DOCSLIB.ORG

Platyrrhine Phylogenetics with a Focus on Callitrichine Life History Adaptations Natalie Mae Jameson Wayne State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2013 Platyrrhine Phylogenetics With A Focus On Callitrichine Life History Adaptations Natalie Mae Jameson Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Jameson, Natalie Mae, "Platyrrhine Phylogenetics With A Focus On Callitrichine Life History Adaptations" (2013). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 844. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. PLATYRRHINE PHYLOGENTICS WITH A FOCUS ON CALLITRICHINE LIFE HISTORY ADAPTATIONS by NATALIE MAE JAMESON DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2013 MAJOR: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS Approved by: __________________________________ Advisor Date © COPYRIGHT BY NATALIE MAE JAMESON 2013 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION To my soon-to-be husband Chris, who knew that most bad days could be remedied with a crab leg dinner. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I thank my adviser, Derek Wildman. The education I received and the opportunities were afforded to me over my time in the Wildman lab will no doubt drive me to success throughout my career. Secondly, thank you to my committee members, Dr. Heng, Dr. Uddin, and Dr. Yi. It is because of their continual input and support that this research has been shaped into a body of work I am deeply proud of. Thank you to the staff of the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, without whose help and backing I would have been lost. I will be forever grateful to the Wildman lab members, both past and present. Their valuable advice and unwavering friendships have been vital in carrying me through this process. I honor the memory of Dr. Morris Goodman, a brilliant scientist and wonderful man. I will always feel privileged for the time that I was able to learn from him. Finally I’d like to thank my family and friends. You know who you are and you know all you’ve done. Thank you, I love you all. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………….. v List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………… vii Chapter 1: Introduction …………………………………………………………………..…… 1 Chapter 2: Genomic data reject the hypothesis of a prosimian primate clade (Published September 2011) ………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter 3: Development and annotation of shotgun sequence libraries from New World monkeys (Published September 2012) ……………………………….. 41 Chapter 4: The tempo and mode of New World monkey evolution and biogeography in the context of phylogenomic analysis (In review at Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution) ………………………………………………….. 53 Chapter 5: Genetic underpinnings of litter size reduction in Goeldi’s monkey (Callimico goeldii) …………………………………………………………………….…… 95 Chapter 6: Conclusions ………………………………………………………………….… 128 Appendix A: Chapter 2 Supplemental Material …………………………………….…… 132 Appendix B: Chapter 3 Supplemental Material ……………………………………….… 135 Appendix C: Chapter 4 Supplemental Material …………………………………….…… 136 Appendix D: Chapter 5 Supplemental Material ……………………………………….… 140 References ………………………………………………………………………………….. 144 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….….. 188 Autobiographical Statement ………………………………………………………….…… 190 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Presence of selected character states that vary among the three major primate clades …………………….…………………………....……………….. 17 Table 2.2: Mammalian taxa used to infer the phylogeny ………………….…………….. 21 Table 2.3: Divergence date estimates and 95% credibility intervals ……...………...…. 31 Table 3.1: Shotgun library composition ……………………………...……………………. 49 Table 4.1: Taxon sampling ..…………..……………………………….………………...…. 58 Table 4.2: Divergence dates at nodes ….…………………………….………………...…. 71 Table 4.3: Rate variation …….…………………………………………………………...…. 72 Table 5.1: Shared derived traits in Cebidae ……...………….………………………...…. 96 Table 5.2: New World monkey tissue samples ……………..………………………...….. 99 Table 5.3: Genes involved in reproduction and ovulation ……...…………………...…. 103 Table 5.4: Microsatellite genotyping results …………………….…………………...….. 109 Table 5.5: RNAseq summary statistics ……………………………….……………...….. 115 Table 5.6: Genes undergoing adaptive evolution within callitrichines ……………...….117 Table 5.7: Codon sites undergoing accelerated evolution ….……………………...….. 119 Table S1: Full list of taxa used in divergence dating analyses ...……………………… 132 Table S2: Nucleotide composition in the 47 transcript and the 1,078 transcript datasets ….……………………………………………………………………… 133 Table S3: Divergence date estimates and 95% credibility intervals for all taxa using mcmctree .