Annual Meeting Issue 2003 Final Revision

Program of the Seventy-Second Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists

to be held at The Tempe Mission Palms Hotel Tempe, Arizona April 23 to April 26, 2003

AAPA Scientific Program Committee:

John H. Relethford Chair and Program Editor

James Calcagno William L. Jungers Lyle Konigsberg Lorena Madrigal Karen Rosenberg Theodore G. Schurr Lynette Leidy Sievert Dawnie Wolfe Steadman Karen B. Strier

Edward Hagen, Computer Programming Charles A. Lockwood, Cover Photo

Local Arrangements Committee:

Leanne T. Nash (Chair) Brenda J. Baker Kaye E. Reed Charles A. Lockwood Robert C. Williams Melissa K. Schaefer (student) Stephanie Meredith (student) and many other student volunteers 2

Message from the Program Committee Chair

The 2003 AAPA meeting, our seventy- obtain abstracts and determine when and second annual meeting, will be held at the where specific posters and papers will be Tempe Mission Palms Hotel in Tempe, Ari- presented. zona. There will be 682 podium and poster As in the past, we will meet in conjunc- presentations in 55 sessions, with a total of tion with a number of affiliated groups in- almost 1,300 authors participating. These cluding the American Association of Anthro- numbers mark our largest meeting ever. The pological Genetics, the American Der- program includes nine podium symposia and matoglyphics Association, the Dental An- three poster symposia on a variety of topics: thropology Association, the Human Biology 3D methods, atelines, baboon life history, Association, the Paleoanthropology Society, behavior genetics, biomedical anthropology, the Paleopathology Association, and the dental variation, hominid environments, Primate Biology and Behavior Interest primate conservation, primate zoonoses, Group. As is our practice, the Paleoanthro- teaching physical anthropology, tooth chem- pology Society meets with us in alternate istry. The program also includes the First years (other years they meet with the Soci- Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium; this year’s ety for American Archaeology). This year, topic is the evolution of the genus Homo in the Paleoanthropology Society has its meet- Europe, and features talks by four distin- ing on Tuesday, April 22, and Wednesday, guished colleagues from Europe. April 23. The Paleopathology Association also has its meeting on these days. As the As in past years, this year’s meetings second year of a two-year trial, the Human reflect the international nature of our meet- Biology Association will meet at the same ings. Roughly 20 percent of the senior au- time as the AAPA, having its sessions on thors live outside the United States, repre- Saturday, April 26 and Sunday, April 27. senting 27 nations. Large numbers of senior authors live in the United Kingdom, Austria, The following pages provide a map of Canada, and Germany, with substantial the Tempe Mission Palms Hotel; a summary numbers also from Japan, South Africa, It- table of conference events; a daily conference aly, and France. schedule, including meetings of affiliated associations, editorial boards, workshops, This is the second year that we have and various business meetings; a detailed used an online registration system for pay- listing of AAPA poster and podium sessions; ment of registration fees and submission of the abstracts of the presentations; and an abstracts. Although we are still working out index of the authors showing the session the bugs, we expect that the membership numbers of their presentations. will continue to reap the benefits of electronic submission, particularly eliminating AAPA activities commence on Wednes- the tedious process of abstract preparation day evening, April 23, with a panel discus- on the “blue box” forms of the past. As was sion organized by our Career Development the case for the past two years, we have put Committee on “Non-Traditional Careers,” together a searchable on-line database of the featuring Kathleen Gordon, Alan Ryan, abstracts in this issue, available at the Linda Smith, Linda Valleroy, and Robert AAPA web site: www.physanth.org. By en- Walker, and moderated by Heather Edgar. tering key terms, you can explore the con- This event will be followed by our annual tents of the entire meeting supplement to reception. Poster and podium sessions begin find presentations on topics of special inter- Thursday morning and continue through est to you. The search engine allows you to Saturday afternoon. The plenary session, 3 held on Thursday evening, is a panel discus- Contents sion on “Can Biological Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology Coexist?” featuring Jim Calcagno, Matt Cartmill, Ralph Hollo- Message From the Program way, Fran Mascia-Lees, and Jon Marks, Committee Chair ...... 2 with myself as moderator. Our annual luncheon on Friday features Charles Merbs Tempe Mission Palms Hotel speaking on “Paleopathology in the Days of the Arizona Territory, Today, and Beyond.” Meeting Rooms ...... 4 Our annual business meeting is on Friday evening. On Saturday evening, we will have The Conference at a Glance...... 5 our Student Awards Reception, which will be held at the Anthropology Building at Ari- Conference Schedule...... 8 zona State University, only several blocks from the Tempe Mission Palms Hotel. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule...... 16 The AAPA Program, Local Arrange- ments, and Executive Committees cordially Abstracts of AAPA Poster and invite you to our seventy-second annual Podium Abstracts ...... 55 meeting. We look forward to seeing you in Tempe. Author/Session Index ...... 232

John H. Relethford On the cover: Late Pliocene exposures in the Middle Ledi research area, set among diverse AAPA Vice President and hominid localities near the Awash River in northern Ethiopia. Image courtesy of Charles Program Committee Chair Lockwood.

Tempe Mission Palms Hotel

5 The Conference at a Glance (Note: The Palm Ballroom is configured differently depending on day and event)

Tue Morning Tue Afternoon Tue Evening Wed Morning Wed Afternoon Wed Evening

Xavier PPA Poster set- PPA Poster PPA Poster Ses- up, 6 – 7 pm Session sion

Dolores PPA Poster set- PPA Poster PPA Poster Ses- up, 6 – 7 pm Session sion

Palm C PPA Workshop PPA Podium PPA Podium PPA Podium AAPA reception & Cash Session Session Session Bar, 8-11pm

Palm F PPA Workshop

Palm AD PS Podium Ses- PS Podium Ses- PS Podium Ses- PS Podium Ses- sion sion sion sion

Abbey Career Dev. Panel: Nontra- ditonal Careers 6:30-7:45pm

Palm Ball- PPA Registration 8 am - 6 pm PPA Registration room Foyer PS Registration 8 am - 6 pm AAPA Registration, 1-8 pm

Joshua Tree Slide preview, Slide preview, Slide preview, Slide preview, Slide preview, Slide preview, press press press press press press

Sand Lotus AJPA Editorial Board lunch, noon-2 pm

Wind Flower

Board Room AAPA Exec. Comm Meeting. Human Biology Editorial 8 am – 5 pm Board Dinner, 6 - 8 pm

Board Room LAC, 7 am – 10 LAC LAC LAC LAC LAC anteroom pm daily Poolside PPA Cocktails Terrace

Monday: PPA Association Registration, 5:00-7:00 pm, Palm Ballroom Foyer Saturday: AAPA Student Awards Reception, 6-7:30pm, ASU Anthropology Building (maps at Registration) Sunday: HBA Registration, Podium & Posters Sessions Palm Ballroom Foyer, Palm AD, Xavier, Dolores, 8 am to noon

Key to acronyms: AAAG American Association of Anthropological Genetics AAPA American Association of Physical Anthropologists ADA American Dermatologlyphics Association AJHB American Journal of Human Biology AJPA American Journal of Physical Anthropology DAA Dental Anthropology Association HBA Human Biology Association LAC Local Arrangements Committee PPA Paleopathology Association PS Paleoanthropology Society 6 The Conference at a Glance (continued)

Thurs Morning Thurs Afternoon Thurs Evening Fri Morning Xavier Session 1. Human Biol I. Session 11. Primate Behav. Session 20. Primate Be- Posters, 8:30 am - noon II Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm hav. III Posters, 8:30 am - noon

Dolores Session 2. Genetics I Post- Session 12. Dental Anth. I Session 21. Poster Symp o- ers, 8:30 am - noon Posters, 1:30 - 5 pm sium: Variation in Denti- tion of Homo, 8:30 - noon

Colonnade Session 3. Genetics II Session 13. Dental Anth. II Session 22. Primate Evol. Posters, 8:30 am - noon Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm I Posters, 8:30 - noon

