DOCSLIB.ORG

Corrosion of Titanium Implants and Connected Prosthetic Alloys Using Lactic Acid Immersion Test

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corrosion of Titanium Implants and Connected Prosthetic Alloys Using Lactic Acid Immersion Test Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy Research Article Open Access Corrosion of titanium implants and connected prosthetic alloys using lactic acid immersion test Abstract Volume 11 Issue 3 - 2020 Background/purpose: Combination of dental titanium implants with other Wilhelm Niedermeier,1 Katrin Huesker2 prosthetic metallic components may lead to metal ion release that increases 1Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School for Dental and the risk of adverse reactions in patients. The present study therefore aimed to Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany determine in vitro metal ion dissolution from different alloy combinations. 2Department of Immuno-Toxicology, Institute for Medical Materials and methods: Dental alloys were subjected to a lactic acid immersion Diagnostics (IMD), Germany test together with titanium implants and matched with controls. Between day Correspondence: Wilhelm Niedermeier, School for Dental 1 and 38, open direct current potentials (DCP) between the samples and the and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. electrolyte were recorded and metal dissociation inside the electrolyte was 32, D-50931 Cologne, Germany, Tel +4922147896746, Fax assessed using ICP-MS. +4922147896756, Email Results: Absolute DCPs of the different alloys increased significantly (p<0.001) Received: June 06, 2020 | Published: June 23, 2020 from 100-150mV to 490-580 mV within the first two weeks of immersion, dropping to about 450mV later on largely independent of the material. Titanium showed highest dissociation rates (2.00-12.06µg/cm2 per day; p=0.0002); all other components demonstrated poor corrosive dissolution (<0.6µg/cm2 per day). After immersion of 38 days, titanium still yielded high dissociation (0.64-1.38µg/ cm2 per day) for all test groups. Presence of fine gold inside the electrolyte significantly increased dissociation of titanium (p=0.027). Dissociation of iron indicated contamination from tool components used for implant production. Optical examination of non-precious metal surfaces showed no corrosive discoloration after 5 or 26 weeks of lactic acid immersion. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, there is no objection against the use of non-precious alloys for the fabrication of components and prostheses supported on titanium implants if gold is not present inside the same electrolyte. Keywords: corrosion, oral galvanism, dental alloys, titanium, lactic acid immersion, ICP-MS Abbreviations: DCP, direct current potentials; MEA, multi- Biologic incompatibility against metallic substances does not element-analysis appear before single metallic components are dissociated to ions which react with proteins in order to cause an allergic reaction, if a specific Introduction allergic predisposition exists in an individual.3,4This can be one of 5 1 the reasons for denture incompatibility and associated symptoms. Osseointegrated implants are a benefit for reconstructive dentistry. Besides, electric fields generated by DC potentials (DCPs) of different Among all materials used for the fabrication of dental implants, metals or alloys can lead to cell reactions inside the oral cavity like titanium is still first choice because of its stability, easy processing and apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation and leukoplakia.6−9 biological acceptance. Nevertheless, titanium is a metal and therefore, it is prone to corrosion and possible biologic incompatibility, On the other hand, abutments and dentures supported on dental particularly in the case of combination with other metals or alloys. implants must have considerable stability in order to tolerate The risk of dissociation of metallic structures increases with the masticatory forces. Specially in cases of implant supported free- number of different metals and the difference of their electrochemical end prostheses, high flexural fatigue strength must be provided that potential. Thereby, the position inside the electrochemical series is not sufficiently ensured utilising gracile non-metallic or titanium of metals indicatesthe corrosive properties of the single elements. abutments and denture components.10 Also, surface properties of Among the commonly used components of dental alloys, corrosive titanium favour accumulation of biofilms compared to other non- potentials of non-precious metals like chromium (-0.74V), titanium precious dental alloys.11 In addition, it can no longer remain unheeded (-0.34V), cobalt (-0.28V) and molybdenum (-0.20V) significantly that pure titanium as well as its alloys show a rather high rate of differ from gold (between +1.4 and +1.69V, according to its oxidation corrosion which can harm the surrounding peri-implant tissues and state). Considering this, there must be a smaller affinity to dissolution lead to systemic problems.12,13 among non-precious metals themselves when they are combined Since implant supported full titanium dentures revealed diverse in electrolyte solution. On the other hand, gold with its high redox material faults, this study aimed to clarify the risk of corrosion potential is able to interfere with non-precious metals in order to resulting from a combined use of titanium implants and different generate corrosive processes at their surfaces.2 dental alloys with the help of in vitro tests. Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2020;11(3):86‒92. 86 ©2020 Niedermeier et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Corrosion of titanium implants and connected prosthetic alloys using lactic acid immersion test ©2020 Niedermeier et al. 87 Materials and methods abutment connection screws were out of titanium grade 4 (ISO 5832- 2, Klein SA, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland).10 Test groups Fine gold samples (Au 999.9, Degussa, Hanau, Germany) Each 5 dental implants assembled with the itemized abutment with a size of 16 x 14 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm were ground systems were objected to 4 test groups: superficially using metal-free diamond paper with a roughness of 800 ® Ti-Ti Titanium abutment (SiM 24° angulated titanium base and (Telum K 800, Karl Sommer, Loebau, Germany) to achieve equal SiM 5 cone 00307144) connected with titanium fixture using a surface quality. titanium screw (PS 22). Corrosion assay set-up Ti-Ti& Au Titanium abutment (SiM 24° angulated titanium base In order to mimic the clinical situation and to standardise the and SiM 5 cone 00307144) connected with titanium fixture using a parameters in vitro, the lactic acid immersion test according to DIN titanium screw (PS 22) and separate fine gold sample. EN ISO 1027114 was applied as the best available testto investigate Ti-CCM Titanium abutment (SiM 24° angulated titanium base corrosive properties of the different metallic components; this test is and SiM 5 cone 00307144 out of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum generally regarded the relevant standard to studyin-vitro corrosionof 13,14 alloy=CCM) connected with titanium fixture using a titanium screw metallic materials in dentistry. (PS 22). To achieve a clean and metal-free test environment, all samples, Ti-CCM & Au Titanium abutment (SiM 24° angulated titanium glass tanks, silicone hose pipes and plastic tweezers used in the base and SiM 5 cone 00307144 out of CCM alloy) connected with experimental set-up were separately cleaned up using ultrasonic bath titanium fixture using a titanium screw (PS 22)and separate fine gold and a neutral cleansing agent, and were rinsed with pure water (aqua sample. bidest.: Braun, Melsungen, Germany) for 5x3min. Metals and alloys The fixtures were placed inside a silicone hose pipe covering the entire osseointegration surface up to -0.5 mm marginal height All fixtures had a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 12 mm and were sealed with silicone glue at the apical end (Figure 1). This (BredentblueSKY®, bSKY4012: Bredent, Ulm, Germany) and were procedure should imitate an end osseous implant bed during electro- fabricated out of titanium grade 4 (ISO 5832-2, Klein SA, Biel/ chemical processes. A preliminary test showed that this “pseudo- Bienne, Switzerland). Two-piece angulated abutments were out of osseo integrated surface” emitted only a part of about 15-20% of titanium grade 4 (ISO 5832-2, Klein SA, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland). corrosion products compared to the non-covered surface. This effect CCM-SiM 5 cones were specially fabricated for this study as a copy of was factored accordingly in calculating the corrosive surface of the the serial titanium part SiM 5 cone, and were made out of CCM alloy samples (Table 1). (Co-Cr28-Mo, MicroMelt®, Klein SA, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland). All Table 1 Sample surfaces inclusive pseudo-osseointegrated areas as well as ratio between electrolyte volume and sample surface; abbreviations see in “materials and methods, ff: test groups” Surface (mm2) of samples inclusive “osseointegrated” Test series Electrolyte volume/sample surface (ml/mm2) areas x 0.175 Ti CCM Au Ti CCM Au Ti-Ti 210.8 0.237 Ti-Ti& Au 210.8 478 0.237 0.105 Ti-CCM 96.6 114.2 0.518 0.438 Ti-CCM&Au 96.6 114.2 478 0.518 0.438 0.105 All samples were placed in an electrolyte solution (volume 50ml) consisting 0.9% NaCl (Isotonic saline 0.9%: Braun, Melsungen, Germany) and 0.1 mol/l lactic acid ((S)-Lactic acid: Caelo, Hilden, Germany) resulting in pH 5.2 (SevenGo Duo®: Mettler-Toledo, Gießen, Germany). Samples were always placed in the electrolyte without laminar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Repoussé Work for Amateurs
