~41.etwr, o/ THE DEMOCRATIC LEFT

June 1977-Vol. V, No. 6 Edited by A critique of Carter's energy plan An interview with Robert Engler tackle the problem of reshaping the investment pat- Editor's note-Robert Engler is among the most knowl- terns of this society-which means challenging the edgeable people in the nation on the structure and the heart of private ownership of resources-I don't think nature of multinational energy companies. His earlier they can get very far. book, The Politics of Oil details the creative ways The I suspect the energy industry and much other of Seven Sisters and their allies have manipulated both the corporate world could live with a hell of a lot of U.S. and foreign governments. He has recently pub- what Carter now proposes. There will be a lot of pub- lished a new book, The Brotherhood of Oil, which licly expressed anguish. But it remains to be seen what brings that study up to date. really is so fundamentally threatening. In this interview with Liberation News Service, So what do you think an energy policy must do to ad- Engler analyzes the energy program put forward by dress the corporate control of resources you're talking President Carter April 20. Engler is a member of the about? Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee. The in- A starting point should say that private ownership terview is printed with his permission and permission (Continued on page 5) of Liberation News Service. What are your general feelings about the Carter energy A socialist view on proposal? One welcomes the Carter administration's invitation to a national debate over energy policy, its emphasis on global human rights conservation as opposed to giant crash programs for by BOGDAN DENITCH new energy development, and its stated concern about President Carter's Administration's highlighting of a just distribution of resources and sacrifices. the human rights issue has politicized and popularized However, my major criticism of the Carter proposal a dormant but ever present political question. While is that while it appears to be comprehensive, and it the human rights issues have been systemmatically takes in plenty, there is no real overall plan. There is manipulated during the Cold War by both sides, the no plan which looks at the way this society overall uses hard rock reality is that more attention is centered on energy, the way it allocates capital investment. this question today than in over a decade. It surrenders completely on the issue of price; it sur- As socialists, we can only welcome a genuine cam- renders on what I think is a pop line, to say that the paign and commitment to human rights. The problem, age of cheap energy is over. Because you really should however, is that the human rights issue has become a make distinctions. There may be areas of economic life slogan which gathers around it organizations, forces where you want to encourage development through and individuals who are only peripherally, if at all, con- cheap energy. For example, whatever the faults of the cerned with human rights, and who use the issue almost Tennessee Valley Authority were, the idea of cheap exclusively as a surrogate for anti-communism. As the energy to help a depressed area grow was a valuable New York Times reported recently, Michael Harring- idea. ton was booed and prevented from speaking by a furi- There would also be other areas where you want to ous minority when appearing at a rally defending the discourage energy-not just gas guzzling cars, but human rights of Soviet dissidents. His mentioning so- maybe much of the automobile industry. Or much of cialism and the violation of human rights in Chile and industry use. By and large there's a heavy amount of Iran outraged a loud minority in the audience at a rally our industrial apparatus which is based upon extraordi- organized by decent, progressive and democratic hu- nary waste, whose only justification is profit. And the man rights advocates. That was a symbolic warning energy industry is the principal user of natural gas. that at least in the U.S. the human rights issue, in And the Carter plan doesn't address that waste at all? addition to calling forth fresh resources of idealism and It addresses it tangentially. But unless they really (Continued on page 4) Electoral reform: Carter as ·radical by JIM CHAPIN regarded on the Left. Indeed, the only recent work Democrats from George Meany to George McGovern devoted to the question of universal voter registration have rightly criticized the conservative bent of the Car- (UVR) was written several years ago from a hostile ter Administration's economic policies. But in all the point of view by two conservative activists: Kevin resulting controversy about whether or not Jimmy Car- Phillips and Paul Blackman, Electoral Reform and ter is ;:t liberal, everyone has ignored some of the inno- Voter Participation, Federal Registration! A False vative-indeed radical-political initiatives of the new Remedy for Voter Apathy, published by the Hoover Administration. Institute mid the American Enterprise Institute. The Carter team really has followed the mu~h-publi­ Phillips and Blackman suggest that UVR in the U.S. cized advice of Pat Caddell: pursue an activist course would raise turnout in Presidential elections to the 65 with budgetary "restraint." Thus, the postponement of to 70 percent range, a level five to ten points below that new welfare spending, the parsimonious proposal on a of most other English-speaking democracies. Patterns minimum wage and other conservative economic moves of turnout, they point out, do not result simply from fit into a political strategy. So