12, 572, 14, sky-wave, 4, 60, 62 350; 16, 196; 16, 7, 259-262, 363- line, 4, 304 365; 23, 16 time, 4, 123 alignment, 11, 535 sky-wave, 4, ]33 coupling-hole, S, 451 transmitters, 4, 87, 275-300, 577 equivalent circuit, 6, 308; 16, 264 low-frequency, ~ 28K300 impedance bridge, 14, 395 pairs of, ~ 52 junctions, 10, 116, 386 Standard Loran, ~ 277 modified, 14, 365 TDP, TDP-1, 4,278 frequency sensitivity, 14, 365 timer, 4, 63 practical, 14, 361 transmitting stations, determining er- ring-circuit, 14, 357 rors in position of, 4, 432-455 coaxial, 14, 368 trap circuits, antenna, 4, 388 right-angle, 14, 367 trials, ~ 23 with single symmetry plane, 6,452454 triplet, 4,34-36, 38, 55, 70, 92, 97, 102 standing-wave ratio, 14, 359 Lorentz reciprocity theorem, 8, 90; 18, using round waveguide, 14, 369 97, 114, 468, 693-698; 16, 63 voltagea and currents, 16, 264-269 INDEX 79

Magnesyns, 17, 345-351; 19, 454; 20, 394; Magnetron, 4J78, 6, 783 21, 364 725A, 6, 428, 774-777 Autosyn servo system, 17, 350-351 730A, 6, 777 construction, 17, 346 admittance (see Admittance; Reson- electrical characteristics, 17, 346 ator) linear, 17, 350 AFC, 6, 623 theory of operation, 17, 347–349 anode, block, 6, 11, 49, 406 Magnet, charging, 6, 548 closed-end, 6, 69 design, magnetron, 6, 540 diameter ratio to mmode wave- weight, 6, 414 length, 6, 104 wire, 17, 150–151 fabrication, 6, M9–662 Magnetic, activity, 4, 145 height, 6, 473 circuit, magnetron, 6, 414, 54W557 hol~and-slot, 6, 14 nonlinear, 19, 421 rising-sun, 6, 437 deflecting fields, defects in, 22,312-314 diameter, 6, 472 field, magnetron, 6, 416, 436 ratio to cathode diameter, 6, 105 material, 6, 414; 22, 556 double-ring-strapped, 6,460 measurements, 6, 553 height, 6, 439 -path length, mean, pulse transformer, segment-width ratio to gap width, 6, 599 6, 107 saturation, 16, 350 strapped, circuit constants, 6, 465 shunt, pulse transformer, 5, 400 arcing, 6, 737 stabilization, 6, 550 asymmetrical systems, 6, 140–166 wall, 6, 13 AX9, 6, 429, 784-786 Magnetizing current, pulse transformer, back-bombardment power, 6, 411, 437, 6, 522 520, 525, 527, 529 Magnetron, 1, 7, 32G355; 3, 25G278; 12, beacon, requirements, 3, 262-270 599-601 ; 14, 2; 16, 290; 19, 691; 22, BM50, 6, 429, 764-766 11; 26, 72 British cavity, 6, 8 2J22, 6, 751-756 buildup, starting, 6, 357, 372; 14, 154 2J32, 6, 426 capacitive and inductive tuning, 6, 2J34, 6, 751-756 5M-575 2J38, 6, 747-751 cathode (see also Cathode), 6, 503–539 2J39, 6,426, 747-751 back bombardment, 1, 344 2J41 stabilized, 6, 76&769 ohmic loss, 6, 524 2J42, 6, 77C774 choke joints, 6, 483 cathodetemperature characteristics, circuit efficiency, 1, 345 6, 528 component weights, 1, 351 2J53, 6, 777 conductance, G~, at slots, 6, 422 3J21, 6, 789 map, 6, 338, 358, 361 3J31, 6, 429, 786-790 construction, 1, 32 1–325; 6, 649-697 4J31, 6, 760 chemical processes used in, 6, 674- 4J33, 6, 423, 427 676 4J35, 6, 760 contours, efficiency, 6, 443 4J36, 6, 760 cooling by radiation, 6, 524 4J39, 6, 426 coupled-circuit tuning, 6, 576-591 4J41, 6, 760 critical field, 6, 437439 4J50, 6, 428, 780-784 current, average, 6, 146, 155, 253 4J52, 6, 783 ClItOff,6, 3, 238, 340, 342, 369 4J70 tunable, 6, 75*760 density, reduced linear, 6, 235 z 4J77 tunable, 6, 75&760 -voltage characteristic, S, 32, 702

,,/ 80 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Magnetron, c-w, CM16B, 6, 744-747 Magnetron, instability, 6, 3-5, 349, 355 LCW, 6, 740-744 interaction between modes, 6, 380 XCR, 6, 795, 796 interaction space, 6, 63, 84 design, 6, 401A59 lamination, anode, 6, 650 parameters, 6, 401, 405, 435, 455 large-signal conditions, modulation, 6, diode tuning, 6, 615 619 double-moding, 3, 237 L/C ratio, oscillator, 6, 726 double-ring-strapped system, 6, 119 LCW, 6, 428, 74G744 early types, 6, 1–8 leakage-flux reduction, 6, 545 efficiency, 1, 345; 6, 35, 36, 333, 401, linear, 6, 233 409, 437, 450 LL3, 6, 352, 367 limiting, 6, 240 load, 5, 527 electron-beam tuning, 6, 592–621 curves, 6, 444 electron orbits, 1, 330 instability, 6, 42 electron stream admittance, 6, 214 optimum, 6, 563 end plates, insulated, 6, 538 pulser performance with, 6,435-447, end shield, 6, 12, 530 707 cathode, 6, 537 long-line effect, 6, 322; 26, 5 Permendur, 6, 781 low-voltage, 6, 440 end space, 6, 11, 91, 498 magnetic circuit, 6, 414, 540–557 effects, 6, 69, 418 field, 6, 416, 436 resonance, 6, 74 stabilization, 6, 550 energy-lose function, 6, 241 measurements, operating, 6, 730-738 ETIO reactance tube, 6, 747 resonant-system, 6, 698–730 family, 6, 416 mechanical tuning, 6, 561–591 field, pattern measurements, 6, 71CL713 mica windows, 6, 489, 684 uniformity, 6, 552 misfiring, 6, 43, 346, 350, 354 fields, boundary conditions for, 6, 234 mode changes, 8, 260; S, 206, 417, 438- fixed-tuned, 3, 263-265 441 flux leakage, 6, 545 mode skipping, 6, 439 frequency, pulling, 1, 349 model, 6, 729 stability, 6, 35, 408, 409 modes (seealso Modes), of operation, 1, stabilization, 1, 351; 3, 267–270; 6, 32&328 402, 622-645 modulation (see Modulation) gap width (see also Gap), ratio to MTI, stability, 1, 640 anode-segment width, 6, 107 noise (see do Noise, magnetron), 6, gasay tube, 6, 736 388-398 GK13-1, 6, 430 nonoscillating states, 6, 342, 362, 367 beater, open, 6, 736 normal operation, 6, 435-438 power, 6, 402, 411 operating, characteristics, 6, 613, 614 rated, 6, 528 constants, 6, 405 HP1OV, 6, 426, 760-764 curve, 6, 296, 297, 307, 315, 332, 338 impedance (see Impedance) data, reduced, 6, 419 index, 6, 742 point, relative, 6,403, 435, 455 inductive tuning, 1, 347; 6, 564-575 operation, efficiency, 6, 402 input, characteristic, 6, 435 parameter, 6, 37 impedance, 1, 346 oscillation, buildup, 6, 43; 20, 38; 28, requirements, 9, 261 547 inetabifitiee, 1, 353 oscillator, L/C ratio, 6, 726 mode-changing, 1, 353 output, 6, 481–502 sparking, 1, 353 circuits, 6, 11, 167-203 INDEX 81

Magnetron, output, circuits, center- Magnetron, rising-sun, system, partially 100P, 6, 191 closed-end, 6, 113 coaxial, 6, 169, 191, 482 scaling, 6, 236, 414, 417, 450, 610 frequency sensitivity, 6, 18 pseudo-, 6, 450 functions, 6, 187 SCWC, 6, 430 high-impedance, 6, 190 segment-tuned system, mrdticavity, low-impedance, 6, 190 mode epectrum, 6, 161 coupling, 1, 329; 3, 251 shape factors, 6, 403, 435, 455 loop-coupling, halo, 6, 169 single LCW, 6, 428 packaged, 6, 13 single-ring-strapped systems, 6, 119 performance, 6, 316 single-stream states, conditions for, 6, performance chart, 1, 336; 6, 38, 317, 251 334, 732 sink, 16, 204, 206, 208 reduced, 6, 436, 441 sintering, 6, 662 ~$ universal, 6, 448, 450 small-amplitude theory, 6, 253–26~,C ~ variation with load, 6, 441 small-eignal theory, tuning, 6, 616 {A ] phase coherence, 6, 388 space-charge distribution, 1, 335 x-mode radiation, 6, 501 sparking, 6, 417, 425, 441–447, 707 (’~~_ power, characteristic, 6, 416 split-anode, 6, 4 c!- ) output, 6, 401 sprocket tuning, 6, 565 pseudo scaling, 6, 450 spurious oscillation, 6, 418 (. ) pulling, 26, 246-248 stability, 6, 305, 313, 328, 362 () pulling figure, 1, 349; S, 259; 6, 182, stabilization, 6, 408, 576, 586, 622–64!’ ] 186, 188, 326, 734 factor, 6, 625, 723-726 pulse-length limitations, 1, 346 frequency, 6, 622-645 i_< pulse power, 1, 341 stabilized, 2J41, 6, 766-769 pulsed, 6, 42, 45 start, falee, 6, 372 sparking, 6, 24 etarting, 6, 357, 367, 376 t...? ‘“~, puehing figure, S, 239, 259; 5, 118; 16, speed, 6, 365, 388, 632 E’ L’ ‘ ‘) strap, 6, 11, 19, 118 ~-_—$ QK6~~, 428 breaks, 6, 147-157, 470 radial cathode supports, 6, 13 effect on mode spectrum, 6, 14,7fi. ; /.(: RD1 1-2, 6, 430 154 j; .: resistance, internal, 6, 343, 356, 363, strap-tuned system, multicavity, mote ‘ : ‘.~ 371 spectrum, 6, 159 [ ; “ J resonance, end-space, 6, 74 strapped, 1, 330; 6, 118-166, 461-47~ “’$ ,. ) !;.?3 resonant, circuit, internal, 6, 7 double-ring, 6, 119 ‘;J ~+ systems, 1, 325; 6, 11, 13–23! 297– mode spectrum, 6, 133–138 304, 406, 460-502 single-cavity-tuned, mode spectrum, strapped, 6, 461 6, 157 unstrapped, 6, 49 single-ring, 6, 119 various, 6, 22 mode spectrum, 6, 138 resonator (see afao Resonator), depths, strapping, 6, 118, 384 ratio of, 6, 102, 478 by staggering of vanes, 6, 766 shape, 6, 108 symmetrical states, 6, 243-253 Rieke diagram (see Rieke diagram) testing, 6, 553 rising-sun, 1, 330; 6, 21, 283, 526 thermal expansion, 6, 407 22-cavity, 6, 790, 791 transient behavior, 6, 315, 339-387 38-cavity, 6, 791:794 tube, construction, 6, 649-697 system, 6, 83-117, 470-481 evacuation, 6, 693, 694 cherkmd, 6, 110-113 tunable, 6, 3ZJ 82 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Magnetron, tunable, 2J51, 6,77&780 Marker, Loran, 4, 12, 66, 104 4J70, 6, 756-760 mixer, 4, 212, 226 4J77, 6,756-760 multiple, 22, 246 Gring, 1,347 range, 22, 25, 238 tuning, 1,347 ;3,262 Markers (see Angle; Azimuth; Height; capacitive, 6, 570 Range; Timing) coaxial, 6, 588, 746 Marx voltage-multiplier circuit, 6, 494 cooki~cutter, 6, 570 Massachusetts Bay, meteorological meas- coupled-circuit, 6, 576 urements and analysis, 1S, 297 diode, 6,615 radio measurements, 19, 296 double~utput, 6, 576 Master station, Loran, 4, 59, 68; 20, 261 electron-beam, 6, 592 Match, sliding, bridge, 11, 534 electronic, 6, 592–621 Matching, diaphragms, capacitive, 9,214 inductive, 6, 565 inductive, 9, 211-214 iris-coupled, 6, 583 narrow-band, coaxial-line ta wave- mechanical, 6, 561–591 guide, 9, 31*322 by perforated plate, 6, 769 technique for T’s, 11, 525 by pins in oscillators, 6, 778 waveguide and horn feeds, 12, 383–387 ring, 6, 572 Materials,’ stiffness, 26, 383, 415, 416 short-line effects, 6, 322 strength, 26, 383, 415, 416 single-stub, 6, 589 Mathematical operations on waveforms, sprocket, 6, 565 19, 629-693 typical, 6, 739-796 Mathieu function, 10, 81 unstrapped resonant system, 6, 49-82 Matrix, 9, 544–547 (V, Z)-characteristics, 6, 341, 343, 346, admittance, 6, 89, 140; 10, 106; 16, 347, 450 114-124 (V, I)-trace, 6,347, 348, 358, 368, 372 algebra, 6, 40M11 voltage, instability, 6, 264 Eigenvalue equations, 6, 405 range, 6, 401 calculations, 14, 85 wavelength, calculations, 6, 479 commuting, 6, 410 resonant system, 6, 461 correlation, definition, 26, 277 scaling, 1, 341 excitation, 7, 112 Magslip, 20, 394 functions, rational, 8, 409 Malus, theorem of, 12, 126 impedance, 6, 87, 140; 10, 103 Map, radar, 2, 34&350 modulation, 7, 99, 102, 115 sa aid to pilotage, 2, 115 nonlinear resistance, 15, 153–157 Map superposition and plotting, 22, 566 physical realizability, 6, 142 Mapping, radar, aids, 2, 278-284 row vector, 6, 89 features revealed by, 2,89-96 scattering, 6, 14G149; 10, 107; 11, 517, highway and runway details, 2, 102 892 mountain relief in, 2, 103 directional coupIer, 6, 301-303 Mapping theorem, servo etability, 25, free space, 6, 324 6%70 simple electric dipole, 6, 325 Marauders, 9, 14 transformation of, 8, 149 Msrbon B and Marbon S, 26, 371, 411 aymmetncaf, 6, 407-409 Marker, absorption, 23, 310 unit, 6, 88 active, 2S, 310 unitary, 11, 518 blanking, 2S, 310 vector column, 6, 87 calibration, 4, 205 vector row, 6, 89 generator, 22, 283 wave, 9, 551–554 height, 22, 249 zero, 6, 88 INDEX 83

Matter, conservation of, 7, 354 Mechanization, function, by homoge- Mattress antennae, 1, 274 neous parameters and variables, Maximum-power theorem, 12, 20, 21 27, 62-67 Maxwell’s equations, 5, 618; 7, 83; 8, by ideal double harmonic transfor- 10-14; 9, 3, 37; 26,341 mer, 27, 78-95 differential form, 12, 64 with ideal grid structure, 27, 250, 272 in earth-flattening method, 1S, 51 by linkage combinations, 27, 166 integral form, 12, 64 by metho~ of least squares, 27, 62 symmetries of, 8, 411-417 by nonideal double harmonic trans- for time-periodic fields, 12, 68 former, 27, 95-101 Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribu- by three-bar linkage, 27, 166, 184 tion, 7, 124 inverted function by nomographic Mazda lamps aa regulator element, 21, method, 27, 138–139, 143–145, 155 502 logarithmic function, by double three- Mdeficit, 1S, 222,229,230,234,237-239, bar linkage, 27,36 244, 245 by geometric method, 27, 156-166 Meacham range unit, 20, 142-147 monotonic functions, 27, 78, 82–88 Mean free path, electron, 4, 131; 16, 63 relation between variables, 27, 2 Mean-square, definition, random process, tangent function, 27, 171, 175, 177, 26, 273 178, 180, 182, 183, 186 error, minimizing, 25, 325–328 by ideal harmonic transformer, 27, Measurement (see quantity to be meas- 165 ured) Memory, circuits, 19, 503, 519 Measurement problems, laboratory, 21, time, human, 24, 231 574 time measurements, 20, 304 Measuring techniques, pulse generator, 6, position, 20, 282, 380 661-709 velocity, 20, 278, 284, 380 Mechanical assemblies in electronic ap- servomechanism with, 20, 449 paratus, 21, 698-700 Mercator projection, 4, 174 Mechanical devices, addition with, 21,39 Mercury relay, 19, 403 subtraction with, 21, 39 Mesh, analysis, 18, 11 Mechanical integration by dii7erential and nodal analysis, comparison, 18, analyzers, 1S, 177 19, 20 Mechanical mixing, 19, 238, 252 equations, for active network, 18, 14 and temperature excess, 1S, 231 for paeaive network, 18, 13 and wind speed, 19, 231 network, 8, 85 Mechanism, regular (computer), 27, 45, Metal-hose, wound, 9, 274-279 223 Metal-to-glass seals, 14, 255 Mechanization, alignment nomogram Metalized glass, coaxial-line termination with three parallel straight lima, 27, of, 11, 724 37 platea, matching of, 11, 778 function, 27,46-47 metnlization of, 11, 775 ballistic, in vacuum, 27, 286-299 use with low-power terminations, 11, by combination of three-bar linkage 731 and two ideal harmonic trana- Metalfic materials, microwave-eompo- formere, 27, 171, 186 nent, 9, 115-124 with a discontinuity in derivative, Metafe and alloys, attenuation, 9, 120 27, 114-117 conductivity, 9, 120 by harmonic transformer, 27, 61-63, Meteoric bombardment, ~ 133 166 Meteorograph, 18,337 84 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Meteorological conditions, nonuniform, Microwave, wavemeters, 11, 319-330 19, 315, 316-319, 368 Migratory highs, 19,261 Meteorological constants, table, 18, 292 Mile, 2000-yd, 20, 103 Meteorological echoes (see Echoes) nautical, 20, 103 Meteorological mixing, 1S, 200 statute, 20, 103 convective, 13, 225 Military beacon, uses, 9, 8 mechanical, 1S, 238, 25? Miller, feedback, 20, 131; 21, 80 ratio, 19, 165, 187, 188, 200, 206 integrator (see Integrator, Miller) M fluctuations, 1S, 268-271 negative-going sweeps, 19, 483 M-gradient, standard, definition, 1.9, 14 sweep generation, 19, 195-197 Mica windows, magnetron, 6, 489, 684 transitron, 19, 197 Mickey, S, 17 Millimeter waves, absorption, by water Micro-B, 1, 171 vapor, 1S, 664 display, 1, 531 raindrop radar cross sections, 13, 612 scope with range normalization, 22, Millivoltmeter, recording, 19, 406 487-492 Minnie, S, 17 Micro-H, S, 17; 4,9, 16; 20, 30 M-inversion, 19, 14, 15 Microphonics, 16, 349; 18, 144, 594; 29, elevated, 1S, 18, 223,231,249, 261–266, 519 302-304, 329-335, 339, 359, 361, multivibrator, 19, 194 362, 364, 366, 372, 373, 382 rejection circuits, 18, 145 and 256 Me/s transmission, 1S, 315 MicroPot, 19, 432; 21, 368 overhanging, 1S, 304, 332 Gibbs, 19, 476 Meteor expedition, 1S, 262 Microsyns, 20, 394; 21, 365 shallow, 1S, 224 Microtorque, 21, 368 with subsidence, 1S, 261 Microwave, attenuator (see Attenuator, Mismatch, accumulative, 9,551-554,611 microwave) adjustable reference, 11, 557 circuit theorems, 8, 130-161 introduced by reflector, 12, 155-158, component design factors, 9, 95-1oo 43!3-443, 454 construction techniques, 9, 121–124 measurement, 9, 65 current, heating effects, 11, 166 terminations, 9, 609-612 detection, 11, 4-6 Mixer and mixing (.reedao Conversion; flter, aeaembly procedures, 9, 709-714 Converter), S, 168-170; 15, 111-114; frequencies, crystal-controlled, 7, 286 18,3, 119; 17, 599-610; 29, 138-148; ferromagnetism at, 8, 382–385 24, 9; 26, 72 networks, 10, 101–167 for lo-cm conversion-lose test set, 15, oscilloscopes (see afso Oscilloscope), 11, 275 468 admittance and conversion 10SS, 15, power amplifier, 7, 21-23, 249 128-152 propagation (see also Propagation), 1, AFC, double-balanced, 16,263-287 11, 47-62 balanced, 4, 246; 16, 257-289, 301; 2S, realizations of resonant branches, 9, 16 703 to reduce noise, 7, 471 receivers, 7, 5 basic, 16, 120-122 reflectors, 26, 15 broadband two-channel, 16,231 region, 8, 1; 11, 1 coaxial-line, with loop coupling, 16, 130 transmission circuits, 9, 5 coincidence, ~ 231 triode oscillators, 7, 17&186 complete, drawings, 16, 180-189 use of, 1, 10 convemion traneco nductance, 2S, 138 useful properties, 9, 2 cross attenuation, 16, 194, 195, 264 INDEX 85

Mixer and mixing, crystal, 1! 412-414: Mixer and mixing, waveguide, 16, 188 8, 163; 15, 7+, 25-44; 16, 34, 56, for lo-cm band, 16, 171-172 119-189; 2S, 11-16; ~ 109 Iocalascillator coupling in, 16, lK = modulator, 15, 148 146 properties, measurement 16,230-232 Mlm system of units, 6, 11; 9,8 celf-protection, 16, 172-174 Mode, 29, 24 diode, 4, 281; 16, 32-34; 23, 141-143 abcorbers, 6, 347-349 double, 16, 194; 23,44 acymmetry, reflex klystron, 7, 384-403 doubl-balanced, 16, 286 cavity, 6, 339 driving power, 16, 34 changes, magnetron, 6, 343, 345, 376 dummy, 16, 317; 2s, 326 changing, 6, 43 four-crystal, 16, 283, 301 characteristic impedance, 10, 8 gate-pulee, % 199, 227 characteristics, 10, 55–56 harmonic effects, 16, 61, 82-87, 285, field representation by, 8, 252–256 301, 372, 374 chart, 11, 298 high-10w, 16, 122 coaxial cylinder, 11, 304 i-f, 16, 112 right circular cylinder, 11, 298 image frequency, 15, 112 for TFX-30 wavemeter, 11, 324 input admittance, 16, 66-71, 122 in circular waveguide, 11, 690 interference, 16, 276 in coaxial cylindere, 6, 41 ~ie-coupled, 16, 183 competition, 6, 100, 474 10SS,16, 58, 115, 169, 353 component, 6, 32 impedance, 16, 66, 68, 80, 89 damping, 6, 769 measurement, 16, 367-372 degenerate, 6, 17, 75 1ow-Q, 16, 115, 119 diecontinuities, 7, 401 Magic-T, 16, 269-279; 24, 115 distortion, 7, 330 measurement techniques, 16, 352–374 dominant, 8, 35; 10, 2 microwave, 1, 416-418; 7, 17-18 elementary, 19, 18 ‘-mixing ratio, 2* E- (see ako Waveguide, E-mode), 8, multiple-function, 16, 190-234 253 nonadditive, 16, 100; 22, 533 pentagrid, 17, 606, 608 circular waveguide, 10, 66 pentode, 18, 99; 23, 144 coaxial waveguide, 10, 73–77 production tests, 16, 352-354 equivalent tranamicsion lines for, 8, 119 pulling figure, 16, ~3-206, 213, 291 pulce, 4, 210 functions, 10, 4 reciprocity, 16, 64, 66, 74, 87, 371 parallel-plate waveguide, 10, 62 resietive, 18, 334, 335 radial waveguide, 10, 31, 90 remnant, 16, 122 rectangular waveguide, 10, 56 for 10-cm band, 16, 188 spherical waveguide, 10, 49 signal-input circuit, 16, 166–17 1 Jk- (see Waveguide, elliptical) single, 16, 299; 2S, 42–44 E,i-, circular waveguide, 10, 196 thermionic, 23, 19 round waveguide, 8, 57 transmieeion loea, 16, 169 E,,-, rectangular waveguide, 8, 56 triode, 29, 144 round waveguide, 6, 59 tubes, S, 169; 16, 28; 17, 599-610; 16, field dietribution, 6, 17 99 61tering, 11, 693-696 tuning, 16, 70, 123, 293 filterc, 8,347-349 two-channel, 16, 199–201 frequencies, 6, 19 video, 1, 45; 20, 451; 24, 230-237, 248 fundamental, 7, 71 mixing ratio, 24, 237 glow-tube, 21, 499 86 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Mode, H-, 8,253 Mode, shift, 6,345, 351, 562 circular waveguide, 10, 69 single, in duct, 1S, 19 tmaxial waveguide, 10, 77 skip, 6,345, 348, 350 functione, 10, 4 spectrum, 6, 474 parallel-plate waveguide, 10, 65 double-ring-strapped aystema, 6, radial waveguide, 10, 92 133-138 rectangular waveguide, 10, 58 effect of loading on, 6, 141–157 spherical waveguide, 10, 49 multicavity inductance-tuned sys- H.,-, circular waveguidb, 10, 201 tem, 6, 165 round waveguide, 8, 58 multicavity segment-tuned system, H,r, rectangular wavegnide, 8, 54; 10, 8, 161 61 multicavity strap-tuned system, 6, H,,-, circular guide, 10, 206 159 round waveguide, 8, 56 single~avity-tuned strapped system, H,~, rectangular waveguide, 8, 55 6, 157 H,,-, round waveguide, 8, 57 single-ring-strapped systems, 6, 138 identification, 8, 726, 727 stability, 8, 538 instability, 8, 737 superregenerator (see Receiver, super- jumps, 8, 355 regenerator) loci, 7, 357, 359, 360 TE-, 9, 39 10CUS,normalized, 7, 360 circular guide, 12, 233 magnetron, 8, 237; 6, 16 coaxial line, 12, 220 normal, of cavity, 11, 285, 293 cylindrical guide, 12, 204–206 in coaxial resonator, 11, 303–307 E-plane sectoral guide, 12, 352-353 in rectangular parallelopiped cavity, H-plane sectoral guide, 12, 353-356 11, 294-296 parallel-plate guide, 12, 237 fn rectangular pipes, 8, 33–38 rectangular waveguide, 12, 226-229 of right-circular cylinder, 11, 297- TEu- round waveguide, 6, 57 303 TE,W, between coaxial cylinders, cut- in round pipes, 8, 38-40 off wavelength, 8, 42 in slotted guides, 11, 889 coupling to TEZrmode, 8, 337 number, 6,’29 rectangular guide, 8, 54; 9, 46–54 assignment of, 7, 358 to TMO,-mode converter, 12, 308 n, 8, 33 transition to TE,~mode, 8, 339 oscillation, 6, 627 TEH-) circular guide, 11, 690 patterns, 10, 56 circular polarization, 9, 369–378 reflector, 11, 26 cylindrical guide, determining per- ~, 8, 461, 467, 470, 472, 474, 479 centage of, 9, 381–388 field distortion, 6, 97 for Jilter-ring rotary joint, resonances operation, 8, 98 in, 9. 423 oscillations, 6, 16 Xiers, 9, 388-400 radiation leakage, 6, 501 fin, 9, 397 wavelength, ratio to anode-block rectangular waveguide, 8, 56 diameter, 8, 104 round guide, 8, 56, 349–351 principal, 7, 71 TEM-, excited from coaxial line, 6, 336 purity, 9, 99 rectangular guide, 8, 55 results, summary, 8, 54-59 TE,,-, round guide, 6, 57 selection, 6, 339, 348, 575, 586 TEM-, 9, 39 separation, 6, 468 coaxial, 8, 54; 12, 217–219 shapes, 7, 308-310, 330 cylindrical guide, 12, 203 universal, 11, 28 parallel-plate guide, 12, 235 INDEX 87

Mode, TEbf-, voltage, 1!2,216 Modulation, complex-waveform, 19,461- TM-, 9,39 463 circular guide, 12, 233 continuous-wave, 8, 98 coaxial line, 2,220 CmSC,24, 8 cylindrical guide, 12, 206 crystal, 16, 174-178 parallel-plate guide, 1!4,236 deflection, 19, 713 rectangular guide, 12, 226–229 density, 7,33, 40, 57, 59, 132, 143 TM.,-, circular guide, 11, 690 double-pufee, 3,232 round guide, 8, 57 focus, 19, 716 transitions to, 9, 379-381 fractional, 24, 4 breakdown of, 9, 405 frequency (see ako F-m), 1, 130; 20, 5, Preston, 9, 389 393 ; 24, 31 straight-on, 9, 400-403 beacon transmitter, 3, 265 TM,,-, round guide, 8, 59 and demodulation, 20, 13–15 transducers. 8. 335–340 klystron, 11, 24 properti~, measurement, 8, 343-347 magnetron, 8, 592 with taper, 8, 339 microwave, 7, 27, 441, 447, 465–469 transformations, 8, 334–364 minimum detectable, 24, 380-383 trapped, 1S, 22, 71, 75, 82, 149 functions, density and velocity, ‘I, 127 boundary conditions, 19, 78 index, 24, 14 characteristic values, 1S, 75 intensity, storage-action, 19, 708–7 13 waveguide, 1, 400; 10, 1 klystron, 7, 22 orthogonality, 12, 207-209 matrix, 7, 99, 102, 115 transitions with change in, 9, 379- parameter, 7, 449, 452–455 405 percentage, 24, 4 two-wire representation, 1!2,~9–216 phase, 19, 53; 20, 142–175; 24, 31 width, 23, 24 and amplitude comparison, 20, ] 42 zero, 6, 472 164 Modification, of air over water, for long and demodulation, 20, 7–13 trajectories, 13, 248–250 klystron, 7, 257, 447, 464-469 cross section, 13, 239–241 magnetron, 6, 597 height, 13, 238, 241, 242 network, 20, 158 Modulating function, 24, 3 range unit, two-scale, 20, 143 Modulation, admittance, density and system, three-scale, 20, 157–161 velocity, ‘7, 114 of timing, 20, 57 amplitude, 1, 129, 139; 19, 49; 24, 5–13 PRF, S, 222; 24, 31 electrical, 19, 389–426 propeller, 19, 539-543; 24, 288–292, 334 klystron, 7,257, 447, 464–469; 11,24 pulse, 1, 130; 3, 98 magnetron, 6, 592 pulse-length, 24, 30 mechanical, 19, 427 of pulse-repetition frequency, 3, 222; minimum detectable, 24, 368–369 24, 31 nonlinear transformer for, 19, 422 pulse-width, 3, 226; 24, 30, 292–296 of pulses, 3, 473 reflection-time, klystron, 7, 454–455 approximation, small-signal, 7, 447 reflex-klystron, 7, 441–469 of beam current, klystron, 7, 452–454, from scanning, 1, 136 465-469 signal-plate, 19, 714 coefficient, klystron, 7, 35 space, 9, 223–226 complex-current-waveform, 19, 450– square-wave amplitude, klystron, 7, 455 441 complex-voltage-waveform, 19, 447– theory, quasistatic approximation in, 450 7, 444-446 88 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Modulatio~ threshold for a-m, f-m, and Modulator, hard-tube, 8, 24s-250 C-Wsyateme, ~ 367–383 line-type, 8, 246-248 of time of paeeage, 7, 56, 59 and hard-tube, oomparimn, S, 255 time, 19, 12, 52, 300, 466-500; 20, 4, Loran, ~ 278 47-62 mechanical, for crystal teat, 15, 218, bcdetrap circuit, 20, 128 280-283 delay-tank, 20, 132 -switch, 19, 362 and demodulation, 20, 5-7 MTI requirement, 1, 641 double-scale, 20, 49, 5H1 negative-feedback, 19, MO electrical control, 20, 168 operation, ~ 282 errore in, 19, 472-476 phase, 19, 53; 20, 135-137, 145 general accuracy considerations, 19, mndeneer, 20, 142, 144, 150, 151, 170 472-476 Loran, 20, 170 multiple-ecale, 20, 48-50 mechanical, 20, 168 nonlinear, circuit, 20, 112 photomechanical, 19#463-465 phaee-modulation method, 19, 476, potentiometer, with feedback ampli- 490-499 fier, 19,433 propagation-velocity method, 19, puke formation in, 8, 245-255 473 radar, !4, 237; S, 1 single-scale, 20, 47, 55-58 ring circuit, 19, 409 step-interpolation, 20, 164-175 signal- and carrier-balanced, 19, 416 storage-tube method, 19, 499-500 single-sideband, 11, 331 three-scale, 20, 169 switch-type, 21, 43, 379 trancfer function, 19, 466 , for electrometer application, voltage-sawtooth method, 19, 477– 19, 414 490 time, 20, 146, 171, 400 types, 9, 230 AN/APS-15, 20, 167 velocity (see Velocity modulation) -base, frequency-modrdation systim, weak, 7, 313 19, 463 Modulator (see also Pulser), 1, 7; 21, circular-sweep, SCR-584, 20, 161 53, 375-386; 26, 72 H,X, 20, 121 3-phase, condenser, 20, 172 linear~weep, 20, 152 balanced-triode, 19, 413, 414 Miller feedback, 20, 114 beacon, 3, 237-255 multiple-scale, 20, 174 bootstrap, 4, 281 and pulee eelector, 20, 146 Brown converter, 19, 402 two-scale, 20, 71, 170 carrier-balanced, 19, 415 trigger, 20, 91 condenser, 21, 44, 57, 516 zero-range, 20, 95 copper~xide, 19, 409 variable-capacitance, 19, 418, 419 crystal, 16, 174–178 vibrator, 2S, 108 diode, Diamod, 19, 397, 398, 521 Modulus, deficit, 13, 222, 224 switch, 19, 401 of rupture, 26, 384 double-balanced, 19, 409 Young’s, 26, 385 electromechanical, 19, 427–465; 20, 391 Molding, compression, 9, 138 variable-condenser, 22, 212 extrusion, 9, 138 equating circuits, 21, 514 transfer, 9, 138 full-wave, 19, 408 Moments, aperture-field distributions, balanced-triode, 19, 416 12, 164 diode-switch, 19, 407 random process, 26, 273 switch, 19, 402 Momentum integral, 7, 53 half-wave-switch, 19, 397 Monitors, beacon, 9, 332, 339-341 INDEX 89

