Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA THE UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA Edmond, Oklahoma Jackson College of Graduate Studies and Research Public Health Implications of Colombian Diaspora: Market Density as an Indicator for Food Insecurities A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by Mark J. Johnson Edmond, Oklahoma April 30, 2015 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA iii Acknowledgements If I could only tangibly extend a gulf of gratitude to my mentor Dr. Kimberly Davison for her unwavering guidance, compassion, methodical dexterity, and immeasurable patience of my labors. Likewise, this work would not be possible without my assiduous thesis committee, Drs. Sunshine Cowan, and Tawni Holmes who steadfastly provided me pronounced insights, supplemental regulation, and rigorous austerity required of my exploration. I would also like to acknowledge all departmental staff and faculty of Kinesiology and Health, Political Science, History, and the Graduate College who in some preposterous form or another has incalculably abetted me from monumental disaster. This thesis saw me through various governmental bodies, institutions, jungles, and slums of Colombia and without the assistance of many, this project would simply not have been possible. From the slums of Bogotá and Medellín, I transport memories and lessons of real world survival where despondency paradigmatically pleats outside the textbook margins. Where both insolvency and wealth, and the hopeful and hopeless can mutually coexist, yet expire in a whipping defeat. Through the allied support of colleagues, friends and family, and for those who realize that utopic reveries of an improved world are preconditioned with first realizing some uncomfortable truths, this thesis too, would not be possible. This research was partially funded by the Office of Research & Grants of the University of Central Oklahoma PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA iv Pro victimis esurient et bellum PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA v Table of Contents Contents Page Acknowledgements………………………………...……………….…….…………………….iii Dedication……………………………..………………………………...…………….….….….iv List of Tables………………………………...……………….…….………………………...…vii List of Figures………………………………...……………….…….……………………….…viii Abstract………………………………...……………….…….…………………………………..ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………..…...……………….…….…...1 Purpose……………………………………………………..……………………...............3 Significance of the Study………………………..…………..…………………….…........3 Statement of the Problem………………….………….………….……………….…...…..3 Hypothesis…………………………………….…......…………………………….….…...4 Limitations………………………………………….….……….…………………..…......4 Delimitations……………………………………….……..……………………..…….......4 Assumptions………………………..………….……………….…………….….…….…..4 Definitions……………………..……..…….……………………….…….…….………....6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………..…………………………....8 Colombia...……..……………………….………………………….………….………......8 Economics……………………………………………………………………………......14 Logistics..………………………………………………….……………………………..19 Displacement..………………………………………………….………………………...22 Conflict..………………………………………………………….……………………...25 Food Insecurity..…………………………………………….….………………….….....39 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA vi Market Density…………………………………………………………………………...44 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………..47 Participants…………………………………………………………………...………......47 Instrumentation……………………………………………………………….……….....47 Procedures……………………………………………………………………….….........48 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………….…………....49 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS………………………………...……………….…...…...………50 Securities…………………………………..……………….…….………………………50 Food Securities & Market Distribution.....……………….…….…………..…………….52 Insolvency……………………………...……………….…….……………….…………53 Population Density……………………...……………….…….…………………………54 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION………………………………...…………….…….…….……55 Summary………………………………...……………….…….…...……………………55 Future Research………………...………….………………………………………….…56 Conclusions…………………………...……………….…….………………………...…61 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..…………66 TABLES………………………………...……………….…….…..……….……………………82 FIGURES………………………………...……………….…….…..………………………..…105 APPENDICES……………………………………………...……………………………..……121 A: Institutional Review Board………….…………………………...……………….…123 B: Acronyms………….…………………………...……………….…………………...126 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA vii List of Tables 1. Population by locality ……………………………………………………………………...…82 2. Food insecurity by locality…………………………………………………………………….83 3. Population and per centum food insecurity by locality ………………………………………84 4. Market distribution by locality …………………………………………………………..