do the liberal aspects of registration systems, they also develop from specific Carter's image and the really interesting and progres- political circumstances. sive proposals in the political sphere. Turnout is higher when the voters think their vote Among those innovations, perhaps the most impor- matters and when the political choices before them are tant and least-publicized is the Administration's elec- unambiguous and clear. Therefore, multiparty compe- toral reform package. Carter would replace the current tition and close races increase turnout. "The fact that system of voter registration with a system permitting our parties are so ideologically vague discourages a high registration at the polls on election day, and he pro- participation rate, especialy among the less affluent." poses abolishing the electoral college. Lack of a coherent working class culture in the United These are major proposals with the potential of re- States means that the lower classes are exposed to me- shaping American politics for some time to come. Yet, dia controlled almost entirely by upper-status groups. all too characteristically, the Left has tended to treat Phillips and Blackman indicate that increasing the the electoral system as secondary to the "real" socio- voter universe does not help only one group: "Party economic structure. In doing so we ignore the "unique- coalitions are dynamic, not static. ... It is not possible ness" of American politics and misunderstand the simply to assume that everyone will remain in his orig- "failure" of American socialism. After all, the failure to inal party when election laws put more voters in one achieve socialism in an advanced Western society is party at the expense of others, or in one faction within universal. The failure of socialism in American politics a party.... Voter registration reform may not seem is the failure to sustain even a reformist socialist party all important to the electoral process .... But it has the on a mass scale. We are describing an electoral failure, potential for altering the American party system by and it is instructive to look at the electoral context. changing the coalition of groups which now make up Historically, in the years 1890-1920 (as Walter Dean each of the political parties." Burnham particularly has demonstrated in his work) In the short run any increase in voting on the Jevel when other countries were extending suffrage to pre- suggested by Phillips and Blackman can only work to viously disenfranchised groups and the socialist parties the advantage of the Democrats. The chances are that were rising to become the first or second parties in their new voters will vote anywhere from 3 to 2 to 3 to 1 lands, the United States was disenfranchising already Democratic. Added to the already existing troubles of enfranchised groups, and the Socialist party, after a fair the Republican party, this could provide a fatal blow beginning, was on the way to disappearing. since, as I suggested in this NEWSLETTER some time ago, It was a self-reinforcing process. Other countries had socialist parties which aroused their electorates and created institutions to sustain them; our country ended 'ltw~ o/ up with a "hole in the electorate" where the Socialists THE DEMOCRATIC LEFT should have been, and a political system which offered little reason for lower class voters to participate. Michael Harrington, Editor The single greatest factor in reducing turnout in the Jack Clark, Managing Editor United States from the 1890s onward was the develop- Signed articles express the views of the author. ment of individual voter registration. The United States Published ten times a year {monthly except July is alone among advanced democracies in putting the and August) by the Democratic Socialist Organizing responsibility for registration on the individual rather Committee, 853 Broadway, Room 617, New York, than on the state. So the proposals for registering on N.Y. 10003. Telephone (212) 260-3270 the spot introduced by the Carter Administration will Subscription rates: Sustaining $10 per year; Regu- quite likely have major effects on the American politi- lar $5 per year; Limited income $2.50. cal proctss. Yet, ironically, they have been largely ig- Application to mail at second class postage rates la pending at New York, New York. · nored by the mainstream press and almost totally dis-

2 the very existence ofthe Republican Party and its.doffi.., ination by an active far-right 5-10 percent of the nation~ Save the dates al population depend on the limited mobilization of November 12..;13 today's electorate. The long run result might be the finish of the already crumbling Republican structure. "The Democratic Agenda" There is a potential time bomb for present politicians conference on full employment of all kinds in the non-electorate of today. A large mass. Washington D.C. of potential voters can be mobilized in all kinds of di~ rections. We often hear that the Nazi upsurge in post- ious to the implications of this reform; the rest of the 1928 Germany rested heavily on the mobilization of political spectrum seems not to understand its potential previous non-voters and the implication of this state- radical implications. (The exceptions here are a few ment is that non-voters are peculiarly susceptible to prescient conservatives in each party: Kevin Phillips extremist behavior. It would be more correct to say among the Republicans and Coalition for a Democratic that they are peculiarly susceptible to mobilization in Majority political scientists Aaron Wildavsky and Nel- crisis situations. At various times they have been mo~ son Pols by