Cavetto Session 4. Hominid Evol. Session 14. Primate Biol. II Session 23. Primate Evol. I. Posters, 8:30 am - noon Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm II Posters, 8:30- noon

Campanile Session 5. Hominid Evol. Session 15. Primate Biol. III Session 24. Primate Evol. II Posters, 8:30 am - noon Posters, 1:30 – 5 pm III Posters, 8:30- noon

Palm ABC Session 6. Wiley-Liss Session 16. Symposium: AAPA Plenary Session, 6 Session 25. Hominid Evol. Symposium: Genus Homo, Teaching Phys. Anth., 1 – 5 – 7:30 pm III, 8 am - noon 8 –10 am; Session 7. pm Paleopath. I, 10:15-noon

Palm DE Session 8. Primate Behav. Session 17. Skeletal Biol. II, Session 26. Primate Biol I, 8 am - noon 1 – 5 pm IV, 8 am - noon

Palm F Session 9. Primate Biol. I, Session 18. Genetics III, 1 – Session 27. Symposium: 8 am - noon 5 pm Behavior Genetics, 8:30 – noon Abbey Session 10. Skeletal Biol. Session 19. Symposium: Session 28. Human Biol. I, 8 am - noon Hominid Environments, 1- II, 8 am - noon 5pm Palm Ball- AAPA Registration, starts AAPA Registration, to 5 pm AAPA Registration, starts room Foyer at 7:30 am at 8 am HBA Registration Augustine, AAPA Book Exhibitors AAPA Book Exhibitors AAPA Book Exhibitors Capistrano, Ironstone Jokake Interviews Interviews Primate Biol. & Behav. Interviews Group, 7:30-8:30 pm

Joshua Tree Slide preview, press Slide preview, press Slide preview, press Slide preview, press

Sand Lotus DAA Business Meeting, AJHB Editorial Board 7:30-8:30 pm Breakfast 7:30 – 9 am Wind Flower AAAG Business Meeting, 7:30-8:30 pm Board Room HBA Exec. Comm., 6-10 pm Board Room LAC LAC LAC LAC anteroom

Cloisters

Poolside Wiley-Liss Reception 8:30 Terrace – 10:30 pm 7 For a schedule of all conference events, see page 8. For a detailed listing of individual AAPA poster and podium presentations, see page 16.

Fri Afternoon Fri Evening Sat Morning Sat Afternoon

Xavier HBA Posters Session 38. Skeletal Biol. Session 47. Skeletal Biol. V Posters, III Posters, 8:30 am - noon 1:30 – 5 pm

Dolores Session 29. Poster Symp o- Session 39. Skeletal Biol. Session 48. Skeletal Biol. VI Post- sium: Tooth Chemistry, IV Posters, 8:30 am - noon ers, 1:30 – 5 pm 2:30 – 6 pm

Colonnade Session 30. Forensic Anth. Session 40. Poster Symp o- Session 49. Primate Biol. V Posters, Posters, 2:30 – 6 pm sium: Atelines, 8:30 am - 1:30 – 5 pm noon

Cavetto Session 31. Paleopath. II Session 41. Hominid Evol. Session 50. Primate Biol. VI Posters, Posters, 2:30 – 6 pm V Posters, 8:30 - noon 1:30 – 5 pm

Campanile Session 32. Paleopath. III Session 42. Hominid Evol. Session 50. Primate Biol. VII Post- Posters, 2:30 – 6 pm VI Posters, 8:30 - noon ers, 1:30 – 5 pm

Palm ABC Session 33. Symposium in AAPA Business Meeting, Session 43. Hominid Evol. Session 52. Hominid Evol. VIII, 1 – Honor of F. Johnston: 8 – 11 pm VII, 8 am - noon 5 pm Biomedical Anth., 2 – 6:15 pm

Palm DE Session 34. Symposium: Session 44. Symposium: Session 53. Human Biol. III, 1 – 5 Conservation, 2 – 4:15pm; 3D Approaches in PA, 8 pm Session 35. Dental III, am - noon 4:45 – 6:15 pm

Palm F Session 36. Genetics IV, 2 Session 45. Primate Evol Session 54. Sy mposium: Primate – 6 pm IV, 8 am - noon Zoonoses, 1 – 4 pm

Abbey Session 37. Hominid Evol. Session 46. Primate Be- Session 55. Symposium: Baboon IV, 2 – 6 pm havior IV, 8 am - noon Life History, Reprod. & Fitness 1 – 4:45 pm Palm Ball- AAPA Registration, to 5 AAPA Registration 8 am – 1 pm room Foyer pm HBA Registration HBA Registration Augustine, AAPA Book Exhibitors AAPA Book Exhibitors Capistrano, Ironstone Jokake Interviews ADA Business Meeting, Interviews Interviews 6 – 7 pm

Joshua Tree Slide preview, press Slide previe w, press Slide preview, press Slide preview, press

Sand Lotus

Wind Flower

Board Room

Board Room LAC LAC LAC LAC anteroom

Cloisters AAPA Annual Luncheon, HBA Reception HBA Podium Session HBA Luncheon, Podium Session & noon – 2 pm; Business meeting HBA Podium Sessions Poolside Terrace 8

Conference Schedule For a schedule of individual AAPA poster and podium presentations, see page 16.

Monday, April 21, 2003

Paleopathology Association

5:00 pm – 7:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

Tuesday, April 22, 2003

Paleopathology Association

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Workshops, Scientific Sessions. Palm C & F.

6:00 pm – 7:30 pm Cocktails. Poolside Terrace.

Paleoanthropology Society

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Scientific Sessions. Palm AD.

Wednesday, April 23, 2003

Paleopathology Association

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Scientific Sessions. Palm CF.

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Poster Sessions. Xavier, Dolores.

Paleoanthropology Society

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Scientific Sessions. Palm AD.

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

1:00 pm – 8:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Executive Committee Meeting. Board Room. Conference Schedule 9

Wednesday, April 23, 2003 (continued)

12:00 pm – 2:00 pm American Journal of Physical Anthropology Editorial Board Luncheon. Sand Lotus.

6:30 pm – 7:45 pm Career Development Committee Panel: “Nontraditional Careers.” Abbey.

8:00 pm – 11:00 pm Reception & Cash Bar. Palm Ballroom.

Human Biology (Journal)

6:00 pm – 8:00 pm Human Biology Editorial Board Dinner. Board Room.

Thursday, April 24, 2003

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

7:30 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 1. Human Biology I: Adaptation/ Demography/ Variation. Contributed Posters. Xavier.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 2. Genetics I: Genetic Variation in Primates and Modern Humans. Contributed Posters. Dolores.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 3. Genetics II: Ancient and Contemporary DNA Studies with Primates and Modern Humans. Contributed Posters. Colonnade.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 4. Hominid Evolution I: Australopithecines. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 5. Hominid Evolution II: Australopithecine and Primate Locomotion. Contributed Posters. Campanile.

8:00 am – 10:00 am Session 6. The Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo in Europe: Perspectives from the Continent. First Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium. Palm ABC.

10:15 am – 12:00 pm Session 7: Paleopathology I: Paleopathology from Past to Present. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 8. Primate Behavior I: Ecology. Contributed Papers. Palm DE.

10 Conference Schedule

Thursday, April 24, 2003 (continued)

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 9. Primate Biology I: Functional Morphology. Contributed Papers. Palm F.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 10. Skeletal Biology I: Bioarchaeology and Bio- logical Variation. Contributed Papers. Abbey.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 11. Primate Behavior II: Ecology and Behavior. Contributed Posters. Xavier.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 12. Dental Anthropology I: Health, Hypoplasia, and Wear. Contributed Posters. Dolores.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 13. Dental Anthropology II: Morphology, Modification, and Methods. Contributed Posters. Colonnade.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 14. Primate Biology II: Comparative Anatomy. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 15. Primate Biology III: Morphometrics . Contributed Posters. Campanile.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 16. Teaching Physical Anthropology: Strategies for Dealing with Controversial Topics. Symposium. Palm ABC.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 17. Skeletal Biology II: Diet and Biomechanics. Contributed Papers. Palm DE.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 18. Genetics III: Molecular Genetic Variation in Modern Human Populations. Contributed Papers. Palm F.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 19. Hominid Environments and Paleoecology in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Symposium. Abbey.

