Synthesis of 18Flabelled Lactams by Using the Kinugasa Reaction

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Synthesis of 18Flabelled Lactams by Using the Kinugasa Reaction Entwicklung von neuen Radiomarkierungsverfahren und deren Anwendung zur Synthese von Radiotracern für die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Philipp Carl Maximilian Krapf aus Engelskirchen Köln, 2016 Berichterstatter/in: Prof. Dr. Bernd Neumaier………………………………………………. Prof. Dr. Hans-Günther Schmalz………………………………………... Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.04.2016………..…………………………………………….. Kurzzusammenfassung In den letzten 30 Jahren hat sich die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) zu einem der wichtigsten Instrumente in der klinischen Diagnostik entwickelt. Neben den ständigen technischen Verbesserungen verdankt die PET ihren klinischen Stellenwert vor allem dem ihr inhärenten Potenzial, physiologische und biochemische Prozesse auf molekularer Ebene und in Echtzeit darzustellen. Aufgrund der wachsenden Zahl neuer und krankheitsspezifischer Radiotracer nimmt sie auch auf dem Gebiet der Wirkstoffentwicklung sowie beim Monitoring von pharmakologischen Interventionen eine immer wichtigere Rolle ein. Grundlegend hierfür ist einerseits das intelligente Design innovativer und selektiver molekularer Sonden mit der Fähigkeit zur Visualisierung molekularer Targets, die in physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Prozessen involviert sind und andererseits die Entwicklung der dafür notwendigen fortschrittlichen Markierungsstrategien. Letzteres ist zentraler Bestandteil der radiochemischen Grundlagenforschung und Hauptgegenstand dieser kumulativen Promotionsarbeit, in dessen Rahmen ein neues „minimalistisches“ Protokoll zur Radiofluorierung ausgearbeitet wurde. Die Entwicklung der sog. „minimalistische“ Methode ermöglicht eine vereinfachte und zeitsparende Herstellung von unterschiedlichsten 18F-markierten Verbindungen, da sie weder der azeotropen Trocknung noch des Zusatzes einer Base oder anderer Additive bedarf. Das neue Radiomarkierungsverfahren umfasst eine direkte Elution von 18F- mittels alkoholischer Lösung der Ammonium-, Diaryliodonium- oder Triarylsulfoniumsalz Vorläufer. Nach Entfernung des Alkohols wird das resultierende [18F]Fluoridsalz in einem geeigneten Lösungsmittel erhitzt. Die hohe Effizienz der auf der „minimalistischen“ Methode basierenden Synthese bietet somit auch einen schnellen Zugang zu 18F-markierten Fluorbenzaldehyden ([18F]FBAs) in großen Aktivitätsmengen, was einen entscheidenden Vorteil für die Entwicklung neuer Markierungsmethoden mit Hilfe dieses Radiomarkierungsbausteins darstellt. Darauf aufbauend wurde, ausgehend von [18F]FBA, auf der Basis der Seyferth-Gilbert Homologisierung, ein innovatives Verfahren zur Synthese von bisher unbekannten 18F- markierten Fluorarylacetylenen entwickelt. Hierdurch konnten über Cycloadditions- und Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen unterschiedliche radiomarkierte Modellverbindungen sowie PET- Tracer hergestellt und somit die Vielseitigkeit der neuen radiomarkierten Synthone aufgezeigt werden. Die durch die „minimalistische“ Methode gesteigerte Effizienz der Synthese von [18F]FBA ermöglicht es ebenfalls, den bereits in der Literatur bekannten Markierungsbaustein C-(4-[18F]Fluorphenyl)-N-phenylnitron [18F]FPPN in ausreichenden Mengen zu produzieren und für die zielgerichtete Synthese diverser radiofluorierter -Lactame über die Kinugasa- Reaktion einzusetzen. Mit dem Erhalt der radiofluorierten β-Lactam-Peptid und -Protein- Konjugate in hohen radiochemischen Ausbeuten unter sehr milden Bedingungen, konnte die Eignung der Kinugasa-Reaktion als neues und leistungsstarkes Radiofluorierungsverfahren eindrucksvoll demonstriert werden. Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) plays not only an important role in clinical diagnostics but is also of great value in the area of drug development and therapy monitoring owing to its unique potential to visualize physiological and biochemical processes at the molecular level in real time. PET benefits from continuous technical improvements and, especially, the growing number of accessible novel disease-specific radiotracers. However, the great diagnostic potential of many PET-probes remains only partly exploited in current clinics since simple and efficient procedures for their preparation are missing. This hampers their widespread application. Consequently, the development of novel synthetic strategies is of central importance in radiochemistry and has been the main topic of this cumulative dissertation. First, a novel “minimalist” approach to 18F-labeling was developed. This concept eliminates the need of time-consuming azeotropic drying and avoids the application of a base or other additives which have been