    rf Bi oN? ^ ^ iTION av op OCT i 3 f943 2 MAY 8 1933 DEC 3 1938 MAY 6 id i 28 dec j o m? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/repoussworkforamOOhasl GROUP OF LEAVES. Repousse Work for Amateurs. : REPOUSSE WORK FOR AMATEURS: BEING THE ART OF ORNAMENTING THIN METAL WITH RAISED FIGURES. tfjLd*- 6 By L. L. HASLOPE. ILLUSTRATED. LONDON L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W.C, 1887. PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, LONDON. 3W PREFACE. " JjJjtfN these days, when of making books there is no end," ^*^ and every description of work, whether professional or amateur, has a literature of its own, it is strange that scarcely anything should have been written on the fascinating arts of Chasing and Repousse Work. It is true that a few articles have appeared in various periodicals on the subject, but with scarcely an exception they treated only of Working on Wood, and the directions given were generally crude and imperfect. This is the more surprising when we consider how fashionable Repousse Work has become of late years, both here and in America; indeed, in the latter country, "Do you pound brass ? " is said to be a very common question. I have written the following pages in the hope that they might, in some measure, supply a want, and prove of service to my brother amateurs. It has been hinted to me that some of my chapters are rather "advanced;" in other words, that I have gone farther than amateurs are likely to follow me.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Titanium in Dentistry
    Cells and Materials Volume 5 Number 2 Article 9 1995 The Use of Titanium in Dentistry Toru Okabe Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas Hakon Hero Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cellsandmaterials Part of the Dentistry Commons Recommended Citation Okabe, Toru and Hero, Hakon (1995) "The Use of Titanium in Dentistry," Cells and Materials: Vol. 5 : No. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cellsandmaterials/vol5/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cells and Materials by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cells and Materials, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1995 (Pages 211-230) 1051-6794/95$5 0 00 + 0 25 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA THE USE OF TITANIUM IN DENTISTRY Toru Okabe• and HAkon Hem1 Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA 1Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Haslum, Norway (Received for publication August 8, 1994 and in revised form September 6, 1995) Abstract Introduction The aerospace, energy, and chemical industries have Compared to the metals and alloys commonly used benefitted from favorable applications of titanium and for many years for various industrial applications, tita­ titanium alloys since the 1950's. Only about 15 years nium is a rather "new" metal. Before the success of the ago, researchers began investigating titanium as a mate­ Kroll process in 1938, no commercially feasible way to rial with the potential for various uses in the dental field, produce pure titanium had been found.
    [Show full text]
  • Metals and Metal Products Tariff Schedules of the United States
    251 SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS 252 Part 1 - Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Schedule 6 headnotes: Materials 1, This schedule does not cover — Part 2 Metals, Their Alloys, and Their Basic Shapes and Forms (II chemical elements (except thorium and uranium) and isotopes which are usefully radioactive (see A. Precious Metals part I3B of schedule 4); B. Iron or Steel (II) the alkali metals. I.e., cesium, lithium, potas­ C. Copper sium, rubidium, and sodium (see part 2A of sched­ D. Aluminum ule 4); or E. Nickel (lii) certain articles and parts thereof, of metal, F. Tin provided for in schedule 7 and elsewhere. G. Lead 2. For the purposes of the tariff schedules, unless the H. Zinc context requires otherwise — J. Beryllium, Columbium, Germanium, Hafnium, (a) the term "precious metal" embraces gold, silver, Indium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rhenium, platinum and other metals of the platinum group (iridium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium), and precious- and Zirconium metaI a Iloys; K, Other Base Metals (b) the term "base metal" embraces aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, Part 3 Metal Products hafnium, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, A. Metallic Containers molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, the rare-earth metals (Including B. Wire Cordage; Wire Screen, Netting and scandium and yttrium), selenium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, Fencing; Bale Ties tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, urani­ C. Metal Leaf and FoU; Metallics um, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium, and base-metal alloys; D, Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners; (c) the term "meta I" embraces precious metals, base Locks, Builders' Hardware; Furniture, metals, and their alloys; and Luggage, and Saddlery Hardware (d) in determining which of two or more equally specific provisions for articles "of iron or steel", "of copper", E.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Property and Biocompatibility of Silver, Copper, and Zinc in Titanium Dioxide Layers Incorporated by One-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation: a Review
