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The Palace of Lausus and Nearby Monuments In The Palace of Lausus and Nearby Monuments in Constantinople: A Topographical Study Author(s): Jonathan Bardill Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 101, No. 1 (Jan., 1997), pp. 67-95 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/506250 . Accessed: 15/02/2013 15:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Institute of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 15:45:42 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Palace of Lausus and Nearby Monuments in Constantinople: A Topographical Study JONATHAN BARDILL Abstract tumn of 1942, he revealed a hexagonal hall preceded The Palace of Lausus in Constantinople is generally by a semicircular portico (fig. 1).1 During later ex- identified with the rotunda and hall excavated adjoining cavations by Duyuran in 1951-1952, a column base to the northwestof the Hippodrome by Duyuran in 1951 bearing the inscription "Of Antiochus the praeposi- and Naumann in 1964. An examination of the literary tus" was found in situ in the This discov- sources and of neglected archaeological evidence, how- portico.2 ever,suggests that Lausus'spalace remainsundiscovered, ery securely identified the monument as the Palace closer to the Forum of Constantine and on the opposite of Antiochus, in which a church of St. Euphemia was side of the Mese. This relocation necessitates a recon- later established, probably when relics of the saint sideration of the positions of monuments known to have were transferred to Constantinople from Chalcedon been close to the palace. We cannot be certain that the in The construction of the can be rotunda was built at the same time as the hexagon of 680.3 palace safely the Palace of Antiochus, despite the fact that both struc- assigned to about 402-439, when the eunuch Anti- tures contain similar cramped blocks of ashlar. The ochus is known to have served in the Great Palace. church of St. in the cannot have been John Diippion Using the stamped bricks recovered during the ex- founded in the rotunda or adjoining hall, and it prob- cavations in conjunction with the literary sources, ably stood closer to the Milion and St. Sophia. The "Pal- we that it was built after atio ritondo di Costantino" of the Braun and Hogen- may suggest probably 429.4 berg panorama does not seem to relate to the structures A number of literary sources, which are examined northwest of the Hippodrome.* in detail below, suggest that the Palace of Lausus stood no great distance from the Palace of Antiochus. When Palladius dedicated his Lausiac History to him LOCATIONOF THE PALACE OF LAUSUS in 420, Lausus was the Grand Chamberlain (praepo- In 1939, frescoes depicting the life and martyr- situs sacri cubiculi) of Theodosius II. By 422, he had dom of St. Euphemia were discovered to the north- been replaced in the post by one Macrobius, but he west of the Hippodrome in Istanbul. When Schneider possibly held the position again in 431, when he was conducted excavations there in the summer and au- at least recommended for it by Cyril of Alexandria, * I wish to thank the British Academy,Linacre College, et memoires du Centre de recherche and the Institute of Archaeology in Oxford for their sup- d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance, port; Albrecht Berger, Cyril Mango, and AJA'sanonymous Collkge de France Monographies 2, reviewersfor reading and commenting on earlier versions Paris 1990). of this paper; and Michael Vickers, Dimitris Plantzos, and Mango 1993 C. Mango, Studies on Constantinople (Var- IdaJohansen for advice. I am also grateful to Nubar Ham- iorum Collected Studies, Aldershot partumian and LizJames for permission to reproduce figs. 1993). 7 and 8, to the Deutsches Archaologisches Institut in Is- 'See A.M. Schneider, "Grabung im Bereich des Eu- tanbul for figs. 3, 9, and 13, to the Master and Fellows of phemia-Martyrionszu Konstantinopel,"AA58 (1943)255-89 Trinity College, Cambridge, for fig. 14, to Alison Wilkins for the first discoveries. for drawing figs. 1 and 9, and to Robert Wilkins and Susan 2 R. Duyuran, "Second Report on Excavations on the for Hurst preparing the photographs. Site of the New Palace ofJustice at Istanbul,"IstArkMiizYzll The following abbreviations are used: 6 (1953) 75. Guilland R. Guilland, Etudes de topographiede Con- 3 The church of St. Euphemia is said to have been in stantinople byzantine I-II (Berliner by- -d 'Avt6rtou according to the Synaxarion of Constantinople zantinistische Arbeiten 37, Berlin (ed. H. Delehaye, 47-49, 811-13). On the date of the trans- 1969). lation of the relics, see A. Berger,"Die Reliquien der Hei- Mango 1959 C. Mango, The Brazen House: A Study ligen Euphemia und ihre erste Translationnach Konstan- of the Vestibuleof the Imperial