considered to be indispensable for nucleophilic radiofluorination recations. It was demonstrated for the first time that 18F-labeled compounds could be efficiently prepared using only [18F]fluoride and onium salt precursors. The radiolabeling method consists of a direct elution of [18F]fluoride with alcoholic solutions of precursors bearing a quaternary ammonium, diaryliodonium or triarylsulfonium functionality followed by heating of the resulting [18F]fluoride salt in a suitable solvent. The versatility and the exceptionally wide scope of the novel radiofluorination procedure were demonstrated by the preparation of several useful 18F-labeled prosthetic groups and by the one-step preparation of a radiolabeled model peptide. The radiolabeling procedure based on the “minimalist” protocol enables i.a. the convenient and fast preparation of [18F]fluorobenzaldehydes ([18F]FBA) in high radiochemical yields and excellent radiochemical purities on a large scale. As a result, [18F]FBAs could be used as a radiolabeling building block. Accordingly, [18F]FBAs were applied for the synthesis of hitherto unknown [18F]fluoro- phenylacetylenes using the Seyferth-Gilbert homologation. The versatility of these radiolabeled synthons was demonstrated by the preparation of different radiolabeled model compounds as well as potential PET-probes via various cycloaddition and cross-coupling reactions. Moreover, the efficient production of [18F]FBAs on a large scale allowed the preparation of C- (4-[18F]fluorophenyl)-N-phenyl nitrone, a radiofluorinated 1,3-dipole for radiolabeling via (2+3) cycloadditions. This building block was utilized to transfer the Kinugasa reaction into radiochemistry. The Kinugasa reaction enabled the preparation of various radiofluorinated - lactams, a radiofluorinated β-lactam-peptide and protein conjugates in high yields under exceptionally mild conditions within a short reaction time. This study demonstrated the suitability of the Kinugasa reaction not only for radiolabeling of small molecules but also of sensitive biopolymers. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Grundlagen der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) ......................................... 9 1.2 Auswahl geeigneter Radionuklide für die PET ........................................................... 11 1.3 Strategien zur Markierung mit 18F ............................................................................... 13 1.4 Die (2+3) Cycloaddition und ihre Anwendung in der Radiochemie ........................... 16 1.5 Die Seyferth-Gilbert-Homologisierung ....................................................................... 18 1.6 Die Kinugasa-Reaktion ................................................................................................ 18 2 Abdrucke der zur kumulativen Promotion eingereichten Publikationen ...................... 21 Copyrights ............................................................................................................................ 21 3 Zusammenfassende Diskussion ........................................................................................ 167 3.1 Entwicklung eines neuen Radiofluorierungsverfahren und dessen Übertragung auf verschiedene Modellreaktionen ............................................................................ 167 3.2 Elution von 18F- mit Onium-Salzen ............................................................................ 168 3.3 Herstellung von 18F-markierten Fluorbenzaldeyden über die „minimalistische“ Methode ...................................................................................................................... 169 3.4 18F-Markierung des Modellpeptids -AlaPheOMe .................................................... 170 3.5 Radiosynthese des Aktivesters 4-[18F]Tetrafluorbenzoat ([18F]TFB) ........................ 171 3.6 Radiofluorierung von Sulfoniumsalzen ...................................................................... 172 3.7 18F-Markierung aliphatischer Verbindungen: Herstellung von 5-[18F]Fluor-5- deoxy-D-ribose ([18F]FDR) ......................................................................................... 172 3.8 Seyferth-Gilbert Homologisierung zur Radiosynthese von [18F]Fluorphenyl- acetylenen als neue Markierungsbausteine ................................................................. 173 3.9 [18F]Fluorphenylacetylene in verschiedenen Beispielreaktionen ............................... 174 3.10 Radio-Kinugasa-Reaktion .......................................................................................... 177 3.11 Verwendung der Kinugasa-Reaktion zur Radiosynthese verschiedener Verbindungen und Markierung von Peptiden und Proteinen ..................................... 178 4 Literaturverzeichnis
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