of the Democrats.) bilized by Social Democrats in such countries as Bel- The fact is that the executive-centered system of the gium in the 1890s and England in the 1920s, by lib- kind the United States has had, as it was intended to erals in the United States in the 1830s or the 1930s, or, have, a very strong conservatizing effect on our govern- more recently, in the South in 1968 by Wallace among ment. This alone explains much of the dominance of the whites and by Humphrey among blacks. It all depends two-party system in our country. (For evidence, note on context. that the addition of an elective French Presidency to We should be aware that simply easing procedures the French system after 1960 by DeGaulle has already will not of itself create a large electorate. Phillips and operated to reduce that multi-partysociety to an essen- Blackman point out that registration drives in Texas tially two-party structure, something that all previous have vastly increased its registration rolls in recent French changes of the electoral system failed to do.) years, yet its percentage turnout remains that the same The electoral college system increases this conserva- level as that of neighboring states. (They neglect the tizing effect to an unconscionable degree. It is, after all, question of why poor Texans should tum out in hordes a unit rule system. It increases the power of local ter- for either the party of Bentsen and Briscoe or the party ritorially based oligarchies and reduce turnout because of John Tower.) We cannot assume that a larger elec- in many areas the vote does not affect the result. torate will be mobilized by the Left. It is a combination Bayh's proposed amendment (election by popular of the national political context as presented by the vote with a runoff if no candidate gets 40 percent) top politicians in the country) and local/individual would, as various critics point out, operate against the factors that mobilize the voters. present two-party system. The consequences might well The two times in this century when American na- be that the Left and the Right would fight their dif- tional turnout increased were in the 1930s and the years ferences out internally before facing off against each 1952-60. We may safely assume that the first jump other. It is no coincidence that most of the amend- was due to a combination of FDR at the top and the ment's critics come from the conservative side of the work of the cro and similar groups on the bottom; spectrum; they realize that this reform would increase while the increase in the later period was caused by turnout and give new groups a far greater place in the Eisenhower and Kennedy at the top and the effects of system than they have now. the TV revolution at the bottom. (Note that these two Given the importance of the political context, it could mobilizations-partial though they both were-went be that Bayh's amendment might increase turnout even in opposite ideological directions). more than UVR. But its future is uncertain. Kevin Carter's proposed UVR plan differs from the elec- Phillips has suggested that Carter and the Republicans toral systems of other countries. It proposes on the spot share a common interest in not seeing this reform voting. Other nations use some form of national voter passed; the Republicans because their survival depends registration by door-to-door canvassing or postal reg- so largely on the present system; Carter because he istration. It has been rightly pointed out that the po- doesn't want to face real opposition from either Left or tentials for fraud may be greater under the Carter Right. The present combination of a majority "mixed" proposal than under most other systems. But registra- ideological party facing a 1ight-wing "min01ity" party tion is only a partial check on fraud at the best of times. not only keeps Carter safe, but keeps the country on a The proposed reform has already gotten through "moderate" course. committees in both houses. The real fight will be on Certainly the Left can look to little advantage from the Senate floor, where it is subject to filibuster, and the present distribution of the parties, and if a change where Senate Majority leader Robert Byrd has said in the system submerges the Republican party, that is that it is not one of his priorities. all to our advantage. Finally, as I suggested in this The second key element in the Carter electoral re- NEWSLETTER a few months back, if we propose to re- form proposals is his announced support for Senator place the economic model of capitalism with what is in Bayh's constitutional amendment to abolish the elec- essence a political model, we must treat politics as toral college. Much of the Left seems hostile or obliv- seriously .as economics. D

3 Human rights ... DSOC youth to meet (Continued from page 1) democratic commitment, has become a stick with which A three day conference for the Youth Caucus to beat the Soviets and East Europeans, and is some- of DSOC is now in the planning stages for late times deliberately used as a part of a campaign against August or early September. This year the confer- continuation of detente Therefore, human rights in ence will be held at a dorm-style camp, and a full America assumes the loaded symbolic value that the schedule of activities, in addition to seminars, is equally decent and progressive slogan of "liberation" being slated. had in the 1950s when applied to Eastern Europe. According to Cynthia Ward, YC coordinator, What is particularly characteristic of the human "The principal goal of the conference is to develop rights campaign of the Carter Administration is the a blueprint