6:00 pm – 7:30 pm Plenary Session. Palm Ballroom. Panel: “Can Biological Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology Coexist?” Panelists: James Calcagno, Matt Cartmill, Ralph Holloway, Frances Mascia-Lees, Jon Marks. Moderator: John Relethford.

8:30 pm – 10:30 pm Wiley-Liss Reception. Poolside Terrace.

Conference Schedule 11

Thursday, April 24, 2003 (continued)

Dental Anthropology Association

7:30 pm – 8:30 pm Business Meeting. Sand Lotus.

Primate Biology & Behavior Interest Group

7:30 pm – 8:30 pm Business Meeting. Jokake.

American Association of Anthropological Genetics

7:30 pm – 8:30 pm Business Meeting. Wind Flower.

Human Biology Association

6:00 pm – 10:00 pm Executive Committee Meeting. Board Room.

Friday, April 25, 2003

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 20. Primate Behavior III: Biology, Ecology, and Behavior. Contributed Posters. Xavier.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 21. Morphometric Variation in the Dentition of Homo sapiens. Poster Symposium. Dolores.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 22. Primate Evolution I: Fossils and Phylogenies. Contributed Posters. Colonnade.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 23. Primate Evolution II: Communities, Biogeography, and Ecomorphology. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 24. Primate Evolution III: Dental Development and Variation. Contributed Posters. Campanile.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 25. Hominid Evolution III: Middle and Late Pleistocene Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 26. Primate Biology IV: Sexual Dimorphism/ Locomotion. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. 12 Conference Schedule

Friday, April 25, 2003 (continued)

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 27. The Genetic Basis of Neurobehavioral Phe- notypes: Methods, Applications and Controversies. Symposium. Palm F.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 28. Human Biology II: Health and Disease. Contributed Papers. Abbey.

12:00 pm – 2:00 pm AAPA Luncheon. Cloisters. Speaker: Charles Merbs. “Paleopathology in the Days of the Arizona Territory, Today, and Beyond.”

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 29. Tooth Chemistry: New Challenges, New Horizons. Poster Symposium. Dolores.

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 30. Forensic Anthropology. Contributed Posters. Colonnade.

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 31. Paleopathology II: Trauma and Infection in Past Populations. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

2:30 pm – 6:00 pm Session 32. Paleopathology III: Nutritional Status, Growth, and Metabolism. Contributed Posters. Campanile.

2:00 pm – 6:15 pm Session 33. Recent Developments and Applications of Biomedical Anthropology In and Out of Academia: A Symposium in Honor of Francis E. Johnston. Symposium. Palm ABC.

2:00 pm – 4:15 pm Session 34. Techniques, Applications, and Action: Moving Beyond the Call for Conservation. Symposium. Palm DE.

4:45 pm – 6:15 pm Session 35. Dental Anthropology III: Methods and Variation. Contributed Papers. Palm DE.

2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Session 36. Genetics IV: Molecular Genetics of Non-Human Primates. Contributed Papers. Palm F.

2:00 pm – 6:00 pm Session 37. Hominid Evolution IV: Modern Human Origins. Contributed Papers. Abbey.

8:00 pm – 11:00 pm Annual Business Meeting. Palm ABC.

Conference Schedule 13

Friday, April 25, 2003 (continued)

American Dermatoglyphics Association

6:00 pm – 7:00 pm Business Meeting. Jokake.

Human Biology Association

8:00 am – 6:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

7:30 am – 9:00 am American Journal of Human Biology Editorial Board Breakfast. Sand Lotus.

2:30 pm – 5:30 pm Poster Session. Xavier.

2:30 pm – 5:30 pm Scientific Session. Cloisters.

6:30 pm – 9:30 pm Reception. Cloisters.

Saturday, April 26, 2003

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

8:00 am – 1:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 38. Skeletal Biology III: Bioarchaeology. Contributed Posters. Xavier.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 39. Skeletal Biology IV: Growth and Demography. Contributed Posters. Dolores.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 40. The Atelines: Contemporary Issues in Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Poster Symposium. Colonnade.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 41. Hominid Evolution V: Archaeological and Taphonomic Issues of Hominid Sites. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

8:30 am – 12:00 pm Session 42. Hominid Evolution VI: Pleistocene Evolution. Contributed Posters. Campanile.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 43. Hominid Evolution VII: Miocene and Pliocene Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC.

14 Conference Schedule

Saturday, April 26, 2003 (continued)

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 44. 3D Approaches to Research in Physical Anthropology. Symposium. Palm DE.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 45. Primate Evolution IV: Form and Function. Contributed Papers. Palm F.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Session 46. Primate Behavior IV: Inter- and Intra-Specific Behavior. Contributed Papers. Abbey.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 47. Skeletal Biology V: Biomechanics. Contributed Posters. Xavier.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 48. Skeletal Biology VI: Bone Chemistry and Morphology. Contributed Posters. Dolores.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 49. Primate Biology V: Ontogeny, Hormones, and Life History. Contributed Posters. Colonnade.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 50. Primate Biology VI: Adaptation and Evolution. Contributed Posters. Cavetto.

1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Session 51. Primate Biology VII: Brains/Allometry. Contributed Posters. Campanile.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 52. Hominid Evolution VIII: Early Hominid Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC.

1:00 pm – 5:00 pm Session 53. Human Biology III: Reproduction/ Demography/Variation. Contributed Papers. Palm DE.

1:00 pm – 4:00 pm Session 54. Ecology and Primate Zoonoses: Evolutionary, Environmental and Cultural Factors Associated with Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cross- species Transmission, and Nonhuman Primate Conservation. Symposium. Palm F.

1:00 pm – 4:45 pm Session 55. Life History, Reproductive Strategies, and Fitness in Baboons. Symposium. Abbey.

6:00 pm – 7:30 pm Student Awards Reception and Cash Bar. Arizona State University Anthropology Building (maps available at registration).

Conference Schedule 15

Saturday, April 26, 2003 (continued)

Human Biology Association

8:00 am – 5:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 7:00 pm Plenary Sessions, HBA Luncheon, Pearl Lecture, Business Meeting. Cloisters.

Sunday, April 27, 2003

Human Biology Association

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Registration. Palm Ballroom Foyer.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Scientific Session. Palm AD.

8:00 am – 12:00 pm Poster Session. Xavier, Dolores, Colonnade.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule For a schedule of all conference events, see page 8.

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003

Session 1. Human Biology I: Adaptation/ Demography/Variation. Contributed Posters. Xavier. Chair: A.T. STEEGMAN, JR., University of Buffalo.

8:00 – 8:30 am Poster set-up. 8:30 – 10:00 am Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 10:30 am – 12:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 12:00 – 12:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Differential foraging strategies and diets of Hadza men and women. A.N. CRITTENDEN, M. RICHARDSON, M.J. SCHOENINGER, H.T. BUNN, T.R. PICKERING.

2. A preliminary investigation of wildlife, domestic and human use of the Sinya mine water pools, Tanzania. P. NYSTROM, P.C. ASHMORE.

3. Climate, racial category and body proportions in the U.S. A.T. STEEGMANN, JR.

4. Geographical distribution of hot flash frequencies: considering climatic influences. L. LEIDY SIEVERT, E.K. FLANAGAN.

5. The evolution of lactase persistence in African populations. K.B. POWELL, H., S.A. TISHKOFF.

6. Preliminary studies of the demography and genetics of the Boruca of Costa Rica. J.H. MIELKE, O.E. QUIROS, R.J. MITCHELL.

7. Twinning in relation to fertility and other reproductive outcomes in Blackfeet women. S.L JOHNSTON.

8. STDs in prehistory: Why they mattered. R.L PENNINGTON.

9. The 1737 matlazahuatl epidemic in Mixquiahuala and Tecpatepec, Mexico. A. CHRISTENSEN.

10. The influence of substrate on the skeletal structure of the human foot on Mangaia, Cook Islands. N.L. GRIFFIN, S.C. ANTÓN.