MotitoW beaeon, audio, 8,340 Motors, control, synchro, 17,321-323 remote, 8, 449, 457 d-c, 17, 371-377 station, Loran, 4, 68 compound, 17, 372-373 timer, Loran, 4, 250 hystereaie, 21, 360 TRE general-purpose, 21, 652+57 permanent-magnet, 17,372,374-376 Monostable circuit, 19, 162 relay control, 21, 400, 427 for very short pub, 19, 179-182 eeriee, 17, 371 Monostable multivibrator dividere, 19, SCNO, 25, 103-108 572-575 ehunt, 17, 371-372 Monotron, 7, 30 two-speed, 17, 387-388 Monsoons, 1S, 371, 372 split-field, 17, 377 Mosquitoes, 3, 14 thyratron control, 21, ~417 Motion, equations of, electron, 6,222-228 vacuum-tube control, 21, 417-427 nonrelativietic, 6, 231–243 Diehl, 21, 391 Motorboating, 18, 327 drag-cup, 17,383-385 Motors, 21,386-400 Dynatrol, 21, 450 a-e, 17, 377-384 encloeuree, 17, 363-364 brush-shifting commutator-type, 17, field control, 21, 389, 423, 425 379 frames, 17, 363–364 capacitor, 17, 377-378 gear, 17, 389-390 control (see al-so Speed control), high-frequency, 17, 379-381 Ward Leonard system, 21, 437 horsepower rating, 17,361-362 drag

Motom, Split-SCliS9,21, 388 MTI (moving target indicator), ph~ control, 21, 418 shift unit, design, 1, 663 step, 21, 449 receivers (see Receivers, MTI) SynChm, 17, 314, 316, 318 requirements on modulator, 1, 641 dnmping, 17,316, 318 sbipbome, 2, 255 differential, 17, 314 system, constants, choice of, 1,638-655 synchronous, 21, 392 practical, 1, 632-635 temperature, measurement, 21, 460 target visibility, 1,649-653 rise, 17, 361–363 in clutter, 1, 651+353 time constant, 21, 461 test equipment, speciaI, 1, 677-679 two-phase induction, 21, 320 transmitter, 1, 658 two+peed, 17, 387–388 trigger generator, 1, 634 types, 17, 370-395 Multiar, amplitude-comparison circuit, univemal, 21, 393 19, 343 vibration, 17, 360-361 comparator, 20, 114-116, 124, 356 Mountain-relief indication, 1, 96 Multiple-coincidence circuits, 19, 381– Mouse station, S, 15 384 Moving-target indication (see MTI) Multiple-element network circuits, 14,91 M-pro!ile, bilinear, and angle of arrival, Multiple-hop transmission, Loran, 4, 136 13, 307-313, 393 Multiple-ray pathe, 13,388, 39o, 395 characteristic values, 1S, 146-163 Multiple-scale circuit, 19, 468 de6nition, 1S, 14 Multiple-scale systems, time measure- linear~xpanentiali 1S, 312 ments, 20, 61, 219 other atmospheric processes and their Multiple-switch, circuit for voltage mul- effect on, 19, 26G271 tiplication, 6, 49*496 power-law, 19, 312 multiple-network circuit, 6, 485–488 standard, definition, 13, 14 Multiplexer, 9, 708 M-scope, 20, 225 Multiplication, based on Ohm’s law, 21, I14TI (moving target indicator), 1, 626- 58 679; 2, 252-256; 3, 107; 23, 579-611; as circuit operation, 19, 668; 21, 32, 24, 324-334 48-60 airborne, 2, 255 by cone-cylinder combination, 21, 55, basic principles, 1, 626-632 120 blind speeds, 1, 65M54 by integration, 21, 56 cancellation equipment, stability re- mechanical methods, 21, 59 quirements, 1, 641 nonlinear methods, 21, 55 component design, 1, 658–679 Multiplier, computer, 21, 48; 27, 12-15 component requirements, 1, 642 bar-linkage, 27, 37-40, 250-283 delay line, 2, 253 electrodynamometer, 21, 57 local oscillator stability, 1, 63WA0 full-range, 27, 40 locking-pulee requirements, 1, 662 half-range, 27, 40 locking test, receiver, 23, 608 linkage, 21, 59, 60; 27, 4 magnetron for, stability, 1, 640 nomographic, 27, 1+15 on moving system, 1, 655458 quarter-range, 27, 40 noncoherent method, 1, 656 resolver, 27, 15-19 operating tests, 1, 677 self-locking, 27, 12 oscillator stability, testing, 1, 677 slide, 27, 4, 12–14 performance, 2, 253 star linkage in designing, 27, 256–283 criteria and choice of system con- transformation of grid structure, 27, stants, 1, 638-655 258-264 phase-shift unit, 1, 655 with uniform scales, 27, 272 INDEX 91

Multiplier, frequency (ae.e Frequency Mutual triggering, beacon interference, multiplier) 8, 116 probability, 21, 69 sector, 21, 59 N time-coincidence, 21, 59 Multipolec on raindropa, 18,676 Nacelle, 12, 512, 513 Multivariable circuit element, 19, 40 Navigation, aids, air-tra5c control, 2, Multivibrator, 8, 239; 19, 163-195; 20, 122-131, 285-313 80; 22, 122, 125 airborne-radar-ground-beacon 1OO-Psee, 20, 97 syetem, 9, 398-408 astable, 19, 171-173 in approach zonec, 2, 304 dividere, 19, 57&577 beacon, compatin with other free-running, 19, 171 methode, 9, 24-26 plate-to-grid-coupled, 19, 171 by ground radar, advantage and eelf-running, 19, 171 limitations of, 2, 310 biased, 5, 132 preeent system, 2,287-291 bictable, 19, 164-166 radar aids for, 2, 293, 311–313 cathode~oupled, 19, 165 special equipment, 2, 302 plate-to-grid-coupled, 19, 164 using airborne radar aids, 2, 293– cathode-coupled, 1, 499 299 comparator, 19, 341 using ground-baeed radar ai~ 2, delay, 4, 199, 204, 206, 210, 211, 226; 299-310 20, 131, 140, 342, 347; 21,591 radio-range, 8, 25 coaree+cale, 20, 162 ultra-high-frequency, !2, 50 driver, 5, 132-139 celeetial, 8, 55 figure of merit, tube, 19, 177 chart-matching technique, 2, 333 fhp-flOp, 1, 498; 19, 167 by fixing poeition, 4, 3-15 gate generator, 20, 117 methode, nonradar, 2, 44-85 gating, 19, 167 micro61m projector, 2, 338 hum reduction, 19, 194 nets, 2, 56–85 jitter, 19, 194 radar, beacon, 2, 117–121 microphonics, 19, 194 chip, bearing transmieeion circuit for, monostable, 19, 168-171; 20, 144 2, 34 cathode-coupled, 19, 168 range (see Radio range) plate-to-grid-coupled, 19, 167 ship, and pilotage, 2, 317-363 one-chot, 19, 167 auperpoeition, 2, 331 output circuit, 18, 144 bibliography, 2, 353 output coupling, 22, 123 principle of, 2, 331-335 overshoots, 19, 168 systems, H-, 3, 15-17; 4, 9 pulse, 11, 239 hyperbolic (see ako Hyperbolic navi- as pulse-frequency divider, 20, 164 gation), 2, 56-60; 4, 19; 20, 261 quasi-etable state, 19, 160 precieion-beacon, Shoran, 9, 426-433 radar receiver, 1, 497–5MI by tracking and homing, 4, 15-18 scale~f-two, 20, 84 Near-zone region of apertures, 12, 170 .cingle-etroke, 1, 498 Negative-capacity circuit, 18, 83 stabilization, 19, 190-194 Negative heighta, 1S, 444 symmetrical, 20, 80 Neher amplifier tubee, ‘7, 153 as PRF generator, 20, 80 Neon tubee as power indicator, 11,218 transition in, 19, 174-177 Networks (see afso Filter), a-c error sig- tubes, figure of merit, 19, 177 nal, 25, 117 unsymmetrical monostable, 20, 94 active-element repreeentation, 1, 5 92 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Networke, adding, 26, 96 Networke, linear, paeeive, 19, 632-640 admittance, 2, 4, 5 -phMC, 18, 67, 75; 28, 220 antenna Coupling, 4,303, 306, 310, 324, Loran, 4, 56 341-343 Ioea, 15, 26 Bartlett’s bieection theorem, 9, 556 low-frequency rejection, 28, 465 branch, 18,8 matching, 8, 95 bridge, 18,384 meeh, 18, 4, 9 bridged-T, 18,384, 385; 19, 116; 26, n-pole, 18, 282-284 123 microwave, 10, 101–167 capacitance, 8, 84 dicmntinuiti~, 10, 101-108 in caeeade, 8, 112; “9, 546 distance invariant, 10, 137 cathode-circuit, >23,465 equivalent circuits, 10, 117–130 characteristic detmminan t, 18, 385 ektcr, determination, 10, 138- charging circuit, 6, 12 167 nordinear circuits, 5, 429+31 meaaurcmedq 10, 118-124 circulating currents, 8, 86 two-terminal pair, 10, 116-124 Cofactorc, 18, 385 multiple-clement, 1491 compensation theorem, 8, 92 node, 18, 4, 8 condenser, pueh-pulf, 19, 457 n-pole, 18, 284 conductance, 8, 84; 18, 4 one-pole, 18, 277 coupling, 18, 398 ; 29, 122-125 with one terminal pair, 8, 95-99 derivative-pulse-proportional, 26, 114 in parallel, 9, 545 double-tuned-type, alignment, 2S, 113 parallel connection, 8, 119, 120 efaetance, 18, 4 parallel impedance, addition using, 21, equalizing, 25, 114; 26, 221, 223 32 equivalent, four-terminal, of section parallel-T, 18, 384 of transmission line, 12, 36 with equal condensers, 26, 121 for magnetron, interaction space, 6, notch interval, table, 26, 121 52 parameter, four-terminal, 12, 17 for side resonator, 6, 52 of Iinee, 8, 78 spectrum by, 6, 54 four-terminal, 12, 17-19; 18,385 pace-band, average attenuation in, 9, coupling, 18, 75 603 gain, 15, 26 behavior, Tchebyscheff, 9, 590-593 Guilfemin (ace pufae-forming, below) characterietic8, effect of dissipation image parameter, limitations on uae on, 9, 603 of, S, 576-581 normalization, 9, 562–566 impedance (ace Impedance) paeeive-clement representation, 18, 4 inductance, 18, 4 phase-advance, 18, 343 mutual, 18, 7 phaae characteristics, 18, 394 input coupling, 18, 622 phase function, 9, 555 integral-plus-proportional, 26, 115 phase-lag, 25, 227 integro-differential equations, 18, ~ frequency response, 26, 227 10-21 phaeeAift, minimum, 18, 277, 301 L, antenna, 4,306 physical realization of specified reac- ladder, 9,597-601 tive, 9, 597-601 lattice, 8, 110; 9, 706 II-, 8, 100; 12, 19 line-eimulating, 5, 124, 180 capacity-coupled, 23, 112 linear, 18, 3-10 maximum coupling coefficient, 28, charging, S, 12, 361 112 -circuit analysis, 18, “1-70 power available, 29,2, 80, 81; 24, 99 INDEX 93

Networks, with prescribed input im- Networks, resonant frequency, 18, 386, pedance, 9, 5S6–589 394 pulse-forming (see also Pulse-forming rings, 6, 123–130; 11, 527 circuits), 1, 375; 3, 239, 242; 6, 8, in series, 9, 546 175–224, 225, 234,356 series connection, 6, 119, 120 attenuation, 5, 222 symmetrical, 9, 544, 558 average power supplied by, 6, 253 T-, 4, 305, 306; 8, 99; 12, 18; 2S, 111 cable as, 6, 164 equivalent, of length of waveguide, capacitance, 5, 454 8,77 characteristic impedance, S, 9, 129 feedback, 18, 266 coils, 5, 213–215 maximum coupling coefficient, 29, construction, 5, 221 112 condensers, 6, 215-221 theory, elements of, 8, W–129 current-fed, 6, 8, 25, 135, 175, 207– three-pole, 18, 282 213 three-terminal, 18, 384 derived from transmission line, 6, three-terminal-pair, 6, 121–124 179-189 transfer coefficients, 12, 18 discharging eficiency, 5, 466, 483 transform, 18, 3, 50-53 driver, 6, 132-139 transient response, 18, 1–70 equal capacitance per section, 6, and steady-state response, relation 196-200, 203-207 between, 18, 80 Guillemin, 5, 200-203, 21 1–213 twin-T, 18, 384, 387; 19, 116 current-fed, 5, 211-213 two-pole, 18, 278-282 ty~ A, B, C, D, E, 5, 201, 205, two-terminal-pair, 8, 99-112; 9, 541- 212, 213, 219 554; 12, 17 voltage-fed, 6, 201 uniformly dissipative, 9, 601-603 impedance, 5, 9, 129, 176, 181 Wien-bridge, 16, 386; 19, 116 measurement, S, 221 Neutralization, of frequency dividers, 19, initial charge on, 5, 176 590 inverse voltage, 5, 427 microwave triode, 7, 169 mutual inductance, 5, 199 Neutrode, ZP676 magnetron, 6, 423 phase shift, 5, 222 Newton voltage regulator, 1, 566-570 power, average, 6, 466, 483 Newton’e law of motion, 7, 214, 354 reflections, 5, 178 Newkm-Rapheon method for obtaining steady+t.ate theory, 6, 183-185 characteristic valuea, 1S, 146 storage capacitance, 5, 176 Nibbe-Dur and AFC, 16, 333, 337 voltage, 5, 358, 388, 395, 398, 424, N-inversion, definition, 18, 15 454, 455 NMP (navigation microflm projector), voltage-fed, 5, 8, 175, 18%207 2, 338 push-pull condenser, 22, 214 Nocturnal coofing, 1S, 221, 253-257 RC, phase-retard, 18, 379 Nocturnal inversion, 13, 346, 348 reactance, 4, 304 Nocturnal radiation, 1S, 220, 232, 234, reactive, image parameter of, 9, 657- 254, 359 561 and elevated iW-invereione, 19, 316 epeciiied, 9, 566-580 Nocturnal surface inversions, 18,339,348 with epecified insertion 10SS,9, 580- Nodal analysis, 18, 15, 386 589 and mesh analysis comparison, 18, 19 reciprocal image impedance, 9, 559 mutual inductance in, 18, 16 reciprocal impedance, 9, 644 Nodee, mesh, 8, 35 rejection” band, 18, 390 Noise, 18, 497; 28, 556; 2419, 56 ‘rejection frequency, 18, 386 amplified r-f, 24, 145 ‘M RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Noise, antenna, 24, 103-108 Noise, figure, effect, of gain control, 18, atmospheric, 4, 125; 18, 616 717 available power of, 1, 30 ilret stage, 18, 632, 638 average values (see also Ensemble aver- with double-tuned input circuit, age; Time average), 24, 35-39 18, 690 conditional, 24, 39 i-f amplifiers, measurement, 16, 227 bandwidth, 18, 169; 2S, 81; 24, 176 with increasing frequency, 23, 130 cancellation, 24, 122-123 integrated, 24, 101 characteristic function, 24, 36 measurement, 11, 224; 18, 15; 18, circuit equations, 7, 493 695-720 circuits, minimal, 18, 615-694 with microwave noise source, 11, converter, 24, 108-112 225 correlation function, 18, 500 by unmodulated signal generator, cosmic, 24, 103 18, 699 current, 18, 497; 24, 95–97 over-all, 16, 15, 249 coherence of, 7, 482 effect of local-oscillator noise, 16, tetrode, output, 7, 108 239-241 deflection, average, 24, 197-199 effective, 16, 15, 17, 43, 58, 100, dependence on load, ‘1, 477 235, 250, 253 detectability of signals in presence of, measurements, 16, 356-361 24, 149-175 receiver, 1, 32, 441 detection of radar echoes in, 14, 471 receiver, 11, 222–226; 16, 10-17 diode, 18, 109, 254, 359, 367 measurement, 15, 227–235 crystal, 16, 286 single-frequency, 18, 696 temperature-limited, 18, 101 single-stage, 23, 85 use in noise-temperature measure- single-triode input circuits, 18, 651– ment, 16, 226 656 due to discreteness of electronic charge two networks in cascade, 15, 28-30 (see shot, below) variation with source conductance effect, on first and second probability and frequency, 18, 641–643 distributions, 19, 559 welded-contact rectifier, 16, 403-406 of input circuit loss, 18, 637 fluctuations, 1, 35-40; 6, 418 on receiver output calibration, 1S, cathode and partition, 7, 106 565 Fourier analysis, 24, 152 on signal, 2S, 210 generation, in frequency conversion, effective, bandwidth, 18, 14, 22, 27 15, 179-197 electrical, 18, 497 theory, 15, 17*187 external, 24, 12&128 generatore, 11, 222; 16, 236; 18, 700- factor, 4, 121, 389; 2S, 2 708; 23, 293, 318 feedback effects, 23, 91 attenuator calibration by means of, figure, 7,6,107,116,120,121 ; 18,596- 18, 713 604, 621-635, 645; 28, 1, 2, 127, crystal, 16, 363; 18, 708; 23, 323 137, 306; 24, 100 diode, 18, 704-708; 2S, 321 amplifier with push-pull input, 18, matched-line, 18, 702 719 high-impedance, 18, 701; 23, 318 Comparison of alternative tube con- matched-line, 23, 319 ilguratione, 18,643-651 microwave, crystal as, 16, 195-197 considerations, 18, 618-621 r-f, 16, 361-364 mrrection for temperature, 18, 417 crystal as, 15, 229 eryatal, 1S, 25-30 with temperature-limited diodea, 18, effect, of feedback, 18, 668-872 701-704 INDEX 95

Noise, generators, using 417A klystron, Noise, reduction, space-charge, 18,625 15, 229 by space-charge smoothing, 7, i-f, 24, 115-122 160 impulse, 23, 444 reflex klystrons, 7, 47o induced grid, 18, 625; 24, 93–95, 122 representation, 18, 620, 623, 624 input-circuit, 18, 595 resistance, equivalent, 18, 635; 29, 98, internal, basic origins, 24, 64-67 99 pulse trains in, 24, 176–256 separate-sideband, klystron, 7, 475 Johnson, 7, 257; 16, 11 shot, crystal rectifier, 16, 17%186 klystron, 7, 257-259; 11, 274 diode, 18, 546 level, input, klystron, 7, 461 and induced grid noise, correlation -limited receiver, 23, 277 between, 18, 677482 Iocal-scillator, 16, 235-256; 18, 618; negative-grid , 18, 560 24, 112–115 parallel resonant circuit, 18, 546 reduction, by cavity, 16, 245–249 , 18, 575 by resonant filters, 16, 243-245 sources, 11, 273–278 by TR cavity, 16, 241-243 space charge, depression, 24, M–89 suppression, 16, 257 reduction, 18, 556 longdistance, 4, 125 temperature-limited, 18, 549 and loss measurements, crystal, 1S, and thermal noise, distinction be- 198–235 tween, 18, 584–587 low-frequency, reflex klystron, 7, 482 shot e5ect, 6, 396; 7, 258; 11, 270; magnetron, 6, 365, 367, 386-398 16, 180; 18, 544-584; 24, 79-95 mathematical description, 24, 33–35 source, 6, 395-398; 29, SO measurement, 7, 471; 18, 600 crystal, 11, 278–281 measuring set, 3-cm band, 16, 2W–289 klystron, 11, 277 lo-em band, 16, 289-292 microwave, 11, 270-281 -modulated c-w interference, 24, 353- thermal, 11, 271–273 358 spectrum (see Spectrum, noise) network not in thermal equilibrium, suppression, 16, 247, 270, 273, 275 18, 541 of signal, 23, 211 origins of, 6, 395-398; 2S, 80 temperature, 11, 225; 16, 16, 235, 359; output, 23, 141 18, 596-604 partition, 18, 579; 2S, 97; 24,91-93 crystal, 1, 413; 1S, 30, 179; 16, 58, peak carrier-to-noise ratio, 23, 440 93–96, 100, 115 pentode, 18, 624 measurement, 16, 105-111 positive-ion, 18, 589 range in production units, 15, 32 power, available, 18, 619; 28, 2, 80 r-f tuning, effect of, 16, 232-235 background, of receiving system, 2, dependence on frequency, 15, 188- 19 195 spectrum, 7, 485 equivalent, 23, 3 primary, 24s 56 as function, of r-f tuning, 15, 232- produced by bemmne, elimination, 8, 235 349-352 of signal and image reflection, 15, radar, 2, 16 234 radiation, 8,348 klystron, 417-A, 11, 276 radio, prevention, S, 348-366 measurement, 16, 218-235 random, 16, 10; I& 497 1- recti6ere, 15, 292 ratio, microwave arnplilier input, 7, using noise diode, 16, 228 159 teat eets, standard, crystal, 15, 283- receiver, 1, 28-47; % 98-123 293 96 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Noise, thermal, 18,497-544, 620; 24, 64- Nonmonotonic function, 27, 8%91, 169, 79 170, 172 in crystal rectifiers, 15, 179-186 Nonoscillating states, magnetron, 6, 342, energy, electromagnetic, 18, 512 362, 367 seat of, 18, 513 Nonscarming antennas, 1, 277-279 Sti of, 18, 513 Normal incidence, radiation, 11, 612 source, 18, 514 Normalization of height-gain function, formula, 18, 505 18, 141-142 harmonic analysis, 18, 507 Norton’s theorem, 18, 697 Iocalizatiori, 18, 505 Nosmo, AN/AP8-15, 26, 236 quantum statistics, 18, 525 N-profde, 1S, 14 and shot noise, distinction between, bilinear, characteristic values, 18, 162 18, 584587 examples, 13, 143 epectrum, 18, 519 N-terminal pairs, circuits with, 8, 124 statistical mechanics, 18, 515 Null devices, servo, 26, 101 theorem, 18, 532 Numerical inte~ation of Riccati equa- voltage, 18, 498 tion, 1S, 177 theory of, 7, 489 Nutating antenna, 2S, 380 triggering, beacon, 3, 348, 352-354 n-uples, staggered, 18, 176-186 tube, suppression, 18, 604-614 Nyquizt criterion (servo theory), 25, voltage, mixing of, klystron, 7, 484 70-72, 134, 136, 138 Nomogram (computer), 27,13, 14, 15,37, modified form, 26, 256 Nyquist diagram, 18, 397; 21, 270 176, 184 SerVO,26, 66, 158 three-bar-linkage, 27, 12U-145, 333- with tachometer-feedback loop, 25, 359 352 Nyquist theorem, 16, 296 calculations, 27, 120-122 functions represented by, 27, 120- 0 127 for transformer linkage, 27, 275 Oboe, 8, 14, 225:4, 10; 20, 168, 277, 311, Nomographic method (computer), 27, 315, 337, 348-357 178, 181, 183 5-mile pip selector, 20, 352 three-bar linkage, 27, 174 active-region, delay phantastron, 20, design, 27, 118-145 353 Nomographic multipliers, 27, 14-15, 40 timing diagram, 20, 351 Nonhunting, AFC, 18, 295 blind bombing, geometry, 20, 348 Nordinear, circuit characteristiea, 19, 41 electrical integrators, 20, 354 elements, 19, 40; 21, 55 electrical syd-em, 20, 348-357 construction, 21, 91 ground station, 20, 103, 311 as rectifier, 15, 1 Mark II, 3, 77 functions with simple elements, 21, 93 Mark IIM, 20, 348 -inductance circuit, 5, 471–476 Mark III, S, 98 mechanisation (computer), 27, 47 mouse station, 20, 337 methods of multiplication, 91, 55 PRF divider, 20, ‘103–107 modified-index profile, 1S, 174-180 range-tracking system, 20, 349 Positioning, 21, 372 c time discriminator, 20, 311, 312 receiver characteristics, effects on Obeeuration of target signal, 12, 524) pulse-measurement accuracy, 18, Observation time, ~ 150 564-571 Observer, considerations, beacon, 8, 35 I’e&tanca matrix, 16, 153-157 human, @ 2 Nordinewity, space CfllWf&,6,313, 381 occlusions, 1S, 347 INDEX 97

Ocean reflection coefficient, 18, 418-430, Oscillation, modes, magnetron, 8, 309 537 r, 8, 16 Odographs, 1, 216 negative-resistance, 8, 4 Offset feeding technique, 12, 453-457 parasitic, 18, 383; 29, 183 Ohmic loss in cathode, magnetron, 6,524 microwave triode, 7, 176 Ohmmeters, 18, 410 phase relations, reflex klystron, 7, 329 Ohm’s law, division based on, 21, 58 pulsed, 19, 140-148 multiplication based on, 21, 58 for use with synchros, 19, 156–158 Oil seal, Garlock Klozure, 26, 146 relations, general, with sinusoidal mod- Oilcan tube, 18, 18 ulation, 7, 462–465 Omnidirectional beacons, 2, 51; S, 63 stability against, 18, 363–366 Omnidirectional radio range, 4, 5 on top of current pulse, 6, 265 On-target indication, 20, 328 traveling-wave, 8, 5 Open circuits, in pulser, 6, 417, 431-435 Oscillators, 20, 107; 21, 188, 596 Operational analysis, 19, 37-39 l-Me/see, 22, 398 Operations, grouped, function genera- 20 kc/see, 22, 208 tion, 21, 129–171 alignment, wideband frequency-modu- Operator (computer), 27, 4%57 lated, 18, 303 for double-harmonic transformer, 27, 79, 81, 86, 93, 95, 96 amplitude, control, 18, 317 etability, 19, 103 equation, 27, 50, 51, 53 formalism, 27, 49–51 stabilization, 19, 126-128 graphical representation, 27, 51–54 audio interpolation, 11, 359-361 inverse, 27, 50-51 beat-frequency, 19, 124 notation, 27, 49-57 beating, 18, 3 product, 27, 51-53 blocking, 4,209,221, 222; 19, 205-211; square, 27, 54 20, 75, 76, 78-80, 151, 167, 317; square-root, 27, 54–57 22, 120, 465 symbolism, 27, 195 500-yd (328-kc/see), 20, 110 Operator training, radar, 2, 105 as amplitude comparator, 19, 235 Optical-Fresnel field, 12, 171 applications, 19, 233–238 Optical path, 13, 6 astable, 19, 208 length, 12, 122; 19,47, 50, 99, 104, 107 beacon, 9, 240 Optical-superposition, devices, 22, 564- cascaded, 19, 235 567 comparator, 19, 342 indicator scales, 1, 218 counter circuits, 19, 621 Optical system, reflective, 22, 579-583 and delay-line pulse generators, 19, Optics, geometrical, 19, 4, 6, 41-58, 461, 205-253 465-468 dividers, 20, 83, 110, 165 physical, 13, 4, 58-87 chains, 19, 588-591 Orthicon, 19, 707 driver, S, 253 Orthogonality properties, waveguide, 10, frequency stability, 22, 121 5; 12, 207-209 Z@-stabilization, 20, 83 oscillating beavertail .wrme, 26, 97 liie-contrcdled, S, 239, 240 oscillation, cyclotron frequency, 6, 3 low-impedance, 20, 91 damped, cavity, 7, 89 monoetable, 19, 208 dampers, 21, 332-341 power limitation, 10, 214 frequency, klystron, 7, 306 PRF generator, 20, 78 Habann-type, 8, 4 pulse, 22, 121 modes, 2S, 547 pulse generator, 90, 70, 84 klystron, 7, 301, 307 radar receiver, 1, 502 98 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

OeciUators, blocking, recovery time, 8, Oscillators, klystron, operation modes, 7, 241 ; 19, 223-226 312 I transformer for, 6, 543–547 overcoupling, 7, 307 trigger effect on waveform, 19, 222 reflex, 7, 27–28, 311–351 use in actuating bidirectional two-cavity, 7, 26-27 switches, 19, 233 two-resonator, 7, 294–310 to produce variable-width rec- equivalent, 7, 296 tangle, 19, 235 Lc-, 20, 107, 135-137 voltage pulses, 20, 78 20-kc/see, 20, 96 bridge, 19, 115-123 328-kc/see, 20, 110 constant-voltage, 21, 546 pulsed, 20, 108 cavity coupled to rectangular wave- local, 16,3, 3S37, 172; 2S, 21, 14*154; guide, 8, 277–282 24, 9 circuits, microwave, 7, 171 controlled reflector, 16, 324 coherent (see ako Coho), 1, 632; 20, coupling, 16, 172, 354-356 11; 2s, 579 capacitive probe, 16, 140-144 effect of detuning, 1, 640 channel, 16, 150-160, 232 for MTI, 1, 662465 coaxial, line mixers, 16, 142–144 C’dpitts, 23, 150 iris for, 16, 160-166 continuous, 19, 702 mechanisms, 16, 136–140 crystal, 4, 201, 207, 253; 19, 106-110; in waveguide mixers, 16, 144-146 20, 71, 83, 141, 153 drive, 16, 58, 252 60.86-kc/see, 20, 93, 164 frequency control (see abcr AFC), 16, -bridge, 19, 122 290-351 class c, 20, 75 frequency ripple, 16, 318 for frequency standard, 11, 352 inverse-feedback stabilization, 16, with harmonic-tuned plate circuit, 325 19, 553 noise, 16, 23.%256 pulsed, 19, 145-150; 20, 238 power, 16, 57, 115, 275; 29, 18 tri-tet, !40, 88 sine-wave frequency-modulated, 9, triode, 20, 83 166–168 driit, electronic-tuning factors, 18,291 square-wave-modulated, S, 164–166 dynatron, 19, 123 tubes, 16, 35, 40 feedback, constant-frequency, 21,547 long-line effect on, 2S, 25 floatingdrift-tube, 7, 29, 295 Loran, C-1, 4,215 1280 CT, 7, 29 power, operation, 4, 282 frequency-marker, 11, 437 self-excited, ~ 278 frequency stability, 8, 256, 259-261, UE1, 4, 237 303, 310, 366; 9, 83; 16, 212; 19, microwave, 7, 25-31, 170-186; 11, 21- 103, 128 58 gated, 20, 110 monostable, as frequency dividers, 19, grid-separation (grounded-grid), 7,172, 569 177 negative-resistance, 19, 123 Hartley, 19, 105, 106, 130 overload, 16, 206, 207 pulsed, 19, 142-145 ph8* locking of, 1,632 heater voltage, effect on, 16,264 phasat, lq 344; 19, 110-115 idealized, 7, 337 Pierce, 19, 107 fdystmn, 7, ~-28, 311-351, 465 PRF, 90, 400 electronic tuning, 16, 38 pulsed, 19, 703; 20, 107, 109, 142, 1- floatingdrift-tube, 7, 29, 295 145, 148, 229 instability, 20, 77 quenching, 19, 205, 235; 20,79 INDEX 99

