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A Preliminary Investigation of the Titanium-Copper Equilibrium System

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A Preliminary Investigation of the Titanium-Copper Equilibrium System Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1949 A preliminary investigation of the titanium-copper equilibrium system August Robert Savu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Metallurgy Commons Department: Recommended Citation Savu, August Robert, "A preliminary investigation of the titanium-copper equilibrium system" (1949). Masters Theses. 4838. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/4838 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PRELD1INARY H.JVESTIGATION OF THE TITANIUM-COPPER EQUILIBRIUM SYSTUi BY AUGUST SAVU A THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND ALWRGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ISSOURI in partial fulfillment of the work required for the Degree of HASTER OF SCIENCE Ii' }ffiTALllJRGICAL ENGINEERING Rolla, Missouri 1949 fl~~~._7.!:~~;!P~Irfl':"'~-:"I=.;::;.;;..'-..---- Approved by_---J.:.,.w~~:EPPeJ:Sheuner Professor of Metallurgical Engineering ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Dr. Daniel S. Eppelsheimer and Dr. Albert W. Schlechten of the Metallurgical Engineering Department of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude for the knowledge and training they have offered to me through their informative lectures and personal guidance. iii TABLE QI CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii List of Illustrations........................... iv List of Tables•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vii Introduction.................................... 1 Review of Literature............................ 3 A Theoretical Stuqy............................. 5 Preparation of Alloys........................... 8 Chemical Ana~ais••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 X-Ray AnalYsis•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Metallographic Technique........................ 23 Specific Gravity Analysis....................... 23 Interpretation of X-Ray Results and Correlation with Microstructures•••••••••••••• 24 Specific Gravity Stu~.......................... 28 Conclusions••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 65 Summa~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66 Bibliography•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 67 Vita•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••• 68 iv Fig. Page A Copper-Titanium Equilbrium Diagram 4a B Photograph of a 20 Kilowatt Ajax Converter Unit for the High Frequency Induction Furnace 11 C Photogra.ph of Refractory Materials Used for Melting Alloys 12 D Photograph of Apparatus Used 1.3 E Photograph of Apparatus Used 1.3 F Photograph of the Complete Arrangement of Apparatus Used for elting Titanium- Copper Alloys 14 G Chemical Analysis Flowsheet for the Deter- mination of %Ti in Ti-Cu Alloys 19 H Chemical Analysis Flowaheet for the Deter- mination of %Cu in Ti-Cu Alloys 20 1 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 28% Ti - 72% Cu Alloy 30 2 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 30% Ti - 70% Cu Alloy 31 .3 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 40% Ti - 60% Cu Alloy 32 4 Microphotometer Tracing of PoWder Pattern of 50% Ti - 50% Cu Alloy 33 5 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 60% Ti - 40% Cu Alloy 34 6 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 70% Ti - 30% Cu Alloy 35 7 Microphotometer Tracing. of Powder Pattern of 80% Ti - 20% Cu Alloy .36 8 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 90% Ti - 10% Cu Alloy 37 9 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 95% Ti - 5% Cu Alloy 38 v g.§! Q.E ILLUSTRATIONS (CaNT I D) Fig. Page 10 Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 99.99% Cu 39 II Microphotometer Tracing of Powder Pattern of 99.5% Ti 40 Graph #1 Specific Volume As a Function of Composition 29 12 .Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu AlloY', 28 wt. %Ti, As cast, tched, lOOX 50 13 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 28 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 850°C for 48 hrs., Etched, lOOX 51 14 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 28 lit. %Ti, Annealed at 850°C for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 51 15 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu lloy, 30 wt. ~ Ti, As cast, Etched, 100X 52 16 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 30 wt. %Ti, As cast, Etched, sOOX 52 17 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 30 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 850°C for 48 hra., Etched, lOOX 53 18 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 30 y,"t. %Ti, Annealed at 850°0 for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 53 19 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 40 wt. %Ti, As cast, Etched, lOOX 54 20 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 40 wt. %Ti, As cast, Etched, 500X 54 21 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 40 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 850°C for 48 Urs., Etched, 100l: 55 22 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 40 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 850°C for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 55 23 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 50 wt. %Ti, As cast, ~ chad, 100x 56 24 