    antibiotics Review Antibacterial Property and Biocompatibility of Silver, Copper, and Zinc in Titanium Dioxide Layers Incorporated by One-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation: A Review Masaya Shimabukuro Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-642-6346 Received: 3 October 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are commonly used in medical devices. However, biomaterial-associated infections such as peri-implantitis and prosthetic joint infections are devastating and threatening complications for patients, dentists, and orthopedists and are easily developed on titanium surfaces. Therefore, this review focuses on the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces, which is the main cause of infections, and one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO) as a coating technology that can be expected to prevent infections due to the implant. Many researchers have provided sufficient data to prove the efficacy of MAO for preventing the initial stages of biofilm formation on implant surfaces. Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are well used and are incorporated into the Ti surface by MAO. In this review, the antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, and durability of these elements on the Ti surface incorporated by one-step MAO will be summarized. This review is aimed at enhancing the importance of the quantitative control of Ag, Cu, and Zn for their use in implant surfaces and the significance of the biodegradation behavior of these elements for the development of antibacterial properties. Keywords: titanium; biofilm; infection; micro-arc oxidation; silver; copper; zinc; antibacterial properties; coating; implant 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Alloy Data Sheet
    M Titanium Alloy Data Sheet Description Titanium equipment is often used in severe corrosive environments encountered in the chemical processing industries. Titanium has been considered an exotic “wonder metal” by many. This was particularly true in reference to castings. However, increasing demands and rapidly advancing technology have permitted titanium castings to be commercially available at an economical cost. The combination of its cost, strength, corrosion resistance, and service life in very demanding corrosive environments suggest its selection in applications where titanium castings have never been considered in the past. Specifications Flowserve’s commercially pure titanium (C.P.-Ti) castings conform to ASTM Specification B367, Grade C-3. Flowserve’s palladium stabilized titanium (Ti-Pd) castings conform to Grade Ti-Pd 8A. Composition C.P.-Ti (C-3) Ti-Pd (8A) Element Percent Percent Nitrogen 0.05 max. 0.05 max. Carbon 0.10 max. 0.10 max. Hydrogen 0.015 max. 0.015 max. Iron 0.25 max. 0.25 max. Oxygen 0.40 max. 0.40 max. Titanium Remainder Remainder Palladium –– 0.12 min. Minimum C.P.-Ti (C-3) & Mechanical Ti-Pd (8A) and Physical Tensile Strength, psi 65,000 Properties MPa 448 Yield Strength, psi 55,000 MPa 379 Elongation, % in 1" (25 mm), min. 12 Brinell Hardness, 3000 kg, max. 235 Modulus of Elasticity, psi 15.5 x 106 MPa 107,000 Coefficient of Expansion, in/in/°F@ 68-800°F 5.5 x 10-6 m/m/°C @ 20-427°C 9.9 x 10-6 Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr/ft/ft2/°F @ 400° 9.8 WATTS/METER-KELVIN @ 204°C 17 Density lb/cu in 0.136 kg/m3 3760 Melting Point, °F (approx.) 3035 °C 1668 Titanium Alloy Data Sheet (continued) Corrosion The outstanding mechanical and physical properties of titanium, combined with its Resistance unexpected corrosion resistance in many environments, makes it an excellent choice for particularly aggressive environments like wet chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, chlorinated brines, chloride salt solutions, nitric acid, chromic acid, and hydrobromic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Invictus Catalog Lowres.Pdf
    At Invictus Body Jewelry we believe that professional piercers and body modifi cation artists desire high quality, implant grade jewelry at a reasonable price. To accomplish this, we designed and developed Invictus Body Jewelry to supply implant grade titanium jewelry to professional piercers all over the world. Invictus Body Jewelry is manufactured out of Ti 6Al-4V ELI ASTM F-136 implant grade titanium. All of our jewelry is internally threaded and adheres to industry standard thread patterns. At Invictus Body Jewelry we strive to provide the professional piercer with safe, customizable, and affordable implant grade jewelry. 2 www.invictusbodyjewelry.com Invictus Body Jewelry is manufactured only using implant grade materials - Ti 6Al-4V ELI ASTM-F136. All Invictus Body Jewelry products are internally threaded for professional piercers and their clients. Invictus Body Jewelry uses industry standard thread patterns. We use M1.2 threading on our 14ga and M0.9 threading on our 16ga & 18ga. We believe in providing quality piercing products at reasonable prices to our customers. We fulfi ll orders within 24 to 48 hours from being entered into the system. Invictus Body Jewelry is only available to wholesale customers. Only piercing shops and retailers may purchase our products, not the general public. 203.803.1129 3 HORSESHOES & CURVES TIHI (Internally Threaded Titanium Horseshoes) TICI (Internally Threaded Titanium Curves) CodeSizeDiameter Ends Code Size Diameter Ends TIHI601 16g 1/4” 3mm TIHI411 14g 5/16” 4mm TIHI611 16g 5/16” 3mm TIHI421