OCcillatore, quenching, with air-core oscillators, triode, modulation of, 7, 185 transformer, 20, 79 Tritet, 19, 108 random, precise synchronization, 20,99 tunable, laboratory, 11, 357–359 range circuits, sinusoidal, 20, 135-141 tuned-plate-tuned-grid, 23, 150 RC, 19, 561; 20, 70, 80 two independent, precise system of reentrant, 7, 179 synchronization for, 20, 99 -cavity, 23, 25 variable-frequency, 20, 137–140 tuning of, 7, 180 wave shape, 19, 103 reflex, 16, 292 Wien-bridge, 20, 70, 139 control circuits for, 28, 34 Oecillograph, mirror, 18, 410 klystron, 7, 27-28, 311-351, 495 oscilloscope, 256 A/R, 1, 166; 20, 76, 89, secondary-emieaion, 7, 28 231-238; 21, 617-626; 22, 17, 275- volume control, 9, 711 288 regulated a-e, 21, 546 amplitude standards, 21, 602, 605 relaxation, 19, 47, 558; 20, 107; 21, 355 auxiliary circuits, 21, 587 astable, 19, 569 comparison, 11, 361–365 free-running, 1, 496 general-purpose, 21, 657 gae-tetrode, 20, 76, 77 high-speed, 5, 664; 22, 288-296 resonant-circuit, 19, 104–106 KI017, 11, 469 SCR-268, 20, 137 linear time-base, 2420 sine wave, 21, 180 Loran, 4, 199, 205 crystal~ontrolled, 81.94-kc/see, 20, fact-eweep, 4, 212 76 CIOw+weep, 4, 212 163.88-kc/see, 20, 72 teat, 4, 213, 237, 285, 291 Bquegging, 9, 392; 20, 79 for potentiometer testing, 21, 647-652 stability, capacitance, 19, 47S in puleer measurement, 5, 662-692 frequency, 19, 103 Q, 21,657, 664 stabilization of, 11, 58-78; 19, 103, 126-131 r-f, 11, 408, 455, 467-469 stabilized, 11, 331 self-synchronous arrangement, 6, 663 temperature compensation, 19, 129 signal channels, 21, 583 thermally tuned, 2S, 69 sweep calibrator, 5, 665 thermistor uee, 21, 547 sweep fqreede, 6, 663 timing, 21, 588 techniques, 19, 694-706 traneitron, 19, 124 T8-34/AP, 21, 611-617, 664 capacitance amplification, 16, 327 TSIOO/AP, 20, 218; 21, 626-635 Miller, 19, 197 TS-126/AP, 21, 641-647 transmitting triode, 3, 279-312 TS262A/TPS-10, 21,663 cavity, 3, 281–284, 297-301 type A, 24, 20 coaxial-line, 8, 281, 284, 293-297 type B, 24, 21 frequency range, S, 233 type E, 21, 664 Iimitatione, 8, 283 Output-circuit noiee, micmwaw ampli- Iumpedanetant, S, 283, 291 fier, 7, 159 microwave, S, 301-312 Output regions, multigrid tube, 7, 115 microwave cavity, S, 301 output scale, computer, 27, 46, 51 parallel-line, 8, 280, 284, 291 Output transformers, quarter-wave- types of modulation, 8, 286 length, magnetron, 6, 195 UHF, 8,291 Output tubes, 6gurea of merit, 17, 594 VHF, S, 291 Output variable, computer, 27,45 triode, 7, 25-26 Output waveguide, 6,486 microwave, 7, 170-186 Oven, constant-temperature, ~ 207 100 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Oven, crystal, 4, 216 Panels, half-wavelength, N-, power- temperature, 4, 217 transmission coefficient, 28, 270 Overbuncbing, 7, 222, 253, 261-263 honeycomb core, experimental results Overlay, for cathode-ray tubes, 22, 558- on transmission, 28, 334 560 lossleas, at parallel polarization, 28,300 computer, comtruction, 27, 133–137, lossy, at arbitrary incidence, 28,303 143, 176 low dielectric constant, ’28, 265, 299, use, 27, 135–136, 141–142, 150-154 303 Overload relay, pulser, 5, 433 thin, reflection of, 28, 300, 303 Overehrmt, oscillation, 18, 72 Paper, oil-impregnated, 6, 215, 651 pulse, 5, 179, 187 Parabola waveform generation, 19, 305- RC, multiple-, 2S, 527 312 eecondary, 18, 125 Parabolic cylinder, reflector, 28, 29 shuntapacity effect, 28, 518 Parabolic fall of pulse, 6, 191 single, double short-time-constant cir- Parabolic reflector, 28, 5 cuit, 2S, 526 Parabolic rise of pulse, 6, 191 staggered pair, 18, 279 Parabolic-waveform method, triangle so- video amplifier, 2S, 516 lution, 21, 144 Oxygen, absorption, 13,26, 646-656, 663 Parallel-pin rotary gap, S, 287 measurements, 13, 655, 656, 665-666 Parallel resonant circuit as frequency- line-breadth constant, 19, 654-656 selecting 61ter, 19, 549 magneticdipole transitions, 19, 649 Parallelogram linkage computer, 27, 28, rotational spectrum, 1S, 649, 653-654 29, 34, 113, 115, 127 selection rules for, 19, 649-650 Parameters, affecting signal visibility, 24, 193-196 constitutive, radiation theory, 12, 65 P grid-screen smoothing, 7, 122 modulation, 7, 449, 452455 Pada, coaxial, fixed, 11, 745-747 conatmction, 11, 757–763 Pa-itic impedances, effect on conver- sion lose, 15, 157–163 performance characteristics, 11, Paraeitica in frequency conversion, 15, 763-769 112 inserts, electrical design, 11, 752–757 Paratroop pathfindera, 3, 11, 13 waveguide, fixed, 11, 781–764 Parseval theorem, 26, 61 polyiron, 11, 747 Path length, optical, 12, 122; 18, 47, 50, Pairs, cascaded, 18, 187 99, 104, 107 flat-staggered, 18, 187-189 Path-length difference, 1S, 37, 108, 114, overetaggered, 18, 284 115 overshoot, 18, 28o Paths of integration, in *plane, 1S, 68 stnggerdamped, 18, 224, 230 in normalisation, 1S, 141, 177 staggered, overchoot, 18, 279 in t-plane, 18, 89 step-function response, 18, 280 Pattern distortion, due to flat-faced Prdey.Wiener criterion, 18, 721-723, 728, cathodcway tubes, 22, 338-342 727 in magnetron system, 6, 141, 144, 151, Palmer scan, 1, 282; 98,8, 66 189, 576 Panels, half-wavelength, modified, 28, pattern propagation factor, S, 43; 1S, 34, 305 35, 117 at perpendicular polarisation, 28, in diffraction region, 18, 109, 122, 124, 297 141 tolerances, 28, 284, 298 in interference region, 1S, 38, 99, 115- transmission, 28, 305 117 INDEX m

Patt8rn propagation factor, in natural Permeability, complex, 11, 561 COOrdirlllteS,1S, 98 d-c incremental, 6, 601, 632, 634 sample calculation, extending through effective, 17, 123 intermediate region, 1S, 133–135 pnlaer core, 6, 537 simple properties, 19, 3H1 incremental, 17, 123 Peak detector, 22, 196, 231 Permendur end shields, 6, 781 half-wave diode, 19, 5~ Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate), 26, precision, 19, 506 370 synchro modulator using, 19, 446 Perturbation calculations, 19, 177 Peak-to-peak separation, 29, 36 Perveance, 7, 371 Peak signal-to-noise ratio, 23, 440 PFN (see Network, pulse-forming) Peaking, low-frequency, 22, 450 PGP (pulsed glide path), 2, 228-232 series, 1, 452 Phantastron, 1, 500; 19, 195–204; 20, 95, shunt, 1, 451; 18, 73 106, 118, 120, 164, 167, 168, 171, 349, in sinewave comparator, 19, 348 350, 352, 355-357; 21, 591, 652; 29, Peaucellier inversor, 27, 29, 30, 95 64 Pedestal, antenna, 1, 271; 26, 8 accuracy, 20, 122 Loran, 4, 65 astable, 19, 199 stable-base, 26, 115 cathode

Phase, errore, defocusing, 12, 432 Phosphorescence, 22, 609, 616 effects, on pencil-beam gain, 12, 430 short-time. 22.649 on secondary patterns, 12, 186- Phosphorescent decay, 22,632, 663 192 Phosphorescent light, 22, 609 frequency sensitivity in measurements, Phosphorus as addition agent, 15, 67 11, 917 Photocell, 19, 72; 20, 276 front measurements, 19, 389 919, high-vacuum, 19, 73 -integral methods, 1S, 70, 177 , 16, 394 for Eckendey modes, validity, 19, Photoelectric, angle index generator, 22, 87 230 relation to ray tracing, 18, 82 devices, as transducers, 19, 428 inverters, 4, 218; 18, 106 effects, in germanium, 16, 393–397 jitter, PRF divider, 19, 568 in silicon, 15, 392 measurement, in free space, 11, 592 -mechanical data transmission, 22, 221 line-length effect, 12, 569 switch, 22, 398 by phase-modulation method, 11,919- Photographic projection, 22, 584-589 922 Photography of A-scope for study of echo of Q, 11, 336–340 fluctuations, 1S, 562 modulation (see Modulation) Photopic vision, 22, 659 modulator (see Modulator) Physical optics, 13, 4, 58 shift, accuracy with phase-shifting con- Pickoffs, regenerative, 19, 485 denser, 17, 296 Pickup probe, 14, 378 capacitor, 4, 199, 203, 207, 219 Pierce method for design of choke in dielectric radome panel, 26, 338 grooves, 9, 198 impedance, minimum, 18, 178 Piezoelectric devices, 17, 175-190 impedance bridge for measuring, 14, Pillbox feed, 26, 161, 176, 206 403 design problems, 12, 460-464 klystron, 7, 221-222, 23W231 waveguide, 1, 276 measurement, 11, 570-577 near resonance, use in measuring Q, Pilot-balloon observations, 13, 298 14, 399 Pilotage, radar, 3, 25 theory, 26, 366 Piloting, automatic, by hyperbolic sys- tems, 2, 82–85 shifter, 20, 238 attenuation, 19, 496 Pin gearing, 27, 19 condenser, 20, 358 Pincushion field, 22, 313 dielectric, 9, 514 Pip, 24, 20 magnetic, 20, 137 -matching, 1, 203; 13, 436 RC-feedback circuit, 19, 150-154 Pipes (see Waveguide) resistance-reactance, 19, 136–141 Pistons, hydraulic, 26, 136 rotary, waveguide, 8, 355–358 Pitot marine-log system, 21, 488 elotted-waveguide, 9, 513 Planck’s constant, 18, 529 system, 20, 443–449 Plane electromagnetic waves, theory, 26, transmission-line, 9, 478–481, 513- 341-343 517 Plane lossless sheets, at arbitrary inci- voltage system, four-phase, 19, 138 dence, 26, 292-296 three-phase, 19, 138 at normal incidence, 26, 26&265 -shifting condensers, 21, 370 power-reflection coefficient, 26, 260 by feedback, 21, 150 Plane 10SSYsheets, at normal incidence, velocity, 4, 129; 9, 12, 20, 42, 50 26, 265-272 Phosphor bronze, for microwave com- power-reflection coefficient, 26, 267 ponents, 9, 119 power-transmission coefficient, 26, 268 + INDEX 103

Plane eheetc, homogeneous, at perpen- Polarization. basic. TE,,. 8.350 dicular polarization, 26, 298 tranefo~atiou by %ation, 8, 351 Plane waves, in free space, 9, 36 and boundary conditions at earth’s hybrid, theory, !46, 346 surface, 1S, 58, 63, 111, 112, 124, nonuniform, 8, 19-21 140 uniform, & 17-19 circular, 12, 92; 1S, 697499 Planimeter, 27, 2 rotary-joint, 9, 428 Plaskon, dielectric constants, %6, 409 scattering from smooth targets, 18, loss tangents, 26, 409 468 Plate, current, and traneconductance, in square waveguide, 9, 378 correlation between, 16, 290 TE,,-mode, 9,369-378 grounded, 18, 634 cross (.9eeCrose polarisation) load, line, 18, 358 effect, in refraction studies, 13, 297, resistance, d-c, 16, 354 337, 343, 351, 389 parallel, 7’EM-waves between, 8, 22 on reflection coefficient, 19, 40, 98, -plunger position, reentrant oscillator, 397-401, 408, 423-424, 427-429, 7, 192 434 puleing, 9, 286 elliptical, 9, 54; 12, 91; 18, 696-897; 26, quarter-wave, 9, 371 338-340, 366-368 Plating, silver, 6, 676 general, 26, 291 Plexiglas, 26, 370 horizontal, 3, 46 Plotting, CRO, 22, 567-570, 579 parallel, effect of core thickness on and map superposition, 22, 566 reflection at, 26, 314 Plotting board, 180°, 1, 238 loeslese panels at, 26,300 automatic, 4, 105 perpendicular, effect of core thickness Loran, 4, 104, 110; 21, 165 on reflection at, 26, 312 vertical, 1, 235 homogeneous plane sheets at, 26, X-Y, 1, 240 298 Plotting screen, CRO, 22, 588 Iossless panels at, 26, 296–300 Plugs, dielectric, half-wavelength, 9, 222 modified half-wavelength panel at, T-shaped, three-quarters wavelength 26, 297 long, 9, 223 modified half-wavelength thickness Plungers, for rectangular waveguide, 8, at, 26, 302 198 purity in, relation to reflection coeffi- short-circuiting, 9, 46@4&J, 481-483; cient, 13, 426 11, 504 radiated wave, 13, 29 capacity

Polyfibre, strength rating, 9~416 Potentiometers, 17, 2~-287; 19, 42& Polyflex, !26, 372, 373 465; 21,48, 55, 91, 183,367-369, 461 flem, 26, 387 360”, 20, 396 etiffnesa rating, 26, 416 eaecaded, 21, 93 strength rating, 26, 416 characteristics, 17, 266-287 Polyglas, 9, 132 commercial, 17, 27&287 connectors, 9, 267 contacts, 17, 255-261 Polyiron, 16, 198, 199, 285, 301; 26, 48 materials, 17, 255, 259–260 impedance, in coaxial line, 11, 724 pressure, 17, 261 in waveguide, 11, 727 shape, 17, 25G257, 25%260, 284 low-power waveguide termination with, cosine, 21, 111 11, 726-728 data transmission, 26, 168, 205, 225 in microwave circuits, 11, 133, 463 error-measuring systems, 26, 95 Polymethyl methacrylate, 26,369 exponentially tapered, 20, 142, 146, 153 dielectric constants, 26, 409 gauged, 21, 93 flexure, 26, 387 Helipot, 19, 432, 476 10.sstangents, 26, 409 inherently linear, nonlinear output stiffness rating, 26, 416 signals obtained by use of, 19, 436 strength rating, 26, 416 leads, 17, 254-255 Polynomial associated with array, 12, linear, 22, 20W202; 19, 428, 431-434 261-264 curve fitting with, 21, 95 Polyphase sinusoids, 19, 131 linear range, 20, 151 pulsed, 19, 148 linearity, 17, 256-258, 266-268, 271- Polystyrene, 26, 370, 372 276 dielectric constants, 26, 409 definitions, 17, 266–267 fiber, flexure, 26, 389 testing, 17, 271–276 stiffness rating, 26, 416 cent inuous-comparison method, strength rating, 26, 416 17, 272–276 flexure, 26, 387 point-measurement method, 17, foam, 26, 379 271-272, 274 loss tangents, 26, 409 loaded, 21, 94 Polyvinyl carbazole, 26, 374 low-torque, 19, 439 POPI, 4, 13 manufacturers, 17, 286 Position, finding, 20, 29-36 Micropot, 19, 476 identification, by group of signals, 2, 93 Microtorque, 19, 439 by shape of built-up areas, 2, 94 modulator, with feedback amplifier, 19, learning time, 20, 380 433 lines of, 4, 3, 10, 52, 102, 107 mountings, 17, 252–254 memory, 20, 282, 380 noise, 17, 268; 25, 305–307 Position-data transmission, 22, 184-226 nonlinear, 17, 261–266, 282–286; 19, Positionwror detectors and indicators, 430, 436-439; 22, 204-207 20, 367-378 partially compensated, 18, 94 Positive-ion current, 18, 418 phase-modulating, 19, 491 Positive real function (p.r,), 9, 581 resistance elements, 17, 243–252 Post, thick, in waveguide, 8, 199 finishing, 17, 249 Post-pulse voltage measurements, 5, 691 mandrels, 17, 243–245 Postamplifier, 23, 329 winding, 17, 248–249 Postforming, thermosetting resin, 26, 378 machines for, 17, 248–251 Potential modulus, 13, 198-200, 207 resistance wire for, 17, 246–248 Potential temperature, 13, 194, 195, 200, resolution, 26, 98 202 ring, 17, 280-283 INDEX 105

Potentiometers, ring, tablej 17,283 Power, -handlin& capabilities, tran+ secant, 19, 437 -on-line, 0, 95 sine, 21, 55, 111, 162, 465 -law M-profde, 18,312 sine-cosine, 17, 264-265, 284-286; !20, pro61e, 18, 174 252; 22, 450 measurement, at high level, 11,194-220 sinusoidal, 19, 430, 434-436; 22, 202– at low and medium levele, 11,84-194 204, 472 microwave, 11, 79-220 square law, 19, 437 meters, 2S, 266 standard linear, 17, 278-279 for mobile radar, 1, 585 testing,. 17, 271-276 modes, 12, 595 oscilloecopic, 21, 647-652 output, microwave tube, 7, 264–267, torque requirements, 17, 271 304, 331 total resistance, 17, 269-270 output control of radar transmitter, 8, wear of contacts and windings, 17, 257– ‘ 365-367 260 product theorem, 8, 40, 119 Powder metallurgy, 9, 123 pulse, definition, 11, 80 Power, absorber, in Robirwcm feed, 26, of transmitter, 2, 15 47 radar, at fixed locations, 1, 583 aircraft, for radar, 1, 555–583 primary, frequency of, 1, 555 amplifier (see Amplifier) ratio, measurement, 11, W5–808 arc, 14, 140 reflection of, transmission-line, 9, 29 available, from network, 24, 99 -reflection coefficient, at oblique inci- from signal generator, 24, 99 dence, 26, 290 average, 11, 80 plane loesless sheet, 26, 260 back-bombardment (see Magnetron) plane Ioesy sheet, 26, 267 beacon, conservation of, 9, 322 radome, 26, 256, 261, 262 -control circuits, 9, 322–332 sheet, theory, 26, 358 restoration of, following overload, S, for shipborne radar, 1, 586 322 sources, 11, 21–78 -control circuib, full-wave and half- for motors, 17, 35t+360 wave, 21, 401 primary, 8, 313–316 -control devices, 21, 386-400 splitter, 28, 356 -control elements, 21, 519522 supply (see ako Alternators; Dyna- criterion, 24, 163 motore), 17, 396–466; 21, 602, 610, divider, adjustable, 11, 214 617, 626, 651 as attenuator, 11, 796-803 a-f oscillator, 17, 138-141 coaxial, 9, 516–522; 14, 414 beacon, 3, 313-332, 442 iixed, 9, 516-519 choice, 17, 396–399 fixed, 9, 522-525 CRT, 22, 161-163 for high-power measurements, 11, d-c, laboratory, regulated, 21, 55s 213-215 567 variable, 9, 519-522, 52,%528 precision, 21, 548–555 waveguide, 9, 522–528 high-voltage, 22, 163-183 factor, 9, 28 klystron, 7, 521; 11, 55 and dielectric constant, 6, 652 LHTR, 1, 208 flow in waveguide, 8, 50-54; 10, 5 prime, 17, 399-408 frequencies, aircraft, standard, 1, 556 radar, 3-phase a-c, 1, 559 gain, microwave tube, 7, 106 aircraft systems, 1, 555-583 network, 24, 99 ground and shipboard systems, 1, small-signal, amplifier klystron, 7, 583-587 270 prime, 1, 555-587 106 RADIATION LABO IRATORY SERIES

Power, supply, radar, ahipbome nrLvi- PPI, with range and azimuth markers, gational, 2, 377 21, 175 TVN-7BL, 11, 52 range distortion, 2, 151 ultraportable equipment, 1, 585 range-marker circuit, 20, 108 vibratmr (see also Vibrator), 1, 581– resolved-cuxrent, 1, 538-545; 2, 34 582; 9, 313-320; 17, 431-445 resolved time base, 1, 534-538 power output, 17, 432 with sweep through synchro, 22, rectifier tubes, 17, 444 447-450 r-f interference suppreaaion, 17, using condenser, 22, 218, 452–454 445 resolved-voltage type, 2, 34 transfer, maximum, generator-to-load, rotating COil,1, 534; 2, 34; 22, 26, 426- 8, 94 445 transformers, design, 17, 130-141 simulations, 2, 351 transmission, 9, 29 stretched, 1, 170; 22, 15, 20 average, coaxial-line, 6, 484, 489 systems using J-scope, 20, 243-246 coefficient, 10SSYsandwich, 26, 284 three-tone, 1, 553; 22, 38 N-half-wavelength panels, 26, 270 using automatic transmitter triggering, 1, 540 plane lossy sheet, 26, 268 radome, 26, 256 Precession, gyro, 26, 203, 204 Precipitation, attenuation by, 2, 22; 19, sandwich, 26, 361 sheet, 26, 358 671-692 causing meteorological echoes, 19,581- transmitter, 2, 20 598, 604-615, 618-621 Powers and roots, function generation, echoes (see Echo) 21, 120 effects on transmission, 13, 339 Poynting theorems, 8, 14-16, 132–134; 9, onset, 13, 339 41; 12, 69-71 rate and attenuation by, 13, 673, 683, time-average, 12, 70 691 PPI, 1, 167; 2,5, 30-35; 9,3, 24; 4, 6; 12, static, 4, 328, 344 514; 22, 15, 19, 26, 425; 24, 22, 238; Precision range indicator, 20, 108, 148 26, 71, 168, 200 Preferred-number system, 17, 38–39, 78 clutter, 3, 91–93 Pre-plumbing, 1, 408 delayed, 1, 169; 22, 15, 20, 429 Preelection, 16, 2, 5, 8, 23, 27, 43, 123 design, 1, 532-545 r-f, 24, 19 dieplays, contrast, 1, 548-554 Presentation (see ako Display), dual, resolution, 1, 548–554 beacon-radar, 3, 381 distortion, 26, 200 split azimuth, 3, 380-384 electronic, 22, 27 two-color, S, 93 follow-up servo, 21, 471-475 two-tone, 3, 93, 383 high-resolution shipborne radar, 2,318 type G, 20, 368 index, 21, 173 Pressure, versus altitude-temperature, Magnetic-Electric (ME), 2, 34; 20, 458 table, 26, 162, 163 Magnetic-Mechanical (MM), 2, 34 gauge, r-f, 14, 415 Magnetic-Selsyn (MS), 2, 34 gradient, 13, 193 mechanical scale, 20, 219 recorders, 13, 490 off-center, 1, 168; 2, 199; 22, 19 Pressurized coaxial duplexer, 14, 335 open-center, 1, 169; 22, 15, 19 Pressurizing, 12, 383-387 pattern superimposed on map, 2, 337 device, 12, 376 pre-time-base resolution, 1, 544 transmission lines, 1, 283, 420; 9, 139- pulsed range-mark circuit designed for, 143 20, 107 Preston Tlf,,-transition, 9, 389 INDEX 107

Pre-TR e+itah, 16, 175 Probe, electronic, 91, 662 Pre-TR tubee, leakage power, 1A 407 errors in impedanca meaaurementi, 12, Pretrigger, !22, 26 556 PRF, 8, 367; 5,3, 123; 2418, 244 magnetic, 11, 479 choice, 1, 598 response, 12, 549 dividere, 20, 85 shielded, 11, 489 Oboe, 20, 103 transition, coaxial-line, 6, 486 phantaatron, waveform, 20, 105 traveling, 11, 478-4Wl, 463-488 pulse-selection, 19, 592-594 voltagedivider, 21, 586 division, 19, 567-601 Projector chart, 1, 215 frequency jitter, 19, 568 Propagation (8ee abo Transmission), 2, intermittent, 19, 600 21-26 phase jitter, 19, 568 anomalous, 2, 220; 8, 49-51 effect of, 2, 214 constant, iterative, network, 8, 113 generators, 20, 69, 78 line, 12, 205 blocking-oscillator, 20, 78 TEM, 8, 18 Loran (see Loran PRF generator) uniform waveguide, 10, 6 multivibrator, 20, 80 effect of “fronts,” 19, 263, 319, 325. synchronization by, 20, 45 331, 347 maximum, of phantaetron dividers, 19, effects, S, 42-57 579 factor, 9, 13, 19-23 modulation, 24, 31 forecasting, 1S, 368 oscillators, 20, 400 free-space, 1, 18 random variations, 19, 225 function, network, 9, 554-557 Prime movers, small, 1, 586 in horizontally stratified atmosphere, Principle of similarity, 18, 201, 232, 233, 19, 27-180 238, 240, 243, 268 fundamental concepts, 1S, 27-41 Probable error in measurements, 20, 113 in interference region, geometrical Probability, central-limit theorem, 18,77, parameters, 19, 116 80 long-wave, proposed mechanism, 1S, 1 distribution, 24151-161 microwave, 1, 11, 47-62 conditional, 24, 38 nonstandard, 2, 360-363 fit, 24, 34, 137, 140, 141 geographical distribution, 13, 369 functions, 25, 268-270 radar waves, over reflecting surface, 1, for ratio of amplitude, 18,558,577- 47-53 578 over water, 2, 354-363 second, 24, 34 short-wave, 19, 1–26 after second detector, 24, 154 of sound, velocity in liquids, 17, 218– functions, 7,438 219 of multiplier, 21, 59 -time circuits, 20, 141 Probe, lo-cm, 11, 495 velocity, 4, 122, 166 calibrated pickup, 11, 799 Propeller modulation, 19, 539-543 capacitive, as local-oscillator coupling, Proximity effect, transformer, 6, 547, 16, 140-144 658-660 cathode-follower, 21, 586 Peeudoadiabatic chart, 19, 188 couplipg, adjustable, to coaxial line, 14, Pseudo-flat, arc-discharge, 14, 163 409 PSWR (see Standing-wave ratio) design, 11, 488-496 Psychograph, 1S, 272 distortion of standing-wave pattern by, circuit diagram, 1S, 277 11, 485 housing for ground-baaed soundings, electric, 11, 479 18, 283 108 RADIATION LABORATORY SI?RIEL!3

Psychograph, lag coefficient, 1S, 280-281 pulse, duration, range, 6, 127 Psychrometer, 1S, 182 energy, 6, 184 aircraft, 1S, 287, 288, 289 equivalent rectangular, by conserva- ML-313, 1S,287 tion of energy, 6, 711–716 Psychrometric formula, 19,187 by minimum departure areas, 6,716- pulling, lrlyatron, 7, 197, 416, 437 720 Pulling figurej oscillator, 9,84,472 flat, 16, 237 Pulse, ambiguity in identifying, Loran, 4 flat top, 18, 84-90 57 formation, 6, 175-179 amplifiers (see *plifier, pulee) in modulators, 9, 245-255 amplitude, 6, 710-722 -forming circuits (see abo Network, average, 6, 69 pulee-forming), 9, 239-245; 11,237 definition, 6, 710 a-c resonance charging, 9, 245 jitter (fluctuation), 6,290,331, 468 d-c resonance charging, S, 243 modulation, S, 473 line-type, ~, 242-245 backswing on tail, 6, 569-571 resistance charging, S, 242 bandwidth measurements, 4, 396 straight-line charging, 9, 244 buildup, klystron, 7, 458-462 generators, 18, 308; 21, 641 cable, 1, 386; 6,231, 255 AN/AP8-15, 20, 165 between pulser and load, effect of, 6, basic circuit, 6, 5 271 blocking-oscillator, 20, 70, 84 change in load current during, 6,58 carrier-frequency, 18, 306–3 13 characteristics, 6, 98 delay-line, 19, 238; 20, 107 receiver-type, 6, 102 direct, 18, 306-313 coder, blanking gate, 8, 206 line-type, with magnetron load, 6, coding, 6, 131, 486 573 composite, )kran, 4, 60 materials and their uses in design, 6, count, addition, 21, 40 599-660 subtraction, 21, 40 measuring techniques, 6, 66 1–709 current (see ako Current pulse), 6, 3, metering, 6, 692–709 320, 447 oscilJoscopic, 6, 662–692 change in, 6, 165 output transformer, 6, 500 delay characteristics, triode oscillator, regenerative basic circuit, 6, 124 3, 284 r-f, synchronization by, 20, 43 digital computers, 21, 40 video, 21, 593 divider, ten-to-one, 20, 165 ghost, 4, 250 droop, 6,80,88, 169,509,568,569,674, grouped, generator of, 20, 400 702 hysteresis loop, 6, 641-648 dunking, in recycling detector, 19,509 theoretical construction (see B-H duplication by delay lines, 19, 247-253 loop) duration, 6,2, 15, 119, 123, 136, 226, integrator, 13, 496 236,320, 447,456,534, 544, 710- leading edge (see also rise, below), 6, 2, 722 255-257; 18, 72 from O.1+.5@ec, 5, 160 length, 2, 19 from [email protected]~ec,6, 160 affecting sen echo, 13, 491 change of, 6, 16 choice of, 1, 596–598 continuously variable, from 0.5 psec Loran, 4, 98 to5@ec, 6, 158 measurement, 14, 408 definition, 6,710 local, Imran, A, 67 equivalent, 6, 251, 710-722 locking, 2s, 606 maximum, 6, 587, 634 magnetization, 6, 613-626, 633–638 INDEX 109