….……………………………………………………….…………… 133 Table S4: Divergence date estimates and 95% credibility intervals for 17 mammalian taxa in BEAST using the 47 transcript dataset ..….…..………….………… 134 Table S5: Repetitive elements identified within sequencing reads …………..…….… 135 v Table S6: Primers for 64 non-genic markers ………………………….…………….….. 136 Table S7: Division of partitions based on GC content ……………..……………….….. 137 Table S8: Annotation of non-genic markers …………………………...…………….….. 138 Table S9: Species coverage for each gene analyzed in PAML ……..…………….….. 140 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Four hypotheses for the phylogenetic relationships among the three major primate clades ..……………………………………………….……………….. 14 Figure 2.2: Anthropoid phylogenetic tree ..…………………………...…………………… 29 Figure 2.3: Topology test supporting the grouping of Tarsius with Anthropoidea ..…... 30 Figure 2.4: Divergence dates estimates in Euarchontoglires ...…....…………………… 31 Figure 3.1: Representative New World monkey species ..………………………….…... 44 Figure 3.2: Workflow showing the steps involved in the shotgun library construction, sequencing, and annotation ..…................................................................. 47 Figure 4.1: Geographic ranges and distributions of New World monkeys ..….............. 64 Figure 4.2: Phylogeny of extant NWM species ..…....................................................... 67 Figure 4.3: Divergence date analysis ………................................................................. 70 Figure 4.4: Ancestral area reconstruction …….............................................................. 73 Figure 4.5: Depiction of clade distribution throughout South America ……................... 75 Figure 4.6: Phylogenetic resolution within Aotus .......................................................... 81 Figure 4.7: Hypothesized migratory routes to the Neotropics ………..…………………. 83 Figure 5.1: Evolution of offspring number variation …………………………….…….….. 97 Figure 5.2: Sliding window sequence quality check ..……………………...……….….. 105 Figure 5.3: Branch test models of adaptive evolution ……………………...……….….. 107 Figure 5.4: Branch-sites test model of adaptive evolution …………………...…….….. 108 Figure 5.5: SRY amplification ……………………………………………………...….….. 114 Figure 5.6: Genes undergoing adaptive evolution on callitrichine lineages ……….… 117 Figure 5.7: Genes with sites undergoing adaptive evolution on callitrichine lineages .118 vii Figure S1: Optimal models of sequence evolution selected for each transcript in both datasets .……………………………………………………...……….…….…. 132 Figure S2: Distribution of sequencing reads among human chromosomes based on BLAST search results ……….……………………………...…...………….… 135 Figure S3: Pedigree of Callimico goeldii individuals tested for chimerism …….…….. 143 viii 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Understanding reproductive strategies is a central aspect in studies of species evolution (Kappeler et al., 2003). The unique assemblage of a species’ life history traits defines its reproductive strategy. Life history traits having a major influence on reproductive strategy are those such as, number versus quality of offspring, current versus future reproduction, age versus size at maturity, and fecundity versus lifespan. Drastic changes in traits such as these occur on a long evolutionary time scale (i.e. between Orders), while smaller adjustments to these traits can occur in shorter time (i.e. within an Order) (Promislow and Harvey, 1990). However there are exceptions, such as litter size within the Order Primates. Within Primates, litter size varies from 1 to 4 offspring per pregnancy; with the majority of species producing singleton offspring (Leutenegger, 1979). Interestingly, species within Cebidae (squirrel monkey, capuchin monkey, owl monkey, marmoset, tamarin, and Goeldi’s monkey) produce litters that span the full spectrum of one to four offspring (Ross, 1991). The variation in litter size seen among the relatively closely related Cebidae species suggests an alteration of reproductive strategies within the past 10 million years (Opazo et al., 2006; Perelman et al., 2011; Jameson et al., In Review, See chapter 4). The aim of my research is to integrate phenotypic and genotypic character evolution in order to determine the molecular underpinnings of reproductive strategies in New World monkeys. I have employed the use of comparative genomics, tracing the 2 evolution of genes and phenotypes on the background of a well resolved phylogeny to determine conserved and derived character states, which has been shown to be a valuable
Recommended publications
  • The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume

    The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume

    T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203.
  • The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context

    The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context

    P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992).
  • Human Evolution: a Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H

    Human Evolution: a Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H

    PHYSICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANTHROPOLOGY - Human Evolution: A Paleoanthropological Perspective - F.H. Smith HUMAN EVOLUTION: A PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE F.H. Smith Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, USA Keywords: Human evolution, Miocene apes, Sahelanthropus, australopithecines, Australopithecus afarensis, cladogenesis, robust australopithecines, early Homo, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Australopithecus africanus/Australopithecus garhi, mitochondrial DNA, homology, Neandertals, modern human origins, African Transitional Group. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reconstructing Biological History: The Relationship of Humans and Apes 3. The Human Fossil Record: Basal Hominins 4. The Earliest Definite Hominins: The Australopithecines 5. Early Australopithecines as Primitive Humans 6. The Australopithecine Radiation 7. Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo 8. Explaining Early Hominin Evolution: Controversy and the Documentation- Explanation Controversy 9. Early Homo erectus in East Africa and the Initial Radiation of Homo 10. After Homo erectus: The Middle Range of the Evolution of the Genus Homo 11. Neandertals and Late Archaics from Africa and Asia: The Hominin World before Modernity 12. The Origin of Modern Humans 13. Closing Perspective Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS The basic course of human biological history is well represented by the existing fossil record, although there is considerable debate on the details of that history. This review details both what is firmly understood (first echelon issues) and what is contentious concerning humanSAMPLE evolution. Most of the coCHAPTERSntention actually concerns the details (second echelon issues) of human evolution rather than the fundamental issues. For example, both anatomical and molecular evidence on living (extant) hominoids (apes and humans) suggests the close relationship of African great apes and humans (hominins). That relationship is demonstrated by the existing hominoid fossil record, including that of early hominins.
  • Annual Meeting Issue 2003 Final Revision

    Annual Meeting Issue 2003 Final Revision

    Program of the Seventy-Second Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists to be held at The Tempe Mission Palms Hotel Tempe, Arizona April 23 to April 26, 2003 AAPA Scientific Program Committee: John H. Relethford Chair and Program Editor James Calcagno William L. Jungers Lyle Konigsberg Lorena Madrigal Karen Rosenberg Theodore G. Schurr Lynette Leidy Sievert Dawnie Wolfe Steadman Karen B. Strier Edward Hagen, Computer Programming Charles A. Lockwood, Cover Photo Local Arrangements Committee: Leanne T. Nash (Chair) Brenda J. Baker Kaye E. Reed Charles A. Lockwood Robert C. Williams Melissa K. Schaefer (student) Stephanie Meredith (student) and many other student volunteers 2 Message from the Program Committee Chair The 2003 AAPA meeting, our seventy- obtain abstracts and determine when and second annual meeting, will be held at the where specific posters and papers will be Tempe Mission Palms Hotel in Tempe, Ari- presented. zona. There will be 682 podium and poster As in the past, we will meet in conjunc- presentations in 55 sessions, with a total of tion with a number of affiliated groups in- almost 1,300 authors participating. These cluding the American Association of Anthro- numbers mark our largest meeting ever. The pological Genetics, the American Der- program includes nine podium symposia and matoglyphics Association, the Dental An- three poster symposia on a variety of topics: thropology Association, the Human Biology 3D methods, atelines, baboon life history, Association, the Paleoanthropology Society, behavior genetics, biomedical anthropology, the Paleopathology Association, and the dental variation, hominid environments, Primate Biology and Behavior Interest primate conservation, primate zoonoses, Group.
  • The Survival of the Central American Squirrel Monkey

    The Survival of the Central American Squirrel Monkey

    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2005 The urS vival of the Central American Squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi): the habitat and behavior of a troop on the Burica Peninsula in a conservation context Liana Burghardt SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Burghardt, Liana, "The urS vival of the Central American Squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi): the habitat and behavior of a troop on the Burica Peninsula in a conservation context" (2005). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 435. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/435 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Survival of the Central American Squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi): the habitat and behavior of a troop on the Burica Peninsula in a conservation context Liana Burghardt Carleton College Fall 2005 Burghardt 2 I dedicate this paper which documents my first scientific adventure in the field to my father. “It is often necessary to put aside the objective measurements favored in controlled laboratory environments and to adopt a more subjective naturalistic viewpoint in order to see pattern and consistency in the rich, varied context of the natural environment” (Baldwin and Baldwin 1971: 48). Acknowledgments This paper has truly been an adventure and as is common I have many people I wish to thank.
  • For Early Anthropoids