11. Prediction of the development of jaws in patients with complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate. J. VELEMINSKA, Z. MÜLLEROVA.

12. Ancient antibiotics: Tetracycline in human and animal bone from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. C.M. MAGGIANO, T. DUPRAS, J. BIGGERSTAFF.

13. Mycenaean mega-bones: A study of excessively thick cortical bone from Late Bronze Age Central Greece. C.A. IEZZI.

14. Human skeletal trauma patterns in a contemporary sample from Athens, Greece: Results from a pilot study. S.M. ABEL, A.B. FALSETTI, S.K. MANOLIS.

15. A cross-cultural study of consanguinity dispensations. L. MADRIGAL, B. WARE.

16. Dental morphology of subadult teeth from the Byzantine St. Stephen’s Monastery, Jerusalem. J.C. SCHWEBACH, A. HOLDEN, J. ULLINGER, S.G. SHERIDAN.

17. Surnames analyses of two ancient Italian populations in the XIX century: Alia (Sicily) and Civitella del Tronto (Abruzzo). S. TULUMELLO, R. BIGAZZI, B. CHIARELLI, E. LUCCHETTI, S. DE IASIO.

18. Anthropology during National Socialism times: projects done in the Anthropologische Abteilung, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1938-1945. M. TESCHLER-NICOLA, K.STUHLPFARRER, M. BERNER, V. PAWLOWSKY, C. SPRING.

19. Declining fitness of race in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology: 1918-1996. L. LIEBERMAN. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 17

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

Session 2. Genetics I: Genetic Variation in Primates and Modern Humans. Contributed Posters. Dolores. Chair: D.A. MERRIWETHER, University of Michigan.

1. Genetic history of hunting and gathering populations of Tanzania. H.M. MORTENSEN, M.K. GONDER, J. HIRBO, K. POWELL, A. KNIGHT, J. MOUNTAIN, S.A.TISHKOFF.

2. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of Tanzanians: Implications for the origin of modern humans. A.A. DE SOUSA, M.K. GONDER, K. SYLVESTER, C. OBELE, S.A. TISHKOFF.

3. mtDNA analysis does not detect Asian lineages in Cameroon. V. COIA, G. DESTRO-BISOL, I. BOSCHI, F. VERGINELLI, G. SPEDINI, F. CRUCIANI, D. COMAS, F. CALAFELL.

4. Dynamics of molecular genetic diversity in the East Midlands, England. S. MASTANA, P. GILL, D. LEE, A. PACYNKO, P.P. SINGH, M. SINGH.

5. The appearance and dispersion of the first farmers in Europe. R. PINHASI.

6. Relationships of Slovak Roma populations assessed from finger ridge counts. K.E. WEISENSEE, R.L. JANTZ, S. OUSLEY, D. SIVAKOVA.

7. Skin pigmentation and admixture in five populations with Native American ancestry. E.J. PARRA, L.G. MOORE, T.D. BRUTSAERT, G. GUTIERREZ, J.R. FERNANDEZ, R.F. HAMMAN, C. BONILLA, S.M. DIOS, M.D. SHRIVER.

8. Rapid deployment of the five founding Amerind mtDNA haplogroups via coastal and riverine colonization. A.G. FIX.

9. Test for selection on ALDH2 in a Southeast Asian population. R.S. MALHI, K. HUNLEY, J.C. LONG.

10. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Afghanistan. D.A. MERRIWETHER.

11. A pilot study of Y chromosome analysis on Melanesian populations. L.B. SCHEINFELDT, J.G. LORENZ, R. ROBLEDO, A. MERRIWETHER, G. KOKI, C. MGONE, J.S. FRIEDLAENDER.

12. JC virus genotypes in Papua New Guinea. J.M. CZARNECKI, J.S. FRIEDLAENDER, C.S. MGONE, G. KOKI, G.L STONER.

13. Patterns of mitochondrial variation in Melanesia and implications for the settling of the Pacific. L.L. SMITH, D. A. MERRIWETHER.

14. A quantitative test of natural selection under changing environmental conditions. E.A. CARSON.

15. Comparison of methods for estimation of individual ancestry. C.L. PFAFF, J.S. BARNHOLTZ-SLOAN, J.C. LONG.

16. ALFRED - the ALlele FREquency Database - an update. K.K. KIDD, H. RAJEEVAN, M.V. OSIER, K. CHEUNG, H. DENG, L. DRUSKIN, R. HEINZEN, J.R. KIDD, S. STEIN, A.J. PAKSTIS.

17. Genotype-by-age effects on bone mineral density in the spine and forelimb in baboons: Possible implications of mechanical usage. L.M. HAVILL, M.C. MAHANEY, L. ALMASY, J. ROGERS.

18 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

Session 3. Genetics II: Ancient and Contemporary DNA Studies with Primates and Modern Humans. Contributed Posters. Colonnade. Chair: L.E. BAKER, Baylor University.

1. Tackling (some of) the vagaries of ancient DNA Work. B.M. KEMP, D.G. SMITH.

2. Analysis of base misincorporations in ancient and modern mtDNA. J.A. ESHLEMAN, R.S. MALHI, F.A. KAESTLE, D.G. SMITH.

3. Amish cemeteries have a patrilineal genetic spatial pattern: Implications for ancient DNA analyses. B.M. USHER, J.D. WEETS, A. HEIMROTH, E. ELLIOTT.

4. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the Holmes-Vardeman-Stephenson Cemetery. L.E. BAKER, S.M. PHILLIPS, K.J. MATTESON.

5. Genetic relationships among the prehistoric Adena and Hopewell. D.A. (WEISS) BOLNICK.

6. Mitochondrial DNA variation at a Late Woodland Michigan site. K.S. GRENNAN, D.A. MERRIWETHER.

7. Preliminary molecular analyses of individuals from a single multiple burial at the Neolithic Boisman II site of the Russian Far East. K.A. HORSBURGH.

8. Ancient DNA study of the San-Pau-Chu site, Tainan, Taiwan. H-M. LIN, A.C. STONE.

9. The commensal model continues - Rattus exulans mtDNA variation from Island Southeast Asia through to Polynesia. E.A. MAT ISOO-SMITH, J.H. ROBINS.

10. An optimized panel of microsatellites for fecal DNA studies of wild baboons: Preliminary analyses of genetic variation among Gombe baboons. A. VINSON, C. PACKER, J. ROGERS.

11. Molecular systematics of lemurs. J. PASTORINI, R.D. MARTIN.

Session 4. Hominid Evolution I: Australopithecines. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: F.L. WILLIAMS, Georgia State University.

1. New perspectives on the hominin elbow joint. A. GALLAGHER, M.M. GUNTHER.

2. Broca’s Area homologue in great apes: Implications for language evolution? D.C. BROADFIELD, C. SHERWOOD, P.R. HOF, R.L. HOLLOWAY.

3. The supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVL) as an exaptation. T. ESTENSON.

4. Mandibular corpora of Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus: 3-D modeling and measurements. L.V. PYNE.

5. The anterior pillar of Australopithecus africanus - A mechanical support? G. NIEGL, F.K. FUSS, G.W. WEBER, H. SEIDLER.

6. Skull Reference Models (SRM) and the ontogeny of A. africanus. G.W. WEBER, P. GUNZ, P. MITTEROECKER, F.J. THACKERAY, F.L. BOOKSTEIN. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 19

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

7. Australopithecus or Paranthropus: “Robust” australopithecine taxonomy based on analogy. P.J. MACALUSO, JR.

8. New Australopithecus boisei specimens from the Kaitio Member, Nachukui Formation, Kenya. S. PRAT.

9. Facial-masticatory ontogeny in Australopithecus and Pan. F.L. WILLIAMS.

10. Climatological differences in areas inhabited by African ape taxa and Plio-Pleistocene hominoid/hominid fossil ecology and systematics. E. STINER, E. SARMIENTO.

