Palladium Devices for the Activation of Anti-Cancer Prodrugs Mohammad

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Palladium Devices for the Activation of Anti-Cancer Prodrugs Mohammad Design and Manufacture of Functional Titanium- Palladium Devices for the Activation of Anti-cancer Prodrugs by Mohammad N. Alqahtani Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering Loughborough University Supervised by: Dr. Carmen Torres-Sánchez Prof. Paul Conway A Doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy March 2019 ©M.N.Alqahtani, 2019 Abstract National health organisations and authorities have reported an increment in death cases due to cancer. To overcome this issue and improve the survival rate, it is needed to find new clinical methods, early diagnoses techniques and treatments. Radiation and chemotherapy have been used for years to treat cancer. However, these types of treatments have serious side effects such as hair loosing, the mortality of healthy cells and other organs. A new treatment based on prodrugs therapy is in development with the intention to reduce these side effects or to replace the harmful treatments completely. Prodrug treatments need an activation agent, i.e. a catalyst, to convert the prodrug delivered to the cancerous cells to an active drug in-situ. Metals such as palladium can be used as a catalyst to activate the prodrug in targeted cancer cells. In this PhD study, the research was divided into two major aspects. The first aspect was to design and manufacture a catalyst carrier with specific properties and specifications such as biocompatibility of the materials used as the carrier, suitable mechanical properties to withstand physiological loads and conditions, and cost efficiency of the production. Two different manufacturing methods were used, Powder Metallurgy technique and Arc Melting technique, to achieve the optimal fabrication method. The carriers were characterised via XRD, SEM, EDS, DSC methods and mechanical tests to ensure the carrier meets the requirements. In the second stage, the carriers were coated with Palladium in its metallic state (i.e. Pd0). The coating was required to meet the requirements of being unalloyed, pure and free of any contamination, and its deposition cost and time effective. Four coating methods were employed. Powder Metallurgy technique and sintering (with and without space holder), Magnetron Sputtering, Pulsed Laser Deposition and Supersonic Beam Cluster Deposition methods were used to apply Palladium coating onto the carriers. The coating was characterised by XPS, XRD, FIB, XRF, SEM, EDS, biochemical and in-situ biological tests. The results obtained confirmed that the devices achieve high biocompatibility of the materials, and an excellent superelasticity can withstand the loads inside the human body. Also, the Magnetron sputtering methods as a coating method demonstrated it is the most effective for achieving a uniform and long-lasting deposited layer. The devices were able to activate a clinically approved prodrug. I Acknowledgement First, I thank Almighty Allah for being with me in this research and giving me all the power and ability to complete it. I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisors, Dr. Carmen Torres- Sánchez and Prof. Paul Conway, for the support and help during the research time. It was really a pleasure working with them on this research. I would like to thank them for the useful information related to this research and their patience to understand my needs. My special thanks to all my family members, especially my mother Mrs. Fatemah Alqasemi, who supported me during my studies and helped me a lot to complete this research successfully. Thank you for my kids Nasser and Jana for understanding the pressure and the hard work done in this research and try to help me to feel relieved. Thank you for my brothers and sisters for encouraging me to do my PhD degree and complete this research. In addition, I would like to thank Loughborough Material Characterization Centre (LMCC) for their continuous and unlimited support. Especially, Dr. Keith Yandall, Dr. David Grandy, Sam Davis and others for their help and advises. Finally, I would like to thank the Saudi Arabia government, represented by Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, for the scholarship and the financial support for this research. In addition, thank you for the Saudi Cultural Bureau in London for their support and supervision during my studies in the UK. II List of Publications • Mohammad N. Alqahtani: “The Adhesion of Palladium Coating on Titanium Substrates used for Medical Applications’’, International Conference on Biomaterials 2018, 16th -18th August 2018, London, United Kingdom. • Carmen Torres-Sánchez, Ana M. Perez-Lopez, Mohammad N. Alqahtani, Asier Uncit-Broceta, Belen Rubio-Ruiz: “Design and manufacture of functional catalyst-carrier structures for the bioorthogonal activation of anticancer agents”, New J. Chem., 2019, 43,1449, accepted 10th December 2018. III Abbreviations and symbols 3DP Additive manufacturing GPa Gigapascal DED Directed energy deposition °C Celsius degree CAD Computer-aided drawing kN Kilonewton PBF Powder bed fusion mm millimetre MIM Metal injection moulding nm nanometre PM Powder metallurgy technique N Newton SP Magnetron sputtering Pd0 Palladium in its unalloyed state deposition PLD Pulsed laser deposition Ti Titanium SCBD Supersonic cluster beam Sn Tin deposition S Sintered wafers Nb Niobium Sx Sintered samples with space Ta Tantalum holder Sc Sintered samples with carrier NaCl Sodium chloride EDS Energy dispersive x-ray As Austenite start temperature spectrometry SEM Scanning electron microscope Af Austenite finish temperature XPS X-ray photoelectron Ms Martensitic start spectroscopy