DOCSLIB.ORG

How Canadians Govern Themselves First Edition 1980 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How Canadians Govern Themselves First Edition 1980 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Eugene A. Forsey HHowow CCanadiansanadians GGovernovern TThemselveshemselves 8th Edition Cover photos: Library of Parliament/Mone Cheng (fl ag) Library of Parliament/Len Staples (Parliament Buildings) Canadian Tourism Commission Produced by the Library of Parliament, Canada This publication is also available online at: www.parl.gc.ca/publications. How Canadians Govern Themselves First Edition 1980 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada This eighth edition has been published with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2012. Exemplaires en français disponibles également. Library of Parliament Catalogue No. 1102EIP (03/2012) Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Forsey, Eugene A. (Eugene Alfred), 1904-1991 How Canadians govern themselves / Eugene A. Forsey. -- 8th ed. Issued also in French under title: Les Canadiens et leur système de gouvernement. ISBN 978-1-100-20078-1 Cat. no.: X9-11/2012E 1. Canada--Politics and government. 2. Canada. Parliament. 3. Cabinet system--Canada. 4. Federal government--Canada. I. Canada. Library of Parliament II. Title. JL65 F67 2012 320.471 C2012-980030-9 Preface How Canadians Govern Themselves, fi rst For information on how to obtain additional published in 1980, explores Canada’s copies of this booklet, please contact: parliamentary system, from the decisions made Information Service by the Fathers of Confederation to the daily Library of Parliament work of parliamentarians in the Senate and Parliament Hill, Ottawa Ontario K1A 0A9 House of Commons. Useful information on Telephone: Canada’s Constitution, the judicial system, and Toll-free: 1-866-599-4999 provincial and municipal powers is gathered National Capital Region: together in this one reference book. The 613-992-4793 author adapted some material taken from an earlier edition prepared by Joseph Schull and An electronic version is available at published under the same title in 1971. www.parl.gc.ca/publications The book was initially commissioned by Français the Department of the Secretary of State of Pour obtenir d’autres exemplaires de cette Canada, which also published the second publication, renseignez-vous auprès du : edition. The House of Commons published the Service de renseignements third edition. The fourth, fi fth, sixth, seventh Bibliothèque du Parlement and this eighth edition were published by the Colline du Parlement Library of Parliament in consultation with Ottawa (Ontario) K1A 0A9 the author’s family and with the approval of the Department of Canadian Heritage. A Téléphone : deliberate eff ort has been made in each edition Appel sans frais : 1-866-599-4999 to keep revisions to a minimum and to preserve Région de la capitale nationale : the integrity of Senator Forsey’s historical 613-992-4793 judgements and writing style. Une version en format électronique est disponible à l’adresse www.parl.gc.ca/publications. The ideas and opinions expressed in this document belong to the author or his authorized successors, and do not necessarily refl ect those of Parliament. Preface i Note on the Author From 1929 to 1941, Mr. Forsey served as a lecturer in economics and political science at McGill. In 1942, he became director of research for the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL), a post he Photo: Jean-Marc Carisse Jean-Marc Photo: held for 14 years. From 1956 to 1966, he served as director of research for the CCL’s successor, the Canadian Labour Congress, and from 1966 to 1969, as director of a special project marking Canada’s centennial, a history of Canadian unions from 1812 to 1902. During most of his union career, he taught Canadian government at Carleton University in Ottawa and, later, Canadian government and Canadian labour history at the University of Waterloo. From 1973 to 1977, he served as chancellor of Trent University. Mr. Forsey ran for public offi ce four times for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). In the 1930s, he helped draft the Regina The Honourable Eugene A. Forsey, 1904–91 Manifesto, the CCF’s founding declaration of policy. The Honourable Eugene A. Forsey was widely Mr. Forsey was appointed to the Senate in 1970. regarded as one of Canada’s foremost experts He retired in 1979 at the mandatory retirement on the country’s Constitution. age of 75, and in 1985 was named to the Privy Council. In 1988, he was named a Companion Born in Grand Bank, Newfoundland, he of the Order of Canada, the highest level attended McGill University in Montreal and of membership. The Honourable Eugene studied at Britain’s Oxford University as a A. Forsey died on February 20, 1991, leaving Rhodes Scholar. In addition to his PhD, he also Canadians a rich legacy of knowledge of how received numerous honorary degrees. we are governed. Note on the Author iii How Canadians Govern Themselves Table of Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................................................i Note on the Author .....................................................................................................................................iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. Parliamentary Government ......................................................................................................................... Its Origins .............................................................................................................................................. How It Operates .................................................................................................................................... A