Session 5. Hominid Evolution II: Australopithecine and Primate Locomotion. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: B.G. RICHMOND, George Washington University.

1. Aping the ape: Force plate patterns associated with bipedal posture and gait. T.M. GREINER, K.A. BALL, S.P. WOODWARD.

2. Early hominin locomotion and the ontogeny of phalangeal curvature in primates. B.G. RICHMOND.

3. Terrestrial walking versus climbing in bonobos (Pan paniscus): Position of the centre of mass and consequences for the locomotor behavior. K. SCHOONAERT, K. D'AOÛT, P. AERTS.

4. Quantitative analysis of femoral neck shape and loading environment in robust australopithecines. K.L. LEWTON, G.G. ECK, P.A. KRAMER.

5. Asymmetrical aspects of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in bonobos (Pan paniscus). K. D’AOÛT, E. VEREECKE, K. SCHOONAERT, P. AERTS.

6. The utility of the lateral meniscal notch in distinguishing taxa of early hominins. T.W. HOLLIDAY, J. DUGAN.

7. Dynamics of foot use during bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Pan troglodytes. R.E. WUNDERLICH.

8. Morphological variation of the lumbar vertebrae of A. africanus: Implications for locomotor differences between small and large individuals. N.L. BARRICKMAN.

9. Climbing behavior and locomotor energetics in wild chimpanzees: Implications for hominin locomotor evolution. H. PONTZER.

Session 6. The Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo in Europe: Perspectives from the Continent. First Annual Wiley-Liss Symposium. Palm ABC. Organizers: F.H. SMITH, Loyola University, and G. BRÄUER, University of Hamburg. Chair: F.H. SMITH.

In recent years, new fossil discoveries, new dates from critical sites and specimens, and studies of ancient DNA and stable isotopes have had major impacts on perspectives on human evolution in Europe. This symposium brings together four of continental Europe's most prominent scholars of human evolution, all of whom have been actively involved in shaping these new perspectives. This symposium provides the opportunity to hear about the newest evidence from European researchers directly. Topics will range from the earliest paleon tological evidence for the habitation of Europe, through the emergence and evolution of the Neandertals, to the initial appearance of modern people on the continent.

8:00 am Early Homo remains from Georgia (Southern Caucasus). D. LORDKIPANIDZE.

8:15 am Discussion.

20 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

8:30 am Europeans at the Early-to-Middle Pleistocene boundary and their role in assembling a scenario for the subsequent evolution of the Genus Homo. G. MANZI.

8:45 am Discussion.

9:00 am Neandertals in Europe: The weight of climate. J-J. HUBLIN.

9:15 am Discussion.

9:30 am The Neandertal-modern transition: Models, gene flow and the fossil evidence. G. BRÄUER.

9:45 am Discussion.

Session 7. Paleopathology I: Paleopathology from Past to Present. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC. Chair: R.P. MENSFORTH, Cleveland State University.

10:15 am Franchthi Cave, Greece: The human population fr om the Upper Paleolithic to the final Neolithic Age. A. PAPATHANASIOU.

10:30 am Surviving scarcity - Remarks on the physical anthropology of a Neolithic population from the Oman Peninsula. H. KIESEWETTER.

10:45 am Traumatic injuries in archaic populations: An example from Mulberry Creek, Alabama. B.M. SHIELDS.

11:00 am The interrelationship of status and health in the Tellico Reservoir: A biocultural analysis. T.K. BETSINGER.

11:15 am Learning from the ancestors: The value of skeletal study. K.J. REINHARD, D. HASTINGS.

11:30 am Lives forgotten: Morbidity and mortality in the late 19th century Colorado Insane Asylum. A.L. MAGENNIS.

11:45 am Bone pathologies and anomalies: A view from American war dead. G.E. BERG, H.D. DOCKALL.

Session 8. Primate Behavior I: Ecology. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. Chair: A. NEKARIS, Oxford Brookes University.

8:00 am Food selection by mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in a shade coffee plantation: Resource abundance and nutrient content. K.A. WILLIAMS-GUILLEN, C.M. MCCANN, E.S. DIERENFELD.

8:15 am An examination of the increased annual range of a Tana River crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) group. J. WIECZKOWSKI.

8:30 am Social organization and ecology of Mentawai leaf monkeys. S. SANGCHANTR.

8:45 am Sociality and infectious disease in wild primate populations. C.L. NUNN, S.M. ALTIZER.

9:00 am Effect of fruit scarcity on use of memory. E.P. CUNNINGHAM, C.H. JANSON.

9:15 am The win-stay rule in within-patch foraging decisions in free-ranging titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus cupreus) and tamarins (Saguinus imperator imperator and S. fuscicollis weddelli). J.C. BICCA-MARQUES.

9:30 am Evidence for computational spatial memory in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). P.A. GARBER, E. BROWN.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Ecological partitioning in Tai Forest guenons: Cercopithecus campbelli, C. petaurista, and C. Diana. P.J. BUZZARD.

10:15 am Do wild chimpanzees and gorillas compete for food? C.B. STANFORD, J.B. NKURUNUNGI. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 21

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

10:30 am With whom, when, and why: Primate polyspecific associations at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. S. TEELEN.

10:45 am Communities of frugivores: The relative role of anthropoids in seed dispersal. J.E. LAMBERT.

11:00 am Predation risk and habitat structure affect habitat preference and vertical use of space by wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). K.L. ENSTAM, L.A. ISBELL.

11:15 am Rates of predation by diurnal raptors on the lemur community of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. S.M. KARPANTY.

11:30 am Primate social systems and predation risk: Factors influencing prey selection by crowned eagles in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. S.M. SHULTZ, W.S. MCGRAW, R. NOË.

11:45 am Ecological influences on chimpanzee hunting. R.W. WRANGHAM.

Session 9. Primate Biology I: Functional Morphology. Contributed Papers. Palm F. Chair: A. TAYLOR, Duke University.

8:00 am Facial expression musculature in Otolemur with a comparison to the Lemuroids. A.M. BURROWS, T.D. SMITH.

8:15 am Ghosts of the past: Temporal muscles, fasciae and bones in some primates. C.E. OXNARD, R. WEALTHALL.

8:30 am Muscle function and temporomandibular joint loading in humans. M.A. SPENCER, D.E. SHERWOOD.

8:45 am Functional shape variation in the cercopithecine masticatory complex. M. SINGLETON.

9:00 am Functional interpretations of jaw shapes: Beware of morphometricians bearing geometric means. C.J. VINYARD.

9:15 am Kinematics and EMG activation of head-neck muscles during locomotion in Erythrocebus patas. J.S. SIPLA, C.F. ROSS, S.G. LARSON.

9:30 am Mechanical properties of molar enamel in Homo sapiens and Alouatta palliate. M.F. TEAFORD, M. WEINER, L. DARNELL, T.P. WEIHS.

9:45 am Mineral density patterns in femora and humeri of African pongids. K.J. CARLSON.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Assessment of trabecular architecture parameters of catarrhine calcanei using high resolution MicroCT scanning. M. MAGA, J. KAPPELMAN.

10:30 am Evaluation of the functional adaptation of femoral trabecular bone in Galago and Loris using micromechanical finite element models. T.M. RYAN, B. VAN RIETBERGEN.

10:45 am Patterns of variation of the internal architecture of the primate proximal femur. T.B. VIOLA, L. BONDIOLI, M. NAKATSUKASA, R. MACCHIARELLI.

11:00 am The pitheciine postcranium: Functional morphology and phylogeny of Pithecia pithecia, P. monachus, and Chiropotes satanas. S.E. WALKER, L.C. DAVIS, S.M. FORD.

11:15 am Fiber architecture in primate limb muscles with new data for triceps surae in Eulemur fulvus. F. ANAPOL.

11:30 am An investigation of scaling relationships in sensory and masticatory systems of New World primates. M.N. COLEMAN.

11:45 am The critical function of the “robust” jaws of tufted capuchins. B.W. WRIGHT.