transformation temperature DSC Differential scanning Mf Martensitic finish temperature calorimetry XRD X-ray diffraction hcp Hexagonal closed pack PLD Pulsed laser deposition bcc Body centred cubic XRF X-ray fluorescence α Alpha phase FIB Focused ion beam β Beta phase θ Is the angle of both incidence CIP Cold isostatic pressing and reflection λ Wavelength of the illuminating %wt Percent in weight x-rays SD Standard deviation BH Before heat treatment π Pie = 3.14 AH After heat treatment ρ Density M Mass F Force A Area V Volume r Radius D Diameter h Height mbar Millibar pressure unit IV Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... II List of Publications .................................................................................................................................. III Abbreviations and symbols ................................................................................................................. IV Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ V Table of figures ......................................................................................................................................... IX List of tables ............................................................................................................................................. XII 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Suitable Carrier ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Metallic Implants .................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Titanium and Titanium alloys ........................................................................... 4 1.3 Bioorthogonal Chemistry ............................................................................................ 5 1.4 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Contribution to Knowledge ........................................................................................ 6 1.6 Novelty Statement .......................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Research scope ................................................................................................................ 7 1.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.9 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 9 2 Literature Review.......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Titanium ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 History of Titanium ............................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Material structure of Titanium ......................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Repoussé Work for Amateurs
    rf Bi oN? ^ ^ iTION av op OCT i 3 f943 2 MAY 8 1933 DEC 3 1938 MAY 6 id i 28 dec j o m? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Public Library http://www.archive.org/details/repoussworkforamOOhasl GROUP OF LEAVES. Repousse Work for Amateurs. : REPOUSSE WORK FOR AMATEURS: BEING THE ART OF ORNAMENTING THIN METAL WITH RAISED FIGURES. tfjLd*- 6 By L. L. HASLOPE. ILLUSTRATED. LONDON L. UPCOTT GILL, 170, STRAND, W.C, 1887. PRINTED BY A. BRADLEY, 170, STRAND, LONDON. 3W PREFACE. " JjJjtfN these days, when of making books there is no end," ^*^ and every description of work, whether professional or amateur, has a literature of its own, it is strange that scarcely anything should have been written on the fascinating arts of Chasing and Repousse Work. It is true that a few articles have appeared in various periodicals on the subject, but with scarcely an exception they treated only of Working on Wood, and the directions given were generally crude and imperfect. This is the more surprising when we consider how fashionable Repousse Work has become of late years, both here and in America; indeed, in the latter country, "Do you pound brass ? " is said to be a very common question. I have written the following pages in the hope that they might, in some measure, supply a want, and prove of service to my brother amateurs. It has been hinted to me that some of my chapters are rather "advanced;" in other words, that I have gone farther than amateurs are likely to follow me.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Titanium in Dentistry
    Cells and Materials Volume 5 Number 2 Article 9 1995 The Use of Titanium in Dentistry Toru Okabe Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas Hakon Hero Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cellsandmaterials Part of the Dentistry Commons Recommended Citation Okabe, Toru and Hero, Hakon (1995) "The Use of Titanium in Dentistry," Cells and Materials: Vol. 5 : No. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cellsandmaterials/vol5/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cells and Materials by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cells and Materials, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1995 (Pages 211-230) 1051-6794/95$5 0 00 + 0 25 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA THE USE OF TITANIUM IN DENTISTRY Toru Okabe• and HAkon Hem1 Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA 1Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Haslum, Norway (Received for publication August 8, 1994 and in revised form September 6, 1995) Abstract Introduction The aerospace, energy, and chemical industries have Compared to the metals and alloys commonly used benefitted from favorable applications of titanium and for many years for various industrial applications, tita­ titanium alloys since the 1950's. Only about 15 years nium is a rather "new" metal. Before the success of the ago, researchers began investigating titanium as a mate­ Kroll process in 1938, no commercially feasible way to rial with the potential for various uses in the dental field, produce pure titanium had been found.