Pulse, measurements, 5, 667-687 Pulse, shape, from hard-tube pulser, metering techniques, 5, 692–709 effect, of puke transformer V-I plots, 5, 675-680 and cable, S, 81-84, 88 -modulated doppler system, 1, 150 of shunt capacitance and load modulation, oscillator, 11, 237–240 resistance, 6, 31 network, a< resonance charging, 8,245 examples of, magnetron (biased- operation of microwave triodes, 7, 187- diode) load, 6, 38, 46-49 198 with resistance load, 5, 26–32 packet, 1, 122 sloping top or droop, 6, 51, 56–58 parabolic fall and rise, 5, 19I from line-type pulser, effect, of phase-ehifted, 1, 697 cable, 5, 271, 272 power, pulser, 5, 3, 69, 238-244 of circuit parameters, 6, 262, radiated, Ikran, 4, 56 266-268, 440 -to-pulse cancellation, amplitude, of of magnetron sparking, 5, 442 radar-video signals, 19, 708 magnetron load, 6, 271, 272, 715, in MTI, 1, 631 719 radar, 16, 4 multiple pulses, 6, 491, 493 rectangular, 6, 177, 711–7!20; 18, 72 with nonlinear inductance switch, spectrum of, 14, 408 6, 472 recurrence frequency (ace PRF) with various types of PFN, 8, 183, remote~ontrol system, 90, 400-408 188, 189, 203-207, 220, 715 repetition frequency (see PRF) Loran, 4, 149, 155 repetition rate, 26, 85 and magnitude of coherent scatter- response, and abeolute-value curve ing, 19, 605+07, 704-706 alone, 18, 277 measurement, 11, 408-469 amplifier, 18, 274, 327 optimum, 6, 552 bandpaee, 18, 274 from regenerative driver, 6, 126, 128, receiver, 11, 227 130 very-short-pulse duration, 5, 165 * (see a~o leading edge of, above), 5, from regenerative pulse generator, 6, 2 590 on magnetron load, 6, 565–568 resistance load, 6, 573 on reeietance load, S, 563–565 in sea echo, 1S, 484 time, 28, 215 shaping, 4, 396; 6, 177, 473; 19, 313 in meaauring apparatus, 18, 79 sharp, generation of, 1, 501–503 eelection, 20, 87-89, 160 -sharpening circuits, 19, 699 circuits, AN/APN-3, Shoran, 20, 159 -signal generator, 4, 395 selector, 20, 89-95, 146, 153, 171. sign~l:4in clutter, threshold, 2% 297– AN/APS-15, 20, 167 and time modulator, 20, 140 sinusoidal power, 6, 714 shape, S, 2, 13, 16, 179, 186, 188, 190, sinusoidal spectrum distribution, 5,718 207, 224), 534, 687 spacing, beacon, S, 87 and adjacentihannel selectivity, 8, spike (see Spike) 79-82 stretching, 18, 306, 312; 18j 140; 2S, computed and actual, 6, 261-272 193, 520 discrimination, ~ 363 synchronization, 11, 239 effect of discharging circuit, S, 255- system, phase-modulated, 20, 442 261 time-modulated, 20, 398 from hard-tube puleer, with biased- tail, 5, 2, 183, 189, 258-261, 669, 571- diode load, 5, 33-5 I 573 effect, of measuring circuit, 6, 678 teat equipment, 21,573-664 110 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Pulse, teat equipment, development and Prdeer, circuits, double-switch single-neti design, 21,573-593 work, 6, 488–492 practical designs, 21, 594-664 driver, 1, 371 time-measurements techniques, 20,37- coded, 6, 486 68 comparison of hard-tube and line-type, time-modulated, 20, 400 5, 13-17 time sequence, Loran, 4, 57 design, switch-tube characteristics, 5, top, 6, 2, 257 93-98 magnetron load, 5, 569 efficiency, 5, 13, 16, 244, 249–255, 462, resistance load, 5, 568 470 trailing edge, 5, 2, 183, 189, 258-261, energy sources, 1, 387 569, 571-573 gaps (see Spark gap) trains, modulated, 24, 257–296 hard-tube, 1, 367-373; 6, 5-8, 19-172; receiving system, 24, 257–264 6, 343 experimental results, 24, 264-273 1-Mw, 6, 152–160 indicator for, 24, 263 application of pulse-shaping net- transformer (see Transformer, pulse) works, 6, 165–172 triangular power, 5, 713 comparison with line-type pulser, I, triangular spectrum distribution, 6,718 360-363 ; 6, 13-17 trigger, 22, 9, 120 high-power short-pulse, 6, 160-165 very long, 19, 237 lightweight medium power, 6, 14w voltage, 6, 3, 69, 537 152 load, coupling to, 5, 70-76 change, 6, 165 rise rate, 6, 77 output circuit, 6, 21–89, 141, 153, 160 and time derivatives, 5, 681 biaseddiode load, 6, 32-51 short, oscilloscope traces of, 5, 685 high resistance as isolating ele- voltmeters, 5, 692–701 ment, 6, 52–61 intrinsic error, 5, 694–698 inductance or inductive resistor as width, dependence of breakdown power isolating element, 6, 61+9 on, 9, 235 resistance load, 6, 26–31 loss, CRT, 3, 35 output-power regulation, 6, 77 modulation, 24, 30, 292–296 particular applications, 6, 140-172 selector, 19, 368 peak power, 6, 69 Pulsed bridge circuit, 6, 222 power-supply voltage, 6, 73, 77 Pulsed filter (see Filter, pulsed) power transfer to load, 6, 69–89 Pulsed glide path (PGP), 2i 228-232 regulation, 6, 16, 77 Pulsed navigation systems, 4, 18 switch characteristics required, 6, Pulsed signals, 24, 18-32 90-98 amplitude pulsing, 24, 18 two arrangements of pulse trans- frequency pulsing, 24, 18 former with, 6, 74 phase pulsing, 24, 18 high-power airborne, 6, 454-463 Pulser, 1, 355-390 performance, 5, 461-463 a-c charging (see A-c charging) power supply, 6, 14, 455 charging (see Charging) high-power rotary-gap, 6, 448-454 -circuit e5ciency, 5, 470 performance, 6, 451 circuits, Anger, 6, 46&-471 impedance, internal, 5, 4 basic, 1, 356-360 isolating element, 6, 6, 12, 52 Blumlein, 6, 464 average power dissipated, 6, 59 Darlington, 6, 464 effect of inductance on charging of direct-connection, 5,70 storage condenser, 6, 67 INDEX 111

Puker, isrdating element, high resistance F’tdaer,particular applications, 6,448-496 as, 5, 52–61 performance with magnetron load, 5, inductance, 6, 61-69, 145 435-447 principal advantages of, 5, 68 power input, average, 6, 151 inductive resistor as, 5, 61-69 power output, average, 6, 3 resistance, 5, 153 power supply, 6, 16 lightweight medium-power, for air- average current, 6, 149 borne radar systems, 6, 140-152 voltagedoubler, 5, 148 heat dissipation, 6, 151, 459 protection of circuit elemente, 5, 433- line-type, 1, 358, 374-383; 5, 5, 8–12, 435, 457 173–496; 6, 344 protective measures, 6, 151, 160, 431 a-c charging, 1, 383 regenerative, 3, 240 characteristics, 5, 233–244 regulation, 3, 244249 charging circuit, 6, 355-416 effect of switch-tube and load char- efficiency, 6, 392, 421 acteristics, 5, 108-118 losses, 5, 429 transient, 5, 244 measurement, 5, 690 against variations, in load charac- comparison with hard-tube pulser, teristics, 5, 247–249 1, 360-363; 6, 13-17 in network voltage, 5, 245–247 discharging circuit, 5, 225-272 ehunt-capacitance effect, 5, 26, 30, 161, e5ciency, 5, 13, 16, 249 251 equivalent circuit, 6, 236–238 thyratron bridge, operating data, 5, impedance, mismatch, 6, 417 480 performance, 5, 417-447 vest-pocket, 6, 140 power transfer, 5, 227, 232, 23%244 Pulsing, amplitude, 24, 18 recharging circuit, 1, 382 double, Loran, 4, 70 recurrence period, 6, 358 frequency, 24, 18 short circuit in load, 6,248, 417, 423– phase, 24, 18 431, 457 Purcell’s junction, waveguide, 8,466-476 shunt-inductance effect, 6, 251 switches, 1, 377–381 ; 5, 234, 273–354 Q voltage-stepup ratios, 5,396,398, 420 load, duration of pulse at, 6, 226 Q, for build-up, magnetron, 6,365, 374 dynamic resistance, 5,3, 33, 78, 110 cavity, 1, 406; 8, 48; 14, 30 energy dissipated in, 6, 226 measurement, 14, 385-393 fine, 6, 243 charging circuit, 5, 359 firmar, 6, 3 -circle, magnetron output, 6, 178-187 nonlinear, 5, 3 complex circuit, 8, 230 open circuit in, 5, 417, 431435 defhition, 6, 301; 14, 11 pulse power in, 5, 226 external, magnetron output, 6, 181 reaiatance, 6, 177 reflex klystron, 7, 408 static, 5, 3, 110 -factors, 11, 288, 293; 18, 393 transformer-coupled, S, 73 loaded, 11, 289 magnetron, 6, 343, 380 ATR cavity, 14, 118 Model 9, 5, 152-160 cavity, 8, 228; 14, 388 multiple-load, 6, 480-483 klystron oscillator, 7, 319 multipl~network, 5, 463-466 magnetron output, 6, 188 multiple-pulse-line-type, 6, 484-494 phaw measurements, 11,336-340 output, effect of stray capacitance, 5, resonator, 1, 406; 9, 652 76 measurement 6, 180, 713–723 ov6rload protection, 1, 364 Iaweon method, 6, 713 112 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Q, measurement, by power drop in load, Radar, airborne, performance, 2, 171- 14, 401 185 -meter, cavity, 11, 396–403, 447 primary electrical power, 2, 169 radiation, 11, 289 radome problems, 2, 161–165 resonant antenna, 4, 308 scanner installation, 2, 161–165 resonant circuit, 8, 127 special aids and devices, 2, 122–142 urdoaded, 9, 653; 11, 289 test equipment, 2, 170 cavity, 8, 228 airway and airport control, speci6ca- magnetron system, 6, 108, 113, 184, tions, 2, 301 466, 467, 561, 575 AN/APA-15, 26, 176, 207, 236 resonator, 1, 406; 7, 76, 87; 9, 653 AN/APG scanner, 26, 237, 238 Qo, cylindrical cavity, 8, 48 AN/APG-13A, Falcon, 20, 223 QL, 1ow-Q ATR switch, 14, 128 radome, 26, 456 Quarter-wave line, 1,393 AN/APG-15, 20, 316, 327, 331, 342, Quarter-wave plate, 1, 84; 14,370 368, 371, 373 Quartz crystals (see Crystals) AN/APQ-3, radome, 26, 420 Quasi-bistable circuit, 19, 163 AN/APQ-7, 26,162, 185-193,244,421, Quaei-monostable circuit, 19, 162 426, 434 Quasi selector in amplitude comparison, AN/APQ-13, 26, 17$177, 207, 252- 19, 325, 334, 369 254, 331 Quasi time selectors, 19,366 radome, 26, 431, 432, 452, 457 AN/AP%2, 26, 207, 236, 245-247, 426 R AN/APS-4 radome, 26, 349, 427 AN/AP%6, radome, 26, 349, 427 Racons, 1, 246; S, 6 scanner, 26, 183-185 Radar, 1, 12, 419; 4, 17 AN/APS-10, 2, 171-185 l-cm, experimental, radome for, 26,437 design, detailed, 1, 616+25 AGL-(T), 20, 278, 310, 322, 330, 341, general, 1, 614 372, 373 performance, 1, 622 AI (see AI) AN/APS-15 stabilizer, 26, 207, 236 aids, air-navigation and traffic-control AN/TPG-1, 6re-control, 1, 211 (... ako Navigation; Traffic con- AN/TPS-10, 2, 219-227 trol), 2, 285-313 presentation, 2, 217 landing, 2, 227-251 range-height indicator, 2, 216 mapping, 2, 278-284 ARO, 20, 275, 317, 342-348 ship-navigation (see Navigation, ASG radome, 26, 246, 426, 430 ship) Automatic, General Electric, 20, 337 special, 2, 252–284 automatic tracking, 2, 202-207; 26, trafic

Radar, cross section, aircraft, 1, 76-78; Radar, displays (see do Dieplays; Indi- 19, 470-472 cation), 22, 11–16 method of measurement, 1S, 470 earth, 2, 22 polarization dependence, 19, 471- echoes (see Echo) 472 equation, 1, 18, 21-27, 595; 2, 15-18; table, 1S, 472 19, 31-35; 14, 1; 26, 11 wavelength dependence, 1S, 471- for free-space propagation, 1, 18-28 472 microwave propagation, 1, 47-62 circulardiek, 18, 458 minimum detectable signal, 1, 2&-47 complex targete, 19, 469 for shipe, 19, 473 cylinders, 1, 66; 19, 458-462 examples of major operational require- dependence on polarization, 19, 698 ments, 1, 175-212 differential, 19, 466 external aide, 1, 214-225 flat-plate, 13, 457, 476-479 frequency band, S, 76 general formula, 13, 455 ground, with airborne-beacon system, isolated targets, 13, 445–469 9, 438-419 raindrops, 13, 608-613 use of beacons with, 1, 609 scattering (see Scattering cross eec- ground-based, 2, 193-227 tion) height finders, 2, 207-227 sea echo, 13, 483, 497-499, 506, 512, scanning systems, 2, 237–251 514, 522, 526 types and special equipment, 2, 193- ships, 1, 80; 19, 472 284 mpect dependence, 1S, 479 hand, 20, 216, 243 far-zone, 1S, 478 Handy, 2, 280 incoherent scattering, 13, 47%481 beight-measurement errors, 19, 4.36- near-zone, 19, 478 444 polarization dependence, 13, 475 high-performance, for air surveillance table, 1S, 475 and control, 1, 592-611 wavelength dependence, 19, 475, hiitory, 1, 13 479 horizon, 1, 53 simplified formula, 19, 462 HR, 20, 163 small objects, 13, 465 indicators, 1, 161–175; 2, 26-36; 20, 108 smooth target, 13, 697 landmarks, 1, 113 sphere, 1, 66; 13, 450, 452-453 limitations, 1, 116-126 etatietical nature, 19, 470 maps, 2, 346-350 C-W, 1, 123-124, 127–159 mapping (see Mapping, radar) comparison with pulse radar, 1, 123 Mark 36, angle-tracking circuits, 90, CXAM, 1, 180 375 data, employment of, 1,213-242 meaeurementa, short-range, 2, ;79 gathering and presenting, 1, 160-212 Mickey, AN/APf+15, S, 17 deeign for air surveillance and control, microwave, long-range, 2, 193–202 1, 592-611 modulator, 9, 237 for beacon operation, S, 365-384 MTI (see MTI) examples, 1, 588-625 navigation, 1, 108; ~-15 for usc with marine bacons, 2,323 lightweight airborne-radar system, detection near surface, range depend- 1,611-625 ence, 1S, 474 and @OtSgC, 2, 317–353 wavelength dependence, 1S, 406, 474 organizations, examplea, 1, 226-242 detection rangee and duct height, 1S, performance figure, 1, 590 358 performance surveys, 1, 592 Mraction e5ect.9, 96, 253 -pilotage mape, 2, 115 114 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Radar, principles, 1, 3-6 Radar, relay, summary, 2, 265 projector, autofocus, 2, 340 synchronization, 2, 265 propagation, 2, 21-26 synchronizer, 1, 681 pulse, 1, 3; 2, 4; 16, 4 terminal equipment, 1, 682 pulse-echo systems, 20, 31 time-modulated sine

Radar, speed, ground, 20, 21, 24 Radiation, into bounded half space, rec- stability, as affecting echo fluctuations, tangular guide, E-plane, 10, 184 18, 627-629 into bounded space, rectangular guide, importance in measurement, 18, E-pfane, 10, 183 527-529 from circular guide, Eo,-mode, 10, 196 limits, 18, 628 If,,-mode, 10, 201 stabilization, 1, 304-319 H,,-mode, 10, 206 computare for, 26, 117, 217 cooling, 19, 343 synchronizer, 20, 71 magnetron, 6, 524 systems, frequency stability, 1S, 628 from E-plane eectoral horns, 12,357 testing, need for, 1, 590 from H-plane sectoral horns, 12,358 versatility, 1, 588 into half space, coaxial line, 10, 213 T-14, experimental, 13, 495 parallel-plate guide, E-plane, 10, 183 targets, complicated, 1, 73-88 H-plane, 10, 187 complex, 19, 469-481 line-of-sight, 18, 5 and echoes, 18, 445-587 lozzes, line-junction, 9, 108 frequency sensitivity, 1S, 529-531 low-angle, 4, 301 properties, 1, 63-115 meteorological, 19, 232, 234, 248 simple, 1, 63-73 nocturnal (see Nocturnal radiation) resistance, antenna, 4,316, 324; 12,39, test-equipment characteristics, 21, 576-593 95 into apace, parallel-plate guide, E- test oscilloscope (see a.ko Oscilloscope), plane, 10, 179 deaigne, practical, 21,594-664 H-plane, 10, 186 trainer, type SP, 21, 190 temperature of space used in water- tranemiezion, 1S, 353-373 vapor-abeorption mwuremente, equation (we olao equation, above), 1S, 669 elliptical-polarization and from thick holee, 8, ml smooth-target, 1S, 697 from waveguide, aperture treatment, fit-plate ship model, 19,479 12, 334 free-epace, 13, 33 Radiator (see al-soAntenna) axially sym- eea-echo, 1S, 484 metrical, 12, 303-309 transmitter, impedance, 14, 275, 428 dipole, 12, 92-96 video eignale, pulee-to-pulze amplitude images of, 12, 135-137 cancellation, 19, 708 isotropic, 2, 17 wavelength choice, 1, 604; 2, 20, 195- streamlined, 12, 310-313 198, 371 waveguide, 12, 301-303, 329 XT-2, experimental, 1S, 354, 495 Radio altimeter (eee Altimeter, radio) XT-3, experimental, 1S, 10, 354, 495 Radio compaee, 9, 25 ?mlial functione, cotangent, 10, 33 Radio-frequency cables (see Cablca, r-f) tangent, 10, 33 Badio meteorological forecasting, 18, 175 ?.miial time baee (RTB) (see d-so PPI), Radio-optical path, de5nition, 1S, 6 22,23, 425 Radio range, 2, 44-47; % 15 expanded, 22, 483 German, 2, 47-50 indicator, 1, 174 navigation, aide to, 2, 46 Sadial tranzmiseion line (eee Line) omnidirectional, ~ 5 Radial waveguide structure, frequency single, navigation by, 2, 45 eeneitivity, 10, 43 Radio speed and distance mcaeurementa, Sadiation, absorption (we Absorption, 20,24-29 radio-wave) Radioactive cobalt, effect on breakdown by antennaa, q 317= power, 9, 232 116 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Radioactive cobalt chloride, 14, 216 Radome, GEI scanner, 26, 435 Radioactive priming, 14, 216 general structural design, 26, 424 Radiometer, microwave, 1S, 666-669; 16, general survey, 26, 241-258 197 glass mat, 26, 379 noice-figure measurement, 18, 718 glue line, effect of, 26, 282, 284 Radiosonde (ace also Sounding), 1S, 185, gun-blast resistance, 26, 439 207, 255, 272, 298, 347, 348; 20, 408 heat resistance, 26, 255 ascents, 1S, 261, 348 installation and testing, 26, 419–462 Rndome (see abo Radar), 1, 314-315; 16, laminated, 26, 376 291 ; 26, 200 large, design, 26, 429 abrasion, 26, 255 LST, 26, 440 absorption of water, 26, 255 materials, electrical properties, 26, adhesive, 26, 282, 318 408-418 aerodynamic considerations, 26, 419- evaluation at normal incidence, 26, 425 415-418 airborne, drag of, 1, 315 mcchnnical properties, 26, 383–408 AN/APG-13, 26, 456 mechanical requirements, 26, 254– AN/APS-4, 26, 427 256 AN/APS-6, 26, 427 methods of fabrication, 26, 369-418 AN/APQ-13 (W%.), 26,431, 432, 452, mockup for testing, 26, 446 457, 459 nonprotuding, for AN/APQ-13 (60-in.) bag-molding technique, 26, 372, 375 radar, 26, 432 balsa wood for, 26, 379 normal incidence, 12, 537–539; 26, 256 bending, simple, theory, 26, 364 bending jig, 26,386 design considerations, 12, 538 cementing, 26, 383 electrical design, 26, 259-285 cold resistance, 26, 255 impedance effects, 12, 537 compreeeible flow, 26, 424 pattern effects, 12, 537 compression test, edgewise, 26, 402 panels (eee Panele) cbndeneation prevention, 26, 142 pattern distortions, 12, 524-526 contours (see Contour) pressure, dynamic, 26, 42o cyclized rubber for, 26, 371 problems, 2, 161-165 design problems and procedures, 12, reflection-test apparatus, 26, 444 522-542 sandwich (see Sandwich) double-wall, 26,246, 272-276 shipborne, 26, 438-441 normal-incidence, electrical design, skin (eee Skin) 26, 276 span/depth ratio, 26, 385 drag, 26, 419 stiffneee, 26, 254 coefficient, 26, 420 streamlined, 12, 524, 535, 54@542; 26, dynamic pressure on, 26, 420 257, 430-438 electrical, and mechanical teats, 26, electrical design, 26, 286-340 441-459 strength, 26, 254 design, normal-incidence, 26, 269- structural design, 1, 316 285 test, 26, 419-462 streamlined, 26, 286-306 equipment, 26, 454 requirements, 26, 244 methods, structural, 26, 454-456 transmtilon of, 1, 316 mockup for, 26, 446 examples of, 1, 317-319 thin, 26, 264, 272 for experimental l-m radar, 26,437 transmission-teat apparatus, 26, 443 fabrication, 26, 369-418 turbulence effect, 26, 420 foaming in place, 26, 379 typea of installation, 26,242-244 INDEX 117

Radome, walls, reflection eoefficienta, la Range, marker, generation, 20,78 529-537 movable, 1, 518 sandwich, 12, 632 marks, 24, 21 single, 12, 531 circuit, pulsed, for PPI, 20, 107 transmission coefficients, 12,529-537 fixed, 20, 229 Raiiing interference, 24, 358-365 generatore, 20, 69 Rain, nonuniform spatial distribution, TS-103/AP, 21,662 1S, 672, 684, 689 mixer, 20, 83 win echoes (ueeEcho) minimum, 9, 40 Rain gauges, 1S, 689 natural unit, 19, 97 Raindrops, horizontal velocities, 18, 577 normalization, 22, 389, 487, 490 multipole moments, 1S, 608-610, 676 propagation, free-space, 9, 60 size distributions, 19, 615-618, 681 reduction, 12, 524 terminal velocity, 1S, 616, 679 reliable, beacon, S, 30 Random process, 13, 553; 24, 33; 25,266- experimental verification, 8, 38-40 270 resolution, 2, 10, 14, 150; 22, 11, 35 Gaussian, 24, 53-56 scopes (see duo Oscilloscope), 1, 165– mean-square, 26, 273 167; 22, 17 error, minimizing, 25, 325-328 -set control, 2S, 62 moments, 25, 273 slant, 2, 151 periodicities, hidden, 25, 279 SWCep,1, 162; 22, 8, 14, ~ purely, 24, 42; 26, 298-300 linear, 22, 9 repetition period, 26, 232, 281 tracking, automatic, 20, 168 rms, definition, 25, 273 on grouped data, 20, 386–388 stationary, 25, 270-273 servoamplifier circuit, 20, 362 harmonic analysis, 2S, 270-291 tester, dynamic, 20, 357, 361, 363 time averagea, 26, 271-273 two-scale, 20, 238 Random scatterers, 19, 551, 553 uhf, 2, 50 assembly (se,e Assembly of random” unit, AN/APN-3, 19, 565 scatterers) AN/APS-15, 20, 164-169, 277 plus steady signal, first and second waveforms, 20, 165 probability distributions, 1S, 560- calibration of, universal instrtiment 562 for, 20, 102 Random series, 26, 267 Meacham, 20, 142–147 Random-walk problem, 18, 553; 2% 50- phase-modulation, two-scale, 20, 143 53 two-scale, 20, 143 discrete, 26, 267, 269 Wurzburg, 20, 163 two-dimensional, 24, 126 visual two-course, 2, 50 Range, calibrator, AN/APG-5, 20, 108, Ranging indicator, precision, 20, 147-153 275, 317, 331, 337, 342 Rapid photographic projection, 1, 221 Model III, 21,635-641 Rapid-scan system, 2, 187 -height, displays, 22, 516-538 Raster, excitation, 22, 651 indicator (see RHI) polkadot, 22, 597 horizon, S, 51–53 shrinking, 22, 69, 594 indicator, precision, 20, 108, 148 Rational-fraction expansions, 6, 185 indices, 1, 518–524 lbly, 19, 4, 6, 12, 54 Loran, 4, 62, 98, 107, 122, 130 characteristic, 1S, 15, 49 marker, 2, 148; 22, 25, 238 curvature, 12, 111, 112 circuit, pulsed, LC, 20, 108 in relation to index gradient, 1S, 44 precise, from precision-ranging relative, 19, 12 indicator, 20, 108 to earth, 19, 50 118 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Ray, differential equation, 1S,42-50 Ren&ore, core saturation, 5,364, 370 direct, 1s, s, 36-39, 99, 100, lW 107, saturable, 21, 521 116 a-e control with, 21, 440 family, 18, 15, 47 control circuit, emission-tube, 17, linear N-protile, 13, 16 461 simple surface duct, 18, 17 Rear-feed systems, 12, 448 in surface duct, 13, 19 Rebecca, 3, 10 tangent, 1S, 5, 6, 116 -Eureka, S, 10, 77; 4, 7 theory, 1S, 332, 391 talking, 9, 231 tracing, 18, 17, 18 Rebecca-H, 8, 17; 4, 9 conditions as criterion of vafidity of Received power, minimum useful, 18, 32 ray methods, 18, 57 for pulses, 1S, 483 errors, 13, 7, 18 Receivem, 2* 1 formulas, 18, 41-50 airborne, incorporating anticlutter cir- methods, limitations, 1S, 53-58 cuits, 2S, 349-379 relation, to phase-integral methods, a-m vermrs f-m, 2S, 440 1S, 82 bandwidth, 9, 367 turning point (see Turning point) effect on pulse, 4, 155, 198 velocity, 12, 110 requirements, Loran, 4, 338 in waveguide, penetration of ducts, 18, beacon, circuit-trouble alarm, S, 149- 18 179, 322 Rayleigh, distribution, 24, 53 components, 9, 370 principle, 6, 179-183 delay in, 9, 152 reciprocity theorem, 12, 19 fidelity, 3, 152 -Ritz procedure, 10, 145 frequency-coverage, 9, 151, 162, 172 roughness criterion, 13, 411, 430, 431, narrow+overage, 3, 151 434, 539 superheterodyne, 2S, 455–503 types, 3, 149 scattering, 1, 63 wide-coverage, 9, 152 law, 19, 23, 465 box, construction, 2S, 253 cylinder, 19, 461 calibrations, 18, 564 deviations from, 1S, 598, 612 channel, separate, 3, 369 fit-plate, 1S, 8, 465 single, S, 368 meteorological echoes, 19, 597- chameling, 9, 363-371 598, 610, 618 comparison, for frequency measure- sea-echo, 19, 494 ments, 11, 353 sphere, 19, 7, 452 coupling into and out of, 29, 324-329 suspended matter, 19, 621 coupling r-f equipment to, 2S, 296–300 RC-differentiator, calibration, 5, 685 crystal-video, 3, 172–179; 16, 9; 18, RC divider, parallel, 5, 667 113; 29, 1, 5, 504-544 series, 6, 675 figures of merit, 18, 54-56 RC-feedback phase-shift circuit, 19, 150- output circuits, 29, 528 154 with r-f filter, 9, 158 RCP (Radar chart projector), 2,341 sensitivity, 3, 176 Re(a), 26, 47 design, MTI, 1,665 Reactance tube, 16, 292; 20,96, 97; 2S, 30 design considerations to facilitate test- vhf, 2S, 34 ing and alignment, 23, 300 Reactors (eee abo Chokes; Transform- figure of merit, 16, 10-17 ers) f-m versus a-m, 23, 440 charging (SW Charging reactor) gain control, 3, 371-374 d-o,, design, 5, 372-380 gain-limited, 29, 277 INDEX 119

Receivem, gate, SCR-584, 20, 163 Receivem, radar, coordination with aee.n- holes for ventilation and adjustment, ner, 1, 486-492 29, 258 definition, 1, 435 i-f, wideband, 8, 162–164 delay time, 20, 44) limiting, 29, 596 design consideration, 2, 143-148 for MTI, 1, 647, 665 general-purpose, 1, 462-464 Iin-log, 1, 647, 665; 29, 583 input circuits, 1, 442 logarithmic, 1, 553 lightweight airborne, 1, 464-470 Loran, 4, 212 over-all noise figure, 1, 32, 441 cycle-matching, 4, 398 pass-band, 2, 10 design, 4, 386 selectivity, 23, 180, 554 i-f rejection ratio, 4, 389 sensitivity, 16, 10, 21 image rejection ratio, 4, 388 effective, 3, 33 -indicators, 4, 56, 63, 99, 345-385 simple, 23, 336-348 airborne, 4, 363–381 typical, 1, 435-441, 460-474 AN/APN-4, 4, 25, 31, 363, 367 wideband, 1, 470-474; 22, 455-461 AN/APN-9, 4, 365, 374 single-detection, 24, 6 DAS, 4, 349-358 single-sideband, 23, 472-478 DBE, 4, 349, 358 superheterodyne, 3, 157, 161–172; 16, direct-reading, 4, 358 3, 24-26, 235; 23, 1; 24,8 LRN, 4, 349 two-band 200-Mc/See, 23,419-439 SCR-722, 4, 363 superregenerative, 9, 153–157; 16, 45; shipboard, 4, 345 23, 545-578; 24, 11 UE-1, 4, 243 gain, linear mode, 23, 560 sensitivity, 4, 389 logarithmic mode, 23, 548 mechanical construction, 23, 253–276 maximum, 23, 552 microwave, 3, 157 high-frequency, velocity-modulated classification and description of tubes for, 23, 578 types, 16, 17–46 linear, 23, 547 MTI, 23, 579-611 output characteristics, 23, 562 adjustment of limit level, 1, 649 logarithmic, 23, 547 characteristics, 1, 64%49 output characteristics, 23, 55o comparison of types, 1, 648 quench frequency, 23, 562; 24, 12 dynamic range, 23, 605 maximum usable, determination, limiting, 1, 647, 665 29, 551 output signals, video frequency, 29, quench oscillator QFO, 23, 546 605 quench voltages, sinusoidal, 23, 552 sensitivity to weak signals, 23, 604 quenching, single-cycle, 3, 156, 157; narrow-coverage, 3, 153–161 23, 567 noise, 24, 9g123 self-quenching circuits, 23, 559 noise-limited, 2S, 277 theory of operation, 23, 546 output, measuring, 23, 329–335 synchro, 26, 224 output signals, dynamic range, 23, 605 test equipment, built-in, 23, 301 pulse, meaeurements, 11, 226-234 test points, 29, 301 response to frequency-modulated testing, 11, 222–234 signals, 11, 230 TRF, 3, 159; 4, 398; 23, 1, 5 radar (see also Radar receiving sys- types, comparison, 23, 604 tems), 1, 433-474; 3, 367-374 difficulty of maintaining proper oPer- automatic-tracking, 23, 380-418 ation, 23, 605 bandwidth, 1, 33, 444; 20, 39 use in MTI with no coho, 23, 605 construction materials, 23, 260 ultimate sensitivity, 11, 222 120 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Receivers, wideband f-m, 23, 440-454 Rectifiem, CryStld, 11,4, 924; 16, 5-11; 16, wide-coverage, S, 161–179; 2S, 472–502 47–118; 17, 106-108; 18, 715; 28, Receiving area, effective, 24, 104 334 Recharging path, pulser, 6, 33-39, 144, diode, 17, 539-547 163 early use, 16, 5 Reciprocity, experimental teak, 15, 125- electrical properties, 16, 20-25 127 equivalent circuit, 1S, 23–25 frequency conversion, 15,118,124-128, fundamental properties, 15, 15-44 203, 216 germanium (see Germanium) full, 16, 118, 124 d-c characteristic, temperature We3k, 16, 118, 124, 139, 203, 216 effect, 15, 375 general condition, 16, 124 harmonic generation, 11, 373 relations, microwave networks, 10, 104 properties at low level, 16, 333–344 between transfer coefficients of net- recent developments, 16, 6-11 work, 12, 18 r-f impedance, 16, 35–40 theorem, 8, 90; X4, 97, 114, 468, 693– shot and thermal noise, 16, 179–186 698; 16, 63 silicon (.reeSilicon) Dicke, 15, 125, 417-420 types and specifications, 16, 42S-433 between transmitting and receiving diode, 18, 715; 29, 334 patterns, 12, 48-50 drydisk, 17, 106-109 high-inverse-voltage, 1S, 10, 64, 361- Recognition of indicator patterns, 2, 331 397 Recorder, Esterline-krgus, 20, 387 as low-frequency rectifier, 1S, 363 Recovery time, of receiving system, 11, silicon, 16, 389–391 233 high-quality, general processes for TR tube (see TR tube) making, 15, 301 Recovery-time constant, 18, 118 high-voltage, 17, 546-547 Rectangle generator, variable-width, to low-level, video resistance, 16, 333 produce time-modulated tracking peak inverse voltage, 16, 362, 375 index, 20, 222 dependence on frequency, 16, 3SW Rectangular wave, 22, 123 382 generation, 1, 496–501; 22, 123–128, plate-supply, 17, 539-547 140, 432, 526 for power indication, 11, 191–194 Rectification, barrier-layer (see ako Semi- selenium, 19, 69; 22, 166, 466–471 conductors), 15, 68-72 d-c characteristics, 19, 69 diffuse theory, 15, 77-81 with deflection coils, 22, 466 diode theory, 16, 78, 81-82 resistance, 22, 468 crystal, efficiency, 15, 3; 16, 297 welded-contact, 15, 11, 329 as function of applied voltage, 15, admittance-matrix elements, 16, 407 379 applications, 16, 415 at high frequencies, 16, 97–107 construction, 16, 398–400 at low levels, 16, 333–335 general properties, 15, 400 at metal-metal contact, 16, 6*7O as generator of millimeter waves, 16, by metal-semiconductor barrier, 16, 398 72 germanium crystals, 15, 21, 398–416 phenomena, 16, 1-5 as harmonic generators, 15, 398, 415 rectified current, as function of fre- noise measurement, 16, 403-406 quency, 16, 379 uniform contact potential difference, i-f resistance as function of, 15, 42 16, 400 Rectifiers, for beacons, 9, 318 Rectifying contact adjustment for low- ‘contact, 19, 68-72, 671; 21, 55, 123 level detection, 16, 359 INDEX 121

