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The Leticia Dispute Between Colombia and Peru Author(S): L The Leticia Dispute between Colombia and Peru Author(s): L. H. Woolsey Source: The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr., 1933), pp. 317-324 Published by: American Society of International Law Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2189558 Accessed: 28-11-2016 00:51 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Society of International Law is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Journal of International Law This content downloaded from 209.2.51.215 on Mon, 28 Nov 2016 00:51:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EDITORIAL COMMENT 317 THE LETICIA DISPUTE BETWEEN COLOMBIA AND PERU The peace machinery of the world, which is being wrenched in various quarters of the globe, is receiving another strain in South America in the conflict between Colombia and Peru over the district of Leticia. The boun- daries between Colombia and Peru in this region were fixed by the treaty of March 24,1922, whereby Colombia acquired the Leticia district and obtained access to the Amazon River. In this treaty Colombia reserved her rights in respect of the territory occupied by Brazil east of the boundary, which caused Brazil to make representations in regard to the 1922 settlement. Through the good offices of Secretary of State Hughes, a protocol was signed March 4, 1925, providing that Brazil should withdraw its objections to the settlement of 1922, that Colombia and Peru should proceed to the ratification of the treaty of 1922, and that Brazil and Colombia should sign a boundary treaty agreeing upon the line fixed in the treaty of 1922.1 These provisions were carried out; the ratifications of the 1922 treaty were exchanged March 19, 1928; the Colombia-Peru boundary was marked in 1930 and the territory duly delivered. Thus all boundary questions between the two countries were apparently settled, for Article I of the treaty declared that "there are defi- nitely and irrevocably terminated all and every one of the disputes which, because of the boundaries between Colombia and Peru, had arisen up to now, and that in the future no dispute can arise which will alter in any way the frontier line fixed by the Peace Treaty." Colombia created the Intendancy of Amazonas out of the new district with the capital at Leticia. Friendly relations were maintained across the border with the local Peruvian authorities at Iquitos, and no inamicable incident oc- curred to mar the harmony. When Leticia was transferred to Colombia, there were two wireless stations, one at Leticia and one at El Encanto, be- longing to Peru. Peru sold these two stations to Colombia for 58,500 soles in June, 1932, and delivery was made by Peru in August of that year. At the same time, by an exchange of notes Colombia agreed to recognize the conces- sions made by Peru to various persons on the Putumayo River in the Leticia territory. The present dispute arose from the fact that on September 1, 1932, a party of men, including as second in command, Lieutenant La Rosa, Chief of the Peruvian garrison at Chimbote, and some Peruvian soldiers from that garri- son and also from the garrison at Ramon Castilla, crossed the Amazon River and attacked and took the town of Leticia in Colombian territory, imprisoned the Colombian authorities and police officers, took over the government prop- erty and funds, and undertook the administration of the town and district. It appears that the Peruvian soldiers in the expedition were in uniform and were significantly supplied with cannon and machine guns. It is said that Lieutenant La Rosa maintained communications with Peruvian territory by 1 See "Boundaxy Disputes in Latin America," this JOURNAL, Vol. 25 (1931), p. 324, 331. This content downloaded from 209.2.51.215 on Mon, 28 Nov 2016 00:51:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 318 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW flying back and forth in a government airplane from Leticia to Iquitos and perhaps other places on the Peruvian side of the Amazon River. Subse- quently, the Peruvians fortified themselves at Leticia and Tarapaca on Co- lombian territory with trenches and field and machine guns, and continued to use airplanes to communicate with Peruvian territory. In the early exchanges during the first part of September, the Government of Peru officially disavowed the act, denied any connection with the expedi- tion or any participation in it by La Rosa and Peruvian soldiers, and expressed a desire to assist in restoring normal conditions and to cooperate in suppress- ing the movement, which it laid to communists. About the middle of Sep- tember, in preparation for sending a force up the