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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Reality show y discurso de género: una mirada a la teoría de la performatividad de género en el reality show Rupaul’s Drag Race TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE LICENCIADA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL AUTORA JIMENA ALEJANDRA MENDEZU ROSAS ASESOR GUILLERMO VASQUEZ FERMI Lima, Junio, 2020 Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objeto de estudio al reality show Rupaul’s Drag Race, el cual es analizado a partir de la teoría de la performatividad de género de la filósofa estadounidense Judith Butler, donde la autora toma como ejemplo a la performance drag para mostrar que el género es se performa, es decir, que se construye y da la ilusión de ser una esencia a través de los actos performativos. Para Butler, las drag queens imitan y actúan el género para hacer su performance, por lo que evidencian esta performatividad. Mediante el análisis del discurso, analizaremos bajo una mirada cualitativa-deductiva siete capítulos del reality show para reconocer si se cumple o no la performatividad del género en ellos; además de identificar en qué segmento de la estructura narrativa del programa se muestran más y quiénes son los personajes dentro del reality que más se acercan a este concepto. Finalmente, como conclusión principal hallamos que la teoría de la performatividad se cumple, en su mayoría, en el reality show Rupaul’s Drag Race y que son las drag queens que se acercan más a este concepto a través de lo expresado verbalmente por ellas en la ejecución de los desafíos principales del programa y la presentación de sus personajes en la pasarela. Estos dos segmentos coinciden dentro de la estructura narrativa del programa, con el segundo acto de acuerdo al Paradigma de Syd Field, justo en donde se ubica la confrontación del relato y la toma de decisiones por parte de los personajes, siendo cada uno de ellos el primer y segundo nudo de la trama. Palabras clave: género, drag queen, performatividad, performance, reality show, televisión, Rupaul’s Drag Race. Agradecimientos A mamá Jessica, papá Hugo, hermanas y abuelas por todo su apoyo. A mi asesor y profesor Guillermo por su paciencia y genuina orientación. A mis amigas por todo su aliento y energía. A Dante, por cada café y tanto amor. Índice Introducción………………………………………………………………………… i Capítulo 1. Planteamiento del problema………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Planteamiento y delimitación del tema de investigación………………………… 1 1.2 Justificación……………………………………………………………………… 6 1.3 Estado de la cuestión……………………………………………………………..11 1.4 Preguntas de investigación e hipótesis…………………………………………...18 1.5 Objetivos de la investigación…………………………………………………….19 Capítulo 2. Marco teórico………………………………………………………….20 2.1 El reality show y Rupaul’s Drag Race…………………………………………..20 2.1.1 El reality show………………………………………………………………..20 2.1.2 Rupaul’s Drag Race…………………………………………………………39 2.2 Sexo y género…………………………………………………………………….45 2.2.1 Sexo…………………………………………………………………………..45 2.2.2 Género………………………………………………………………………..46 2.3 Drag……………………………………………………………………………...51 2.3.1 Breve historia del drag……………………………………………………….57 2.3.2 Conociendo más sobre el drag…………………………………………….....61 2.4 Sexo, género y drag en Judith Butler………………...……………………….....65 2.4.1 Sexo y género en Judith Butler: El sexo no es a la naturaleza lo que el género a la cultura.………………...……………………….......................................66 2.4.2 La teoría de la performatividad de género y el drag…………………………69 Capítulo 3. Diseño metodológico de la investigación…………………………….78 Capítulo 4. Análisis del programa………………….……………………………..84 4.1 “Aquí viene la novia” Temporada 02 – Episodio 05………………….….……..84 4.1.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….…………………………….....84 4.1.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………….85 4.1.3 Análisis del episodio………………………………………………………...88 4.2 “Vida, libertad y estilo” Temporada 03 – Episodio 09………………….……...95 4.2.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….…………………………….....95 4.2.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio…………………………………95 4.2.3 Análisis del episodio………………………………………………………..99 4.3 “Revista drag” Temporada 04 – Episodio 07 ………………….……………..106 4.3.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….……………………………...106 4.3.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………...106 4.3.3 Análisis del episodio……………………………………………………….110 4.4 “Perfume de una reina” Temporada 05 – Episodio 08 ………………….….....115 4.4.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….……………………………...115 4.4.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………...116 4.4.3 Análisis del episodio……………………………………………………….119 4.5 “Glamazon de Colorevolution” Temporada 06 – Episodio 07 …...….....….....127 4.5.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….