    [Show full text]
  • Stainless Steel Activator for Gold
    CASWELL 7696 Route 31, Lyons NY 14489 Voice - (315) 946-1213 Fax - (315) 946-4456 Www.caswellplating.com [email protected] STAINLESS STEEL ACTIVATOR FOR GOLD 1. Fill a one quart or 1000 ml beaker nearly full with Activator-SS. 2. Check solution temperature to assure it is between 80-100 degrees Fahrenheit. 3. Check connections from power supply to anode and work to be sure the negative (-) and positive (+) wires are connected properly. • The work should be charged negative (-), and the anode positive (+). • Use a Stainless Steel Anode 4. Turn rectifier on. 5. Activate at 6-8 volts for 45-60 seconds depending on size of part. Part should be completely clean prior to further plating. 6. Larger parts require slightly higher voltage, while smaller parts require lower voltage. If part shows any burning such as dark or gray deposits around the edges, you are burning the part and must lower the voltage. If part is not cleaning after two minutes, voltage is too low, therefore, increase voltage slightly. 7. After Activating, rinse part thoroughly in water and continue the plating process with Fastgold brush plating or Caswell Tank Plating Gold at 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Plate 15- 30 seconds longer than normal. 8. If you are not going to continue the plating process immediately, then dry the part thoroughly. When you continue the plating process, re-activate the part in Activator~SS to assure better adhesion. 9. Change solution when Activator-55 becomes inactive, reaches a pH higher than 2, or noticeably dirty. Discard &: Replace: Activator-SSTM is a rugged solution and is designed to help assure long life.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold - Silver Ratio Investors’ Perspective
    Gold - Silver Ratio Investors’ Perspective Gold and Silver Prices Jan 2000 - Aug 2011 50 y = 3.2481e0.0016x Here’s a fresh, 45 R² = 0.92 in depth look at the 40 important gold-silver ratio indicator with tell-all charts 35 y = 0.0209x - 2.0747 and ideas to help you inter- 30 R² = 0.8949 pret the ratio and trade the pair. Keep in mind that the 25 y = 13.138ln(x) - 71.585 By: Przemyslaw Radomski - Chief Investment - Chief Radomski Investment By: Przemyslaw Autor Stall - Contibuting Mike and Strategist Profits Sunshine Investments Silver & Effective Gold for Tools majority of investors lose, R² = 0.7914 and that successfully playing Silver ($/oz) 20 the game in the markets is about doing 15 things that the majority does not. In order to outsmart the majority, we need to look 10 at the gold silver ratio in a unique way. 5 The gold-silver ratio is one of the first indi- 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 cators traders look at to comprehend the state of the precious metals market. In- Gold ($/oz) deed, it has been out of favor among mod- Chart 1: Gold and Silver Prices ern investors who believe that a simple sinusoidal (smooth repetitive oscillation) instead of standard gold/silver and time started in 2000) is best represented by a movement does not often work. axis does not give you a clear idea about linear trend line, so the trend line is rising the ratio extremities, but it shows a clear and the slope is constant.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Casting Or the Lost Wax Process
    Investment Casting or The Lost Wax Process Apecs Investment Castings was founded in 1963 and is now situated in the Melbourne suburb of Burwood where we have been since we outgrew our Canterbury factory in August 1987. The company name (APECS), stands for Anthony Philip Eccles Casting Service. Investment is a type of plaster that we use in our process of reproducing multiple copies of an original master pattern which is usually supplied to us by our customers. This is a classic 18ct yellow gold emerald and diamond ring taken from the Apecs catalogue. The next series of photos will show the steps involved in producing multiple copies of this ring. An original master pattern is designed and fabricated by our customers and supplied to us to reproduce in the quantities and metals of their choice. It is important to ensure that the master is made as accurately as possible and to pay particular attention to the finish of the master pattern. The better the quality of the master pattern the better the casting result. The finished master pattern ready for the caster. A picture of the master pattern is drawn and a mould number is allocated for identification. When the customer wants to reorder he quotes the mould number for the pattern he wants. A sprue is soldered onto the pattern. This sprue enables the pattern to be easily located in the mould and will provide the path for the wax to be injected into the rubber mould. To make a mould the master pattern is placed between sheets of uncured vulcanising rubber.