22 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Morning – April 24, 2003 (continued)

Session 10. Skeletal Biology I: Bioarchaeology and Biological Variation. Contributed Papers. Abbey. Chair: M.J. SCHOENINGER, University of California at San Diego.

8:00 am Digastric groove morphology: A potential new criterion for sex diagnosis. T.R. PETERSEN.

8:15 am A blind test of the auricular surface aging technique on a known age and sex skeletal collection. S.H. GARST.

8:30 am The meaning of impacts in several skeletal samples. C.M. PIJOAN, J. MANSILLA.

8:45 am Are Harris lines an indicator of stress? A comparison between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia. M.P. ALFONSO, J.L. THOMPSON, V.G. STANDEN.

9:00 am Old versus new: Interpretation of flint toolmarks on skeletal material from West Tump Long Barrow, Gloucestershire, England. M.J. SMITH.

9:15 am The bioarchaeological evidence for intra-site class differences in the Roman Near East. M.A. PERRY.

9:30 am Warriors of the clouds? Inferences and interpretations of trauma from Chachapoyas, Perú. K.C. NYSTROM, J.W. VERANO.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Bioarchaeological analysis of Wari trophy heads from Conchopata, Peru. T.A. TUNG.

10:15 am Variation in limb proportions in pre-contact human skeletons from different altitudes in the Andes. K.J. WEINSTEIN.

10:30 am The sutura frontalis and frontofacial growth in Pleistocene to recent Homo. G.D. RICHARDS, S. NABIPOUR, L. COBAIN.

10:45 am Morphological variation in the metatarsus of modern and ancient Holocene people from South Africa. B. ZIPFEL, R. KIDD, L.R. BERGER.

11:00 am New World Paleoindians in craniometric perspective: New looks at old faces. N. SEGUCHI, A.R. NELSON, C.L. BRACE.

11:15 am Cranial variation in a Bronze Age skeletal series from Cyprus: A study of population dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean. P.H. MOORE-JANSEN, N.K. HARPER.

11:30 am Regional variation in late 19th and early 20th century anatomical collections. M.K. SPRADLEY, K.E. WEISENSEE, R.L. JANTZ.

11:45 am Why has skeletal biology remained typological? G. ARMELAGOS, D. VAN GERVEN.

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003

Session 11. Primate Behavior II: Ecology and Behavior. Contributed Posters. Xavier. Chair: D.J. OVERDORFF, University of Texas.

1:00 – 1:30 pm Poster set-up. 1:30 – 3:00 pm Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 3:30 – 5:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 5:00 – 5:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Coprophagy indicates stress in lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). M. FARALDO, L.L. TAYLOR.

2. Population density and home range size of Indri indri in the Betampona Reserve, Madagascar. K.D. GLASSCOCK, A. BRITT. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 23

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

3. A preliminary study of travel routes and spatial mapping in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). P.E. JELINEK, P.A. GARBER, M.F. BEZANSON, A. DELUYCKER, T. O'MARA.

4. Variation in the diet of Cercopithecus ascanius monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda: Influence of habitat, sex, and age. B.N. TORGRIMSON.

5. The influence of patch entry order on feeding priority in three prosimian primates in southeastern Madagascar. D.J. OVERDORFF, E.M. ERHART, T. MUTSCHLER.

6. Social organization of wild groups of Callimico goeldii in northwestern Bolivia. L.M. PORTER.

7. Preliminary report on the natural history of brown titi monkeys (Callicebus brunneus) at the Los Amigos Research Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. J.M. LAWRENCE.

8. Potential patterns of male mate competition among wild ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta. M.L. SAUTHER, L. GOULD.

9. Dispersal, philopatry, or something in-between? Behavioral patterns and dominance relationships amongst males in a population of semi-free ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Padangtegal Wanara Wana in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. J.E. LOUDON, A. FUENTES, A.T. ROMPIS.

10. Acquirement of social ranks of females in one group of Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis ) at Fushan Experimental Forest, Taiwan. H-H. SU.

11. Predator experiments on spectral tarsier infants. S.L. GURSKY.

12. Does hearing play a role in insect predation? An assessment of the relationship between external ear morphology and foraging behavior in nocturnal pr osimians. A.K. PALMER, M.N. MUCHLINSKI.

13. Does topography affect the foraging effort of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda? M.L. GOLDSMITH, H. MOLES.

14. A preliminary survey and GIS analysis of ring-tailed lemur habitat use in and around Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar. D.C. WHITELAW, M.L. SAUTHER.

15. Ecogeography of primates in Guyana: Species-area relationships and ecological specialization. S.M. LEHMAN.

16. Genetic population structure in a wild lemur population, the white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi): 1992-2001. R.R. LAWLER, A.F. RICHARD, M.A. RILEY.

17. Forest degradation and demographic changes in Ateles geoffroyi at Estación Biológica La Suerte, Costa Rica. T. O’MARA.

18. Natural and anthropogenic influences on lemur population structure in southeastern Madagascar. S.E. JOHNSON, M.T. IRWIN, P.C. WRIGHT, S. ARRIGO-NELSON, C. GRASSI, K.E. SAMONDS, T.M. SMITH.

Session 12. Dental Anthropology I: Health, Hypoplasia, and Wear. Contributed Posters. Dolores. Chair: E.A. NEWELL, Elizabethtown College.

1. Inter -tooth distribution of linear enamel hypoplasia in non -human primates. E.A. NEWELL.

2. The timing of linear enamel hypoplasia in the bonobo, Pan paniscus. S.A. TSUKAMOTO, M.F. SKINNER.

3. An unusual hypoplastic defect of the maxillary lateral incisors in great apes. D.L. HANNIBAL.

4. Complementary approaches toward evaluating dental health in skeletal samples: New recommendations to existing standards. A. WASHBURN, M.B. GOLDBERG. 24 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

5. Dental health in North America. C.D. FOOCE, P.W. SCIULLI.

6. Numerical dental anomalies among the early inhabitants of the Northwest Coast. A.J. CURTIN.

7. Dental asymmetry among the Oraibi Hopi population: Evidence for decreases in stress among young males. M.A. EVERETT.

8. Dental disease: the root of all evil? Skeletal analysis of the relationship between periodontal and systemic disease. A.M. RUNYAN, D.R. HUNT.

9. Living conditions at the time of the Roman Emperors: Centralization of power and its effect on populations. A. COPPA, C. SIGNORETTI, R. RAMPA, M. LUCCI, R. VARGIU, A. CUCINA.

10. Regional variation in dental attrition rates of Chalcolithic Populations in Israel. N. LEV-TOV, P. SMITH.

11. Dental wear patterns of hunter-gatherer and agriculturists: The impact of behavioural changes accompanying this transition. C. DETER.

12. Diet in pre-contact Central California explored through dental microwear and stable isotope analyses. K.D. GORDON, M.J. SCHOENINGER, K.E. SEARS.

13. A comparison of microwear analysis and stable carbon isotope ratios to reconstruct Fremont subsistence. M.A. HATCH, S.A. NOVAK.

14. Dental microwear of Ms of Japanese monkeys. T. HOJO.

Session 13. Dental Anthropology II: Morphology, Modification, and Methods. Contributed Posters. Colonnade. Chair: S.E. BAILEY, The George Washington University.

1. Quantitative analysis of mandibular P4 shape in Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. S.E. BAILEY.

2. Looking at the small picture: Using cranial and dental nonmetric traits to determine the origins and sources of admixture for the Caddo, a frontier Mississippian culture. C. LEE.

3. Cementum annulations and age estimation in an early Holocene population. G.M. ROBBINS.

4. Occlusal molar borings in Native American dentitions. J.C. SEIDEL.

5. Tooth modification from the Neolithic to the Iron Age in Southeast Asia. K.M. DOMETT, N. TAYLES.

6. Space available in the mandible does not influence times of molar initiation. J.C. BOUGHNER, M.C. DEAN, P. O’HIGGINS.

7. Tooth root morphology and masticatory muscle force pattern in humans and nonhuman primates. K. KUPCZIK, F. SPOOR, M.C. DEAN.