Amazon, Colombia inquired of Peru whether Peruvian garrisons had been warned not to interfere with the passage of boats carrying Colombian troops to quell the uprising at Leticia. This led to an admonition by Peru that the dispatch of Colombian troops was inadvisable as it might have alarming repercussions in Peru. Colombia, however, insisted that it had the right of a sovereign to put down disorders within its own territory, and hoped that Peru would not place obstacles in the way of suppressing the uprising. Colombia added that in- terference on the part of Peru would be contrary to the Five-Power Agree- ment on internal disturbances and neutrality signed by Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela on July 18, 1911.2 By the close of September, Peru had twisted the purely local issue into one of national aspiration. In a note of September 30, while disclaiming any connection with the Leticia invasion or with a violation of the treaty of 1922, she stated that the uprising revealed a situation growing out of that treaty, for which to repress the Peruvians at Leticia would be but an ephem- eral remedy. The bonds of geography, commercial interest, nationality and blood, which exist in that district, would produce conflicts in the future. Treaties should be in harmony with the nature of things and the actual facts. Peru concluded by proposing to refer the matter to the Conciliation Commis- sion at Washington under the Inter-American Conciliation Treaties of 1923 and 1929. Early in January, however, Colombia proceeded to exercise her sovereign rights by sending a flotilla, consisting of seven or more vessels with one to two thousand troops, up the Amazon to subdue Leticia. The voyage of about 2,100 miles was made slowly to accommodate diplomatic negotiations, and the flotilla did not reach its destination until early in February. It appears that the treaty of 1928 between Brazil and Colombia provides that Colombian war ships and military transports may freely navigate the common rivers under Brazilian jurisdiction. In order to preserve her neutrality, Brazil has some 2,000 troops stationed at Manaos, about half-way to Leticia, and a 2This agreement provides, among other things, that "At no time shall there be fomented in their territorial jurisdiction, revolutions, enlistments or expeditions, nor carried out against any of the contracting nations." This content downloaded from 209.2.51.215 on Mon, 28 Nov 2016 00:51:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EDITORIAL COMMENT 319 flotilla of naval craft on the upper Amazon. It is reported that some 3,000 Peruvians were stationed on the Putumayo River, supported by several air- planes and three gunboats. Iquitos, a city of 30,000 inhabitants 250 miles above Leticia, is Peru's headquarters. On January 6 the commanding general in eastern Peru notified the com- mander of the Colombian flotilla that he would take military measures to prevent Colombian forces from entering Leticia. Consequently, in a note of January 11, Colombia requested that Peru withdraw her forces from Colom- bian territory in order that the legitimate authorities might be reinstated there. She said that her forces would avoid any conflict with Peruvian troops, and added that after the restoration of the district to Colombia, she would be willing to discuss matters in the most ample spirit of conciliation. Peru replied in a note of January 14, admitting the adoption of military measures by Peruvian authorities for the defense of the invaders, and stating that they could not be abandoned to the menacing uncertainty of the ap- proaching Colombian troops. At the same time Peru reaffirmed the valid- ity of the treaty of 1922, but insisted on a modification of the frontier so as to correct the "grave injustice committed in separating Leticia from Peru." As was to be expected from the course of events, the opposed forces could not abstain from hostilities. The first conflict occurred on February 14, when Peruvian planes attempted to bombard the Colombian flotilla on the Putumayo and were fought off by Colombian planes. On the next day a Colombian landing force captured the town of Tarapaca in Colombian ter- ritory, after bombardment by the gunboats and planes. As a result, diplomatic relations between the two countries were severed on February 15, when the Peruvian Minister at Bogota obtained his pass- ports, and the Colombian Minister at Lima requested his. The conflicts occurring between the opposite forces aroused feeling at home, and before the Colombian Minister could sail, a mob broke into and set fire to the Colom- bian Legation at Lima and destroyed or carried away the furniture and automobiles without hindrance by the police.
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