Rectifying rotary gap, 5, 476 Reflection, dielectric, at boundary, 96, _ Recycling detector, 19, ~, 509, 532 347-353 Reference plane, cavity measurements, 7, diEuse, 1,89 407 from earth’s surface, 1S, 5,34,396-444 waveguide, tranaforrnatione, 10, 120 and radar-height measurementa, 18, Reflected ray, 18, 5, 19, 36-38, 99-101, 436 108, 116 edge, 12, 518 variations, 18, 424, 539 effects, of core thickness, at parallel Reflecting surfaces, types, ’26, 17-25 polarization, 26, 314 Reflection, in beacon reception, 3, 441, at perpendicular polarization, 26, 453 312 from change in dielectric constant, 8, of impedance mismatch with long 369-374 cable, 5, 84–89 coefficient, 1, 49; S, 43; 11, 475 from elevated M-inversion, M, 334 amplitude, 26, 349 geometry of, from plane earth, 1S, 36 chart (see af.ro Smith impedance group, multiplication table, 8, 414 charts), 9, 6G67; 12, 28-33 symmetry types under, 8, 415 complex, 11, 565 interface, 11, 565, 606-612 current, 8, 67, 266; 12, 32 ionospheric, 18, 3 dependence on grazing angle, 1S, large, measurement, 11, 536 401-403 hlW8of, 12, 124, 134 electric-field, 12, 212 low-loss material, 26, 353 land, 1S, 43@436 measurement in free space, 11,612-616 measurements, interpretation, 1S, method for gain determination, 12, 586 429, 435 minimized maximum, 26, 297 over land, 18, 430, 433 multiple, 4, 60; 26, 354 over sea, 13, 421, 427 in plane, symmetry of, 8, 412–414 rapid variations in, 1S, 419, 538 power, coe5cients, 26, 353 obstacle, 8, 63 probe, 11, 607-609 ocean, 1S, 418–430, 537 propagation, 4, 88, 129 paraboloidal reflectors, 12, 439-443 radome, 26, 244 in radial lines, 8, 265–267 at oblique incidence, 26, 290 radome walls, 12, 52%537 rough terrain, 19, 340, 35I, 471 reflex klystron, 7, 409 sandwiches, 26, 306, 322–327, 36(F365 and sea echo, 19, 418 sheet, 26, 354–360 smooth plane, 13, 396 skin, 26, 252 smooth sea, 19, 402–403 specular, 1, 89; 19, 344, 391, 39G418 and stored energy, 8, 138 stability of, 4, 134 surface roughness, 13, 411 test apparatus, 26, 444 termination, 8, 137 thin panel, 26, 300, 303 transmission line, 8, 706; 9, 13–19, time variation and rough surface, 1S, 29, 63 418 very smooth land, 19, 432 transit time, klystron, 7, 465-469 voltage, 8, 67, 266; 12, 25 Reflectometer, 11, 896 constant contours, 26, 309 Reflectors, arbitrary shape, 12, 137-162 contour, 26, 294, 323 barrel, 12, 480, 503 sandwiches, 26, 309 barrel-stave, 26, 157 from curved surfaces, 12, 138-143 contour cutting, 12, 453–457 from curved undersurface of fuselage, corner (see Corner reflector) 12, 517 current distribution, 12, 144-149 dielectric, 26, 341-368 cut paraboloidal, 12, 451-457, 477 122 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Reflectors, cut paraboloidal, aymmetri- Refraction, propagation, 1, 53; & 130 Cal-type, 12, 451-453 standard, 2, 22; S, 50; 18, 14, 22, 53, 95 cylindrical, 1, 276; 26, 19 in diffraction region, 13, 122 for shaped beams, 12, 494-497 studies by radar, 1S, 353-373 double-eumature, 12,502-508 tropospheric, 18, 9-22 drag, 26, 33 Refractive index (see Index of refraction) forms and templates, 26, 25-33 Refractive modulus, 13, 191, 192, 203, grating, 12, 449-450; 26, 21 207 hardware cloth, 26, 20 approximate formula, lg, 303 illumination, 26, 26 errore, 18, 203 klystron (see Klystron) gradient, 1S, 192, 198 line-source feed and, 12, 151-155 errors, 1S, 204 mesh, 26, 20 potential, 1S, 199, 201 microwave, 26, 15 approximate formula, 18, 305 mismatch introduced by, 12, 155–158, Regeneration in amplifiers, 18, 323-326 43%443, 454 Regenerative driver, 6, 124-132, 150 modified, 12, 474, 477, 479-495, 503 Regenerative pulse generator (see cl-so parabolic, 26, 5 Transformer, pulse), 5, 575-591 parabolic cylinder, 26, 29 Regulator (see Speed; Voltage) paraboloid, 26, 18, 25-29, 156 Rejection-band characteristics, effect of astigmatic, 26, 25, 28 dissipation, 9, 604-607 template, 26, 29 Rejection filters, 24, 346 spun, 26, 18 Relativistic effects, 6, 228 true, 26, 25-28 electron motion, 6, 211 paraboloidal, feed-tilt effects, 12, 487, Relaxation oscillator (see Oscillator) 488 Relaxation time, dielectric, 8, 379 structural design problems, 12, 448- Relay (see ako specific types of relay), 450 a-c, general-purpose, 17, 509 point-source feed and, 12, 149-151 arc-suppressing circuits, 17, 489 properties, 26, 15-17 armature and contact structures, 17, screen, 12, 449 511 shaped cylindrical, 26, 160 COilS,17, 474-479; 22, 126 shovel, 12, 481, 483 operating temperature, 17, 474-476 structural characteristics of, specfic, contact protection, 21, 436 26, 3S45 current, 17, 491 supersonic crystal transducer, 17, 189- release, 17, 478 190 D-168479, 21, 432 supersonic delay line, 17, 226,.230-232, d-c, general-purpose, 17, 506 235 differential, 17, +93 surfaces, special, 26, 30 directional, 17, 492 template, 26, 26, 29 encloeurea, 17, 489 wind loads, 26, 33–38 general-purpose, 17, 510 Reflex klystron (see Klystron) indexing, 17, 468 Refraction, amplitude coefficients, 26, insulation, 17, 488 349 keying, 17, 493 atmospheric, 2, 21; 19, 34 lag, 17, 48G483, 494-495, 505, 508 at boundary, 26, 347–353 escapement-type, 17, 480, 494 experimental studies, 13, 294-394 operate- and release-time curves, 17, index (see Index of refraction) 481 laws, 12, 125 slug-type, 17, 480, 505, 508 meteorology, 13, 181–294 thermal, 17, 481–483, 494-495 INDEX 123

Relay, latching, 17,492 Representation, change of, as circuit op- life, 17, 490 eration, 21, 62, 129 magnetic structures, 17, 472-474 Reproduction of canned data, 2,268 mercury, 17, 498-500; 19, 403; 21, 432 Reradiation, 2S, 557 multiple-unit, 17, 495 Reservoirs, chemical, TR tube, 14, 219 opera+? current, 17, 478 silica-gel, 14, 220 operate time, 17, 479-483, 514 R.met error in CRT measurements, 20, overload, 17, 491-492 192 polarized, 17, 492 Fket interval in CRT measurements, 20, potential, 17, 491 194 power requirements,. 17, 476 Residues, method, 2S, 46–48, 333 radar (see Radar relay) sum, of field integral, 18, 110 and related devices, 17, 467–516 Resins, thermoeetting, 26, 374-378 release current, 17, 478 Resistance, card, attenuator, 16, 197 release time, 17, 479-483, 514 load, 9, 97 replacement, 17, 489 charging, 3, 242; 5, 487 resistance to shock and vibration, 17, coefficient, 1S, 216, 217 472, 483, 487-488, 504-505, 510- divider, 5, 668 517 equivalent, resonant-circuit, 6, 114 rotary, 17, 483–488 interlaminar, 5, 636–638 sensitive, 17, 504, 507 stability, 19, 475 servicing, 17, 489 thermometer, 1S, 289 servo, 400-cpe, 22, 193 video measurement, 16, 349–357 shock tests, 17, 504-505, 510-517 wire, alloy properties, 17, 70-72 Silverstat, 21, 428 in high-attenuation cables, 17, 21 for potentiometers, 17, 246-248 sizes and weights, 17, 490, 506–509 table, 17, 247 slow-acting (see lag, above) Resistive disk, 11, 705; 16, 141, 149, 206, special types, 17, 490-495 356 telephone-type, 17, 503 Resietivity, d-c, of common metals and tests, 17, 500-516 alloys, 11, 296 thermal timedelay, 17, 481, 482 Resistors, bobbin-type, high-frequency timedelay (see lag, above) characteristics, 17, 95–96 time-delay circuits, 17, 482-483 choice, 17, 33–34 tropicalization, 17, 488-489 composition, 17, 33–64, 96–99; 110-114 type 80, 21, 432 color code, 17, 37-38 undercurrent, 5, 433 construction, 17, 39–43 underload, 17, 491 dimensions, 17, 36 vibrating mercury, 22, 193 dissipation rating, 17, 43-45 vibration test, 17, 504, 51O-5I 7 high-frequency properties, 17, 51-60 voltage and current requirements, 17, methods of measurement, 17, 54- 476-479 56 Relaying, scanner data, 1, 683 JAN characteristics, 17, 35, 37, 44 sine and cosine data, 1, 701–71 I labeling, 17, 37-38 Remote control, 26, 1 noiee, 17, 49–51 Repeater, electromechanical, 1, 490-492 pulsed operation, 17, 45-46 eynchro-driven, 1, 490 resistance-temperature characteris- Repetition frequency, 24, 222-230 tics, 17, 46-49 Repetition rates, 2, 16, 18; 22, 121 resistance values, 17, 38–39 control, 20, 511-525 preferred-number system, 17, 38- Reply coding (see Coding, reply) 39 124 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

~rs, composition, stability, 17, 60- Resolvers, 21,55, 105, 162, 1!?3, 203 63 a-c, 21, 106 voltage rating, 17, 45-46 drivktg circuits, 21, 108 diek, 11, 705; 16, 141, 149, 206, 356 Arms, 20, 418, 438; 21, 475 high-frequency, 17, 1IG112 computer, 27, 15-19 high+tability composition, 17, 97-99 d-c, 20, 440; 21, 110 high-voltage, 17, 95-97 definition, 17, 340-341 met81-61m, 17, 99-101 drivere, 21, 188 meter, 17, 88, 89 electrical characteristics, 17, 343 nonlinear, 21, 55 loaded-potentiometer, 21, 164 puke-current-view”ing, 17, 113-114 Servo, 21, 188, 345, 47.%480 single-layer, inductance of, 17, 86 sine-cosine, 22, 27 strip, 16, 231, 301 single-frequency operation, 17, 341–343 ultrahigh-frequency, 17, 112-114 synchro system, 17, 340-344 wire-wound, accurate, 17, 87-95 two-phase, 26, 123, 209 a-e characteristics, 17, 94-95 use of, as vector addera, 17, 342 construction, 17, 90-91 variable transformer, 1, 487 dimensions, 17, 68-89 Reeolving device, servo, 22, 185, 186 inerdation, 17, 93 Resolving power, distortion association, resistance tolerance, 17, 92–93 2, 91 resistance values, 17, 91–92 Resonance, in closed circular waveguide, stability, 17, 93-94 8, 361-364 table, 17, 88 curves, universal, 18, 213 temperature coefficient, 17, 93-94 indicator, cavity, 6, 704 voltage rating, 17, 93 phase shift near, 14, 399 in rotary joints, 9, 416-422 iixed, 17, 65-96, 109-110 tuner, magnetron, 6, 575 low-power, 17, 65 waveguide transition, 9, 99 power-type, 17, 65-87 Resonant aperture, 9, 221 a-c characteristics, 17, 82-87 Resonant charging, 1, 382; 6,12,360,381, coatings, 17, 74-76 386-393, 418 construction, 17, 71–77 Reeenant circuits, 8, 127-129 dissipation rating, 17, 67, 80-81 driving by slowly changing r-f cur- JAN characteristics, 17, 68-69 rent, 7, 455 JAN-type designations, 17, 66 terminal location, 8, 720 maximum available resistance, 17, Remnant elements, waveguide, 14, 70- 74, 77-78 80, 97 mountings, 17, 66, 76-77 Resonant gap, equivalent circuit, 1474 reactance, 17, 87 Resonant load, mismatched transmis- resistance values, 17, 77–W sion line as, 6, 320-329 table, 17, 67 Resonant ring, 9, 391 temperature coefficient, 17, 79-60 Resonant stub, 18, 176 voltage ratings, 17, 82 Resonant system, components, 8, 406 windings, 17, 72–74 Resonant transformers, 149 r-f, 17, 109-110 Resonator, admittance (see a.ho Magne- Resolution, range, importance, 2, 150 tron), 7, 319 before time-base generation, 22, 471- annular-sector, 8, 62 481 cylindrical side, 6, 59 Resolved-time-base applications using rectangular-slot side, 6, 57 condensers, 22, 217 annular-eector, 6, 62 Resolved-tim~base method, 22, 445-47 I cavity (see Cavity resonator) INDEX 125

Remnator, closedaid, 6, 471, 477 R-f preelection, 24, 10 design, ‘1, 498 R-f rotary joint, 26, 73, 141 hole-and-dot, circuit parameters, 6, mode-absorber waveguide, 26, 141 463 R-f source, modulation of, 11, 500 magnetron, 6, 11 Rf switch, 1, 295; S, 148; 16, 369; 26,53, number of, 6, 107, 472 58, 191 open, 6, 471, 477 R-f test equipment, 28, 277-304 aide, 6, 49 coupling to receiver, 29, 296–300 admittance, 6, 56 R-f wobble joint, 26, 69 composite shape, 6, 62 Rgate, 20, 233 cylindrical, 6, 59 RHI (range-height indicator), 1, 172, equivalent network, 6, 52 545-547; 2, 36, 210; 19, 630, 635- rectangular-slot, 6, 57 636; 22, 15, 20, 26, 518 single, equivalent circuit, 6, 461, 466 for AN/TPS-10, 2, 216 tube, external, SD-835, 7, 379 -E-scope, hybrid, 22, 534-538 vane-type, circuit parameters, 6, 462 precise, 22, 527 Responder, 12, 327 presentation, 2, 217 beacons (see also Beacon), 1, 246; S, 6 lo-cm height finder, 2, 219 Response transform, 18, 30 Rhumb line, 4, 3 Responsor, 8, 387 Riccati equation, 1S, 147 Retarding field, space-charge tube, 7, 138 numerical integration, 1S, 177 Reverse magnetic field, core analysis, 5, Rieke diagram, 1, 339; 3, 257-259; 6, 40, 60=607, 644 178-187, 317, 327, 733; 7, 405, 414- Reynolds number, 26, 420 417; 9, 83; 11, 31; 16, 203, 211 R-f bandwidth, radar, S, 368 experimental, 7, 432 R-f components, 1, 391-432 practical, 7, 421 beacon, S, 125-148 Right-triangle solution, squaring method, radar, 1, 391–432; 9, 6 21, 138 R-f detector, 22, 259 Rhg-arormd, 9, 78, 116 R-f discharges, similarity principle, 14, Ring circuit, 19, 141 181 3.33 cm, dimensions, 14, 359 spectrograms, 14, 148 duplexer, 14, 357 R-f envelope, indicator, 21, 663 modulator, 19, 409 viewer, 5, 706; 11, 193, 408, 455-468; waveguide junction, 8, 308-311 16, 97, 373 Elng counters, 19,603 crystal, 11, 458 thyratron, 19, 612-614 detector for, 11, 459-461 Ring source, 12, 348 R-f tilter (see Filter, r-f) Ripple, peak-to-peak, 16, 321 R-f head, 1, 419-432; 29, 421-429; 26,73 Ripple theory of sea echo, 18, 494 heat removal from, 1, 421 Ripples, 19, 487 test points in, 1, 424 Roberts crystal coupling circuit, 15, 223- Rf line, breakdown in, 6, 738 225 R-f OSdOSCOpe, 11, 408, 455, 467-469 Robinson acarmer, 2, 222 R-f output, detection of, magnetron, 6, Robinson sea-g feed, 26, 45-55 732 power absorber for, 26, 47 Rf package, antenna mount, 26, 73 Roots, as circuit operation, 21, 120, 121 &f parts, mounting, 1, 419-432 paire of, product of all sums, 25, 335- R-f patterns, zr-mode, 6, 470 336 Rf phase measurements, 11, 898-900, Roeebud, AN/APN-19, 9, 408-419 915-922 Roseby distribution of eddy viscosity, 1S, IVf power measurement, 8, 338 215 126 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Rossby equivalent-potential-temperature Sandwich, construction, thickness, toler- diagram, 19, 188, 200, 201 ances, 26, 319 Rotary actuators, 17, 495-497 dielectric-constant, 26, 320 Rotary inductors (see D-c Selsyn; Mag- wet lay-up, single-stage, 26, 380 nesyn; Resolver; Synchro; Telegon) two-stage, 26, 382 Rotary joint (see Joint) lossless, at arbitrary incidence, 26,308- Rotary probe, 6, 710 312 Rotary relays, 17, 483-488 at normal incidence, 26, 362 Rotary spark gap (we Spark gap) symmetrical, 26, 308 Rotating-wave hypothesis, 6, 219, 282- thin skin, 26, 312–322 287 lossy, power-transmission coefficient, Rough surfaces, and reflection coefficient 26, 284 (see ako Reflection coefficient), 1S, transmission of, 26, 328 411, 423-425, 434 mechanical properties, 26, 395–406 and time variation of reflecting proper- panel (see Panel) ties, 19, 434 plane-loeey sheet, 26, 283 Roughness length, 1S, 217 radomes, depth/span ratio, 26, 398 R-scope, 1, 165 general, 26, 272–276 R-sweep, 20, 233; 22, 17 normal-incidence, electrical design, RT switch (anti-TR), 16, 10 26, 277-283 Rubber, cyclized, 26, 371 symmetrical, 26, 279, 280 Rupture modulus, 26, 384 reflection, 26, 306, 322–327, 360-365 reflection contour, 26, 309 s representative, mechanical properties, 26, 404 Saddle points, 1S, 90, 92 ehear, 26, 395 Sal&spray corrosion test, 9, 130 simple bending, 26, 399 Sampling circuits, 21, 507-511 skins (see also Skin), experimental re- Sanaphant (waveform generator), 19, sults on transmission, cotton 200-202 fabric, 26, 337 Sanatron (waveform generator), 19,200- Fiber-A, 26, 337 202, 285; 21, 653 thickness tolerances, 26, 320 errora, 20, 124 spacers, 26, 273 precision, 20, 124 symmetrical, 26, 278 simple, 20, 124 tension test, normal, 26, 404 Sandstorms, echoes, 13, 621 test jig, 26, 400 Sandwich (see aiao Radome), asymmet- thin-skinned, experimental results, 26, ncaI, experimental resuh.e, 26, 333 330 beam flexure, 26, 397 tolerances, 26, 319 bending, 26, 395 transmission, 26, 306-340, 360–365 simple, 26, 399 experimental methode, 26, 329–338 construction, 1, 316 general considerations, 26, 306 high dielectric conetant, reflection losses, theory, 26, 364 of, 26, 327 unsymmetrical, 26, 263, 275 honeycomb grid, 26, 379 Saturated vapor, 18, 182, 183 material, 26, 407 Saturation, adiabatic lapse rate, 1S, 194, thickness, effect on reflection, at 279 parallel polarization, 26, 314 curves, 19, 184 at perpendicular polarization, magnetic, 16, 350 26, 312 mixiig ratio, 13, 185, 188 optimum, 26, 279, 280, 315 of reactor core, 5, 364, 370 INDEX 127

Saturation, specific humidity, 1S, 185, Scanner, control mechanisms, accuracy, 188 26, 228 and threshold signals, 24, 302 data-transmission methods, 1, 682–713 vapor pressure, 19, 183 electrical, 1, 291–304 Sawtooth, current, linear, 22, 357 elevation, mechanism, 26, 181 waveform, 22, 362 GEI, radome, 26, 435 generator (see Generator) gusts, effect on, 26, 164 voltage, 20, 114-135 installation, 2, 161–165 Miller rundown, 22, 135, 377 long-range ground-radar, 1, 287 Scalar potential, diffraction region, 13,65 mechanical, 1, 282–291 Scale, change, as circuit operation, 21,61 Robineon, 2, 222 coordination by frequency division, 20, spiral, 1, 290 153–155 stabilization of (see Stabilization; Sta- factors, characteristic, 6, 416, 441 bilizer) indicator, 1, 162 eurface-based, installation, 1, 313–314 magnetron, 6, 448 weight, 1, 283 markers, indicator, 1, 163 worm gears, 26, 227 Scale-of-ten circuit, 19, 611 Scanning, 24, 20, 241-246 Scale-of-two circuit, 1, 497, 499; 19, 162, effect on beacon response, 3, 113 164, 187, 603412; 22, 126 factor, 24, 239 high-speed, 19, 607 feed, electrical, 26, 45–61 thyratron, 19, 612 mechanical, 26, 61–69 Scaling circuits, 9, 87; 19, 164 nutating, 26, 64 Scaling theorems, cavity, 11, 308 Robinson, 26, 45-55 Scan, B-j 22, 384 frequency, 24, 244 C-, 22, 384, 401 ]0SS, 1, 43; 2, 19, 214; 3, 34, 73; 26, 71 circular, 1, 281 effect on u, 13, 471 complex, 1, 281; 26, 8 modulation, 1, 136 conical, 1, 188, 205, 281; 9, 56; 19, 440; patterns, radar, 1, 280-282 20, 367, 368; 22, 23, 220 ; 23, 380; rate, 1, 116-121; 2, 214 26, 7, 62, 66, 171, 184 azimuth, choice of, 1, 599 helical, 1, 281; 22, 12; 26, 8 types, 2, 155 horizon, 1, 281; 26, 7 signal fluctuations due to, 1, 644446 oscillating beavertail, 26, 97 techniques, 2, 203 Palmer, 1, 282; 26, 8, 66 types, 2, 155 sector, 1, 199, 281; 26, 7, 168, 174, 175, Scatterband, beacon-transmitter, 3, 366 177, 180, 183, 200, 208, 233 Scatterers, fluctuation from finite nGm- simple, 1, 280, 281; 26, 7 ber, 13, 515, 554 spiral, 1, 281; 22, 12; 26, 8, 66, 183 Scattering, and absorption by particles, system, rapid, 2, 187 13, 23 television, 22, 384 by antennas, 8, 317-333 typee, 26, 7 approximate formula, 13, 463 V-beam, 22, 12 by atmospheric irregularities, 13, 317, scanner (see al-coRadar), 1, 271; 26,3-14 600 airborne, 26, 155-193, 205-210 and attenuation, atmospheric, 18, 22- installation, 1, 312-313 26 AN/APQ-7, 1, 291-295 in backward direction, 13, 455 AN/APf+lO, 1, 288 coe5cient, 10, 107 balance, 26, 185 cylinder, 13, 459 common elements, 26, 5-10 ephere, 18, 448 control mechanisms, 26, 211-238 coherent (see Coherent scattering) 128 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

&attering, cross section (see afm Cross Sea, breeze, 19,264-266, 370 section; Radar cross section), 1, de6nition, 18, 486 21, 64; 12,5,42,468 return, 1, 92 equivalent sphere, 12, 5 alleviation, 2, 112-115 description in dissipative guide, 10,27 polarization, 2, 113 and diffraction, 12, 12%168 scales, 13, 489 by earth’s surface (see Reflection coeffi- Sealing of rotating shafts, 26, 140 cient) Sealol rotary seal, 9, 142 effecte, 2, 22 seals, glase-to-Kovar, 6, 677, 681 ellipsoid, 19, 464 metal-to-glase, 6, 676 elliptic-paraboloid, 19, 464 Search, circuits, automatic, 20, 278 Sat-plate, 19,8 and early-warning set, 26, 81 functions for spherical particles, 19,611 lighting, 24, 245 gain function, 12,590 radars, high-resolution, in l-cm band, general formula, 19,454 26, 142 geometrical optics in, 13,465-468 seasonal effects, 19, 338, 339, 343, 345, matrix (see Matrix, scattering) 351, 368, 370 multiple, 12, 588 in Irish Sea, 18, 324 paraboloid, of revolution, 13,464 in Massachusetts Bay, 13, 321 pattern, gain of, 12,468 Secant, as circuit function, approximat- propagation, 3, 53 ion, 21, 102 quadric surfaces, 19,463 inverse, 21, 119 sphere, 1S, 7, 445 “Second-chance” feature, transition trig- treated by reciprocity theorem, 19, ger, 16, 338 693-698 Second-probability distribution, 1S, 556 Schwartz inequality, 12,177 ;26,61 in power, 19, 557 Schwartz-Chriatoffel transformation, 10, for random scatterers plus steady sig- 155 nal, 19, 561 Schwarzschild antenna, 1, 295-298; 26, Sector, blanking, 12, 517 display, 1, 168 55-61 movable, B-scope, 22, 390 Schwinger reverse-coupling directional scan (see Scan) coupler, 8, 312 -selecting synchro, 22, 209 Scintillation, 1S,302, 305,306,324,335, tree, 22, 509-514 339, 350, 389 &cular variation, effect, on correlation Sootchyoke,21, 117 function, 1S, 567 Scotopic, de6nition, 22,659 of ground clutter on, 18, 587 Screen, absorbing, 12, 56o of sea echo on, 18, 517–518, 578-581 cathode-ray tube (see Cathode-ray %s-mw waveform generator, 19,28 tube) Selection, as circuit operation, 19,42 circuit, effect of impedance in, 1S, 88 time, 19, 12, 47 noise current, space4arge tube, 7, &lectivity, adjacent-channel, 8,79, 100 109, 121 and pulse shape, 8, 79-82 reflectom, 12, 449 curve, maximally tit, 18, 176 resistor current stabilizing effect, 18,92 Selectron, dielectric eonetsnta, 26, 409 tranaadmittanoe, npa~e

Servo (servomechanism), clamped, with Servo (servomechanism), 6re-control proportional control, 26, 259-261 systems, 26, 237 in computers, 21, 23 frequency analysis, 21, 266-318 continuous-control, 26, 7 frequency response, 21, 267, 376 controlled by filter with clamping, 26, characteristics, 26, 179 257-259 graphical plots, 21, 27&292 controllers, 21, 253 friction, 21, 357 automatic, 21, 218 gain function, 21, 267 basic, 21, 327 with quadratic factor, 21, 287–290 compound lead, 21, 327 gain margin, 21, 298 derivative error, 21, 254, 322 general principles, 21, 215 integral, 21, 253, 342 hydraulic, 21, 398 coulomb friction in motor, 26, 220, 226 input, typical, 26, 138, 300-304 cycle control, closed-, 21, 219 input function, 21, 234, 235 open-, 21, 219 input member, 26, 217 cycle system, closed-, 21, 252 inspection tests, 21, 462 decibel-phase-angle diagrams, 25, 179 instrument, 21, 219 definite correction, 26, 7 linear syetem, 21, 236-239 derivative, 26, 216, 218, 220-223 linearity error, independent, 21, 363 control, 26, 197 100P, 26, 211, 212 design, history, 26, 15 data smoothing in, 21,347 principles, 26, 134-230, 340-368 equalization of, 25, 196–212 RMS error, 26, 308-339 f31teringin, 21, 347 specifications, 26, 227-230 gain, 21, 345, 3Z5 techniques, 21, 221-224; 2S, 151-169 inertia, 26, 212 differential equation, 21,236, 239-258; output disturbance, 26, 145 25, 134, 152 phase angle, maximum, 25, 199 driven mount, 22, 550 transfer function, 25, 134, 228 elements, 26, 76-133 zero-static-error, 25, 140 equalizer, bridged-T, 25, 227 Magnesyn-Autosyn system, 17, 350- frequency response, 26, 227 351 proportionalderivative, 25, 199 mathematical background, 26, 23–75 equalization, integral, 26, 203 mechanicaldesign factors, 26, 225-227 with subsidiary loops, 25, 208 -motor, 26, 212, 218-220 equation, characteristic, 21, 240 d-c, 26, 103 graphical methods, 21, 262 mrdtiloop systems, 26, 73–75, 186 higherdegree, 21,262 nonlinear, 21, 219 nonlinearity in systems, 21, 350-355 error, 26, 212, 213, 215, 216, 222, 228 null devices, 2S, 101 coefficients, 26, 147 Nyquiet criterion, 2S, 70-72, 134, 136, measuring element, 25, 77, 95, 134 138 steady+tate, 21, 259, 260, 341 diagram, 26,66, 158, 359 transient, correction, 21, 344) operational methods, 21, 226 velocity, 21, 259 operatore, 21, 230 velocity-lag, 21, 342, 343 parameters, beat control for tl.nite am- Etranaformer, 26, 102 plifications, 25, 352-360 ~perimentfd teebniquea and meaaure— nondimensional, 21, 244 ments, 21, 451-467 relational, 21, 244 feedback syetem, 25, 62-75 performance, evaluation and correc- 6guree of merit, 21,320 tion, 21, 319-361 61ter theory, 26,24-30 speeficatione, 26, 17 INDEX 131