8. Patterns of correlation among morphological traits in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of juveniles. M. DANFORTH, K. JACOBI.

9. Sectional survey series: A new maxillary and mandibular radiographic technique. M.B. GOLDBERG.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 25

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

Session 14. Primate Biology II: Comparative Anatomy. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: M. YOUNG OWL, California State University, Long Beach.

1. Subspecific variation in the crania of Cebus capucinus. T.J. MASTERSON.

2. Comparative postcranial morphology of the marmosets. L.C. DAVIS, S.M. FORD.

3. Modules and locomotion in the evolution of the anthropoid hand. M.S. SELBY, P. RENO, R. MEINDL, M. SERRAT, C.O. LOVEJOY.

4. The comparative morphology of the oblique cord in non-human anthropoid primates. B.A. PATEL.

5. Foot kinematics of Hylobates lar, Ateles geoffroyi, and Macaca fuscata during locomotion on arboreal and terrestrial substrates. E. HIRASAKI, H. KUMAKURA.

6. Locomotor adaptations reflected in contrasting muscle proportions in gorillas and orangutans. R.K. MCFARLAND, A.L. ZIHLMAN.

7. Survey of mucosal distribution in the small intestine of the primate genus Macaca. E.L. CRUZ, H. COLYER, L. ALLEN, L.L. MAI, M. YOUNG OWL.

8. Measurement of mucosa in the human small intestine. M. YOUNG OWL, R. LEAL, L.L. MAI.

9. Occlusal shape changes with wear: A comparison of chimpanzee and gorilla molars. F. M’KIRERA, P.S. UNGAR.

10. Dental topographic analysis of molar wear in Alouatta palliata. J.C. DENNIS, P.S. UNGAR, M.F. TEAFORD, K.E. GLANDER.

11. Using fish to test the expensive-tissue hypothesis. J.A. KAUFMAN.

Session 15. Primate Biology III: Morphometrics. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: S.M. HENS, California State University, Sacramento.

1. Morphometric analysis of Cercopithecus solatus. U. CHALLA, W.S. MCGRAW, J.M. PLAVCAN.

2. Sexual dimorphism in the face and palate of the orang-utan. S.M. HENS.

3. An assessment of hylobatid monomorphism using geometric morphometrics. S.E. HAGELL, K.P. MCNULTY.

4. Dental variability in Peruvian tamarins (Saguinus mystax). M.A. TORNOW, S.M. FORD, P.A. GARBER.

5. Skeletal variation in adult chimpanzees of the Tai Forest compared to other Pan troglodyes: A preliminary report. A.L. ZIHLMAN, C. BOESCH.

6. An estimation of the heritability of cranial nonmetric traits in a tamarin sample (Saguinus oedipus). K.M. JEMMOTT, A.B. FALSETTI.

7. 3D Data Acquisition using Tuned-Aperture Computed Tomography, TACT(r). N.I. LINNENBRÜGGER, D.E. SLICE, R. WEBBER.

26 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

8. Precision in 3-D landmark data collection for geometric morphometrics. K.L. BAAB, N.C. TING, T.D. CAPELLINI, S.E. HAGELL, E.E. DELSON.

9. The analysis of shape sequences. D.E. SLICE.

Session 16. Teaching Physical Anthropology: Strategies for Dealing with Controversial Topics. Symposium. Palm ABC. Organizer and Chair: M.K. NICKELS, Illinois State University.

This symposium will examine various pedagog ical strategies and methods useful for dealing with controversial topics in physical anthropology courses. Introductory courses are especially susceptible to student misunderstandings, misconceptions, and even antagonistic responses to several topics typically included in such courses. These include the nature and extent of human racial variation, the use of human bones in research, and various aspects of the scientific investigation of human origins and evolution. The intent of the symposium is not only to have the presenters provide their point of view, but to encourage audience response and interaction in order to enhance the pedagogical nature of the session. Sponsored by the AAPA Education Com- mittee.

1:00 pm Using history to explore controversial topics in physical anthropology courses. M.K. NICKELS.

1:15 pm Getting beyond the warm fuzzies: Teaching the real reasons why there are no biological human races and why it's so important. M.A. PARK.

1:30 pm Bones and burials: Issues and strategies for teaching about issues related to human skeletal remains. N.E. TATAREK.

1:45 pm Discussion.

2:00 pm Evolution vs./and creation: Do students have to choose? B.H. O’CONNELL.

2:15 pm Addressing student misconceptions about human evolution. D.L. CUNNINGHAM, D.J. WESCOTT.

2:30 pm Using physical anthropology to diffuse the controversy over the teaching of human origins in middle school. P.C. ASHMORE.

2:45 pm Discussion.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Changing student perceptions about human variation in an honors college program. D.L. HART, P.C. ASHMORE.

3:30 pm Connecting anthropology to the real world: Strategies for maximizing student understanding of human variation and minimizing racism in international experiential learning courses. L.A. WINKLER.

3:45 pm Discussion.

4:00 pm Extended discussion (1 hour).

Session 17. Skeletal Biology II: Diet and Biomechanics. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. Chair: R.E. WUNDERLICH, James Madison University.

1:00 pm Influence of trophic level on bone oxygen isotope ratios. S.H. AMBROSE.

1:15 pm Investigation of stable Sr isotope ratios in prehistoric human bones and teeth using laser ablation ICP-MS. T. PROHASKA, C. LATKOCZY, G. SCHULTHEIS, M. TESCHLER-NICOLA, G.

1:30 pm Nutritional assessment based on d13C and d15N analyses of weanling, subadult and adult remains from Sudanese Nubia. B.L. TURNER, J.L. EDWARDS, J.D. KINGSTON, D.P. VAN GERVEN, T. NEPSTAD-THORNBERRY.

1:45 pm Skeletal indicators of diet at Piedras Negras, Guatemala: An isotopic and osteological analysis. C.J. YODER, M.S. PARKS, A.K. SCHERER, L.E. WRIGHT. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 27

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

2:00 pm Intra-site variation at the middle valley site of Estuquiña in southern Peru: Isotopic evidence. P.D. TOMCZAK.

2:15 pm Biological pattern changes in a French medieval population: Implications to reconstruct health status and dietary behaviour. E. HERRSCHER, F. VALENTIN, H. BOCHERENS, R. COLARDELLE.

2:30 pm A pilot study to assess paleodietary change in northeast Thailand using stable isotopic analysis. C.A. KING.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Strain gradients in the colobine mandibular symphysis: Assessment of the reliability of morphometric proxies for biomechanical strength and rigidity. W.S. MCGRAW, J.L. HOTZMAN, D.J. DAEGLING.

3:15 pm Bone density differences in iliac crest samples from a modern and an archaeological Peruvian population. H.L. RAMSAY, S.D. STOUT, J.E. BUIKSTRA.

3:30 pm Asymmetry in the humeri of tennis players: ‘Wolff’s Law’ or not? J.C. OHMAN, C.O. LOVEJOY.

3:45 pm Asymmetry, developmental instability and non-directional growth constraints in the human skull. V.B. DELEON.

4:00 pm Modeling and remodeling responses to normal loading in the human lower limb. M.S. DRAPEAU, M. STREETER.

4:15 pm Occupational activity level in relation to bone strength. M. MONDRAGÓN, O.M. PEARSON.

4:30 pm Postcranial reflections of climatic adaptation and habitual activity in Tierra del Fuego. O.M. PEARSON, M. MILLONES.

4:45 pm The pattern of robusticity among early Bronze Age groups of Central Europe: Sex differences. V. SLÁDEK, M. BERNER, R. SAILER.

Session 18. Genetics III: Molecular Genetic Variation in Human Populations. Contributed Papers. Palm F. Chair: K.M. WEISS, Pennsylvania State University.

1:00 pm Malarial selection and the Dogon: Patterns of DNA sequence variation at the b-globin locus. E.T. WOOD, M.M. PILKINGTON, Z. MOBASHER, A. BINGHAM, B. STASSMAN, M.F. HAMMER.