    [Show full text]
  • Metals and Metal Products Tariff Schedules of the United States
    251 SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS 252 Part 1 - Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Schedule 6 headnotes: Materials 1, This schedule does not cover — Part 2 Metals, Their Alloys, and Their Basic Shapes and Forms (II chemical elements (except thorium and uranium) and isotopes which are usefully radioactive (see A. Precious Metals part I3B of schedule 4); B. Iron or Steel (II) the alkali metals. I.e., cesium, lithium, potas­ C. Copper sium, rubidium, and sodium (see part 2A of sched­ D. Aluminum ule 4); or E. Nickel (lii) certain articles and parts thereof, of metal, F. Tin provided for in schedule 7 and elsewhere. G. Lead 2. For the purposes of the tariff schedules, unless the H. Zinc context requires otherwise — J. Beryllium, Columbium, Germanium, Hafnium, (a) the term "precious metal" embraces gold, silver, Indium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rhenium, platinum and other metals of the platinum group (iridium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium), and precious- and Zirconium metaI a Iloys; K, Other Base Metals (b) the term "base metal" embraces aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, Part 3 Metal Products hafnium, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, A. Metallic Containers molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, the rare-earth metals (Including B. Wire Cordage; Wire Screen, Netting and scandium and yttrium), selenium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, Fencing; Bale Ties tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, urani­ C. Metal Leaf and FoU; Metallics um, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium, and base-metal alloys; D, Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners; (c) the term "meta I" embraces precious metals, base Locks, Builders' Hardware; Furniture, metals, and their alloys; and Luggage, and Saddlery Hardware (d) in determining which of two or more equally specific provisions for articles "of iron or steel", "of copper", E.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Property and Biocompatibility of Silver, Copper, and Zinc in Titanium Dioxide Layers Incorporated by One-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation: a Review
    antibiotics Review Antibacterial Property and Biocompatibility of Silver, Copper, and Zinc in Titanium Dioxide Layers Incorporated by One-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation: A Review Masaya Shimabukuro Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-642-6346 Received: 3 October 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are commonly used in medical devices. However, biomaterial-associated infections such as peri-implantitis and prosthetic joint infections are devastating and threatening complications for patients, dentists, and orthopedists and are easily developed on titanium surfaces. Therefore, this review focuses on the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces, which is the main cause of infections, and one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO) as a coating technology that can be expected to prevent infections due to the implant. Many researchers have provided sufficient data to prove the efficacy of MAO for preventing the initial stages of biofilm formation on implant surfaces. Silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are well used and are incorporated into the Ti surface by MAO. In this review, the antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, and durability of these elements on the Ti surface incorporated by one-step MAO will be summarized. This review is aimed at enhancing the importance of the quantitative control of Ag, Cu, and Zn for their use in implant surfaces and the significance of the biodegradation behavior of these elements for the development of antibacterial properties. Keywords: titanium; biofilm; infection; micro-arc oxidation; silver; copper; zinc; antibacterial properties; coating; implant 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Alloy Data Sheet