for individual, local and natonal action narrowness of its focus. It addresses itself almost ex- for confronting the important challenges facing clusively to the rights of political dissidents without the democratic left in the coming year." touching on some other fundamental human rights. Besides looking ahead, the conference will also Socialists defend the rights of dissidents and the civil look back. The role of radical politics of the '60s liberties of persons holding unpopular and anti-regime and discussion of labor and political organizing views. Starvation, exploitation, systematic underem- history of the 1930s are topics to be discussed. ployment and racism are at least as fundamental an Current areas that will be considered at length attack on human rights as the violation of political are the energy program of the Carter administra- freedoms. Therefore, in the coming meetings in Bel- tion, the thrust of unionizing the South, the fight grade, when the two sides--Moscow and Washington- for full employment, and the mixture of conser- begin to trade charges about respective violations of vative and liberal policies that President Carter human rights, we can only cheer since they will be has advocated. mostly telling the truth about each other. Workshops in methods and skills of effective It is an open question as to where the greater viola- activists are expected to attend. They will pool tions are to be found today. There are probably more their experiences and speak about the skills neces- political prisoners in the dictatorial countries allied to sary for community and labor organizing. the West than in all the countries of the Soviet bloc Michael Harrington, chair of DSOC, will deliver put together. In Iran, Indonesia, the Latin American the keynote address. despotships, and the various unlovely regimes friendly Additional information can be received by con- to the West throughout Africa and Asia, there is also tacting Cynthia Ward at the DSOC office. hardly any question that the primitive and advanced brutalities and torture inflicted on political prisoners concern with the rights of dissidents in Eastern Europe go beyond the bureaucratic repression and violation of and the Soviet Union is both welcome and legitimate. democratic norms which occur in the communist coun- Violation by one set of dictatorial regimes cannot ex- tries. Torture, rape, political murder of dissidents, para- cuse those violations of rights which occur in the So- legal police violence, massive semi-starvation of work- viet bloc. The fact that the Soviets and the East Euro- ers, massacres of political opponents, systematic sub- peans are violating rights guaranteed by international ordination of entire submerged nationalities are issues treaties in Helsinki has an additional problem attached which can be more pertinently addressed to the West to it. It is, of course, the problem of the validity of the today than to the East European states and the Soviet treaty signed by those regimes in general. After all, regime. one of the more effective safeguards for any long-range This is why the Carter Administration, even in its detente agreement is presumably an articulate public own terms, has had to go softly in pressing the human opinion which can bring such violations to light. rights issue. It has explicitly excluded several of the There are problems attached to a human rights cam- worst violators because of their strategic importance paign which have rarely been addressed by American to the U.S. This note of realpolitik is hardly reassuring civil libertarians. Small groups of terrorists can often to the prisoners of the Shah of Iran and the victims of proYo!w repression out of all reasonable bounds. Hu- the South Korean regime. man rights violations in Northern Ireland and Israel, When properly addressing itself to rights in -the So- for example, are not an outgrowth of any determination viet Union, the United States finds itself in an awkward by the British or Israeli governments to suppress free position. Not only does the U.S. government have close speech so much as a response to threats which endanger political and economic ties to sundry dictatorial client civic order and go beyond peaceful advocacy. But these states, but many of these repressive regimes have also democratic regimes have violated human rights. had their police forces trained and modernized through The number of political prisoners in any given coun- U.S. aid. One of the more scandalous stories here is the try is not and cannot be the sole criterion as to how role of some American universities which have helped democratic, decent or popular a regime is, or how much in training police forces for some singularly unlovely support it may have from the majority of its citizens. regimes. Rumania, for example, the most hardboiled of the East Having said all this, one must go on to say that the European dictatorships, has fewer political prisoners