    [Show full text]
  • The Precious Metal Account Timeless Investments – Securely Managed
    The Precious Metal Account Timeless Investments – Securely Managed Everything You Need to Know about Your Benefits the Precious Metal Account • You benefit from a clear investment in account form This solution provides a simple form of investment for book- • It is possible to convert your credit into physical precious entry balances in precious metal accounts and is managed metal at any time in the currency of the relevant precious metal (gold, silver, platinum, or palladium) in ounces.1 The precious metal Potential Risks account is attractive for investors with frequent trading activity • Precious metals are subject to currency and price fluctua- (purchase/sale of precious metals). tions and are therefore only suitable for investors who are able and willing to take on a certain amount of risk The key points at a glance: • In contrast to custody in a safekeeping account, credit in • Ability to transfer balances in precious metal accounts, both the precious metal account would be classed as bankruptcy within Credit Suisse and to other banks estate in the event of bankruptcy • Balances in precious metal accounts are managed in book form, in contrast to investments in safekeeping accounts Conditions • Credit can be converted into physical precious metal at any time, subject to a charge Currency Gold (XAU), silver (XAG), platinum (XPT), palladium (XPD) Your Needs Charges2 0.80% (all metals) p.a. • You want to diversify your portfolio Min. CHF 100 p.a. • You want an overview of your balances in precious metal Conversion into or Charges vary depending on the weight and accounts at all times delivery as physical the service required.
    [Show full text]
  • THE USE of MIXED MEDIA in the PRODUCTION of METAL ART by Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals)
    THE USE OF MIXED MEDIA IN THE PRODUCTION OF METAL ART By Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals) A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS (ART EDUCATION) Faculty of Art, College of Art and Social Sciences March 2011 © 2011, Department of General Art Studies DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work toward the M.A Art Education degree and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published by another person or material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Student’s name & ID Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Supervisor’s Name Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Head of Department’s Name Signature Date ii ABSTRACT The focus of this study was to explore and incorporate various artistic and non artistic media into the production of metal art. The researcher was particularly interested in integrating more non metallic materials that are not traditional to the production of metal art in the decoration, finishing and the protective coating of metal art works. Basic hand forming techniques including raising, chasing and repoussé, piercing and soldering were employed in the execution of the works. Other techniques such as painting, dyeing and macramé were also used. Non metallic media that were used in the production of the works included leather, nail polish, acrylic paint, epoxy, formica glue, graphite, eye pencil, lagging, foam, wood, shoe polish, shoe lace, eggshell paper, spray paint, cotton cords and correction fluid.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Or Gold: the Color of Brass Instruments in the Late Middle Ages
    1 Silver or Gold: The Color of Brass Instruments in the Late Middle Ages Timothy J. McGee The purpose of this article is to lay out some details I have gathered about brass instruments during the late Middle Ages as a way of requesting assistance from the readers of this jour- nal. As will become immediately evident, I am using the word "brass" in its meaning as a synonym for "cup-mouthpiece instruments," because my question has to do with the actual material the instruments were made of. In the process of researching the activities of the civic musicians of Florence during the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, I have encountered considerable confusion about the material used for trumpets and trombones, and about the symbolism intended by the use of particular metals. Here is what I have found. The earliest reference to the employment of civic musicians in Florence is from gov- ernment documents of 8 February 1292' naming six trumpet players (tubatores) along with a player of the cenamella (probably a double reed) and another who played cimballella (undoubtedly the cymbals). The civic ensemble, known as the trombadori, was part of the ceremonial presence of Florence, participating in all official functions such as the frequent processions welcoming distinguished foreign visitors to the city, civic celebrations in honor of saints' days, or assemblies in which the governing executive appeared in public. The trombadori also accompanied the military in the field, and acted as representatives of the city of Florence by participating in celebrations in other cities. The earliest reference is as follows: ..
    [Show full text]