    M Titanium Alloy Data Sheet Description Titanium equipment is often used in severe corrosive environments encountered in the chemical processing industries. Titanium has been considered an exotic “wonder metal” by many. This was particularly true in reference to castings. However, increasing demands and rapidly advancing technology have permitted titanium castings to be commercially available at an economical cost. The combination of its cost, strength, corrosion resistance, and service life in very demanding corrosive environments suggest its selection in applications where titanium castings have never been considered in the past. Specifications Flowserve’s commercially pure titanium (C.P.-Ti) castings conform to ASTM Specification B367, Grade C-3. Flowserve’s palladium stabilized titanium (Ti-Pd) castings conform to Grade Ti-Pd 8A. Composition C.P.-Ti (C-3) Ti-Pd (8A) Element Percent Percent Nitrogen 0.05 max. 0.05 max. Carbon 0.10 max. 0.10 max. Hydrogen 0.015 max. 0.015 max. Iron 0.25 max. 0.25 max. Oxygen 0.40 max. 0.40 max. Titanium Remainder Remainder Palladium –– 0.12 min. Minimum C.P.-Ti (C-3) & Mechanical Ti-Pd (8A) and Physical Tensile Strength, psi 65,000 Properties MPa 448 Yield Strength, psi 55,000 MPa 379 Elongation, % in 1" (25 mm), min. 12 Brinell Hardness, 3000 kg, max. 235 Modulus of Elasticity, psi 15.5 x 106 MPa 107,000 Coefficient of Expansion, in/in/°F@ 68-800°F 5.5 x 10-6 m/m/°C @ 20-427°C 9.9 x 10-6 Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr/ft/ft2/°F @ 400° 9.8 WATTS/METER-KELVIN @ 204°C 17 Density lb/cu in 0.136 kg/m3 3760 Melting Point, °F (approx.) 3035 °C 1668 Titanium Alloy Data Sheet (continued) Corrosion The outstanding mechanical and physical properties of titanium, combined with its Resistance unexpected corrosion resistance in many environments, makes it an excellent choice for particularly aggressive environments like wet chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sodium and calcium hypochlorite, chlorinated brines, chloride salt solutions, nitric acid, chromic acid, and hydrobromic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Invictus Catalog Lowres.Pdf
    At Invictus Body Jewelry we believe that professional piercers and body modifi cation artists desire high quality, implant grade jewelry at a reasonable price. To accomplish this, we designed and developed Invictus Body Jewelry to supply implant grade titanium jewelry to professional piercers all over the world. Invictus Body Jewelry is manufactured out of Ti 6Al-4V ELI ASTM F-136 implant grade titanium. All of our jewelry is internally threaded and adheres to industry standard thread patterns. At Invictus Body Jewelry we strive to provide the professional piercer with safe, customizable, and affordable implant grade jewelry. 2 www.invictusbodyjewelry.com Invictus Body Jewelry is manufactured only using implant grade materials - Ti 6Al-4V ELI ASTM-F136. All Invictus Body Jewelry products are internally threaded for professional piercers and their clients. Invictus Body Jewelry uses industry standard thread patterns. We use M1.2 threading on our 14ga and M0.9 threading on our 16ga & 18ga. We believe in providing quality piercing products at reasonable prices to our customers. We fulfi ll orders within 24 to 48 hours from being entered into the system. Invictus Body Jewelry is only available to wholesale customers. Only piercing shops and retailers may purchase our products, not the general public. 203.803.1129 3 HORSESHOES & CURVES TIHI (Internally Threaded Titanium Horseshoes) TICI (Internally Threaded Titanium Curves) CodeSizeDiameter Ends Code Size Diameter Ends TIHI601 16g 1/4” 3mm TIHI411 14g 5/16” 4mm TIHI611 16g 5/16” 3mm TIHI421
    [Show full text]
  • THE USE of MIXED MEDIA in the PRODUCTION of METAL ART by Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals)
    THE USE OF MIXED MEDIA IN THE PRODUCTION OF METAL ART By Mensah, Emmanuel (B.A. Industrial Art, Metals) A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS (ART EDUCATION) Faculty of Art, College of Art and Social Sciences March 2011 © 2011, Department of General Art Studies DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work toward the M.A Art Education degree and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published by another person or material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Student’s name & ID Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Supervisor’s Name Signature Date Certified by ……………………………….. ……………………………….. ………………………….. Head of Department’s Name Signature Date ii ABSTRACT The focus of this study was to explore and incorporate various artistic and non artistic media into the production of metal art. The researcher was particularly interested in integrating more non metallic materials that are not traditional to the production of metal art in the decoration, finishing and the protective coating of metal art works. Basic hand forming techniques including raising, chasing and repoussé, piercing and soldering were employed in the execution of the works. Other techniques such as painting, dyeing and macramé were also used. Non metallic media that were used in the production of the works included leather, nail polish, acrylic paint, epoxy, formica glue, graphite, eye pencil, lagging, foam, wood, shoe polish, shoe lace, eggshell paper, spray paint, cotton cords and correction fluid.