    For Early Anthropoids

    EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 24:41–42 (2015) NEWS Westward Ho! for Early Anthropoids etween March 17 and 19, The likely have been an ideal time for dis- quarries, discussed the chronological School for Advanced Research persals from Asia to Africa because of dates of the stratigraphic section, the Bin Santa Fe, New Mexico, the geographical positions of Middle adaptations of the many species, and hosted a short but intense, seminar/ Eastern tectonic blocks and the likeli- the ongoing debates about the phylo- workshop on “The Colonization of hood of high water volume flowing genetic relationships of different Africa by Early Anthropoid Primates.” southwest from large Asian rivers taxa. The seminar, organized by Chris toward Africa in conjunction with pre- Chris Beard (Kansas) reviewed the Beard (Kansas), involved two full and vailing westward currents. evidence of anthropoid evolution in intense days of presentations and dis- Gregoire Metais (Museum National Africa and Asia, then addressed the cussions, followed by a field trip to d’Histoire Naturelle, France) discussed importance of over-water dispersal Paleocene and Eocene localities in the “Potential Role of Turkey as a Bio- in primate evolution. He argued that northern New Mexico’s San Juan geographic Crossroads for Eurasian the phenomenon that is often called Basin. and African Mammals During the “sweepstakes dispersal” is not ran- Africa has been a major center for Paleogene.” Modern Turkey has an dom (and thus should perhaps be the evolution of anthropoid primates intricate geological history. Recent referred to as a special case of filter over at least the last 35 million years. paleontological work by Metais and dispersal).
  • Late Middle Eocene Primate from Myanmar and the Initial Anthropoid Colonization of Africa

    Late Middle Eocene Primate from Myanmar and the Initial Anthropoid Colonization of Africa

    Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa Abstract Reconstructing the origin and early evolutionary history of anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) is a current focus of paleoprimatology. Although earlier hypotheses frequently supported an African origin for anthropoids, recent discoveries of older and phylogenetically more basal fossils in China and Myanmar indicate that the group originated in Asia. Given the Oligocene-Recent history of African anthropoids, the colonization of Africa by early anthropoids hailing from Asia was a decisive event in primate evolution. However, the fossil record has so far failed to constrain the nature and timing of this pivotal event. Here we describe a fossil primate from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar, Afrasia djijidae gen. et sp. nov., that is remarkably similar to, yet dentally more primitive than, the roughly contemporaneous North African anthropoid Afrotarsius. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Afrasia and Afrotarsius are sister taxa within a basal anthropoid clade designated as the infraorder Eosimiiformes. Current knowledge of eosimiiform relationships and their distribution through space and time suggests that members of this clade dispersed from Asia to Africa sometime during the middle Eocene, shortly before their first appearance in the African fossil record. Crown anthropoids and their nearest fossil relatives do not appear to be specially related to Afrotarsius, suggesting one or more additional episodes of dispersal from Asia to Africa. Hystricognathous rodents, anthracotheres, and possibly other Asian mammal groups seem to have colonized Africa at roughly the same time or shortly after anthropoids gained their first toehold there .
  • Goeldi's Monkey

    Goeldi's Monkey

    Goeldi’s Monkey (Callimico) Callimico goeldii Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Callitrichidae Characteristics: Goeldi’s monkeys are very small primates. They are approximately the size of a squirrel. These monkeys are very dark in color, ranging in shades of black and brown. They have a mane-like appearance with longer fur near the head and neck. The Goeldi’s monkeys have claws on all of their digits except the second. These small primates weigh only 22oz on average. They have a body length that is in the range of 8-12 inches. The non-prehensile tail is usually longer than the body. (Primate Info Net) Behavior: The Goeldi’s monkey lives in small family groups usually consisting of a breeding pair and other family members. These groups will Range & Habitat: Upper Amazonian rainforests of grow up to 10 individuals in size. They are very social animals and will southern Colombia, eastern spend a great deal of time grooming and communicating with Ecuador and Peru, western Brazil, vocalizations, scent, facial, and body language. (Animal Diversity) This and northern Bolivia. monkey forages in the understory of the forest and rarely goes up into the canopy. They are very agile and can leap up to 13 feet between branches! (Arkive) Reproduction: In the wild, mating occurs during the wet season of September through November. Females have a gestation of 145-152 days. The female will give birth to a single young twice a year. The mother will care for the newborn for 10-20 days, then the rest of the family group will assist the mother.
  • An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates

    An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates

    An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the Greater Antillean primates Siobhán B. Cookea,b,c,1, Alfred L. Rosenbergera,b,d,e, and Samuel Turveyf aGraduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10016; cDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; dDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210; eDepartment of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and fInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Edited* by Elwyn L. Simons, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved December 30, 2010 (received for review June 29, 2010) A new extinct Late Quaternary platyrrhine from Haiti, Insulacebus fragment (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The latter preserves alveoli from toussaintiana, is described here from the most complete Caribbean left P4 to the right canine. subfossil primate dentition yet recorded, demonstrating the likely coexistence of two primate species on Hispaniola. Like other Carib- Etymology bean platyrrhines, I. toussaintiana exhibits primitive features resem- Insula (L.) means island, and cebus (Gr.) means monkey; The bling early Middle Miocene Patagonian fossils, reflecting an early species name, toussaintiana, is in honor of Toussainte Louverture derivation before the Amazonian community of modern New World (1743–1803), a Haitian hero and a founding father of the nation. anthropoids was configured. This, in combination with the young age of the fossils, provides a unique opportunity to examine a different Type Locality and Site Description parallel radiation of platyrrhines that survived into modern times, but The material was recovered in June 1984 from Late Quaternary ′ ′ is only distantly related to extant mainland forms.
  • Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 Version Available for Download From

    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 Version Available for Download From

    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. DD MM YY Beatriz de Aquino Ribeiro - Bióloga - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) Designation date Site Reference Number 99136-0940. Antonio Lisboa - Geógrafo - MSc. Biogeografia - Analista Ambiental / [email protected], (95) 99137-1192. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - ICMBio Rua Alfredo Cruz, 283, Centro, Boa Vista -RR. CEP: 69.301-140 2.
  • Information to Users

    Information to Users

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 RAPID PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION, DELAYED BEHAVIORAL MATURATION, AND SINGLE BIRTH IN YOUNG ADULT CALLTMICO: A REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald P.
  • Boletín Antártico Chileno, Edición Especial

    Boletín Antártico Chileno, Edición Especial

    EL CONTINENTE DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO Índice DIRECTOR Y REPRESENTANTE LEGAL Presentación José Retamales Espinoza 5 Prólogo 7 EDITOR Reiner Canales La relación entre Sudamérica y la Antártica 11 (E-mail: [email protected]) El pasado de la Antártica… ¿una incógnita develada? 13 COMITÉ EDITORIAL Marcelo Leppe Cartes Edgardo Vega Separación de la fauna marina antártica y sudamericana desde una aproximación molecular 21 Marcelo González Elie Poulin, Claudio González-Wevar, Mathias Hüne, Angie Díaz Marcelo Leppe Conexiones geológicas entre Sudamérica y Antártica 27 Francisco Hervé Allamand DIRECCIÓN DE ARTE Pablo Ruiz Teneb Adaptaciones al Medio Antártico y Biorrecursos 33 El interés por esudiar la biodiversidad microbiológica en la Antártica 35 DISEÑO / DIAGRAMACIÓN Jenny M. Blamey Oscar Giordano / Menssage Producciones El capital celular y molecular para vivir a temperaturas bajo cero en aguas antárticas 39 Víctor Bugueño / Menssage Producciones Marcelo González Aravena Las esrategias de las plantas antárticas para sobrevivir en ambientes extremos y su rol como biorrecursos 45 PORTADA Marco A. Molina-Montenegro, Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez, Jorge Gallardo-Cerda, Rasme Hereme y Crisian Torres-Díaz EL CONTINENTE Arnaldo Gómez / Menssage Producciones DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO Biodiversidad 53 A más de medio siglo IMPRESIÓN de la fundación del Menssage Producciones Las aves marinas de la península Antártica 55 Instituto Antártico Chileno Santiago de Chile Javier A. Arata El desafío de esudiar y comprender la biodiversidad de los mamíferos marinos antárticos 59 Elías Barticevic Cornejo y FOTOGRAFÍA Anelio Aguayo Lobo Óscar Barrientos Bradasic (Eds.) La desconocida vida y diversidad de los invertebrados terresres antárticos 67 Agradecemos a los autores citados en los créditos Daniel González Acuña fotográficos por su aporte en imágenes al regisro Autores Caracterísicas de la fauna que habita los fondos coseros profundos de la Antártica 75 hisórico de la ciencia antártica nacional.