4 than either or Israel. It would be foolish to ist society, for the rights of the broad masses, those argue that that makes it a more decent society than who are our comrades and allies. the other two states, both of which face the kind of We socialists, therefore, support the raising of the external threats and pressures that Rumania is free of. human rights issue but call for a genuine, universal There are more political prisoners in Israel, i.e., Arab campaign for human rights, one which links social, nationalists not convicted of a crime of violence or economic and political rights. We do not accept either terrorism, than in any single East European country of the reactionary propositions: that poor people do today. This merely underlines the complexity of the not care for democratic rights since a full stomach is human rights issue, and while one may be understand- presumably more important than human decency, nor ing about the problems of a beleaguered state, we so- the notion that the right of a handful of dissident intel- cialists must still insist that minimae of decency be lectuals to publish and state their views is an adequate extended to these prisoners, and insist that it is an measure of a regime's commitment to human rights, anomaly which must be faced and eliminated more important than prevening massive starvation and Deportation of pro-PLO advocates who have vio- misery 'of the majority. The point of a socialist cam- lated no law, forcible removal of Arab farmers, settle- paign for human rights is precisely to stress that the ment of occupied territories are all violations of human social and political rights are inseparable. D rights, and here much of the U.S. democratic opinion has been silent. The President has not seen fit, for that Energy ... matter, to address the issue of documented torture in the citadel of liberal democracy, Great Britain, or the (Continued from page 1) McCarthyite wave of anti-radical legislation in West of natural resources is inappropriate. Now, public Germany. I mention these cases to point out the prob- ownership would not solve problems automatically. lem that raising an absolute standard of human rights You could have the same incompetence, the same vest- poses in a world of insecure and sometimes unstable ed interests, or whatever. But I don't think you're able nation-states. to deal with these things anymore by assuming you can It is this feature of the human rights issue which persuade private forces to act in the public interest, or makes it inappropriate for the U.S. to unilaterally wage that you can sufficiently use the tax power. I'm con- a campaign. The U.N. and the various multilateral vinced that a major fight ought to be made to say that arenas such as Helsinki and Belgrade provide a better resources ought to be publicly developed and allocated. forum, and the issue would be better pressed if it were Why does our society waste so much energy? divorced from its Cold War confrontationist aspect. There's been a glib assumption, fostered by the One could press for minima of human decency. Tor- energy industry, that high energy consumption is con- ture, imprisonment without cause, murder of political sistent with a high level of living. Indeed it's not neces- opposition, genocide and racist repression of majorities sarily true. There are countries that have standards of probably form such a core of issues on which broad living as high as the United States, but with maybe 50 international agreement can be reached. It is true that percent of the energy consumption per person. But we these extreme violations are, if anything, more com- have an extraordinarily wasteful economy. mon in the West than in the East, if one extends the What kind of waste are you referring to? And how term "West" to include its allies and dependents in could we have a similar standard of living without so the Third World. much energy waste? A human rights campaign for the rights of dissidents That brings up one of the criticisms some people are should be separated from a defense of the views of these making of the Carter proposal-that there's no real dissidents. Solzenityn's stature as a writer and his aid for mass transit. (His defenders say there will be a rights as a human being must not blind us to his nar- separate message.) If you take major American cities, row, reactionary, n~tionalist, apologetics for right-wing there's extraordinary waste because of inadequate mass r ~ pression. Our support for the rights of these dissi- transit. To what extent you could develop a mass tran- dents is an issue separate from our support for the views sit system that would make that kind of travel attrac- of the democratic and socialist victims of repression tive, as opposed to the wasteful bumper to bumper and terror. And what is remarkable about the current driving? wave of dissent in the Soviet Union and Eastern Eu- The great national defense highway system, which rope is that included in that movement are allies of was the greatest public works project in American his- ours, the Medvedevs and the strike support committee tory outside of war, pumped about $60 billion into high- in Poland; those who speak for a democratic and social- way building. And in retrospect one could ask how much of that might better have been used for other This will be the last issue of the Newsletter for the kinds of development. summer. We'll be back in September with our annual Barry Commoner points out another kind of waste. Labor Day issue. He shows how decisions, let's say by canning compa- In the meantime, if you have moved or you are plan- nies, to shift from tin plated to aluminum cans, in- ning to move, let us know. Changes of address made creases the energy used in the production of these cans through the post office slow down delivery and cost several fold. The decision, from corporate perspective, us money. serves their ends. They make more profit. Or another