Palace of tinopel," Hellenika 39 (1988) 311-22. Constantinople(Arkaeologisk-kunsthis- 4The evidence for the length of Antiochus'scareer and toriske Meddelelser 4.4, Copenhagen the dating of his palace is discussed by G. Greatrex and 1959). J. Bardill, "Antiochus the Praepositus, a Persian Eunuch Mango 1990 C. Mango, Le developpementurbain de Con- at the Court of Theodosius II,"DOP 50 (1996,forthcoming). stantinople (IVe-VIIe siecles)2 (Travaux 67 American Journal of Archaeology 101 (1997) 67-95 This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 15:45:42 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 JONATHAN BARDILL [AJA 101 ? " ?a...c;- Mese " ... ...... ... - --- it , """2 " j , ..!. /.?? ,s' :.s? . IvkL //, ~~~~Rotun d-a ---- - , 1 : ! !-4.. ... ?\ ,, i '~ ,r XA ' Ib? /' /• .."?~ Palace of : i ~? ' :' - ,: , i., ... .. ,'' "••.Antiochus %it / //00 50 100 Metres Fig. 1. Plan of the discoveries made at the northwest corner of the Hippodrome in Istanbul between 1939 and 1964. (A. Wilkins, after W. Muiller-Wiener,Bildlexikon zur TopographieIstanbuls [Tiibingen 1977] pl. 109) and perhaps also in 436. A letter from Firmus, bish- porticoes flanking the Mese (or "Middle Street"),6 op of Caesarea, which was probably sent to the Lau- that Lausus displayed the collection of antique stat- sus with whom we are concerned, refers to his great uary for which he is best known. The assemblage wealth and large mansion.5 It was here, and near the included an Athena from Lindos by Skyllis and Di- 5 On Lausus, see J.R. Martindale, The Prosopography of Mango, "The LiteraryEvidence," in C. Mango,M. Vickers, the Later Roman Empire 2: AD 395-527 (Cambridge 1980) and E.D.Francis, "The Palace of Lausus at Constantinople s.v.Lausus, LAVSVS2, and Lausus 3. and Its Collection of Ancient Statues,"Journal of the History 6 Cedrenus (Historiarumcompendium, ed. I. Bekker, I, 616) of Collections4 [1992] 91 [Cedrenus B]). A variant text of indicates that statues were displayed in the porticoes along the Patria (II, 36 [G], ed. T. Preger, Scriptores originum con- the Mese:"[The fire] also destroyed the porticoes on either stantinopolitanarumII) describes the statues as in the pal- side of the street Mese and the excellent offerings of Lau- ace and facing the thoroughfare. sus: for many ancient statues were set up there"(trans. C. This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Feb 2013 15:45:42 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1997] THE PALACE OF LAUSUS AND NEARBY MONUMENTS IN CONSTANTINOPLE 69 poinos, the Knidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles, the Sa- Lausus's palace.Just as Lausus's composition implied mian Hera of Boupalos, Lysippos's Eros, Pheidias's the victory of Virtue over Love and Chance, so in Olympian Zeus, Lysippos's Kairos, and numerous the manuscript illustration, Juliana's magnanimity beasts. Pheidias's statue sculptured 12.5-m-high of and prudence govern her desire for building.'0 Olympian Zeus was presumably under cover, which There is a consensus among scholars of Constan- suggests that Lausus's palace was extremely large.7 tinopolitan topography that Lausus's palace is to be Vickers and Francis have suggested that Lausus ar- identified with the structures discovered between ranged his statues in a meaningful program: Lysip- Antiochus's hexagonal hall and Divan Yolu (which pos's tiny figures of Eros and Kairos were positioned follows the course of the ancient Mese). Here, Duy- to Zeus's right and left, respectively, his colossal statue uran uncovered a rotunda with a semicircular en- towering above them. The message, they suggest, was trance portico," and when Naumann excavated the the power of Virtue over Love and Chance.8 area in 1964, an adjoining great hall, 52.5 m long and In support of this interpretation, we may refer 12.4 m wide, was revealed (fig. 1).12 In fact, Naumann to the illustration on folio 6v of the early sixth- was reluctant to conclude that the rotunda and ad- codex of Dioscorides in century Vienna.9 Here, Ani- joining hall were part of the Palace of Lausus,13 and cia is Juliana depicted, like the Olympian Zeus, in Janin was also cautious, suggesting that his residence a rigid, frontal pose, seated on the sella curulis. The might have been further to the west.14 Nevertheless, that flank figures her are identified as personifica- this identification has gained acceptance in the works tions of her virtues: on her hand sits right Magna- of Krautheimer, Mfiller-Wiener, and Berger.15 In a who holds nimity (Myakotwuxita), a large pile of recent study of Lausus's collection of antique statu- coins to her and on her gold chest, left sits Prudence ary, Mango has stated, "Though not absolutely cer- These three figures dwarf a tain, identification (4p6vroitq).
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