Federal State ............................................................................................................................................. Our Constitution ................................................................................................................................... Powers of the National and Provincial Governments .............................................................................. Canadian and American Government ...................................................................................................... The Rule of Law and the Courts ................................................................................................................ The Institutions of Our Federal Government .......................................................................................... The Queen ........................................................................................................................................... The Senate ........................................................................................................................................... The House of Commons ..................................................................................................................... Political Parties .................................................................................................................................... The Prime Minister ............................................................................................................................. The Cabinet ......................................................................................................................................... The Speakers ........................................................................................................................................ What Goes On in Parliament .................................................................................................................... Opening of a Session ........................................................................................................................... A Working Day in the Commons ....................................................................................................... End of a Session ................................................................................................................................... Provinces and Municipalities .................................................................................................................... Living Government .................................................................................................................................... Governors General of Canada since 1867.................................................................................................. Canadian Prime Ministers since 1867 ....................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents Introduction Governments in democracies are elected by the The Governor General, who is now always a passengers to steer the ship of the nation. They Canadian, is appointed by the Queen on the are expected to hold it on course, to arrange for advice of the Canadian prime minister and, a prosperous voyage, and to be prepared to be except in very extraordinary circumstances, thrown overboard if they fail in either duty. exercises all powers of the offi ce on the advice of the cabinet (a council of ministers), which This, in fact, refl ects the original sense of the has the support of a majority of the members of word “government,” as its roots in both Greek the popularly elected House of Commons. and Latin mean “to steer.” Canada is not only an independent sovereign
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Constitutional Requirements for the Royal Morganatic Marriage
    The Constitutional Requirements for the Royal Morganatic Marriage Benoît Pelletier* This article examines the constitutional Cet article analyse les implications implications, for Canada and the other members of the constitutionnelles, pour le Canada et les autres pays Commonwealth, of a morganatic marriage in the membres du Commonwealth, d’un mariage British royal family. The Germanic concept of morganatique au sein de la famille royale britannique. “morganatic marriage” refers to a legal union between Le concept de «mariage morganatique», d’origine a man of royal birth and a woman of lower status, with germanique, renvoie à une union légale entre un the condition that the wife does not assume a royal title homme de descendance royale et une femme de statut and any children are excluded from their father’s rank inférieur, à condition que cette dernière n’acquière pas or hereditary property. un titre royal, ou encore qu’aucun enfant issu de cette For such a union to be celebrated in the royal union n’accède au rang du père ni n’hérite de ses biens. family, the parliament of the United Kingdom would Afin qu’un tel mariage puisse être célébré dans la have to enact legislation. If such a law had the effect of famille royale, une loi doit être adoptée par le denying any children access to the throne, the laws of parlement du Royaume-Uni. Or si une telle loi devait succession would be altered, and according to the effectivement interdire l’accès au trône aux enfants du second paragraph of the preamble to the Statute of couple, les règles de succession seraient modifiées et il Westminster, the assent of the Canadian parliament and serait nécessaire, en vertu du deuxième paragraphe du the parliaments of the Commonwealth that recognize préambule du Statut de Westminster, d’obtenir le Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state would be consentement du Canada et des autres pays qui required.