Servo (servomeohanism), phase, ad- Servo (servomechanism), thyratron, 21, vance, 21, 322 468 function, 21, 267 velocity, 21, 485 margin, 21, 298 time derivatives, 26, 216, 218, 220-223 diagram, 21, 317 torque-current, 26, 104 decibel, 21, 310, 328 torque-wror constant, 26, 146 system, minimum, 21, 293 transfer functions, attenuation-phase power, 21, 219 relationships, 26, 169-196 PPI follow-up, 21, 471-475 transient analysis, 21, 225-265 principles, 26, 211-225 with two-phase motor, 26, 224 proportional control, 25, 342–348 uses, 21, 217 decibel-log-frequency diagram, 26, variable-gain, 21, 475 346 velocity, 20,250, 252; 21, 199, 205, 220, pulsed, 25, 254-261 480-489 stability, 26, 255T257 with a-c amplifier, 21, 487 with pulsed input, 25, 25~261 error coefficient, 21, 463 radar antenna-control, AN/APA-46, constant, 26, 65, 145 21, 434 lag, 21, 463 range follow-up, 20, 331 with RC feedback, 21, 487 AN/APG-5, 21, 468-471 with velocity memory, 20, 449 range-tracking calibrator, 21, 421 voltage regulators, 21, 218, 235 regeneration theory, 21, 295 weighting function, 26, 12, 30-40 relay, 22, 193 and frequency-response function, 26, relay-type, 25, 7 48-50 resolution, 21, 363 weighting sequence, 26, 232–233 resolver, 21, 138, 475-480 SFF control circuit (Sip-flop), 2s, 71-74 resolving device, 22, 185, 186 Shadow effect in sea echo, 19, 493, 522 responee curves, nondimensional, 21, Shadow region, 1S, 17 247 Shaft, rotating, sealing, 26, 140 RMS error, mathematical formation, rotation, output voltage proportional 26;312-315 to tangent, 22, 212 stability, region of, 25, 316 resistance variation proportional to transpose, definition, 26, 313 square, 22, 204 ship’s log system, 21, 488 voltage proportional, to reciprocal, special systems, 21, 468-489 22, 205 Bpeed, 26, 229 to secant, 22, 205 speed-voltage, constant, 25, 104 Shafts, two, synchronizing rotation, 22, stability, !41, 295, 305, 320 222 systems, 26, 1–22 Shear, 1S, 232, 234, 248, 250, 271 l-speed, 22, 191 in stable equilibrium, 1S, 234-237 1- and 36-epeed 60-epe, 22, 189 Shearing stratification, 1S, 235, 248, 300 4oo-cps, 22, 191 variablea governing, 1S, 235 equation, 21, 25&264 Sheet (see d-so Plaue loealeessheets; Plane teete, 21, 462–467 10SSYeheet), attenuation in, !46, 291 threedifferential, 26, 137 dielectric, quarter-wavelength, 26, 273 twodifferential, 26, 135 reflection by, 26, 354-360 with pulsed data, 61ters and, 26, thin, nonresonant, 9, 218-220 231-261 reflections from, 9, 220 with tachometer-feedback loop, deci- in resonant mount, 9, 220-222 bel-log-frequency diagram, 26,357 transmieeion by, 26, 354-360 theory, 21, 225-265 Shielding, beacon, 8, 350 132 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Shielding, CRT, 92,77 Signal, effects during, 2S, 184 magnetic, 22,555-558 effects following, 29, 187 by masts, S,444 fluctuations due to ecanning, 1, 644- in meaaurementa, 6, 688 646 transformer, 17, 144, 166-167 generator, 3000-Mc/eec region, 11, Shields in transformer coils, 17, 144 247-253 Ship, detection by radar, 2, 112 24,00@ Mc/sec region, 11, 265-270 roll and pitch, 26, 104 antenna measurement, 12, 594 Shock mounting beacon, S, 360 beacon, 8,333 Loran, 4, 26 calibration, 11, 245 Shock tests, relay, 17,504-505,510-517 f-m, 28, 286-290 Shoran, 2, 281-284; 8, 17, 426-433; 4, 9; with magic T, 11, 236 20, 30, 157, 159, 161 microwave, 11, 221-281 accuracy, 2, 284 power available, 2499 AN/APN-3, 8,426-433 prda+modrdated, 28, 283-286 equipment, airborne station, 2, 282 pulsed, 11, 228 ground station, 9,281-283 pulaed-lighthouee-tube, 11, 253-259 Short-line effecte, magnetron tuning, 6, pulseddf, 11, 229 322 r-f leakage, 11, 240-243 Short-time-constant circuit, double, for simple, 11, 235 single overshoot, 2S, 526 swept-frequency, 18, 301-306; 2S, Shot noise (see Noise) 306 Showera, in frontal systems, 1S, 633 teat sets, 2S, 278 in unstable air maseea, 1S, 632 accuracy, 2S, 290 Shunt, element diecontinuitiee, wav- TGS-5BL, 11, 247-%3 guide, 8, 198-206 TS147, 11,259-264 magnetic, 22, 106 Ti%155, 11,253-259 peaking (see Peaking, shunt) and index, superposition of, 20, 195- reactance, cavity formed by, 8, 182- 198 186 intensity, CRT indicator, 8, 378 diaphragms se, 8, 163-179 large, ability to handle, 28, 605 waveguide, 8, 163 level, average, 1S, 304 eusceptance elements, transmiasion- over desert, 1S, 350 line, 9, 93 versus duct height, 1S, 309-312 Shuttere, harmonic, 16, 174-178 for Flathead Lake, 1S, 335 Side lobes, 1, 272; 12, 176; 26,250 in Irish Sea, 1S, 323 versus illumination, 12, 179, 187, 195 over land, range of variation, 1$, Side-outlet T, 11,516-522 340, 342, 349 Sideband, 2% 5, 14 for nonoptieal vereus optical pathe, harmonic, frequency conversion, 16, 1s, 351 112 and eubetandard layera, 18, 302, wrong+idebrmd operation, 2S, 52, 53 303 Sign convention for angles, 1S, 38, 116 and duct height, 18, 306, 309- Signnl, balanced circuits, 19, 393 312 and carrier-balanced circuits, 19, 394 wavelength eomparieon, experi- continuous-wave, 24 3–17 mental, 18, 310-312 devices for producing, 2S, 306-323 maximum, 1S, 323, 352 diaeernibifi{y, 22,28-38 midday, seaaonal drifts in, 18, 338 diemimination, 22,28-34 lees caused by MTI, 1,651 distortion, error, 28, 41 minimum, detectable, 1, 28-47; 18, 10, effect of noise on, 28, 210 21-24; la 496; 22,30 INDEX 138 w, minimum, diceemible, 1, 34; 2, Similitude principle, 9, 87; 11,308 16;8,34;28,292 Sine, *sine syetem, time-modulated, observable, 2, 20 relay-radar, 20, 417 mixing, 22, 160 inverce, ae circuit function, 21, 119 -modulation threehold, thmretioal der- -wave carriers, 22, 195, 207-210 ivation, 24278-288 -comparator amplifier, 19, 355 -to-noice, discrimination, 22, 14 peak comparison, 19, 350-352 ratio, S, 34; 6,388, 394; 7, 257; 92,28 zero comparison, 19, 352-355 -plate modulation, 19, 714 Single~cale index circuits, 20, 111-141 power, 2* 176-179 Single+witch multiple-network circuit, preaentation, 6, 662-667 6, 492 time, 24230-232 Single-tuned circuit, 1, 445; 2S, 103 and human memory time, 94231 and tranaitionafly coupled double- pti, 24, 1S-34 tuned circuit, comparison, 29, 171 resolution, 22, 28-38 Sinusoidal, condenser) 22, 218, 472 eource, 2S, 80 frequency dividere, 19, 556-566 Bpecial, introduction of, 2S, 232 frequency multipliers, 19, 545-556 etrong, fluctuation compreeaion, 29, potentiometera, 21, 162; 22, 202-204, 582 472 suppression by noise, 2S, 211 sequences, puleed-data iilterc, 26, 236- tangential, 23, 292, 456 238 threshold, 24, 33-63, 149-151 waveform generator, 19, 101–158 in electronic interference, 24, 335- electromechanical, 19, 125 366 %meoide, phae~modulated, pulee repre- in noiac-modulated c-w interfer- sentation, 20, 442 ence, 24 353–358 polyphase, 19, 131–144) in puleed interference, 24, 356-366 puleed, 19, 148-158 in unmodulated c-w interference, 24, pulsed, 19, 703 335-353 Siting, impedance-memurement appa- types, overland, 1S, 337, 342 ratua, 12, 548 over water, 13, 301–307 primary-pattern apparatus, 12, 560 weak, detectability, 18, 615 secondary-pattern apparatus, 12; 574- eenaitivity to, 23, 604 578 Silica-gel reaervoirc, 14, 220 Six-terminal waveguide stmctures, 10, Silicon, 2S, 11 336-372 addition agents, 15, 306–308 Skiatron, 1,220, 483; 22, 6 characteristic constants, 15, 61 Skin, depth, 1, 406; S, 659; 8, 46; 9, 26, crystal, -mixer performance, effect of 45; 11, 296 d-e bias, 15, 34 h metallic conductors at microwave rectifier, 11, 498; 16, 8 frequencies, 9, 127 etching, 16, 314-316 of various metale, 8, 47 heat treatment, 16, 31+316 effect at metal-semiconductor contact, photoelectric effect, 15, 392 16, 421-426 poliching, 15, 31+316 modified half-wavelength, 26, 322-327 proceeding for low-level detectore, 1S, reflection from, 26, 252 358 reein, effect on transmission, 26, 332 purification, 15,301-304 thickness, 26, 315 Siiver plating, 26, 142 effect of, 26, 317 Siiveretat (relay), 21, 428 effective, 12, 534; 26, 281 Similarity principle (see Principle of tolerances, 26, 320 similarity) in dielectric constant, 26, 321 134 RADZATZON LABORATORY SERIES

Skip distance, ~ 130 Sommerfield integral, 1S, 65 Skip effect, 1S, 359, 360, 370-371 Sonde, wired (see Wired eonde) Sky WaVCS,4,60, 91, 95 Sonne, 2,”47–50 components, propagation, 4, 151 beacon; 4, 4 field intensity, ~ 121 sounding, instruments, future require- phenomena, 4, 108 ments, 18, 292 synchronized Loran (see SS Loran) methods, 19, 282 Skyline effect on beccon, S, 439 problems in execution, 13, 291 Slant range, ~ 6; 22, 13, 14 representation and description of, 19, Slide, multiplier, computer, 27, 4, 12-14 202-208 terminal, computer, 27, 44, 166 synthetic, 13, 298, 300, 309 Sliding-vane attenuator, l% 383 Space arrays, regular, 12, 104-106 Slit, inductive, 8, 164-166 Space cams, 21, 59 thick capacitive, 8, 200 Space charge, 8, 24, 340, 391 Slot, array, axially symmetrical, 12, 305 as circuit element, 8, 28&338 conductance CL, magnetron anode, 8, configuration, 6, 27 407 CRT, 22, 56 dumbbell-shaped, 12, 296 devices, 7, 97 longitudinal, 12, 291–297 as microwave amplifiem, 7, 146–169 nonradiating, 12, 287 theory of h-f, ‘1, 97–145 probe-fed, 12, 299-301 klystron, 7, 209-217, 372 radiators, impedance in waveguide, 12, density, 7, 354-357 287-299 invariance of, 7, 372 resonant, 12, 291-299 transit-time effects, 7, 367–373 transverse, 12, 291, 292 limitation, 8, 211, 412, 418 waves, 11, 482 nonlinearity, 8, 313 width, relative, magnetron design, 6, properties, 6, 316, 329-338 442 Space factors, 12, 89 Slotted guide, wavelength in, 11, 481 Space-interference-pattern changes as Slotted line, characteristic impedance, 11, cause of echo fluctuations, 1s, 535- 480 538 Slotted section, 11, 478–463, 925; 14, 378 Spark gap, 6, 175 design, 11, 488-496 1B22, 1B29, IB31, 1B34, 1B41, 1B42, Sl~w-sweep generator, 16, 314, 316, 326 1B45, 1B49, 6, 321, 322, 324, 328 Smearer circuit, 16, 128 anode buildup, 6, 320 Smith impedance chart, 8,318, 707; 8,73, cathode erosion, 6, 317, 320 226 ; 9, 60-67; 10, 10; 12, 29 6xed, 6, 294-335 loss contours, 14, 283 aluminum-cathode, 6, 318–327 Smoke, echoes from, 19, 593, 621 breakdown voltage, 5, 296 Snell’s law, 12, 123-125; 13,6, 15, 19,45, cathode and anode erosion, 5, 319– 46, 391 321 Snow, attenuation, 19, 688 design, general considerations, 6, echoes from, 19, 620 316–318 Solar heating, 1S, 193, 22&222, 232,259 dissipation, 6, 324-326, 331 Solar radiation, 19, 220, 254 electrode, 5, 319–321 Soldering, 8, 662-670 electrode material, 6, 317 hard, 9, 123 Fe-I, 6, 328 silver, 9, 123 gap spacing, 5, 320 soft, 9, 123 gas, choice, 5, 316 technique, 9, 123 pressure, 5, 320 Solenoids, 17, 495-497 geometry, determination, 6, 318 INDEX 135

Spark gap, tied, ionization, residual, 6, Spatial pattern meuaurementa, 19, 562 297 Spectral density” (random process), 26, mercury-cathode, 5, 295, 302, 329 ● 278-288 iron-qmnge, 6, 327-332 and automrrelation function of flh,ered rev~urrent effeeta, 6, 331 signal, 26, 288-291 static- and dynamic-breakdown volt- calculation, 26, 284-286 ages, 6, 296 and correlation functions, 26, 283-288 three-electrode, 6, 332-335 detition, 96,278 hydrogen-filled, 6, 335 error integration, 26, 323-325 two-gap operation, 6, 302 reduction, 2S, 317-321 voltage drop acrom three, 6, 325 eWrimenkl data, 26, 282–283 number versus voltage range, 6, 300- input and noise, 26, 29A295 302 matrix, transpose of, 26, 313 preb, 6, 267 normalized, 26, 280 rotary, 1, 381; 6, 273-294 random series, 26, 281–282 breakdown field, 6, 291 stationary random process, 26,280-281 breakdown time, 6, 275 Spectral distribution of pulsed f-m eignal, ei%iency, 6, 289 2s, 442 electrical Oonsideratio.e in design, 6, Spectroscopy, microwave, 1S, 25 276-283 Spectmm, analyzer, S, 335; 6, 706; 11, electrodes, fixed, 6, 276 408, 925; 14, 380; 16, 347, 373; material, 6, 280 2s, 294 moving, 6, 276 beat-frequency indications, 11,395 number of, 6, 282 design considerations, 11, 416-423 gap restriking, 5, 279 for frequency measurement, 11,393- gas, 6, 28o 395 geometry, 6, 276-280 low-frequency, using microwave os- holes in insulating disk, 5, 287 cillators, 11, 441–446 mechanical design considerations, 6, measurements with, 11, 448–455 283-289 operation theory of, 11, 411–416 motor and housing, 6, 285 principle, other instruments using, opposing-pin, 6, 287 11, 446 parallel-pin, 6, 287 principles and design, 11, 409–423 performance, resonant charging, 6, representative, 11, 423-448 291 RP-347, 11, 443 radial-pin, 6, 287 RP-392-K, 11, 443 rectifying, 5, 476 sensitivity, 11, 420 rotor, size, 5, 283 stability, 11, 422 types, 6, 286-289 TS-148/UP, 11, 409, 429-434 series (see also tlxed, above), 6, 274 TSK-2SE, 11, 435, 440 division of voltage acrose, 6,312-315 TSK-3RL, 11, 411, 423-429 general operating characteristics, 6, TSS-4SE, 11, 434-439 296–304 TSS-4SF, 11, 411 two- and three-gap operation, 6, TSX-4SE, 11, 416, 429, 435, 439 302-303 distribution of pulses, 5, 718 vm.,Vm.i.,definition, 6, 297 frequency (see Frequency spectrud) V,ti,,, definition, 6, 297 image, 11, 415, 419 voltage range, versus number of gaps, interpretation, 11, 448 6, 300-302 magnetron, 3, 260 WX3226, 5, 299, 320-322 noise, 16, 236; 18, 500; 24, 5, 39-42, WX3240, 6, 32&322 151-161 136 RADIATION LABORATORY 8ERIES

Spectrum, noiee, determination, 2% 157 Spike, and fit power, separation of, 14 for f-m receiver, 24369-374 411 r l...aa.-a -..,..-. 41 , “II fX.. Gaussian, 2459 ,-a.&. .LL.l &y , .’=, L w, -O after nonlinear device, 24, 56-63 direct-oupled, l% 237 power, 2440, 41 effect on, of gap length, 14170 signal plus, for f-m receiver, 24, 374– of n., 14, 166 380 of repetition rate, 14, 167 strongly clipped, 24, 57 for various gap spacings, 14236 thermal, 24, 64-66, 69-71 W. for various gases, 14, 168 white, 24, 42 linear theory, 14, 156 power, 11, 412 microwave gas discharge, 14, 153 prediction, by equivalent network, 6,54 nonlinear theory, l% 162 by field theory, 6,66 oscillogram, 14, 164 pulse, 6,83, 325, 345, 389, 735; 11,409, -pressure characteristic for 1B26 TR 449 tube, 14169 Specular cross section, 1, 69 TR tube, 2S, 42 Speech tranemieaion on beacon systems, Spiral gear, differential with, 2’7, 9 S, 228-236 Splash-proof beacon packaging, S, 359 Speed, control, motor, electronic, 1, 578 Spur-gear differential, 27, 7-8 motor-alternator sets, 1, 574 Sputtering, keep-alive electrode, 14,210 tuned-circuit, 1, 577 Square-root as circuit function, 21, 103 by voltage generator, 1, 574 circuits, 19, 678 governors, 17, 392-395 -extracting circuits, 19, 686-691 carbon-pile, 1, 578 operator, 27, 197–198 measurements, 20, 16–24 squarer, multigrid, 19,682 accuracy, 20, 32 Squaree, as circuit function, 21, 55 coherence, external, 20, 20 Squaring cam, 27, 21-23 internal, 20, 18 Squaring circuits, 19, 166, 348, 678-686 Squeeze section, 11, 507-510, 925 c-w system, 20, 16–18 Squegging oscillator, S, 392 regulator, for aircraft motOr-alter- Squint, 12, 245, 438 nators, 1, 571–578 error, !), 375-377 motor-, Lee, 1, 574 Squinting, 2, 204 Spheres, scattering from, 19, 445-453, Squirted flux, 6,530 608413 Stabilization, antenna, 2, 156-160; S, 374; Spherical aberration, 22, 44 12, 508; 26, 178, 194-210 Spherical functions, 10, 53 accuracy requirements, 26, 201–205 Spherical Hankel functions, amplitude, airborne, 1, 305–308; 26, 13, 195–210 10, 54 basic types, 26, 105-116 Spherical waves, isotropic, 12, 78 deck-tilt correction, 26, 108, 463-468 in terms of cylindrical waves, 19, 61 instrumentation, 26, 116–117 Spheroid, oblate, 4, 170 level angle, 26, 469 Spike, 15, 237; 16,8,97,98, 300; 29,8, 10 line-of-sight, 26, 195-199, 207 -blanking-circuit, 16, 300, 314 pitch, 26, 198 energy, 14, 143; 16, 99, 111, 174, 373 pitch angle, 26, 463 cancellation circuit for measure- roll, 26, 110, 195, 199, 205, 234 ment, 14, 409 roll angle, 26, 463 effect of gas-filling, 14, 167 shipbome, 1, 308-312; 26, 13, 104- measurements, 14, 409 128, 463–472 and flat, relative importance in bur- cross-level angle, 26, 469 nout,15, 237 cross-level orders, 26, 113 INDEX 137

Stabilisation, antenna, shipbome, train Standing wavea, minimum, position of, angle, 26, 107 10, 132 train axis, 26, 105 shift in, 11, 338 etabl-baee, 26, 195 pattern, 11, 475 stable element, 26, 105, 113, 116, 196 phaee of, from cavity, 14, 387 stable vertical, 26, 113, 116, 128, ratio, 6, 707; 9, 17, 63; 10, 15, 132; 12, 196, 197, 206, 217, 234 28, 545 tolerances in, 26, 2431 direct mcaeurc ment, 11, 634 train order, 26, 403 high, measurement, 11, 505-507 types, 26, 195-210 power, 1, 392; 12, 28 azimuth, ~ 149 voltage, 1, 392; 9, 17; 11, 476; 12, 28 cavity, 6, 747, 758, 769, 773, 790 and attenuation, 11, 820 factor, frequency, 11, 62 cavity, 11, 335 frequency system, i-f, 11, 69-75 with line attenuation, change in, reeu.ltaand limitation, 11, 75-78 11, 702 magnet, 6, 550 measurement, 12, 547-549 resonant, frequency division using, 19, TFX-30EC cavity, 11, 335 595-599 waveguide, 8, 62; 9, 118 sawtooth, 22, 399 in waveguide, 8, 61 shipbome navigational radar, 2, 367- Star chain, Gee, ~ 80 371 Star grid generator, 27, 250-299 Stabilizer, airborne, errors in, 1, 308 for ballistic function in vacuum, 27, AN/APA-15, 1, 306 264-271 frequency, 11, 67 improvement of, 27, 264-271 electronic, 11, 67 as multiplier, 27, 256, 264 line-of-sight, 1, 306-308 structural error, 27, 277–283 magnetron, 6, 406, 494, 622 Star linkage (see oko Star grid generator), roll, 1, 306 27, 37, 238, 256 stable~base, 1, 306 Stars, twinkling, 13, 532-533 Stagger damping (widebanding), 1, 449 waveguide junction, 8, 455–459 Stagger-tuned amplifier (see Amplifier) Starting voltage, magnetron pulser, 6, Stagger-tuned circuits, 1, 448 370 Stagger tuning, 18, 166, 407 Static, precipitation, 4, 328, 344 Standard deviation of fluctuation fr,om random scatterers, 19, 555 Stationary phase, 13, 99, 103 principle of, 12, 119-122, 157 Standard Loran (see abo Loran), 4, 12, 56, 85 Statistical distribution of signal strength, Standard preeeure, 19, 195 13, 320 Standing waveu, 1, 391; 9, 13-19 Statistical equilibrium, 18, 517 detector, 1.25-cm, 11, 490 STC (sensitivity time control) (ace do 3.2-cm, 11, 492, 494 Time-varied gain), 2, 11, 13, 146; coaxial, 11, 496 23, 251, 252, 374-377 continuously indicating, 11, 511 removal of sea clutter by, 2, 372 high-power, 11, 510 ‘ Steady-to-random ratio for ground clut- equipment for measuring, 2S, 295 ter, 1S, 582 fundamental relations, 11, 475-478 Steepest descent, method, 19,90,98, 105, measurements, 6, 70$710; 11, 333– 106 336, 473-51,4; 12, 54%550 path, 13, 92 apparatus, 11, 503 Step attenuator, 22, 157 at high power, 11, 510 Step displacement (unit function), 21, on lo~lem devices, 11, 512-514 235 138 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Step-interpolation time modulation, !20, Stub, coaxial, broadband matchmg with, 164 9, 332-335 Stereophot.ography of sea echo, 18, 490, guide, 10, 111 527 parallel, 12, 223-226 Sticking potential, 22, 577, 629, 630 broadband, 1, 395; 6, 194; 11, 13 Stiction (static friction), 21, 357 right-angle) 9, 176-179 Stiff ness, general evaluation, 26, 383 SUppOrtS,‘8, 170-182 rating, 26, 415, 416 T-, broadband, 9, 173–176; 14, 266 Stokes lima, 19, 73, 77 supports, simple, 9, 170-173 Stokes phenomenon, 19, 71, 72, 91 tuners, 3, 264; 8, 195; 9, 472–478 Stokes’s theorem, 7, 83 sliding series, 9, 464-466 Storage action intensity modulation, waveguide, 9, 483-485 theory of, 19, 708-713 universal, 9, 179 Storage circuits, 19, 615-619 dimensions, 9, 180 Storage gain, 1, 44 Sturm differential equation, 1S, 69 , 20, 99, 107 Styron, 26, 372 applications, 19, 707 Subcarrier, phase-shifted, 1, 695 as computing devices, 19, 708 Subcarrier data transmission, 1, 684 definition, 19, 707 Suhclutter visibility, 24, 328 deflection modulation, 19,713,722-727 Subdominant terms, 19, 73 as delay device, 1, 631 Subsidence, 13, 260 tests, 19, 722-727 Subsidence inversion, 13, 26&262 memory device in pulse-eperated com- Substandard layer (see Layer) puters, 19, 70S Subtraction, in amplitude measurements, 19, 696 sensitive time discriminator using, 19, as circuit operation, 21, 32, 35 728 with mechanical devices, 21, 39 synchronizing devices, 19, 727 of pulse counts, 21, 40 time demodulator, 19, 728 with series sources, 21, 35 time modulation, 19, 499-500 with synchros, 21, 36 use to record randomly occurring high- by vacuum-tube circuits, 21, 41 speed transients, 19, 708 voltage and current, 19, 629 Storm detection, 2, 104 Successive approximation (computer), Storm echo, 1, 81 27, 81, 91-95, 98 Storm structure, 13,23,623,625,627-640 in design of function generators, 27, Straight-line motion (computer), 27, 29 286-292 bar-linkage adder, 27, 37, 41 in double three-bar-linkage design, 27, Straight-line network charging, 1, 383; 196, 197 3, 244 in terminal-harmonic design, 27, 187 3-transform, 16, 55 with three-bar-linkage components, 27, Stream function, 10, 156 174, 177, 180, 184 Strength, radome, general evaluation, 26, in three-bar-linkage design, 27, 129, 383 137-140, 143-146, 154, 177 rating, 26, 415, 416 Sum frequency, frequency conversion, 15, Strobe circuits, 19, 364 112 Strobing, 24, 253 Sun as noise source, 11, 272 Stroboscopic disk, 21, 459 Superheating, water-load, 11, 195 Strobotac Bpeed measurement, 21, 458 Superheterodyne receiver (see Receiver) Structure factor for microwave absorp. Superposition, optical, of indicator scales, tion, 1S, 650, 662 1, 218 Structures, radar signals from, 1, 99 theorem, 8, 87; 12, 66; 16, 20 INDEX 139

Superrefraction, 1, 56; 8, SO Switch, coaxial-line, 9, S28-S33 Superregeneration, microwave am@6er, double-triode, 19,375 7, 176 bidirectional, 19,376 Superregener8tive receiver (8eeReceiver) duplexing, requirement of, 144 Supersonic delay lines (see oko Delay electronic, 1, 503-51O; 22j 128 lines), 17, 218-242 fourdiode, 19,374 Superatandard layer (see hyer) gaeeowdiecharge, 6, 10, 14, 17S Surface, -to-air beacon systems, 8,21 half-wave, 10, 514 -to-air search, 12, 465 limit,21,403 current, 1S, 455, 460, 473, 476 line-type pldscl13, 1, 377-382; 6, 273- layer (eee Layer) 354 region, propagation, 2, 357-360 nonlinear inductance ae, 1, 381 -, nature of, 19, 480-490 operation, typical, 6, 298-300 wave, 1S, 2, 3, 40, 66, 103, 109 pentode, 19, 379 Susceptance shunting matched line, 9,31 phototube, 22, 398 Sutton tube, soft, 14,36, 68 puleer, 1, 357 Sweep, amplifiers, for reactive loads, 22, bidirectional, 6, 418, 424 356-383 resistance, effect of, 5, 269 calibrators, 14, 419 reversing, “lazy man,” 16, 333 Model B-8127, !41, 659 r-f, 1, 205; 8, 148; 16, 369; 26, 63, 68, Model C, 21, 661 191 circular, 19, 132, 704; 20, 81, 99, 142, in antenna mount, 26, 53, 191 168, 164, 341 ; 22, 299 RT (anti-TR), 16, 10 display, 20, 161 eelf-stabilizing doublediode, 19, 479 SCR-584, 19, 136, 559 etepping, 17, 493, 494 condenser, 22, 216, 398 TR (w-eTR switch) delayed, 22, 487 tube, 6, 225 direction, 24, 197–199 average power dmipated, 6, 22, 92 expanded, 19, 698 biaa voltage, cutoff, 5,99 exponential, 20, 215 cathode fatigue, 5, 97 field, rotation, 22, 425 characteristics, affecting” puleer de- generator (see Generator) sign, 5, 93–98 length, 22, 14 effect on pulser regulation, 6, 108- linear, 22, 356 118 range, 1, 162; 22, 8, 9, 14, 29 triodes and , 5, 98-1OP speed, 24, 209, 211–222, 240 current, 5, 92 radar indicator, 8, 377 current-voltage characteristic of non- start, distortions in, 22, 354 linear load, S, 110 -stopping circuit, 22, 234, 399 efiective resistance, S, 23 time-ba8e, 22, 8 enclosed-gap types, 5, 321, 322, 328, transformer, circular, 21, 634 333 Sweeping-frequency beacon systems, fre- hard-tube types, 5, 95, 96 quency choice, 8, 73 high-vacuum, for pulsers, 1,368 Switch, ATR (eee ATR switch) hydrogen-thyratron types, 6, 340, attenuator, 14, 349 341 bidirectional, 19, 49 lP-VP curve, 5, 111-118 carrier-controlled, 19, 396–413 oxide-coated cathode, 5, 93, 95 characteristics for hard-tube pulsers, power dissipation, 5, 73, 104 5, 998 pulse network, S, 242 circuits (see also Clamp circuits), 19, pulee-pls,te current, 6, 95 370-381 ; 22, 365, 380 resistance, 6, 78 140 RADIA !F’IONLABORATORY SERIES

Switch, tube, nparking, 6,93, 95 Syncbro, drken mount, 22,647 thoriated-tungeten-eathode, 6,93,95 dual-aped, synchronizing circuit for, type N, 9, 529 26,84 unidirectional, 5, 342, 418, 423; 19, 49 equivalent circuit, 22, 374 vacuum tubes. as, S, 6, 7, 90-118 errore, 17, 330-331; 22, 194 voltage drop, 5, 22 functional classification, 17, 311 waveguide, 9, 533-539 generator, 17, 313, 316-317; 22, 185; Switching, demodulator using, 19, 513- 26, 224 524 effect, 19, 443 equipment, Gl, 4, 261 load capacitim, 17, 33o Loran, 4, 25%274 matching tranaformere, 17, 340 low-frequency, ~ 271 modulator, and phaee~naitive detec- UM, ~ 265 tor, 19, 446 mechanical, 22, 229 ucing peak detector, 16, 446 Swivel joints, 9, 433-438 motor, 17, 314, 316, 318, 321-323; 22, Symbols, list, pulse generatore, S, 723- 185 728 damping flywheel, 17, 316, 318 Symmetric functions, sum, 25,337-338 mountings, 17, 331–333 Symmetrical waveguide structures, 10, nomenclature, 17, 310-313 109 -null index, 22, 231 Symmetry, E-plane, 10, 111 phase rotation, 17, 338-339 H-plane, 10, 111 puked oscillations for use with, 19, 156 operators, 8, 414 receiver, 26, 224 waveguide-junction, 8, 401-478 resolvers, 19, 444 Synchro (see alm Resolver; Seleyn; two-phase, 26, 209 &l’VO), 1, 487; 2, 28; 17, 310-345; revereed, 17, 323 19, 439-444; 21,49, 55,364,461 ; 22, rotors, 17, 314-315 185, 472; 25, 78; 26, 9, 167, 205, 223 sector-selecting, 22, 209 3-phace, 2-phaee output, 22, 208 aizea and weights, 17, 312 accuracy, 17, 330-331 specifications, 17, 336-339 addition with, 21, 36 stator leakage inductance, 22, 376 angular accuracy, 19, 442; 22, 210 tsubtraction with, 21, 36 autosyn, 19, 441 ByStems, 20, 393 Bendix AY 120D, 19, 498 generator-control transformer, 17, , 17, 314, 325-328 325-326 circuits for driving, 22, 377-381 generator-motor, 17, 324-325 construction, 17, 314-324 multiple-scale, 19, 443 control motors, 17, 321–323 parallel, coercion in, 25, S8 control transformers, 17, 314, 319-321, two-~peed, 17, 327 325-326; 26, 82 theory, 17, 314-324 conversion, 3-phaee to 2-phaae, 19, 444 time-phase shifts, 17, 339 damping resistors, 22,382 torque, 17, 328-329 d-c, 17, 386-387 versus accuracy, 17, 329 level-setting, 19, 454 gradient, 17, 329 definitions, 17, 313-314, 329 transient response, 22, 374-377 and deflection coil, equivalent circuit, transmitter and repeater data system, 22, 382 26, 79 deflection coil driven by, 22, 381-363 units for 115-volt, 60-cycle operation, differential, 26, 9 26, 80 generator, 17,314, 318-320, 326; 22, uae of, in cathode-ray-tube sweep 187 circuite, 17, 343-345 INDEX 141