……………………………...127 4.5.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………...127 4.5.3 Análisis del episodio……………………………………………………….130 4.6 “Juego de Imitaciones” Temporada 07 – Episodio 07 ……….…...….....….....137 4.6.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….……………………………...137 4.6.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………...138 4.6.3 Análisis del episodio……………………………………………………….140 4.7 “Reinas New Wave” Temporada 08 – Episodio 04… ……….…...….....…......150 4.7.1 Personajes del episodio………………….….……………………………...150 4.7.2 Síntesis y estructura narrativa del episodio………………………………...151 4.7.3 Análisis del episodio……………………………………………………….155 Conclusiones generales…..……………………………………………………....161 Bibliografía.………………………………………………………………………166 Anexos…………………………………………………………………………….172 i Introducción En esta investigación nos centraremos en un tipo de contenido audiovisual en boga como es el reality show, específicamente, el programa estadounidense Rupaul’s Drag Race (RPDR), el cual cuenta con once temporadas hasta el momento y es presentado por una de las drag queens más famosas del mundo: Rupaul. Este reality show retrata la competencia de drag queens por llevarse una serie de premios, que incluye una suma en efectivo de 100 mil dólares y el título de convertirse en la próxima Súperestrella drag de Norteamérica. Este programa de televisión será analizado a partir de la teoría de la performatividad de género de la filósofa estadounidense Judith Butler, una de las investigadoras más importantes de los estudios de género y la teoría queer en la actualidad, quien postula que el género se performa, en tanto se imita y es constituido por actos performativos que dan la apariencia de una esencia. Esta esencia hace que percibamos al género con un núcleo interno y que el binarismo de género (feminidad y masculinidad) sea legítimo y hegemónico, excluyendo otros tipos de género que no calzan en este modelo. Como objetivo principal proponemos identificar y analizar la evidencia de la teoría de la performatividad en el discurso de RPDR y como objetivos específicos, identificar y analizar en qué segmento de la estructura narrativa del programa se evidencia más la performatividad del género y cuál(es) de los personajes se acercan y alejan más de este concepto. La hipótesis que sostenemos es que el reality show Rupaul’s Drag Race evidencia la teoría de la performatividad de género a partir del discurso verbal expresado por las participantes, jurado y conductor del programa, en mayor medida en los segmentos de la estructura narrativa que corresponden a la confrontación de los personajes. La metodología que aplicaremos será de un enfoque cualitativo-deductivo usando la técnica del análisis del discurso bajo el paradigma funcionalista, donde veremos los enunciados del discurso verbal utilizados en los capítulos del programa. Para ello, se han considerado en la muestra de análisis siete capítulos del programa que va desde la temporada dos hasta la temporada ocho. En el primer capítulo conoceremos la delimitación y justificación del problema de investigación, y en el segundo capítulo abordaremos el marco teórico sobre reality show y Rupaul’s Drag Race, además de los conceptos de sexo, género, drag y la teoría de la ii performatividad. Más adelante, en el tercer y cuarto capítulo presentaremos el diseño metodológico de la investigación y el análisis de los capítulos respectivamente. Finalmente, expondremos las conclusiones halladas durante la investigación, siendo la principal conclusión la evidencia de la teoría de la performatividad de género en Rupaul’s Drag Race, manifestada generalmente a través de la performance de las drag queens en determinadas secciones de lo que vendría a ser el segundo acto de la estructura narrativa de este reality show. Capítulo 1. Planteamiento del problema 1.1 Planteamiento y delimitación del tema de investigación. El entretenimiento se encuentra hoy omnipresente en los medios de comunicación de masas; lo encontramos en todas partes a través de distintos formatos, ya sea en la radio, la televisión o la prensa. “Los medios de comunicación han producido su identidad como máquinas narrativas y han encontrado en la lógica del entretenimiento su modo de relato. Los medios de comunicación habitan y producen la cultura del entretenimiento” (Rincón, 2006, p.42). De este modo, se ha desarrollado una lógica del entretenimiento que Omar Rincón (2006) define como “la estrategia narrativa preferida para producir seducción, conformidad, afectos y saberes” (p. 43). La televisión es uno de los medios de comunicación que más ha incorporado la lógica del entretenimiento, es por eso que, constantemente, surgen nuevos formatos televisivos que pretenden satisfacer esta “necesidad” del espectador. Uno de los que más representa las características de la lógica del entretenimiento1 es el reality
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