    [Show full text]
  • Flooding the Border: Development, Politics, and Environmental Controversy in the Canadian-U.S
    FLOODING THE BORDER: DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSY IN THE CANADIAN-U.S. SKAGIT VALLEY by Philip Van Huizen A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2013 © Philip Van Huizen, 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a case study of the 1926 to 1984 High Ross Dam Controversy, one of the longest cross-border disputes between Canada and the United States. The controversy can be divided into two parts. The first, which lasted until the early 1960s, revolved around Seattle’s attempts to build the High Ross Dam and flood nearly twenty kilometres into British Columbia’s Skagit River Valley. British Columbia favoured Seattle’s plan but competing priorities repeatedly delayed the province’s agreement. The city was forced to build a lower, 540-foot version of the Ross Dam instead, to the immense frustration of Seattle officials. British Columbia eventually agreed to let Seattle raise the Ross Dam by 122.5 feet in 1967. Following the agreement, however, activists from Vancouver and Seattle, joined later by the Upper Skagit, Sauk-Suiattle, and Swinomish Tribal Communities in Washington, organized a massive environmental protest against the plan, causing a second phase of controversy that lasted into the 1980s. Canadian and U.S. diplomats and politicians finally resolved the dispute with the 1984 Skagit River Treaty. British Columbia agreed to sell Seattle power produced in other areas of the province, which, ironically, required raising a different dam on the Pend d’Oreille River in exchange for not raising the Ross Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Affairs Record
    1996 January Volume No XLII No 1 1995 CONTENTS Foreign Affairs Record VOL XLII NO 1 January, 1996 CONTENTS BRAZIL Visit of His Excellency Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of the Federative Republic of Brazil to India 1 External Affairs Minister of India called on President of the Federative Republic of Brazil 1 Prime Minister of India met the President of Brazil 2 CAMBODIA External Affairs Minister's visit to Cambodia 3 Visit to India by First Prime Minister of Cambodia 4 Visit of First Prime Minister of Cambodia H.R.H. Samdech Krom Preah 4 CANADA Visit of Canadian Prime Minister to India 5 Joint Statement 6 FRANCE Condolence Message from the President of India to President of France on the Passing away of the former President of France 7 Condolence Message from the Prime Minister of India to President of France on the Passing away of the Former President of France 7 INDIA Agreement signed between India and Pakistan on the Prohibition of attack against Nuclear Installations and facilities 8 Nomination of Dr. (Smt.) Najma Heptullah, Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha by UNDP to serve as a Distinguished Human Development Ambassador 8 Second Meeting of the India-Uganda Joint Committee 9 Visit of Secretary General of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to India 10 IRAN Visit of Foreign Minister of Iran to India 10 LAOS External Affairs Minister's visit to Laos 11 NEPAL Visit of External Affairs Minister to Nepal 13 OFFICIAL SPOKESMAN'S STATEMENTS Discussion on Political and Economic Deve- lopments in the region
    [Show full text]
  • Dis/Counting Women: a Critical Feminist Analysis of Two Secondary Social Studies Textbooks
    DIS/COUNTING WOMEN: A CRITICAL FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF TWO SECONDARY SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOKS by JENNIFER TUPPER B.Ed., The University of Alberta, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM STUDIES; FACULTY OF EDUCATION; SOCIAL STUDIES SPECIALIZATION We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1998 ©Copyright: Jennifer Tupper, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Curriculum Studies The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date October ff . I 9 92? 11 ABSTRACT Two secondary social studies textbooks, Canada: A Nation Unfolding, and Canada Today were analyzed with regard to the inclusion of the lives, experiences, perspectives and contributions of females throughout history and today. Drawing on the existing literature,-a framework of analysis was created comprised of four categories: 1) language; 2) visual representation; 3) positioning and; 4) critical analysis of content. Each of these categories was further broken into a series of related subcategories in order to examine in depth and detail, the portrayal of women in these two textbooks.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Crown and Honours
    The Crown and Honours: Getting it Right Christopher McCreery I N T R O D U C T I O N In the words of that early scholar of Commonwealth autonomy, Sir Arthur Berridale Keith, “The Crown is the fount of all honour.”i The role of the Crown as the fount of all official honours in Canada is a precept that is as old and constant as is the place of the Crown in our constitutional structure. Since the days of King Louis XIV residents of Canada have been honoured by the Crown for their services with a variety of orders, decorations and medals. The position of the Crown in the modern Canadian honours system is something that is firmly entrenched, despite consistent attempts to marginalize it in recent years. Indeed honours are not something separate from the Crown, they are an integral element of the Crown. A part that affords individuals with official recognition for what are deemed as good works, or in the modern context, exemplary citizenship. Just last year we witnessed the Queen’s direct involvement in the honours system when she appointed Jean Chrétien as a member of the Order of Merit. While many commentators and officials in Canada seemed confused as to just what this honour is – the highest civil honour for service – people did realize how significant it was, in large part because it came not from a committee or politician, but directly from the Sovereign. With this paper I will delve into the central role the Crown and Sovereign play in the creation of honours and I will also explore the areas where attention and reform are required in the Canadian honours system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gordian Knot: Apartheid & the Unmaking of the Liberal World Order, 1960-1970
    THE GORDIAN KNOT: APARTHEID & THE UNMAKING OF THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER, 1960-1970 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Irwin, B.A., M.A. History ***** The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Hahn Professor Robert McMahon Professor Kevin Boyle Professor Martha van Wyk © 2010 by Ryan Irwin All rights reserved. ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the apartheid debate from an international perspective. Positioned at the methodological intersection of intellectual and diplomatic history, it examines how, where, and why African nationalists, Afrikaner nationalists, and American liberals contested South Africa’s place in the global community in the 1960s. It uses this fight to explore the contradictions of international politics in the decade after second-wave decolonization. The apartheid debate was never at the center of global affairs in this period, but it rallied international opinions in ways that attached particular meanings to concepts of development, order, justice, and freedom. As such, the debate about South Africa provides a microcosm of the larger postcolonial moment, exposing the deep-seated differences between politicians and policymakers in the First and Third Worlds, as well as the paradoxical nature of change in the late twentieth century. This dissertation tells three interlocking stories. First, it charts the rise and fall of African nationalism. For a brief yet important moment in the early and mid-1960s, African nationalists felt genuinely that they could remake global norms in Africa’s image and abolish the ideology of white supremacy through U.N.