……85 5. Mild, moderate, and severe per centum food insecurity by locality …………………….……86 6. One factor analysis of variance and least significant difference …….………………………..87 7. Regression of mild food insecurity and food insecurity……...……………………..………...88 8. Regression of moderate food insecurity and food insecurity……………………………….…89 9. Regression of severe food insecurity and food insecurity………………………………….…90 10. Descriptive statistics for locality, food securities, market distribution, and insolvency ...…..91 11. Pearson’s correlation of market distribution and insecurity…………………………………92 12. Market distribution and food insecurity…………………………………………………...…93 13. Market location by locality …………………………………………………………….……94 14. Pearson’s correlations of market distribution and food security…………………………...100 15. Regression of food insecurity and insolvency …………………………………………..…101 16. Regression of market distribution and insolvency …………………………………………102 17. Pearson’s correlation of population density and food insecurity density ………………….103 18. Regression of population density and insecurity density ……………………………….….104 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA viii List of Figures 1. Histogram of mean population by locality ……………………………………………….…105 2 Histogram of mean food insecurity by locality………………………………………………106 3. Dual axes of mean population and mean per centum food insecurity by locality …………..107 4. Histogram of mean market distribution by locality …………………………………………108 5. Scatterplot of food insecurity and mild food insecurity ……………………………………..109 6. Scatterplot of food insecurity and moderate food insecurity ……………………………..…110 7. Scatterplot of food insecurity and severe food insecurity …………………………………...111 8. Dual axes of mean population and mean per centum mild food insecurity by locality ……..112 9. Dual axes of mean population and mean per centum moderate food insecurity by locality...113 10. Dual axes of mean population and mean per centum severe food insecurity by locality..…114 11. Scatterplot of food insecurity and market distribution …………………………………….115 12. Dual axes of mean market distribution and mean per centum food insecurity by locality…116 13. Scatterplot of food security and market distribution………………………………………..117 14. Scatterplot of food insecurity and insolvency…………………………………..…………..118 15. Scatterplot of market density and insolvency………………………………………………119 16. Scatterplot of population density and food insecurity density……………………………...120 17. Logarithmic scatterplot of market distribution and food insecurity………………………..121 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA ix ABSTRACT Food security is outlined as the universal capacity to procure safe food goods in a diurnal modus consistent with biological load and lifestyle. Therefore, food insecurity is the failure of these processes, which can predictably lead to anthropometric deviations, reduced educational attainment, and other deleterious public health disruptions. It is thereby crucial to reveal novel approaches in predicting food insecurities, and to elucidate if subsisting mechanisms either frustrate or fortify these conditions. Colombia is a developing country suffering from an internal conflict that has displaced over 5.2 million residents. This humanitarian crisis characteristically exacerbates established food insecurities, which extends over 41% of the total population, or 19.2 million inhabitants. Hencetofore, no study has attempted to couple market distribution to the reported food security status of Bogotá D.C., a megalopolis of 8.7 million residents, of which, more than 5.8 million remain currently food insecure. It was then hypothesized that market density could reliably infer sustenance anxieties athwart the 20 localities of Bogotá. Our results revealed an orthogonal relationship between market distribution and varying levels of food insecurities throughout Bogotá, foisting poverty as a primary antecedent to hunger. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COLOMBIAN DIASPORA 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION As the escalation of the global populace intensifies, the biosphere is anticipated to reach its latent carrying capacity (Sachs, 2008) and accordingly, the requisite procurement of food goods will become linearly disproportional to realtime food consumption. Present estimates forecast this capacity to be 9-10 billion persons (Wilson, 2012), with current global metrics reaching 7.2 billion persons in 2014 (United States Census Bureau [USCB], 2014). Therefore, it is imperative to consider and anticipate future water and nutrient asymmetries before they become globally established, to offer a tersely buoyant postulate to the ailing distortions of the very framework of humanity. For unresolved, these conditions could outpace the boundaries that have exclusively buffered the food secure from the stark realities historically