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 50 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 900°C for 48 hra., Etched, 100X 57 25 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 50 wt. Ti, Annealed at 900°C for 48 hra., Etched, 500x 57 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (CONTI D) Fig. Page 26 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 60 wt. %Ti, As cast, "tched, lOOX 58 27 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 60 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 950°C for 48 hra., tched, lOOX 59 28 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 60 wt. Ti, Annealed at 950°C for 48 hra., Etched, 500 X 59 29 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 70 wt. %Ti, s cast, tched, lOOX 60 30 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 70 wt. %Ti, Aa cast, etched, 500X 60 31 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 70 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 10000 C for 48 hra., tched, 100X 61 32 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 70 wt. Ti, Annealed at looooC for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 61 33 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 80 m. %Ti, Annealed at 11000C for 48 hrs., Etched, lOOX 62 34 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 80 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 11000C for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 62 35 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 90 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 12000C for 48 hrs., t.ched, 100X 63 36 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 90 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 12000 C for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 63 37 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 95 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 12500C for 48 hra., Etched, lOOX 64 38 Photomicrograph of Ti-Cu Alloy, 95 wt. %Ti, Annealed at 12500 C for 48 hra., Etched, 500X 64 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Some Physical Constants of Titanium and Copper 9 II Analysis of Granular Titanium 9 III Data for Induction Furnace Preparation of Titanium-Copper Alloys 16 IV Heat Treating Data for the Prepared Titanium-Copper Allo~B 17 V Results of Chemical Analy:ses and Physical Analysis 22 VI X-Ray Diffraction Data 41 VII X-Ray Diffraction Data for Titanium- Copper Alloys 44 VIII d-Values Assigned to Specific Phases 47 IX Knoop Hardness Numbers Assigned to Specific Phases 48 X Specific Gravity Data 49 1 INTRODJCTION Titanium has been used commercially as a doxidizer, scavenger, hardener, and grain refiner. Its use in the metallic state for purposes other than those mentioned seems to be wholly lacking. It is found in great abundance as contained by the mineral rutile (Ti02) therefore it would seem that there would be a greater use of this element. It has been estimated that the occurrence of titanium in nature amounts from 0.3 to 0.45 p rc nt of the earth's crust. It ranks tenth in the list of the most abundant elements. The element titanium has a high de ree of chemical activity at room temperature when in a finely divided condition. In the massive state this activity is only exhibited at high temperatures. The pOWdered metal is highly pyrophoric. Titanium forms quite stable sulphides and carbides, although these are subject to oxidation at high temperatures. It also forms nitrides. Titanium being a transitional element forms hydrides with hydrogen which are stable at ordinary temperatures, but which dissociate at red heat liberating the hydrogen and leaving the metallic titanium in a very active state. (1) F. S. Wartman, U. S. Bureau of nee Confer nee on Metallurgical Research, 1940. 2 Alloys are formed with such meta.ls as aluminum, manganese, (2) iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin and gallium. F. S. Wartman states that titanium in a.lloying with the other elements tends to form intenneta1lic compounds that are insoluble in the solid state or if solid solutions a.re formed the tendency is toward those which are stable only in the liquid state. Such conditions favor the formation of brittle alloys of little structural value. (2) F. S. Wartman, U. S. Bureau of Mines Conference on Metallurgical Research, 1940. 3 REVIEW OF LITERA'IURE The properties of titanium. are of such a nature that a short review of what has been found is considered worthy of mention. W. Kroll(3) found that oxygen-free titanium in a rolled state had a hardness of Rockwell "C" 20. After melting it in a 99.6% argon atmosphere the hardness rose to a Rockwell "G" 35 due to the absorption of small quantities of oxygen and nitrogen. The metal titanium 1s reported to absorb considerable quantities of both gases with the probability of suboxide a.nd nitride formation. These absorbed gases can not be removed by remelting in either hydrOgen or a vacuum nor ca.n they be removed by deoxidizing with carbon and thorium. Carbon, like oxygen and nitrogen, makes the metal very hard and brittle. Titanium has a mean coefficient of o expansion of 97.9 x 10-7 between OOC and 850 C. It undergoes an allotropic transformation at 880°C from a hexagonal to a cubic symmetry. J. D. Fast(4) established the melting point of titanium o at 1725 C. He also observed the allotropic transformation at o 880 C and noted that the metal titanium absorbed oxygen and nitrogen upon heating and became brittle as a result.
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