    [Show full text]
  • Raymond & Leigh Danielle Austin
    PRODUCT TRENDS, BUSINESS TIPS, NATIONAL TONGUE PIERCING DAY & INSTAGRAM FAVS Metal Mafia PIERCER SPOTLIGHT: RAYMOND & LEIGH DANIELLE AUSTIN of BODY JEWEL WITH 8 LOCATIONS ACROSS OHIO STATE Friday, August 14th is NATIONAL TONGUE PIERCING DAY! #nationaltonguepiercingday #nationalpiercingholidays #metalmafialove 14G Titanium Barbell W/ Semi Precious Stone Disc Internally Threaded Starting At $7.54 - TBRI14-CD Threadless Starting At $9.80 - TTBR14-CD 14G Titanium Barbell W/ Swarovski Gem Disc Internally Threaded Starting At $5.60 - TBRI14-GD Threadless Starting At $8.80 - TTBR14-GD @fallenangelokc @holepuncher213 Fallen Angel Tattoo & Body Piercing 14G Titanium Barbell W/ Dome Top 14G Titanium Barbell W/ Dome Top 14G ASTM F-67 Titanium Barbell Assortment Internally Threaded Starting At $5.46 - TBRI14-DM Internally Threaded Starting At $5.46 - TBRI14-DM Starting At $17.55 - ATBRE- Threadless Starting At $8.80 - TTBR14-DM Threadless Starting At $8.80 - TTBR14-DM 14G Threaded Barbell W Plain Balls 14G Steel Internally Threaded Barbell W Gem Balls Steel External Starting At $0.28 - SBRE14- 24 Piece Assortment Pack $58.00 - ASBRI145/85 Steel Internal Starting At $1.90 - SBRI14- @the.stabbing.russian Titanium Internal Starting At $5.40 - TBRI14- Read Street Tattoo Parlour ANODIZE ANY ASTM F-136 TITANIUM ITEM IN-HOUSE FOR JUST 30¢ EXTRA PER PIECE! Blue (BL) Bronze (BR) Blurple Dark Blue (DB) Dark Purple (DP) Golden (GO) Light Blue (LB) Light Purple (LP) Pink (PK) Purple (PR) Rosey Gold (RG) Yellow(YW) (Blue-Purple) (BP) 2 COPYRIGHT METAL MAFIA 2020 COPYRIGHT METAL MAFIA 2020 3 CONTENTS Septum Clickers 05 AUGUST METAL MAFIA One trend that's not leaving for sure is the septum piercing.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Mineral Concentrates1
    TITANIUM MINERAL CONCENTRATES1 (Data in thousand metric tons of TiO2 content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2020, one company was recovering ilmenite and rutile concentrates from its surface-mining operations near Nahunta, GA, and Starke, FL. A second company processed existing mineral sands mine tailings in Florida and South Carolina. Based on reported data through October 2020, the estimated value of titanium mineral and synthetic concentrates imported into the United States was $520 million. Abrasive sands, monazite, and zircon were coproducts of domestic mining operations. About 90% of titanium mineral concentrates were consumed by domestic titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigment producers. The remaining 10% was used in welding-rod coatings and for manufacturing carbides, chemicals, and titanium metal. Salient Statistics—United States: 2016 2017 2018 2019e 2020e Production2 100 100 100 100 100 Imports for consumption 1,020 1,170 1,100 1,160 780 Exports, all formse 5 6 32 8 19 Consumption, apparent3 1,100 1,300 1,200 1,300 900 Price, dollars per metric ton: 4 Rutile, bulk, minimum 95% TiO2, f.o.b. Australia 740 740 1,025 1,125 1,200 4 Ilmenite, bulk, minimum 54% TiO2, f.o.b. Australia 105 173 NA NA NA Ilmenite, import 142 172 219 186 210 5 Slag, 80%–95% TiO2 612–682 621–700 699–738 742–897 640–1,020 Employment, mine and mill, number 155 286 299 310 260 Net import reliance6 as a percentage of apparent consumption 91 92 91 92 88 Recycling: None. Import Sources (2016–19): South Africa, 39%; Australia, 20%; Madagascar, 10%; Mozambique, 9%; and other, 22%.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrosion of Titanium Implants and Connected Prosthetic Alloys Using Lactic Acid Immersion Test
    Journal of Dental Health, Oral Disorders & Therapy Research Article Open Access Corrosion of titanium implants and connected prosthetic alloys using lactic acid immersion test Abstract Volume 11 Issue 3 - 2020 Background/purpose: Combination of dental titanium implants with other Wilhelm Niedermeier,1 Katrin Huesker2 prosthetic metallic components may lead to metal ion release that increases 1Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School for Dental and the risk of adverse reactions in patients. The present study therefore aimed to Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany determine in vitro metal ion dissolution from different alloy combinations. 