Synchro, use of, with nonsinusoidal volt- Tachometer, a- drag-up, 17, 384 agee, 17,343-345 commutated condeneer, 21, 76, 86 with sinusoidal carriers, 19, 444 condenser, 21, 370 zeroing, 17, 331-336 d-c, 17,374-376 Synchronization, 19, 189 electrical, 21, 74 by automatic frequency tracking, 20, feedback, 20, 359; 21, 3=332 95-1oo coritrol, 25, 348-360 beacon, S, 387 gain, infinite, ideal caee, 25, 349–352 external, 19, 469 generator as, 22, 219 incremental-angle method, 1, 689-695 hysteresis effects, 21, 75 internal, 19, 469 induction, 21, 37o jittered-puke system, 1, 693 integrator using, 21, 83 phase-shift method, 1, 695-701 ripple, 21, 462 precise, of random oscillators, 20, 99 test card, 21, 458 by PRF generator, 20, 45 Type B-44, 20, 361 radar receiver, 1, 518-524 Tail-biting circuit, 5, 133 radar relay, 1, 711-713 Take-off (data transmitter), 26, 167, 169 remote control of, 20, 46 Tangent, cc circuit function, 21, 101 by r-f pulse generator, 20,43 inveree, 21, 119 rotation of two ehafts, 22, 222 linkage, 27, 193-195 single-etage blocking+sciUator divid- plane, 18, 116 ers, 19, 586 ray, 1S, 5, 6, 116 in time meamrrements, 20, 42-47 relation, network analysis, 10, 121 Synchronizer, 20, 81-83, 87, 90, 424-426 Tangential signal, 2S, 292, 456 AN/APS-10, 20,91-64, 169, 172, 248 signal generator, 11, 228 automatic-frequency-tracking, 20, 96 Tape wheele, 21, 59 L9ran,,4, 67, 199,213,229,234,245 TaperE in coaxial line, 6, 305-311 Model G, 21,658, 664; 22,271-275 Targets, angular-position shift, 26, 249 radar, 20,71 complex, 1, 73, 75-81 radar-relay, 1, 681 fluctuation in echoee, 18, 547 Syncbrrmicing, circuit, dual-speed syn- compound, 1, 73, 81 Chro, 25, 84 coverage, 1, 50-54 storage-tube method, 19, 727 cross section under nonstandard refrac- Syncbroeeope, 1, 164; S, 334; 5, 662-665; tion, 1S, 354, 473 18, 314; 21, 641, 657, 659; 22, 9 extended surface, 1, 85 ( envelope viewer, 11, 457 indication, 20, 326 hum pickup, 22, 266 indicator, automatic, 20, 278 input impedance, 6, 670 movement, 24, 249–252 Model 5, 21, 602-611; 22, 261-270 moving, response to, in clutter of vari- P4, 21, 595-602, 663; 22, 252-261 ous phaaes, 28, 604 Ti%28/UPN, 21,657 eeneitivity of receivers to, 2S, 581 Synthesis by factoring, la 179 properties by radar meaaurementa, 1S, System tranaform, la 30 369 reapon% directional, 12, 46f&471 T eelection, 20, 277, 278, 325 automatic, 20, 326, 330-337 T (8- lJpeCifiCtypes of T) manual, 20, 329 Tablet and charta, Loran, methods of ships, effective height, 1, 80 computing, ~ 170-194 signal, obscuration of, 12, 520 Tachometers, 17, 374-376, 384; 21, 370, etandard, 1S, 479 483; 22, 225; 26, 101 T-aeymmetry, 11,532 142 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Tchebyscheff arrays, 12, 282-284 Temperature, inversion, nocturnal, 1S, Tchebyecheff behavior in attenuation 258 band, 9, 593-597 summer, 13, 259 Tchebyscheff characteristics, filter with, winter, 13, 259 9, 696-706 -limited diodes, 18, 109 Tchebyscheff pass-band behavior, 9, 5W- logarithmic distribution, 13, 223 593 potential, 13, 194, 195, 200, 202 Tchebyscheff polynomials, 9, 590 -rise analysis, 21, 673–679 TE waves, 8, 17 wet-bulb, 13, 182, 186, 187, 200, 206 Teflon, 6.650 potential, 13, 198, 200 connectors, 9, 259 Temporal gain control, 2, 11 dielectric beads, 9, 257 Tephigram, 13, 188 seals, 9, 143 Terminal-harmonic-transformer design, Telegon (synchro), 17, 350-353; 20, 394; 27, 186-192 21, 366, 367 Terminal planes, network analysis, 10, construction, 17, 351 104 theory of operation, 17, 351-352 Terminals, transformer, 17, 169–174 Telegraphers’ equation, 9, 9-11 Termination, coaxial-line, low-power, 11, Telemetering, 20, 391-393 722-726 Teleplotter, 21, 369 metalized glass, 11, 724 Teleran, 1, 240 polyiron, 11, 723 Teletorque, 19, 441; 20, 394; 22, 185 line, 11, 720 Television, display, 22, 406 matched, 11, 720-743 scan, 22, 384 low-power, with metalized glass, 11, TE-mode (see Mode) 731 TEM waves, 8, 17-30 waveguide, 11, 726–731 between coaxial cylinders, 8, 23-25 polyiron, 11, 726-728 between parallel plates, 8, 22 Terrestrial radiation, 13, 254 spherical, 8, 25 Test bench, magnetron, 8, 731 Temperature, coefficients, in addition Test scope, simple, 22, 251 operations, 21, 33 Tetrodes, 17, 570-599 amplifier components, 18, 390 3D21, 5, 105, 115 delay lines, 19, 474 3E29, 6, 135, 157 Hg, 19, 473 5D21, 5, 100, 104, 132, 472 H,O, 19, 473 6D21, 5, 100, 106, 163 compensation, bolometer bridges, 11, 6Y6-G, 19, 78 103-105 715B, 6, 104, 115, 126, 147 oscillator, 19, 129 829, 6, 105, 123, 126, 132 with two thermistor disks, 11, 108- beam, 17, 586-598 118 characteristic curves, 6, 98–108, 110 deficit, lo-per cent rule, 1S, 227, 228, choice, 17, 595, 599 300 gas, hot-cathode, 17, 612-613 excess, 1S, 2~222, 229, 231, 236, 237, microwave, 7, 108, 119 245-247 output, 17, 581, 58&594 gradients, 1S, 192 in pulser, 6, 92 and humidity in lower atmosphere, in- -switching, modulator, 9, 250 struments to measure, 19, 272–293 transmitting beam, 17, 594-598 inversion, 18, 192, 238 VW-41, 19, 414 elevated (see M-inversion, elevated) Thermal agitation, 16, 10 height of, 19, 241-244 Thermal behavior of pulsed cathode, 8, and M-gradient, 1S, 13, 192, 259 520 INDEX 143

Thermal compensation, klystron fre- Three-bar linkage, design, geometric quency, 7, 505 method, 27, 145–156 Thermal conductivity, 1S, 209 nomographic method, 27, 118–145 earth, 1S, 254–255 problem of, 27, 117-118, 127-128 Thermal lag, 18, 424 field of function, 27, 118 Thermal noise (see Noise) functions generated, 27, 122-127 Thermal relay, 5, 434 nomogram, properties, 27, 333–352 Thermal stability, effect on shear, 18,234 in series, 27, 195–198 , 11, 81-83; 13,272, 273; 18, special cases, 27, 112–117 18; 17, 101-104; 21, 504; 23, 280 Three-bar motion, 27, 31 applications, 17, 102–104, 452, 481–482 Threedimensional cams, 27, 23 bead, 11, 89, 924 Three-gap operation, pulser, 6, 302, 303 d-c characteristics, 11, 96 Three-tone provisions, 2, 144 bridge, 9, 229; 11, 924; 14, 405 Threshold (Hartree) voltage, 8, 237 self-balancing, 11, 128 Threshold signal, 24, 185, 192 two-disk, 11, 117 Thunderstorms, 13, 23, 627 disk, 11, 90 , 17, 610-613; 19, 591; 21, 521; equivalent circuit, 11, 149 28, 221 mount, 11, 130-155, 925; 14, 407 3C45, 5, 138, 341 l-cm-band, 11, 151 4C35, 6, 138, 341, 479 broadband coaxial-line, 11, 136 5C22, 6, 138, 341, 455 coaxial-line, 11, 132 bridge, 6, 478-480 double, 11, 136 characteristics, 21, 405, 410 fishtail, 11, 150 control of d-c motors, 21, 405-417 impedance variations, 11, 147 counter circuits, 19, 619 0-o, 11, 140 deionization time, 21, 405 s-s, 11, 140 delay time, 6, 351 tri-tuner, 11, 146 hydrogen, 1, 379; 6, 335-354 waveguide, 11, 139 anode circuit, 6, 344 operation in bridge circuit, 11, 97–100 anode current, rate of rise, 6, 348 oscillator usage, 21, 547 anode voltage, forward, 6, 346 parameter, 11, 89-97 inverse, 6, 346-348 power monitors, 11, 155 characteristics, 6, 339 V-519, 11,90 control-grid, 6, 338 Thermocouples, 1S, 290, 323 deionization time, 6, 336, 353 dipole, 11, 190 gas cleanup, 6, 336 meters, 18, 717; 2S, 335 grid circuit, 6, ‘349-354 power detectors, 11, 187–191 ionization time, 6, 345 sensitivity, 11, 187 life, 6,341 Thermodynamic equilibrium, 18, 516 operating characteristics, 6, 336-344 Thermometer, imbulb, 1S, 283 reignition voltage, 6, 346 reaietance, 19, 289 voltige drop, 6, 344-345 ~ermometric mnductivity, 1S, 209, 293 mercury, 6, 335 TMvenin’s theorem, 8, 90; 12, ~; 16, in pulser, 6, 175, 274 320; 18,378, 505, 697 C fig cormtim, 19, 612-614 Three-bar linkagee (we also Barhnkagea), 8C81~f-tWO, 19, 612 27,35, 36, 107-166 Wrvoe, 21, 468 cbsification, 27, 108-112 velocity, 21, 486 combined with two harmonic trane- l’hyrit.e, 6, 429; 17, 104-106; 21,503,548 formere, 27, 166-195 Tidal effects, 1S, 321, 420 design, 27, 174-195 eaw of echo fluctuations, 18, 535-539 144 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Tidal effects, extended targets, 19, 537- Time, measurement, 19, 300, 697-699 538 automatic, 20, 275–366 point targets, 1S, 535 error, 20, 40, 120 Time, aperture, 20, 277 manual, 20, 176–274 average, noise, 24, 35 accuracy, 20, 185–200 average signal, from meteorological fixed indices for, 20, 215-220 echoes, 13, 589-591 movable tracking marks for, 20, from sea echo, 19, 482-485 220-274 -base generation (see also Sweep gen- tracking, 20, 20&214 erator), 22, 50S medium-precision, 20, 141 resolution before, 22, 471–481 SCR-268 radar, 20, 135 coincidence multiplier, 21, 59 specially accurate systems, 20, 261 comparison, 19, 12, 14, 364 tube-variation effects, 20, 51 constant, amplified, 18, 411 zero calibration, 20, 45 nonsinusoidal wave circuits, 22, 112 zero correction, 20, 46, 93, 94 delays, addition, 21, 39 modulation (see Modulation) relays (see Relays, lag) modulator (ace Modulator) demodulation, 19, 12, 55, 501-544; 20, and position measurement, automatic 62-64 systems, 20, 341–390 by time comparison, 19, 536 of ripple, 6, 206 demodulator, negative-feedback, 19, of rise, 6, 206 537 selection, 19, 12, 47, 364-388; 20, storage-tube, 19, 728 62-64, 321-325 difference, Loran, 4, 12, 52, 59, 63, 67, selectors, 19, 364; 20, 400; 22, 403 101, 432 adjacent, 19, 384, 385 measurement, 4, 345 and difference detector, 19, 534 discrimination, 19, 12, 56, 364; 20, 62- quasi, 19, 366 64, 276 sequence in receiving equipment, 20, discriminator, 19, 533; 20, 95, 97, 308, 400 309, 356 use in frequency division, 19, 569 AN/APG-15, 20, 316 -sharing method, data transmission, 1, British radar set, 20, 315 684 Oboe, 20, 311, 312 pulse-stretching, 20, 318 -variable data, stat istical properties, SCR-784, 20, 313-315, 337 26, 262-307 sensitive, using storage tube, 19, 728 -varied gain (TVG) (see also STC), 1, with time selectors, pulse stretcher, 460; 2, 11, 146; S, 41, 371-374 and narrow-band pulse amplifica- for voltage pulse, 6, 80, 683 tion, 20, 317–321 Timers, Loran, 4, 67, 87, 197–257 indices, movable, 22, 239 A, 4, 199 periodic, 22, 243 B, 4, 199 -interval discrimination, 21, 47 B-1, 4, 199-201 jitter, 5, 15, 16, 120, 129, 278,284, 295, c, 4, 205-232 299, 326, 330, 334, 351, 471 low-frequency, 4, 249–257 lag, 6, 275 monitor, 4, 250 markers, 20, 81 UE-1, $232-249 Loran, 4, 56 UJ, 4205 marks, electronic, 20, 219 Timing, condenser, multivibrator, 19,167 generator, crystal-controlled, exter- errors, Loran, 4, 144 nally synchronized, 19, 727 markers, discrete, 1, 520-522 delay-line, supersonic, 20, 108 resistor, multivibrator, 19, 167 INDEX 145

Timing, standard, ’20, 50; 21, 596, 604, Trade-wind invereion, 18, 375 613,619,625, 642 TRaided tuning, 18, 170, 173, 280 waveform, multivibrator, 19, 167 Trailing edge of pulee, 6,2, 163, 189,258- Titanium dioxide, 26, 412 261, 569, 571-573 !l%eflex, waveguide, 9, 116, 279-281 Trammel linkage, 28, 67, 68 T-junction (see Junction) Traneadmittance, circuit, klystron oscil- T-m, circuits (see Modulation, the) lator, ‘1, 297, 300, 302 waves, 8, 17 diagrame, 7, 302-304, 308-310 tn (z,y), function, 8, 259 electronic, 7, 52, 98, 106, 108, 116, 117, Tn (z,~), function, 8, 259 120, 121, 250, 252, 278, 297, 300, Top of pulse (see Pulse) 302, 313, 317, 318, 346 Topological transformation of nomo- internal, 7, 50, 58, 68 gram, 27, 40 grid, 7, 107–109 Torque, measurement, 21, 456 Tranaconductance, and biae voltage, cor- tube, azimuth, 28, 76 relation between, 18, 290 from wind loade, 26, 36 bridge, 21, 532, 570 Trace brightnme, 24197-199 effective, 7, 146; 22, 362 Tracing paper, technique, tranamia3ion- electronic, 7, 280 line chart, 9,65 smalkignal, 7, 252, 297, 299, 331 Tracking, aided (see Aided tracking) high-frequency, 7, 149 automatic, 20, 202; 98, 225 maximum, 7, 151 angle, 1, ~7–210 and plate current, correlation between, conical wan, 8, 66 18,290 frequency, synchronization by, 20, Transducer, 4-terminal, 8, 171-177 95-100 electromechanical, 1, 667; 19, 427 circuit, locking in, 1, 710 equivalent circuite, 19, 759 step-gate, 20, 433-435 mode (see Mode traneducera) direct, 20,200, 202, 220 rectangular-to-round, 8, 358 on grouped or periodically interrupted TE,~mode to TM,,-mode, ~ 339 data, 20,378-390 supersonic cryetal, 17, 180-190 indicee, 20, 163 bandwidth, 17, 166-189 time-modulated, uee of variable- crystal cartridge, 17, 182-189 width rectangle generator ta pro- electrical characteristics, 17, 184 duce, 20, 222 pieaoelectric crystal for, 17, 181 with intermittent data, 20, 247 reflectme, 17, 189-1~ liiear-tinwconetant, 20,201 ringing, 17, 183 manual, 20, 371-376; 95, 360-368 Tmncfer constant, image, 8, 115 AGL-(T), 90,373 network, 8, 113 AN/APG15, 20, 371 Transfer function, 18, 385; 21, 230-232, SCR615, 20,373 266 marke, movable, for manual time definition, 95, 58 meaeureme&., 20, 220 feedback, 21, 230, 266; 25, 62, 255 memory-point, 20, 201, 207 - genemting function, 26, 244-245 methode, 90, 200 lumpelkonetant eervoe, 26,64-66 ~erative, 20, 201, 210, 256 61ter, with clamping, 25, 241, 246-251 pufeee, 1, 707 lumpedanetant filter, 26, 59-61 eine-wave, 20, 155-157, 242 nature of, 25, 315-317 ~ Oomwn, 90,340 over-all, 26, 62, 255 teeter, dynamic, %0, 357, 361 pufeed Sitar, 2S, 2*242 t~rdinate, 20,251-261 quadratic faetir, 26, 175, IZ6 Veloeity, 20,200, 203 eervo, 9558-62 146 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Transfer function, simplified, for Transformer, coils, winding types, 17, I(uT,I>>I,26,251-253 152–158 stability criterion, 26, 61 working-voltage gradient for insula- system definition, 26, 62 tion, 17, 162–163 t-m circuit, 19, 466 computer, 27, 225 Transfer locus, 21, 270; 25, 67, 158, 195, constant, principal, 4-terminal trans- 256 ducer, 6, 177 Transferred region, computer overlays, constant-voltage, 17, 455–460; 21, 536 27, 137 construction, 17, 145–174 Transferred points, computer overlays, control, synchro, 17, 314, 319-321, 27, 137 325-326 Transform network, 18, 3, 50-53 cores, 17, 145–150 Transformations, bilinear, 6, 174 material losses, 17, 149 bipolar to rectangular, 21, 169 materials, magnetization curves, 17, coordinate, 21, 157–171, 226, 477 148 formulas, resonator-admittance, 6, 62 current, 6, 574; 20, 316 Fourier, 21, 231 design, 17, 115-145 Laplace, 21, 226 dissipation of energy in core, 6, 508 mathematical expression of, 21, 158 double-tuned, 19, 550 polar to rectangular, 21, 160 enclosures, 17, 167–169 rectangular to polar, 21, 160 equivalent circuit, 6, 503–508; 18, 16 special coordinate, 21, 165 frequency response, oscilloscope pres- Transformer, 17, 115-174 entation, 6, 595 3-phase, 17, 134 for hard-tube pulse generator, 6, 566 a+ charging, 6, 400-407 high-reactance, design, 6, 407-414 losses, 6, 413 high-voltage, 17, 137 air-core, quenching oscillator with, H-section, 6, 498 20, 79 H-shaped cross section, 6, 493 broadband, 17, 141-145 ideal, 8, 103 coaxial T-junction with, 14, 268 impedance-matching, 9, 9W95 bushings, 17, 169-174 impedance-transformation ratio, 6, 10 assembly in cans, 17, 173-174 interwinding capacitance, 17, 124–125, high-altitude operation, 17, 172 144 operating voltages, 17, 172 irii, 6, 494 butt joint in core, 6,601, 644 isolating, 4, 259, 264; 6, 512 cascade, in coaxial lines, 12, 221-223 jog, 1, 295 circular sweep, 21, 634 leakage inductance, 17, 117–118 coaxial impedance, 9, 182-184 for line-type pulse generator, 6, 567 COik3,17, 150-165 linkages (computer), 27, 225 design data, 17, 125, 158-163 ballistic computer, 27,296-297 distribu~d capacitance, 6, 507; 17, design, 27, 271-277 124, 141–145 geometric method, 27, 276 finishing, 17, 155-166 graphical method, 27, 276 impregnating and sealing materials, for noncircular scales, 27, 296-297 17, 163-165 structural error, 27, 277-283 interlayer insulation, 17, 151–152 logarithmic, 27,238 magnet wire, 17, 150-151 magnetmn output, 6, 489 processing, 17, 163-165 mountings, 17, 167–169 resistance, 17, 125 noninverting, 6, 535 self-inductance, 17, 118-124 nonlinear, 19, 424 winding table, 17, 160-161 for amplitude modulation, 19, 422 INDE.1 147

Transformer, oil filling, 17, 169 Tmnsforrner, pulee, iron-core, 5, 124 output, triangle eolver with, 21, 162 materials, S, 599-660 potting, 17, 168 operating data, 5, 558 power, becicon, 9, 318 parameters, effect, on circuit, S, 563- design, 17, 130-141 598 higher-frequency operation, 17, 132- on regenerative pulee gener- 133, 138-141 ators, 5, 575-591 life versus operating temperature, power, loss, S, 660 17, 132-133 output, s,511 proximity eflect, 6, 547, 658-660 design, 6, 547-554 pulse, 1, 384-386;6,9,225,235,497- tranefer, efficiency, S, 71 660;19, 18; 20, 78; 22, 120 maximum, 5, 500-503 advantages, 6, 78 skin effect, 5, 547 average current values, 5, 396 stray capacitance, 5, 508 bmhings, 5, 654 time delay, 6, 85, 272 charging inductance, 6, 526–530 two arrangements for use with hard- coil material, 5, 648-660 tube pulee, 6, 74 connectors, 5, 654 typical designe, S, 555-562 core, d-c data, 6, 614-615 varioue types, S, 606 d-c properties, 5, 599-6o1 very-high-reeiatance load, 5, 554 equivalent circuit, S, 626-633 very-high-voltage, 5, 555 gap length, 5,602-604 winding echemea, 6, 517, 518 magnetization, 5, 633 Wire, 6, 655-660 material for, 6, 599-648 quarter-wave, 6, 482; 8, 18%191; 9, nickel-steel, 5, 611 90-92, 217 pulse data, S, 614-615 rectangular, 6, 491 size, 4538, 545 for regenerative puke generator, 5,’ @tandard tests, 6, 61I 500, 511, 543-547 thickness, s, 599 representation of T-junction, 8, 122 coupling to load, 5, 70-89 remnant, l& 9 currerrt, effective, 6, 547–548 rme current, 5, 483 reverse, 6, 511 Mary, 22, 185 current modes in, 6, 528 rotatable, 96, 92 design, 6, 532-562 ecturable, 21, 440 distributed capacitance, 5, 516-522, ebielding, 17, 144, 166 537 small, copper allowance for, 17, 158 effect, on load input capacitance, 6, atepdown, 6, 510 536 etepup, S, 610 on prdee shapes, 6, 563–575 eynchro, 17, 321-323; S5, 82 elementary theory, 5, 496-531 temperature rise, 17, 125-126, 131-132 energy density, average, in coil and theory, general, 5, 499-510 core, 5, 541 tranemieeion delay, 5, 525 stored in magnetic field, 5, 627 two-harmonic (computer), design, of equivalent circuit, 6, 508-510 tb.ree-bar-linkage component, 27, frequency reaponee, 5,591-598 168-186 GE 68G627, 6, 129, 150 factorization of function, 27, 168- impedance, inetantaneoue, 6, 437 174 impedance char~cterietic, 5, 522-526 linkage combination aeaembly, 97, inductance, leakage, 6, 506, 511-516 193-195 primary, s,510 problem of, 27, 166-168 insulation, 5, 646-655 properties, 27, 166 148 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Transformer, tw-harmonic (compttter), Transmieeion, line (see afuo Line, trane- redesign of terminal, 27, 186-1!)3 mieeion), amplifiers, 18, 83 variable impedance, 9, 456-516 coaxial (see Coaxial cable) voltage, 5, 483 loeeee, waveguide, 8, 45-48 formula for, 17, 116 measurement, in free space, 11, 592 voltage-transformation ratio, 5, 10 two-line cavity, 11, 332 waveguide, 6, 491 waveguide, 11, 577 windings, distributed capacitance, 17, multiple-hop, 4, 136 124, 141–145 pulse, of sine and cosine, 1, 704 with variable coupling between, ti, and reception, pulse, 20, 37-42 428 sky-wave, 4, 59, 159 Transit angle, 7,33, 41 synchronized, of angular data, 22, 222 gap, 7,226-227, 231, 316 time, Loran, 4, 123, 133 finite, 7, 224-232 pulse network, 5, 177 spread in, 7, 150 variable-speed, for motors, 17, 390 Tranait time, 7, 33, 356 over water, one-way, 18, 294-336 damping, 18, 638 Transmit-receive unit, 1, 420 Transition, coaxial-to-waveguide, 1, 403; ‘l?ransmittere, beacon, 2, 36; 8, 256-312 9, 314-361; 16, 172 Loran, ~ 87, 275-300, 577 pulling, 12, 517, 537 croeebar, 9, 346-349 -receiver package, 2, 371 doorknob, 9, 349-353 receiver system, equivalent network, rectangular-to-round, 8, 339 12,53-60 TEl~mode to TE,~mode, 8, 339 triode, 8, 27%312 Transitional layers, 19, 172 Transmitting pattern, 12, 3, 557 Traneitron oscillator, 19, 124 Transponder, 1, 246; 2, 36; S, 6; 12, 327 capacitance amplification in, 16, 327 Traneveree+.leotric (TE) wavee, 8, 17 Miller, 19, 197 Transve=leetromagnetic wavee (we Transits, multiple, elimination of, 7, 403 TEM wavea) Transmission, 360” rotation, 20,397 Traneve-magnetic (Till) wavea, 8, 17 cable and impedance matching, 5, Trapezoidal wave, 6, 190 669-673 generation, 19,297 coefficient, complex, 11, 565 ‘Trapped modee, 18, !22, 71, 75, 82, 149 radome wane, 12, 529-537 boundary eonditione, 18,78 of continuous rotation, 20, 393-395 characteristic wake, 18, 75 e-w, of sine and cosine, 1, 703–711 Trapping, Criteria, 1!$, 21, 84 data (.reeData tranemieeion) elevatad invemi,one, 18, 332 delay, transformer, 5,525 propagation, 1, Wi58; 8, 50, 53 devices, simple, with limited rotation, etrong, 18, 167 20,392 TR cavity (ace of.so TR tube), l% 39; 16, E-layer (8ee nfao Propagation), ~ 133 28, 72, 139, 157, 162, 166, 174, 179, equation, free-epace, one-way (see rw!ao 224, 256, 276, 358, 364 Radar, equation), 18,31 1B27, 1459 one-way, generalized, 18, 35 721, eonductwme, 1454 radar, generalized, 18, 35 dimensions, 1454 in free space, 1S, 27-34 direct-coupling, 1457 ground, ~ 59 coupling through, ~ of formu- ground-wave, ‘4, 121 lae, 14,33 over land, general fcaturea, 18, 340 Wupling to, 14, 386 one-way, 18, 336-353 rectangular waveguide, 1451 pathE, 18, 341 direct~oupling measurement, 14412 149

TR cavity, leakage, 16, 192, 201 Trigger, voltage, 5,302, 330, 334 leakage power, 16, 173, 372 waveforms, 22, 118 output loop, 16, 168 Triggering, 19, 187-190, 218-223; 22,223 reduction of localmscillator noise by, frequency dividem, 19, 580 16,241-243 methods, 19, 21S-223, 608 Travis discriminator circuit, 16, 304 parallel, 5, 124; 19, 219 Tree-motion and radar+eho fluctuation, phant”mtron divider chain, 19, 581 1S, 547, 552, 584 series, 5, 124; 19, 220 Trial field, network-parameter determi- Trigonometric functions as circuit func- nation, 10, 143 tion, 21, 55, 104-120 Triangle, addem, 19,295 inverse, 21, 118 edution, curve-fitting methods, 21, 143 ~lode, 17, 549-570 H+ B,21,40 304th, 5, 100, 104, 123 parabolic-waveform method, 21, 144 527, pulse characteristics, 6, 106 phase-shift, 21, 149 6C21, S, 100, 106, 132, 157 right triangle, 21, 136-157 6SN7, pulse characteristics, 5, 106 solvers, 21, 189 baeeleea subminiature, 20, 91 ● algebraic, 21, 137 characteristic curves, 5, 98-108 parabolic-sweep, 21, 139, 144 choice, 17, 56S-570 phaee~hift, 21, 182 clamp, 22, 129 with transformer output, 21, 152 coincidence tube, 20,95 using resistance squaring and bridge, -connected pentodes, 17, 550, 558, 567 21, 139 gas, hot-cathode, 17, 610-611 solving using electronic multiplication, high-mu, 7, 108, 116; 17, 557-570 21, 140 input, 18, 646 waveform generation, 19, 291 configurations, three, comparison, Tridipole transverse element, 12, 304 16, 647 ‘IMgatron, 1, 379; 5, 295, 332 grounded-cathode, 18, 655; 29, 126 CV85, 5, 332 grounded-grid, 7, 146; 18, 634, 648, CV125, 5, 332-334 653; 2S, 83, 92, 117, 136 Trigger, circuits, 22, 223-226 grounded-plate, 18, 655 condenser-discharge, 6, 307–31 I single, 18, 651-656 EcclesJordan, 16, 333 low-mu, 17, 548-551 saturable-core transformer, 6, 311 medium-mu, l’?, 551–558 -coupling condensers, 5, 297, 312, 314 negative-grid, at moderately high fre- delay, 20, 78; 22, 262, 272, 279-282 quencies, 16, 571, 574 supersonic, 19, 762 oscillators, microwave, 7, 17&l 86 unit, variable, model PH, 21, 659 planar, 7, 286 effect on output waveforms, 19, 222 CV90, 7, 23 generator, 6, 304-312; 21, 587, 596, pulse operation, microwave, 7, 187-198 604, 619, 628, 637, 642; 22, 118- in pulser, 5, 92 123, 255, 262, 272 selector, 19, 331 MTI, 1, 634 switching, modulator, 3, 249 multiple-frequency, 20, 81 transmitter (see Oscillator, transmit- inverter, 22, 432 ting triode) pulses, 4, 198; S, 119; 11, 239; 22,9, 120 twin, high-mu, 17, 559, 563–566 negative, 22, 119 ]medium-mu, 17, 555–557 positive, transmission of, 22, 119 Trip] e-coincidence circuit, 19,383 rate of rise, 6, 350 Triples, cascaded, 18, 189 shaper, 16, 349; 22, 284 feedback, 18, 234 source, 22, 122 fiat-staggered, 16, 189-191 150 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

‘l%iplea, 5t-staggered, n-, step-function TR tube, bandpase, 3-cm, leakage-~wer reeponee, 18, 281 envelope, 1A 232 overataggered, 18, 286 9.2-cm-band, 1* 107 transient reeponae, 18, 287 lo-cm tubea, 14, 109 ataggerdamped, 18, 224 experimental results, 14, 91–1 14 ‘l%plets of oxygen apectmm, 18, 649, future status, l% 252 653, 654 high-level characteristics, l% 250 Tritet oscillator, 19, 108 Marcus’ calculation, l% 84 Troposphere, 1S, 9 theoretical considerations, 1470-90 TR switch, 1, 7, 407-411, 420; 16, 129; tuning procedure, 14396 18, 9, 70, 78, 96, 97, 114, 172, 353 broadband, pass band, l% 393 and ATR, distance between, I& 288 cell-type, 14, 35 attenuation at harmonic frequencies, coatings, inert, 14, 221 14, 412 CV221, 14, 64 high-Q pass-band measurement, l% 385 iiring power, minimum, 1* 414 TR tube (see also TR cavity), 1, 407; fixed-tuned, tuning check, 14400 9, 688; 23, 7 flat, 16, 97, 300 1B23, 14, 36&42 gap design, 14, 235 ● 1B24, 14, 60, 62, 65, 66, 171, 179, 201, gap length, arc leakage power with 209, 223, 227 ; 23, 10 variation of, 14, 174 IB26, 14, 61, 65, 66, 169, 201, 223, 227 effect on spike leakage energy, 14, 1B27, 14, 36, 37, 39, 44, 49, 168, 170, 170 171, 179, 180, 190-191, 222, 227, gas cleanup, 14, 217 256; 29, 8 gas-filling, effect, on high-power char- tuning screw, differential, 14, 44 acteristics, 14, 239 tuning-temperature curve, 14, 49 on spike energy, 14, 167 1B38 pre-TR tube, 14, 148, 154, 164, high-Q, high-power characteristics, 14, 223, 224, 249, 250 227 IB40, 14, 36, 38 linear theory, 14, 8-66 1B50, 14, 61, 63, 65, 201, 227 volumes of, 14, 218 1B54 pre-TR tube, 14, 249, 250 integral