    [Show full text]
  • Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951
    Pragmatism and Cooperation: Canadian-American Defence Activities in the Arctic, 1945-1951 by Peter Kikkert A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts In History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Peter Kikkert 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract During the early Cold War, as the Soviet menace placed Canada in between two hostile superpowers, the Canadian government decided to take steps to ensure that its sovereignty and national interests were not threatened by the Americans in the new strategic environment. This study examines the extent to which the Canadian government actually defended its sovereignty and rights against American intrusions in the early Cold War. At its core is an examination of the government’s policy of gradual acquisition in the Arctic between 1945 and 1951. This thesis explores the relationships that existed at the time, the essence of the negotiations, the state of international law and the potential costs and benefits of certain Canadian courses of action. It also explains how Canada’s quiet diplomacy allowed it to avoid alienating its chief ally, contribute to continental defence, and strengthen its sovereignty during this period. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Whitney Lackenbauer, for his insight, constant encouragement and advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Precinct Lighting Protocol (2019)
    Federal Land Use, Design, and Transaction Public Approval Submission No. 2020-P45 To Board of Directors For DECISION Date 2020-04-23 Subject/Title Parliamentary Precinct Exterior Lighting Master Plan Purpose of the Submission To obtain approval of the Board of Directors for the Parliamentary Precinct Exterior Lighting Master Plan. Recommendation • THAT the Parliamentary Precinct Exterior Lighting Master Plan (ELMP) be approved subject to the following condition: o That the subsequent implementation projects for architectural and landscape lighting planned for in the ELMP be submitted to the NCC for review and approval; and • THAT the preparation and signature of the federal approval document for the Parliamentary Precinct Exterior Lighting Master Plan be delegated to the Vice President, Capital Planning Branch. Submitted by: Pierre Vaillancourt, A/Vice President, Capital Planning Branch______ Name _______________________________________________________ Signature Submission: 2020-P45 Page 1 of 5 Federal Land Use, Design, and Transaction Public Approval Submission 1. Authority National Capital Act, sections 11 and 12 2. Project Description • The Parliamentary Precinct is the home of Canada’s parliamentary system and the physical expression of our commitment to democracy and the principle of freedom. The picturesque landscape and architectural style of the Precinct are enduring visual symbols of our country, while the openness, accessibility and security of the public spaces are representative of the values treasured and celebrated by all Canadians. The Precinct provides the setting for the work of Parliamentarians and staff in a secure and efficient manner, but it is also the preeminent gathering place for public expression and celebration, as well as a place of quiet reflection.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugene Alfred Forsey Mg 30 a 25
    Manuscript Division des Division manuscrits EUGENE ALFRED FORSEY MG 30 A 25 Finding Aid No. 712 / Instrument de recherche no 712 Prepared in 1977 by P. Dozois. Préparé en 1977 par P. Dozois. Revised in 1984 by P. DeLottinville, Révisé en 1984 par P. DeLottinville in 1994 by Neil Forsyth and en 1994 par Neil Forsyth et in 2010 by Barbara Blakeney. en 2010 par Barbara Blakeney. -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS (ONLINE VERSION STARTS AT PAGE 74) Pages Note to Researchers...................................................... iii Partial Inventory Entry ................................................. iv-vi Western Labour News Series ...............................................1 Nominal Correspondence Series ............................ 1-5, 12-13, 60-65, 76 Chronological Correspondence Series .......................... 5-6, 58-59, 76-77 Personal Correspondence Series ................................ 65-67, 77, 80-81 Articles, Speeches, Reviews and Letters to the Editor Series . 7-8, 12, 42-58, 77-78, 108 Subject File Series........................................ 8-32, 78-80, 93-108 Labour History Series ............................................ 9-10, 33-36 Ontario Advisory Committee on Confederation Series ....................... 36-42 Personal and Family Material Series............................ 68-75, 81-87, 108 Meech Lake Accord Series ........................................... 103-108 Centre for Election Studies Series ...................................... 108-109 List of Materials Transferred.......................................... 110-113 -iii- NOTE TO RESEARCHERS The Eugene Forsey papers consist of five parallel sections or parts. Volumes 1 to 18 of the collection were organized in 1977, volumes 19 to 48 were organized in 1984, volumes 49 to 51 were organized in 1991, and volumes 52 to 64 were organized in 1992, and volumes 65, 66 and 67 were organized in 2008or earlier. Researchers are advised to check all five parts in the finding aid when using the collection as most series' are in more than one part (See the Table of Contents, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook
    Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook BA Hons (Trent), War Studies (RMC) This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA 2005 Acknowledgements Sir Winston Churchill described the act of writing a book as to surviving a long and debilitating illness. As with all illnesses, the afflicted are forced to rely heavily on many to see them through their suffering. Thanks must go to my joint supervisors, Dr. Jeffrey Grey and Dr. Steve Harris. Dr. Grey agreed to supervise the thesis having only met me briefly at a conference. With the unenviable task of working with a student more than 10,000 kilometres away, he was harassed by far too many lengthy emails emanating from Canada. He allowed me to carve out the thesis topic and research with little constraints, but eventually reined me in and helped tighten and cut down the thesis to an acceptable length. Closer to home, Dr. Harris has offered significant support over several years, leading back to my first book, to which he provided careful editorial and historical advice. He has supported a host of other historians over the last two decades, and is the finest public historian working in Canada. His expertise at balancing the trials of writing official history and managing ongoing crises at the Directorate of History and Heritage are a model for other historians in public institutions, and he took this dissertation on as one more burden. I am a far better historian for having known him.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Infantry Combat Training During the Second World War
    SHARPENING THE SABRE: CANADIAN INFANTRY COMBAT TRAINING DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR By R. DANIEL PELLERIN BBA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2007 BA (Honours), Wilfrid Laurier University, 2008 MA, University of Waterloo, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in History University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada © Raymond Daniel Ryan Pellerin, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii ABSTRACT “Sharpening the Sabre: Canadian Infantry Combat Training during the Second World War” Author: R. Daniel Pellerin Supervisor: Serge Marc Durflinger 2016 During the Second World War, training was the Canadian Army’s longest sustained activity. Aside from isolated engagements at Hong Kong and Dieppe, the Canadians did not fight in a protracted campaign until the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The years that Canadian infantry units spent training in the United Kingdom were formative in the history of the Canadian Army. Despite what much of the historical literature has suggested, training succeeded in making the Canadian infantry capable of succeeding in battle against German forces. Canadian infantry training showed a definite progression towards professionalism and away from a pervasive prewar mentality that the infantry was a largely unskilled arm and that training infantrymen did not require special expertise. From 1939 to 1941, Canadian infantry training suffered from problems ranging from equipment shortages to poor senior leadership. In late 1941, the Canadians were introduced to a new method of training called “battle drill,” which broke tactical manoeuvres into simple movements, encouraged initiative among junior leaders, and greatly boosted the men’s morale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Order of Military Merit to Corporal R
    Chapter Three The Order Comes to Life: Appointments, Refinements and Change His Excellency has asked me to write to inform you that, with the approval of The Queen, Sovereign of the Order, he has appointed you a Member. Esmond Butler, Secretary General of the Order of Military Merit to Corporal R. L. Mailloux, I 3 December 1972 nlike the Order of Canada, which underwent a significant structural change five years after being established, the changes made to the Order of Military U Merit since 1972 have been largely administrative. Following the Order of Canada structure and general ethos has served the Order of Military Merit well. Other developments, such as the change in insignia worn on undress ribbons, the adoption of a motto for the Order and the creation of the Order of Military Merit paperweight, are examined in Chapter Four. With the ink on the Letters Patent and Constitution of the Order dry, The Queen and Prime Minister having signed in the appropriate places, and the Great Seal affixed thereunto, the Order had come into being, but not to life. In the beginning, the Order consisted of the Sovereign and two members: the Governor General as Chancellor and a Commander of the Order, and the Chief of the Defence Staff as Principal Commander and a similarly newly minted Commander of the Order. The first act of Governor General Roland Michener as Chancellor of the Order was to appoint his Secretary, Esmond Butler, to serve "as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Order." 127 Butler would continue to play a significant role in the early development of the Order, along with future Chief of the Defence Staff General Jacques A.
    [Show full text]