2Department of Immuno-Toxicology, Institute for Medical Materials and methods: Dental alloys were subjected to a lactic acid immersion Diagnostics (IMD), Germany test together with titanium implants and matched with controls. Between day Correspondence: Wilhelm Niedermeier, School for Dental 1 and 38, open direct current potentials (DCP) between the samples and the and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. electrolyte were recorded and metal dissociation inside the electrolyte was 32, D-50931 Cologne, Germany, Tel +4922147896746, Fax assessed using ICP-MS. +4922147896756, Email Results: Absolute DCPs of the different alloys increased significantly (p<0.001) Received: June 06, 2020 | Published: June 23, 2020 from 100-150mV to 490-580 mV within the first two weeks of immersion, dropping to about 450mV later on largely independent of the material. Titanium showed highest dissociation rates (2.00-12.06µg/cm2 per day; p=0.0002); all other components demonstrated poor corrosive dissolution (<0.6µg/cm2 per day). After immersion of 38 days, titanium still yielded high dissociation (0.64-1.38µg/ cm2 per day) for all test groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Tetrachloride
    Titanium tetrachloride 7550-45-0 Hazard Summary Environmental exposure to titanium tetrachloride is unlikely because it breaks down rapidly in water. Titanium tetrachloride is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans. Acute (short-term) exposure may result in surface skin burns and marked congestion and constriction of various sections of the upper respiratory tract in humans. Acute exposure may also damage the eyes. Diseases of the lung (pleural diseases) have been associated with chronic (long-term) occupational exposure of titanium tetrachloride in titanium metal production workers. Chronic inhalation exposure may result in upper respiratory tract irritation, chronic bronchitis, cough, bronchoconstriction, wheezing, chemical pneumonitis, or pulmonary edema in humans. EPA has not classified titanium tetrachloride with respect to carcinogenicity. Please Note: The main source of information for this fact sheet is the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR's) Toxicological Profile for Titanium Tetrachloride. (3) Uses Titanium tetrachloride is used as an intermediate in the production of titanium metal, titanium dioxide, and titanium pigments, in the manufacture of iridescent glass and artificial pearls, as a polymerization catalyst, and to produce smoke screens. (1,3) Titanium tetrachloride was formerly used with potassium bitartrate as mordant in the textile industry and with dyewoods in dyeing leather. (1,3,4) Sources and Potential Exposure Occupational exposure to titanium tetrachloride may occur via inhalation or dermal contact during its manufacture and use. (3) Because titanium tetrachloride rapidly hydrolyzes upon contact with water, it is unlikely to be transported significant distances in any environmental media. No information is available on the concentration of titanium tetrachloride in air, water, soil, or food.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Nickel, Molybdenum, Uranium, Titanium, Vanadium, Silica, Manganese, Iron, Lithium)
    USES FOR DIFFERENT MINERALS (Copper, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Nickel, Molybdenum, Uranium, Titanium, Vanadium, Silica, Manganese, Iron, Lithium) SOURCE : http://www.webelements.com/ COMMON USES FOR VARIOUS METALS AND MINERALS Page 1 Metal Uses wire coinage metal copper compounds such as Fehling's solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests Copper for sugar the electrical industry is one of the largest users of copper copper sulphate is used as an agricultural poison, and water purifier The alloy brass contains copper and anywhere from 20‐45% of zinc, depending upon the type of brass. Brass is easy to work and is a good electrical conductor. Substitutes for brass are sometimes preferred because of the price of copper and these alloys also contain zinc. Zinc alloys with many other metals. Nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, soft solder, and aluminum solder all contain zinc. A large proportion of all zinc, perhaps more than a third, is used to galvanize metals such as iron so as to prevent corrosion. Typically this involves dipping the object to be coated in molten zinc for a short time but electroplating or paining methods are also used. Zinc protects any exposed iron sacrificially because of the relative positions of zinc and iron in the electrochemical series. Zinc Zinc metal is used for dry batteries, roof cladding, and to protect iron structures from corrosion by attaching zinc as sacrificial anodes. Zinc metal is also used in lightweight coins (for instance, USA and Canadian one cent coins are zinc coated with bronze plate) The oxide (ZnO) is used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products.
    [Show full text]