5 example.is {P.e shift t9 natm:al soaps to detergents,_so that points in that ditectian? - · that now it's pretty hard to go.illto-a supermarket and No, there's not. Carter is not really challenging the find ·a, soapflake. That's a profit-based decision which control of the oil companies. He's scolding them occa- has energy conseq.uences. sionally, and they're trotting out and saying, some of Are Carter's proposals going to address any of that? them, 'this is pretty bad, he doesn't understand the The appeal to the American people to conserve, to real problems.' But I wonder if we're not getting put on sacrifice, is very noble. But I think if people are going a bit, you know. to sacrifice or conserve they have got to have a real The antitrust record suggests that in order to work, genuine feeling that they're in control of the situation antitrust requires the absence of corporate power. It's about which they're going to make sacrifices. never really worked because of the political power that Also, these sacrifices are going to have to be just. spills over from this concentrated economic power. The~e's endless emphasis on this in Carter's messages, I'm reasonably convinced-and I say this not out but it's not clear to me that if you require a man who of glibness-that given the range and the power of the drives a huge car to pay more for it, that that's really a energy industry, its increasing takeover of all compet- penalty. So he just adds it to the cost of doing business. ing energy resources, its extraordinary drain of capital On the other hand, there are people I know in rural (maybe one fifth of all capital investment in the United Massachussets who if fuel prices go up and they don't States is in the energy industry) and its corrosion of get it back through one of these so-called rebate plans, the whole political process-given all this, antitrust they're already so close to the margin of survival that mechanisms are not enough. they're really going to be hit hard. For example, during the Watergate investigation, Carter has said that he doesn't think it's necessary to people wondered why, with all the televised drama, did break up the oil companies, that antitrust mechanisms the Ervin/ Wartergate committee appear rather shy are sufficient. What do you think? Is there any evidence about pursuing certain questions of corporate involve- ment and corruption. Well, every single member of the Senate Watergate Committee, except Ervin, was a re- Do figures lie? cipient of oil company funds for his campaign. Denying that they are "innocently incompe- What I'm saying is that the whole process is cor- tent,'' the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) rupted-whether one looks at the way the industry stuck by their figures of the number of poor people sets the definition for energy "reserves" or their massive in America. assault on public opinion. (Can you turn on an educa- A spokesperson for the CBO admitted that The tional station and find something not made possible by New Republic article by Michael Harrington a grant from Mobil or Exxon?) (February 23, distributed at the DSOC conven- For example, during the energy crisis, the United tion) had been widely read by CBO staffers, but States government relied on the industry to conduct added that no public or internal statement had most of its negotiations to allocate the oil supply. They been drawn up in response. "We stand by our relied on the industry to deal with negotiations with figures," the CBO official said. Saudi Arabia, with Iran and so forth. The State De- The Harrington article criticized the method of partment said, "we have no judgment that would super- counting used by the CBO, saying thatit took into sede theirs, we don't know what to say about price; account "in-kind" subsidies such as food stamps and they have the competence.'' and medicaid, while it estimated families and "un- One problem I see is that the energy policy creates the related individuals" living in poverty at 5.4 mil- illusion that something is changing when in fact the million, half of the U.S. Census count for that same people have the control who have had it all along. group. That's obviously a real problem. And I spend a major "The CBO is playing dirty in cutting down on part of the last chapter in my new book arguing about the number of poor. In taking into account "in- the whole case of planning. Because I favor a kind of k.ind" subsidies they are altering the definition of planning which Carter doesn't talk about-a planning poor. An impoverished aging person entitled to which would be democratic. Medicare, who suffers a long terminal illness can So you're quite right. National planning with the enter the middle class because of his suffering. present rhetoric could just be corporate leadership. In This is nonsense," Harrington said. fact, it is conceivable that a fair amount of corporate While some government reports estimate the perspective will increasingly welcome national plan- number of poor in America to be 30 million peo- ning. I'll give you an example: , ple, the CBO by changing the definition of the Until recently, if you talked about national land-use poor by "statistical legerdermain" knocked off planning, you were labeled as someone dangerous. But 4 million people from being labeled poor. in relatively recent years you're getting, among others, A revised report on the poor by CBO is planned, corporate interests calling for national land-use plan- and when asked whether Harrington's criticism ning, moderately. would be taken into consideration, an official said They're not asking to become accessories to their " no comment."-FRED BRATMAN ' own socialization. What they're fearful of is thatpeople, say in Santa Barbara or Nasau and Suffolk counties,

6 . - ~ .;_-. ,.- :;;: ... ·, J?<>. ~o~ ·.th~nk Car~er'. s ;progr:,am ,~(mld undermine envi- Summer reading' ronmentalists' efforts?"" For example, the attempts to stop strip mining. Now the response coul

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