TR tube, recovery time, measurements, Tubec, dissipation, pulser, 6, 345 two-frequency method, 14421-422 electrometer, 18, 409, 419 spike, 23, 42 gas-filled, 17, 610-613; 19, 82-85 teat bench, typical, l% 381 gaeay, magnetron, 6, 736 test equipment, low-level, basic, 14 glow, 21, 495 376 index of types, 17, 523–531 tungsten water cycle, 14, 211 lighthouse (see Lighthouse tubes) tuning methods, 14, 27 measurement, TR and ATR, 14, 376– tuning-temperature compensation, 14, 430 46 microwave, types and functions, 7, 17– T-stub, broadband (see ako Stub), 9, 30 173–176; 14, 266 miniature, 17, 522, 524 Tubes (see ako Converter; Diode; Gas model, magnetron, 8, 729 tubes; Mixer; Pentodes; Tetrodes; mount, 16, 146 Thyratrons; Triode), 1S5, loga- multigrid, 7, 106; 19, 415 rithmic cutoff, 19, 76 noise suppression, 16, 604-614 6AG5, logarithmic cutoff, 19, 76 oilcan, 16, 18 6AG7, low-plat-voltage region, 19, output, figures of merit, 17, 594 78 parameter tolerances, 18, 352 6AK5, logarithmic cutoff, 19, 76 physical characteristics, 17, 519–523 low-plate-voltage region, 19, 79 preferred types, 17, 518 processing, 6, 693, 694 6AL5, 19, 58, 61, 63 reactance, 6, 747; 23, 30 6AS6, 19, 81, 196 receiving, 17, 517-613 three-control-grid characteristic, 19, pulse characteristics, 6, 102 88 reference fdament-type, 21, 502 6H6, heater-cathode leakage, 19, 67 replacement, 18, 353 6J6, diode-connected, 19, 66 requirements, beacon, S, 303 logarithmic cutoff, 19, 75 reseasoning, 6, 737 6SA7, three-control-grid characteris- ruggedness, 17, 521–523 tic, 19, 90 size, 17, 52&523 6SH7, diode-connected, 19, 66 storage, 1, 631; 19, 499, 707–729; 20, logarithmic cutoff, 19, 76 99, 107 6SL7, broken-line characteristic, 19, 73 subminiature, 17, 523–524; 18, 156; grid-current characteristic, 19, 89 20, 170 logarithmic cutoff, 19, 75 as switches, 5, 90–118 6SN7, heater-cathode leakage, 19, 68 thermally tuned, 23, 25 logarithmic cutoff, 19, 75 TR and ATR (see ATR; TR) low-plate-voltage region, 19, 79 use as series voltage regulator, 17, 549, baseless, 18, 230 551 characteristics, at low currents, 18, vacuum 21, 506 414–418 velocity-modulated, for high-frequency direct, 19, 100 superregenerative receivers, 23,578 drift under constant applied poten- VR (see VR tube) tials, 18, 730-733 Tubing, for coaxial lines, 9, 115–119 mutual, 19, 100 dimensional tolerances, 9, 117 notation used in, 17, 531–533 silver-lined, 9, 117 variation in, 17, 563, 566, 590 for waveguides, 9, 11*119 choice of, general rules, 17, 519519 Tuned-circuit, symmetry, 18, 169 converter and mixer (see also Con- Tuners, capacitive-screw. 9.498 verter; Mixer), 17, 599–610 cavit”y, 3, 265 152 ‘RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Tumm, coaxial line, 9, 460-481 Turbulent, logarithmic dietributiom, 18, double-screw, waveguide, 9, 607-513 215 double-slug, waveguide, 9,494-498 thickneaa, 1S, 218 magnetron, stabilizing, 8, 268 Turning point, for mode of propagation multicavity inductance, 6, 165 in duct, 18, 20 segment, 6, 161 of my, 1S, 16, 17, 19, 46, 83, 100 strap, 6, 159 Turnstile duplexer, 14372 resonances, 6, 575 frequency sensitivity, 14375 &@e+avity, 6, 157 Turnstile junction, & 459-466 single-screw, variable-position, 9, 485- TVG (see Time-varied gain) . . 489 ‘hmkhng of StiIS, 1S, 532 single+.lug, 9, 489-494 Two equal scatterers as radar target, 18, sliding-ecrew, 9, 459 529, 548-550 slug, 9, 466-472 Typhoons, 18,23,636-640 stub (see Stub tuners) variable-impedance tranaf ormer, 9, u 456-516 waveguide, 9, 481–516 Undercoupliig, frequency-multiplier kly- Tuning, curve, 6,320, 324 stron, ‘I, 308 microwave oedlator, 7, 178 Undercurrent relay, 6,433 electronic, 16, 38 Uniqueness theorem, 10, 103 hysteresis, 11, 30 extension, 8, 139 klystron, 7, 315, 323, 350, MO; 11, Unit pulse, de6nition, 25, 233 23, 29; 16, 38 Unit-ramp function, 25, 53, 365 linearity, 7, 443 Unit-step function, definition, 26, 37 forks, 21, 548 Unit-step input, filter response to, 26,37 hysteresis, 6, 562, 11, 30 Unitary matrix, 11, 518 klystron, 7, 502 Unitary relations, 10, 108 magnetron (see Magnetron tuning) Units, MKS, 19, 28 parallel-resonant, 18, 353 Universal gas constant, 1S, 292 range, 6, 402, 407, 408, 643 Universal joints, waveguide, 9, 442-445 electronic, 7, 27, 28, 331, 336, 378- Universal turbulence constant, 18, 216 384, 443 haff-power, klystron oscillator, 7, v 327 rate, electronic, 7, 443 Vacuum caeting, magnetron anode, 6,661 resonant, 16, 350 Vacuum-tube switch (see Switch, tube) screw, capacitive, 6, 168; 9, 216 Vacuum-tube voltmeter, 16, 314, 409 inductive, 14, 43 average-reading, 19, 502 slug, capacitive, 14, 43 high-impedance, 18, 320 synchronous, 18, 166 low-impedance, la 320 thermal, 11, 46 Vacuum tubes, thermionic, as reference TR-aided, 16, 173 elements, 21, 506 Turbulence, 13, 23, 211, 250 Vane equivalent, resonator, 6, 108 constant, universal, 19, 216 Vane thickness, ratio of, to space be- inversion, 1S, 231 tween vanes, resonator, 6, 473 mechanical, 13, 221, 225, 268 Vapor pressure, 13, 182, 187, 192, 206 and precipitation fluctuations, 13, 577 curve, sea-water, 19, 184 thermal, 19, 220, 221 gradients, 1S, 192 Turbulent boundary layer, 13, 214, 215, lapse rate, 19, 196 217, 219 potential, 19, 198, 200, 202 INDEX 153

vapor preaeure, over sea water, 18, 200 Velocity, 1* g time, m, 380 Vaporization, latent heat, 18,293 memory, RC network, 8, 192 Variable (computer) complemen~ry, S7, modulation, 7, 34, 40, 46, 55, 59, 133, 48 201.203, 218-219, 224-228, 233, Variable elevation beam (VEB), 1, 189 240, 245-246, 260; 16,36 Variable-gear ratio, 21, 59 depth of, 7,203, 269 Variablee, de6nition, 27, 45 klyetron, 11,24 homogeneous (we Homogenecmc vari- swmd-harmonic, 7, 228-23o, 244 ablea) tube, 18, 290 input, 27, 45 phaee (we ofdo Phase velocity), ~ 129; interchange of, aa circuit operation, 21, 9, 12, 20, 42, 50 m propagation of eound in Iiquida, 17, output, 27, 45 218-219 range, 27, 46 eignal, 9, 12 Variacq 19, 463 spectrograph, 7, 269 Variance, random proceae, 25,273 Velodyne (motor), 21,424, 486 Variational energy integral, 8, 151-153 Vertex pfate, matching technique, 19, Variational methods, 1S, 177 443, 463 network parameter determination, 10, Vertical dietnbutiom, in neutral and 143, 150 unstable equilibrium, 18, 219-228 Varigear, 21, 59 in etable equilibrium, 18, 228-260 Varistme, 17, 100-109; 21, 503, 548 Veztigial 120° junction, 14,273, 334 symmetrical, 17, 104-106 Vibrator, buffer capacitor, 17, 443-444 unsymmetrical, 17, 106-108 Circuits, 17, 438-445 V-beam, height indicator (see Height design consideration, 17,440-445 indicator, V-beam) seri~, 17, 440 mount, 2, 224 shunt, 17, 439 preeentation, 2, 225 construction, 17, 433-438 radar, 1, 193–196 converter, 21, 487, 514, 515, 553 scan, 22, 12 driving circuits, 17, 435-437 V-bridge, 11, 105-108 inctmmenta, 17, 497-498 VEB (see Variable elevation beam) Minnea@ia-Honeywell, 19, 403 Vector, addere, 17, 342 mountings, 17, 437 bombing, 4, 34 nonsynchronous, 17, 437 column, matrix, 8, 87 power supplies (8ee Power supply) error, 22, 489, 494, 502, 504 synchronous, 17, 437-438; 25, 108 Hertz, 8, 21 Video, amplifier (see Amplifier, video) plane wave, expansion in’ spheric~l bandwidth, 24, 211-222, 240 vector wave functions, 1S, 447 “haeh,” 16, 298 potential, 8, 21 crystaf (see al-soCrystal, video), 16, 9 method for scattering calculations, integration, S, 106 19, 455 mapping, 1, 223; 2, 267–278; 22, 570- row, matrix, 8, 89 576 twodimensional, representation by application, 2, 270, 272 circuits, 21, 157–171 delineation of flight paths, 2, 271 wave equation, 1S, 455 equipment, 2, 275 Velocity, electron, average, 7, 100, 123 general principles, 2, 267 dietribution, 7, 100, 122 precieion, 2, 273 fluctuation in, klystron, 7, 483 reproduction, by different methode, spread, 7, 60, 137 2, 276-277 group, 9, 12 of live data, 2, 274 154 RADIATION LABORATORY SERIES

Video, mixing, 1, 45; 20, 451; ~ 230- Voltage., insertion ratio, 9, S49 237,248 level, chsnge, as circuit operation, 21, output limiting, 1, 452 60, 61 overloading, 24341-343 linear steps of, 19,617 pulse, 16, 297 -multiplier, multiple-switch circuit, generators, 21, 593 Marx, 6,494-496 separator, 20, 458 output-gap, limitation on, amplilier .etretching, 8, 37, 379 klystron, 7,263-264 teat equipment, 21, 573 plate and heater, microwave triode, 7, probe, 22, 270 195 Viicoeity, dynamic, 18,208 position, minimum-, standing-wave, eddy (see Eddy viscosity) 8, 707 kinematio, 18, 208, 214, 293 proportional, to reciprocal of shaft di+ Visibility, eubclutter, 1,653 placement, 22, 205 measurement., 1, 679 tQ secant of shaft rotation, 22, 205 target, in MTI, 1, 649-653 prdaea,blocking-oscillator, 20, 78 Visual methods of interpretation, S, 226 rectangular, 19, 215 Voice-modulation beacon systems, 8, subtraction circuits, 19, 629448 232-236 supply (884Power supply) Volt-ampere characteristics of keep-alive transformation ratio of resonant cavity, disehargeq 14, ~5 14, 21 Voltage, addition, 19, 18, 629-648 waveform drivers, 19, 449 amplification, 18, 73 Voltage (and current) regulation, 18, antietick-off, 25, 85 410; 21, 493–570; 22, 116, 170-172, breakdown, magnetron, 6, 484, 488 130, 182, 438 microwave frequencies, 9, 227-242 a-e, commutator transmitter, 17, 323– characteristic, magnetron, 6, 416 324 circuit, high-output, 18, 144 degenerative, 21, 539 constant-, elements, 21? 494 simple, 21, 528 control (eee Voltage regulation) aircraft alternators, 1, 563–566 -current source transformation, 18, 5 amplification bridge, 21, 532 and currents, addition and .mbtrac- booster armature, of dynamotors, 1, tion of, 19, 18, 629-648 580 differentiator, 5, 680-687 carbon pile, 1, 56&570; 9, 320; 17, 430, and dimensions, scaling of, klystron, ‘1, 446-451 354-357 inverter, 21, 545 distribution along windings of trans- cold-cathode gas diodes, 17, 609-610 former, 6, 519 combination of, 21, 527 dividers, 6, 666 comparison circuits, 21, 511–519 capacitance, 6, 673-675; 17, 29%302; compensating networks, 21, 509 21, 49 constant-current elements, 21, 501 push-pull, 17, 302 control, elements, 21, 519–522 electronically controlled, 21, 49 of motor speed, 1, 574 mechanically controlled, 21, 48 current, 21, 493–570 probe, CAOR-62142, 21, 664 d-c, 21, 529, 567 resistore, 5, 297, 312, 314 design, practical, 21, 523-570 for series gaps, 5,312-315 dynamotore, 17, 418-420 -doubler power supply, 6, 148 electromechanical, 17, 455; 21, 54 I drive for deflection coils, 2!3, 310 electronic, 17, 452–454, 460-466 -fed network (see Network) degenerative, 21, 531 feedback, 22, 360 design, 17, 463-464 INDEX 155

Voltage (and current) regulation, ele~ Water, vapor, selection rules, 13, 656- tronic, output waveform, 17, 465 658 equating circuits, 21, 511 Wattmeter, coaxial, for field use, 11, 215 linger-type, 1, 57&571; 17, 446 Wave, circularly polarized, 8, 350 generators, 17, 411–412, 418-420, continuous, 19, 101–126 445-454 cylindrical, 12, 75 glow tube, 21, 530 elementary, 1S, 18 high-voltage, 21, 568 equation, 10, 9; 12, 71–73; 19, 60 klystron, necessity of, 7, 522 solution, diffraction region, 13, 109 Lawson, 21, 562 interference region, 19, 99 line-voltage, 17, 454-466 vector form, 13, 59, 445 mechanical, 1, 566–571; 17, 445-450 impedance, 8, 18; 9, 37, 41, 53, 647 degenerative, 21, 534 nonsymmetrical, 22, 113 reference elements, 21, 494-507 number, 8, 18 thermionic tube, 21, 506 plane, 12, 73 regulator elements, 21, 493–522 principal, 12, 203 saturable-transformer, 17, 455–460 rectangular, 22, 123 series, tube for use as, 17, 549, 551 sea, 13, 486–493 servo-operated, 21, 542 scattering from, 13, 492, 519–527 stability, 21, 493, 533 standing, 1, 391; 9, 13–19 static, 17, 450-454 trains, recurrent, cancellation, 20, 471– vibrating-contact, 17, 446 527 VR-tube (see af.soVR tube), 21,567 delay, 20, 471-527 Voltmeter, peak-reading, 19, 166 vacuum-tube (see Vacuum-tube volt- uniform cylindrical, 8, 26–28 meter) velocity, 12, 110 VR tube, 21, 495 Waveforms, abrupt, 19, 159 characteristics table, 21, 497 analysis, 21, 574 internal impedance, 21, 530 area-balanced, 22, 454466 VSWR (see Standing-wave voltage ratio) balancing, 22, 446 bibliography, 19, 764-765 w bunched-beam-current, 7, 233-235 current (see Current waveforms) Wall surfaces, corrugated, 9, 116 diilerentiation and integration, 19, scratched, 9, 116 648-666 Warm front, 19, 263 distortion, 19, 443 Water, index of refraction, 1S, 675 level setting by, 19, 454, load (ace Load, water) exponential, 19, 297–301 molecular weight, 19, 293 function-generation methods, 21, 104, supercooled, 18, 183 118 temperature, 18, 3043,310 sine-wave, 19, 101–158 measurements, 13, 299 stable states, 19, 162 variation, 13, 250-254 generator, fast, 19, 159=204 vapor, 18, 26 hyperbolic, 19, 301-305 content of atmosphere, seasonal parabola, 19, 305-312 variation and effect, on M-proiile, aanaphant, 19, 200-202 1S, 259 aanatron, 19, 200-202 equation of state, 19, 182 sawtooth (eee Generator) lapse and M-gradient, 18, 13, 192. see-saw, 19, 28 line-breadth constant, 18, 658-664 trapecoid, 19, 297 rotational spectrum, 1S, 656-658 triangle, 19, 254-288, 291 156 RADIATION LABORA TORY SE-RIES

Waveforms, with linear circuit elements, Waveguide, circular, cutoff wavelength, operations on, 19, 17–39 H-moden, 10, 70 mathematical operations on, 19, 629- with dielectric cylinders, 10,393-396 693 elliptical and circular aperturea in, meaeurementc, 19, 694-706 10, 243-246 multiplication and division, 19, 668- E-modes, attenuation constant, 10, 678 67 with nonlinear circuit elemente, char- cutoff wavelength, 10, 67 acteristics, 19, 58-100 field components, 10, 66 operations with, 19, 40-58 total power, 10, 67 pufce, 19, 211-218 gain, 12, 340-341 sawtooth, with amplitudes of several H-modes, attenuation conetant, 10, kilovolts, 19, 482 70 shaping, by paeeive elements, 19, 19-23 cutoff wavelength, 10, 70 SpCCid, 19, 289-324 field components, 10, 69 squares and square roots, 19, 676-693 total power, 10, 70 staircaee, 19, 293 radiation from, llO,-mode, 10, 196 step-plus-sawtooth, 22, 357 H,,-mode, 10, 201 timing, 19, 167 H,,-mode, 10, 206 TM, general properties, 19, 466-476 and rectangular guide, junction of, triangular, 19, 254-288, 291 10,324-329 voltage amplifiers for, 22, 359-362 reeonant ring in, 10, 275-280 Wavefront, 19, 42 cleaning, 6, 675 elementary wave, 1S, 63 coaxial, 10, 72 and rays, 12, 107-128 aperture coupling, 10, 331 Waveguide, 1, 393-405:7, 7; 26, 6, 165. capacitive windows in, with disk, on 174, 176, 186 - ‘ ‘ inner conductor, 10, 22~234 attenuation, 1, 405 on outer conductor, 10, 23*238 measurement, 11, 804-853 coupling to circular guide, 10, 323- attenuation conetant (see Attenuation 324 conctant) bende, 1, 402 cutoff wavelength, E-modec, 10, 74, and twistu, 9, 207-24J9 77 capacitively loaded, 8, 192 with dielectric cylinders, 10,396-397 choke coupling, 1, 4431 higher E-modes, 10, 73 choke jointe, 8, 197 attenuation conctant, 10, 75 choke split, 14, 333, 334 cutoff wavelength, 10, 74 circuit, directly coupled, 6, 195 field eomponentc, 10,75 eficiency, 6, 36, 181, 185, 421, 628, H-modee, attenuation conetant, 10, 717 79 elemente, 8, 162-206 cutoff wavelength, 10, 77 circrdar, annular obctaclea in, of zero field component, 10, 78 thickneac, 10, 2-49 total power, 10,79 annular window in, 10, 247-249 junction, 10, 310-312 aperture coupling of, 10, 330 loweet E-mode, attenuation con- to rectangular guide, 10,332 etant, 10,73 circular obstacle in, 10, 273-27S field eomponente, 10, 72 closed, reacm+ce in, 8, 361-364 emall elliptical and circular aper- wupling to ooaxiel guide, 1~ 323- turee, 10, 24.6-247 324 emnmon, characterietica, 9, 54-59 cutoff wavelength, E-modes, 10, 67 conical, 10, 53, 98 INDEX 157

Waveguide, conical, dominant E-mode, Waveguide, junction, with several arms, attenuation constant, 10, 99 8, 283-333 components, 10, 99 symmetry, 8, 401-479 cutoff wavelength, 10, 99 length, 1, 400; 9, 48 constants, 9, 191 equivalent T-network of, 8, 77 comers, 9, 203-207 loealeca, 9, 40 # COUphllgS,9, 193–202, 288-303; 11, 15, lumped, 6, 198 859 measurements, amplitude-transmis- choke-flange, 11, 14 eion, 11, 577–584 beyond cutoff, 10, 27 metal-hose, minimum bending radii, 9, lines terminating in, 10, 168-178 276 cutoff frequency, 1, 400; 9, 49 modes (see Mode) cylindrical, determining percentage of nonresonant flexible, 9, 274-288 Z’E,,-mode, 9, 381-388 output, 8, 170, 486, 497, 782 field equations, 12, 201-203 circuits, 6, 194–203 dielectric plates in, 8,374-376 parallel-plate, 9, 40-46 dielectrics in, 8, 365-400 E-modee, attenuation constant, 10, different, joining of, 9, 53 64 dimension choice, 9, 188-193 cutoff wavelength, 10, 64 with dissipation, 10, 17 E-plane, gain pattern, 10, 182 duplexers, 14, 341 H-modes, attenuation constant, 10, elliptical, 10, 79 65 Jk-mode, field components, 10, 81 cutoff wavelength, 10, 65 ,H~m-mode, attenuation, 10, 83 field components, 10, 65 cutoff wavelengths, 10, 83 radiating into half space, E-plane, degenerate modes, 10, 83 10, 183 field components, 10,82 H-plane, 10, 187 power flow, 10, 83 radiating into space, E-plane, 10, 179 energy density, 8, 50-54 H-plane, 10, 186 E-plane bifurcation, 8, 293; 10, 353- partially filled with dielectrics, 8, 385- 355, 380-383 389 equivalent circuit, 10, 12, 104 pipe, elliptical, 9, 57 field distribution (s= Field distribu- half-wave, 8, 355 tion) quarter-wave, 8, 354 fields in, 9,39 rectangular, normal modes, 8, 33-38 61tere, 9, 643-645 round, normal modes, 8, 3%10 flexible, 11, 244; 28, 141 plaetic, 9, 285-287 wire-screen, 9, 287 power dividers, 9, 522-528 halo-loop circuits, 6, 191 power flow, 8, 50-54 height change, 8, 188 power-handling ability, 1, 404 as high-paea falters, 9, 644 propagation in composite, 10, 387-404 hinge joints, 9, 438-442 radial, 10, 89 and horn feede, 12, 334-387 cylindrical cross sections, 10, 89 H-eection, 8, 199 cylindrical eectir cross sections, 10, inductive iris, 9, 78 93 inductive elit, 8, 164-166 E-type modee, cutoff wavelength, irie-coupled, short+ircuited, 8,231-234 10,91, 94 junction (see do Junction), 8, 13* do-nt, impedance dee-cription, 132; l% 269 10,31 effeeta in, 1!4,214, 215 field eomponentq 10,90, 93 with four arms, 8, 298-317 total outward power, 10, 91 158 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Waveguide, radial, field representation, Waveguide, rectangular, E-modes, max- 10, 29-47 imum electric-field intensity, H-type modes, cutoff wavelength, 10, 58 10, 92, 95 total power flow, 10, 58 field components, 10, 92, 94 E-plane corners, arbitrary angle radiation from, aperture treatment, 12, bends of, 10, 316-318 334 right-angle bends, 10, 312–3 16 radiation patterns, circular, 12, 336– equivalent circuit, 8, 119 341 gain, 12, 346 rectangular, 12, 341–347 H-modes, attenuation constant, 10, radiators, as array elements, 12, 301- 60 303, 329 cutoff wavelength, 10, 60 rectangular, 10, 405 field components, 10, 60 120° Y-junction, ~-plane, 10, 352 maximum field intensity, 10, 60 H-plane, 10, 172, 302-307, 362, total power, 10, 61 383-386 H,~mode, attenuation constant, 10, aperture coupling, 10, 329–333 61 to circular guide, 10, 332 field components, 10, 61 apertures, 10, 193 wavelength, 10, 62 bends and corners, 8, 20–203 H-plane corner, arbitrary angle, 10, bifurcation of (see Bifurcation, rec- 319-322 tangular guides) right-angle bends, 10, 318-319 capacitive obstacles in, of finite inductive obstacles in, of fiite thick- thickness, 10, 249–255 ness, 10, 255–257 of large thickness, 10, 404-406 of large thickness, 10, 407-408 and windows in, of zero thickness, and windows, of zero thickness, 10, 218-221 10, 221-229 Wwcitive post, 10, 269271 junction, and circular guide, 10, change, in croea section to circular 324-329 guide, 10, 176 H-plane, 10, 168, 296-302 in height, 10, 307–310 and radial guide, E~plane, 10, 3’X- circular aperture, 10, 410 323 and elliptical apertures in, of zero with “nonradiating” alit, 10, 397- thickncae, 10, 238-243 398 circular bends in, E-plane, 10, 333- oscillator cavity coupled ti, 8, 277– 334 2a2 H-plane, 10,334-335 plungere, 8, 198 contiguous, slit coupling, E-plane, post of variable height, 10, 271-273 10, 373-375 radiating, into bounded half space, H-plane, 10, 378 E-plane, 10, 184 cutoff frequency, 8, 34 into bounded apace, E-plane, 10, dielectric posts, 10, 266-267 183 with dielectric dabs, parallel to E, with rectangular ridge, 10, 399-402 10,333-391 with resistive strip, 10, .$12-404 perpendicular to E, 10, 391–393 solid inductive post in, centered, 10, of different sises, transition between, 258-263 9, 361-364 noncircular, 10, 263-266 E-modes, 10, 56 off-centered, 10, 257-258 attenuation conetant, 10, 57 spherical dent in, 10, 273 cutoff wavelength, 10, 57 Standard, 11, 15 field distribution, 10, 57 thick circular window, 10, 408-412 INDEX 159

Waveguide, rectangular, T-junction (see Waveguide, T’s, manufacture, 11, 524 Junction, T-, in rectangular guide) tubing for, 9, 115-119 transition to cylindrical, 9, 364-369 two, VSWR introduced by junction be- resonant elements, 14, 70-80, 97 tween, 9, 118 resonant flexible, 9, 288-303 uniform, field representation, 10, 3–7 ridge, 9, 358 variable-width, 1, 291 rotary joint (see Joint, rotary) vertebral flexible, 9, 294-303 round, principal axes, 8, 360 wall losses, 11, 590 screw, 9, 458 wavelength, 1, 400 seamless corrugated, 9, 282-285 width change, 8, 188 spherical, 10, 96 windows (see Windows, waveguide) cotangents, 10, 53 wobble joint, 26, 69, 94, 167 E~n-mode, cutoff wavelength, 10,98 Wavelength, critical, 9, 48 field components, 10, 97 cutoff (see Cutoff wavelength) total power, 10, 97 free-space, 7, 70 equations for electric and magnetic intrinsic, 9, 42 fields transverse, 10, 47 measurements, 6, 702–705; 11, 285-342 field representation, 10, 47-54 resonant, 7, 73 H~.-mode, field components, 10, 97 Wavemeters, S, 337; 14, 381 longitudinal components, 10, 47 24,000-Mc/see, 11, 327 tangents, 10, 53 cavity, transmission, 11, 309-311 wave equations, 10, 51 circuits, practical, 11, 308–319 square, circular polarization, 9, 378 on coaxial stub, 11, 318 structures, asymmetric, coupling of on E-plane T, 11, 314-316 two guides, 10, 296-335 mode, TEO,,,11, 322–325, 328-330 composite, 10, 387-413 TE,,m,11, 327 thickness effect, 10, 404-413 reaction, 11, 311–314 eight-terminal, 10, 373–386 TFK-2, 11,327 with finite thickness, 10, 248–279 TFS-5, coaxial, 11, 320 four-terminal, 10, 217-335 TFX-30, 11, 323 six-terminal, 10, 336–372 on top of waveguide, 11, 316–318 two-terminal, 10, 168-216 W-bridge, 11, 118-123 with zero thickness, 10, 218-248 Weatherproofing beacons, 9, 359 stub tuners, 9, 483485 Weiss discriminator, 18, 305, 308–312 switches, 9, 533–539 Weston cell, 21, 495 terminal admittance, 12, 366 Wet-bulb depression, 19, 187 terminal currents, 8, 144-146 coefficient, 19, 188 uniqueness, 8, 134, 135 whisker (see Catwhizker) terminal voltages, definition, 8, 144- White caps, sea echo in presence of, 18, 146 512 uniqueness, 8, 134, 135 Wideband symmetrical junctions, 8, 479 T-junctions, circuit elements, 14, 122 Width, half-power, total, resonator, ‘1, transformer, 6, 491 323 transitions, equivalent circuit (see do Wiener-Hopf integral equation, 10, 164 Transition), 11, 513 Wiener-Khintchine theorem, 1S, 558, 568 lowest mode in, B, 361-379 Wind, direction and strength of sea echo, as transmieaion lines, 8, 60-82; 10, 1-3 1s, 514 transmission lines, 11, 13–16 effect on ground+lutt.er fluctuation, motional joints, miscellaneous, 9, 1S, 547, 551-553, 582-584 433445 geostmphic, 1S, 213 160 RADIATION LABORA TORY SERIES

Wind, loade on reflectma, 26, 33-38 Wine, hook-up, resistance, ta edventa, resistance effects, 12, 450, 453; !26, 166, 17, 11 227, 232, 233 etranded conductor, 17, 3–4 speed, and superrefraction, 13, 375 temperature rice, 17, 12 variation, along trajectory, 1S, 251 voltage drop, 17, 13 Winding, Ayrton-Perry, inductance of, voltage rating, 17, 13–14 17, 86 magnet, 17, 150-151 pie, 22, 320 resistance (see Reactance wire) table for paper-ineulated layer wind- stranded, 17, 2-4 inge, 17, 160-161 tinned copper, 17, 2–4 Window (chaff), 1, 81; 18, 550; 2* 124 Wollaston, 11, 157; 12, 559, 603; 16, Windows, waveguide, 6, 487, 682 18-19 eapacitative, 12, 230 Wired eonde, 18, 269, 283, 284, 329, 348 analysie, 10, 146, 153 ground unit, 13, 266 asymmetrical, 10, 140 housing, 18, 285 glaas, low-Q, leakage energy char- WKB approximation, 1S, 72 acteristic, 14, 233 Worm gearing, 27, 9 inductive, 12, 230 differential, 27, 9, 11 irii, 6, 203 Wropekian, 18,58, 69, 79, 94 mica, 6, 489, 684 Wurzburg range unit, 20, 163 preccurizing, 9, 218-227 WWV, radio station, 11, 344, 353 reeonant, 12, 231; 14, 102, 123 Wire, CopperWeld, 17,20 x hook-up, 17, 1-13 ab”raeion resistance, 17, I&ll X-bridge, 11, 123–127 conductor, 17, 2-4 X-pandotite cement, 9, 133 current-carrying capacity, 17, 12-13 Y diameter, over-all, 17, 8-9 tamability, 17, 11 Yaw stabilization, 1, 311 insulation, primary, 17, 5-7 Yehudi, 9, 277 resistance, 17, 14-15 Y-junction (ace Junction) JAN-type designation, 17,2 outer covering, 17, 7–9 z reeietance, to abrasion, 17, 10-11 to fungus, 17, 11 ~ (z,II), function, 8, 259 to high temperatu~ 17, 9-10 Zero position (computer), 27,6, 22 to low temperatures, 17, 10 Zero-range trigger for modulator, 20,95 to moisture, 17, 11–12 Zeroing of synchrm, 17, 331-336