1:15 pm Evidence of differential evolution of male and female lineages in African hunter-gatherers and food producers. G. DESTRO-BISOL, V. COIA, F. DONATI, C. BATTAGGIA, G. SPEDINI, B. ARREDI, A. CAGLIÀ, C. CAPELLI, C. TYLER-SMITH.

1:30 pm The genetic history of linguistically diverse Tanzanian populations: A multilocus analysis. S.A. TISHKOFF, M.K. GONDER, J. HIRBO, H. MORTENSEN, K. POWELL, A. KNIGHT, J. MOUNTAIN.

1:45 pm Sampling bias and the cytochrome oxidase III locus of mitochondrial DNA. M.M. PILKINGTON, J.A. WILDER, Z. MOBASHER, B. STRASSMAN, J. FRIEDLAENDER, M.F.HAMMER.

2:00 pm Evidence of founder effects in North Atlantic island populations. C.R. TILLQUIST, E. ARNASON, H. SIGURGISLASON, M.F. HAMMER.

2:15 pm APOE distribution in world populations with new data from the Indian sub-continent and the British populations. P. P. SINGH, M. SINGH, P. GILL, S. MASTANA.

2:30 pm Y-chromosome evidence on the origins of the Balinese and the “Indianization” of Bali. T.M. KARAFET, J.S. LANSING, A.J. REDD, S. SURATA, J. GULICK, M.F. HAMMER.

2:45 pm mtDNA variation in Central Siberians identifies West Eurasian and East Asian components of their gene pool. T.G. SCHURR, R.I. SUKERNIK, Y.B. STARIKOVSKAYA, D.C. WALLACE.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Native American Y chromosomes and the peopling of the Americas. S.L. ZEGURA, M.F. HAMMER, T.M. KARAFET. 28 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

3:30 pm Variation in the vitamin D receptor and NRAMP1 Loci in Ache and Ava of Paraguay: Implications for host susceptibility to tuberculosis. A.K. WILBUR, J.R. FEURSTEIN, A.M. HURTADO, K.R. HILL, A.C. STONE.

3:45 pm Allelic variation at alcohol metabolism genes and alcohol dependence in an American Indian population. C.J. MULLIGAN, M.V. OSIER, N. SAMBUUGHIN, R.A. KITTLES, D. GOLDMAN, J.C. LONG.

4:00 pm The origin of Mayans according to HLA genes and the uniqueness of Amerindians. A. ARNAIZ-VILLENA.

4:15 pm Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping. M.D. SHRIVER, E.J. PARRA, P. MCKEIGUE, R. KITTLES.

4:30 pm Analysis of DNA sequences under unequal evolutionary rates. J.C. LONG, K. HUNLEY, R.A. KITTLES.

4:45 pm Global population relationships based upon multiple haplotype loci. J.R. KIDD, A.J. PAKSTIS, K.K. KIDD.

Session 19. Hominid Environments and Paleoecology in the East African Pliocene: An Assessment of the Faunal Evidence. Symposium. Abbey. Organizers and Chairs: R. BOBE, Smithsonian Institution, Z. ALEMSEGED, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, and A.K. BEHRENSMEYER, Smithsonian Institution.

The study of hominid adaptation and evolution is intricately tied to our understanding of the environments in which humans evolved. Although many types of data are used in the reconstruction of past environments, vertebrate faunas provide one of the main lines of evidence. This symposium provides an overview of the key issues and baseline data used in the study of faunal change and hominid paleoecology for the East African Pliocene.

1:00 pm Key issues in the analysis of faunal changes across the East African Pliocene. A.K. BEHRENSMEYER, Z. ALEMSEGED, R. BOBE.

1:15 pm Faunal comparison between the Middle Ledi and Hadar hominin sites, Ethiopia: Time, landscape, and depositional environment. K.E. REED, C.A. LOCKWOOD, J.R. ARROWSMITH.

1:30 pm A comparative approach to faunal analysis in the Hadar and Turkana regions. R. BOBE, A.K. BEHRENSMEYER, G.G. ECK, L. LEAKEY.

1:45 pm Recent research on the evolution of Late Neogene African mammals, with emphasis on Pliocene Bovidae. E.S. VRBA.

2:00 pm Comparison of the Pliocene and Pleistocene cercopithecid faunas from the Afar and Turkana Basins. S.R. FROST.

2:15 pm Hominid environments and faunal change in the lower Omo valley: A comparison of the French and American databases. Z. ALEMSEGED, R. BOBE, D. GERAADS.

2:30 pm Kanapoi: Fauna and paleoenvironments. J.M. HARRIS, M.G. LEAKEY.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Late Pliocene climatic change and faunas in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. A. HILL, J. KINGSTON, A. DEINO, L. BISHOP, R. FISHER, J. ROSSIE.

3:15 pm The palaeoanthropological interpretation of Plio-Pleistocene locality of Gatarakwa, Central Kenya and its significance in understanding hominid evolution. N.R. MALIT, J.E. NGALLA, F.M. KIRERA.

3:30 pm The paleoenvironmental setting of hominin activities at Kanjera South, western Kenya. L.C. BISHOP, T.W. PLUMMER, J. FERRARO, P.W. DITCHFIELD, F. HERTEL, J.D. KINGSTON, D. BRAUN, J. HICKS, R.B. POTTS.

3:45 pm Faunal differences in the sequence at Laetoli: Implications for taphonomy and paleoecology. D.F. SU, T. HARRISON.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 29

Thursday Afternoon – April 24, 2003 (continued)

4:00 pm Laetoli Pliocene environments revisited: Stratigraphic and taphonomic context of Upper Laetolil Bed Fauna at Localities 8 and 9. C.M. MUSIBA, C.C. MAGORI, S. BRANTING, F. NDUNGURU, S. KILLINDO, D.M.K. KAMAMBA, R.H. TUTTLE.

4:15 pm Ecological trends in the distribution of micromammals recovered from owl pellets in northern Tanzania: Using modern systems to calibrate paleoenvironmental analyses. D.N. REED.

4:30 pm Fauna, taphonomy and ecology of the Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds, Northern Malawi. O. SANDROCK, O. KULLMER, F. SCHRENK, Y.M. JUWAYEYI, T.G. BROMAGE.

4:45 pm Discussion: R. POTTS.

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003

Session 20. Primate Behavior III: Biology, Ecology, and Behavior. Contributed Posters. Xavier. Chair: M.S. GERALD, Cayo Santiago Caribbean Primate Research Center and University of Puerto Rico.

1. Friendly faces and sexy behinds: Variable signal content contained in female rhesus macaque facial and sexual skin coloration. M.S. GERALD, K.M. TREIER, H. LYONS.

2. Copulatory plug displacement: further evidence for sperm competition in Lemur catta. J.A. PARGA.

3. Genito-genital rubbing as a female bonding strategy in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). S.F. ANESTIS.

4. Cranial sexual dimorphism, allometry and mating systems among hominoids. M. BERNHARD, K. SCHAEFER, P. GUNZ, P. MITTEROECKER, H. PROSSINGER, F.L. BOOKSTEIN, H. SEIDLER.

5. A comparison of substrate use among infant and adult red-shanked douc langurs, Delacour’s langurs, and Hatinh langurs at the Cuc Phuong Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam. C.C. WORKMAN, H.H. COVERT.

6. The relationship between sexual dimorphism and male-female dietary niche separation in haplorhine primates. J.M. KAMILAR.

7. Patterns of positional behavior in juvenile and adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). M.F. BEZANSON.

8. A comparison of limb preference in captive bonobos, chimpanzees, lowland gorillas and orang utans. R.M. HARRISON.

9. Body size, limb proportions, and positional behavior during ontogeny in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). M.L. SCHWANDT, M.W. MARZKE.

10. Differences in patterns of locomotor behavior and habitat use in adult and juvenile Cebus apella and Cebus oliv aceus. K.A. WRIGHT.

11. Are juveniles at greater risk than adults? Preliminary data on ecological risk aversion in two species of neotropical monkeys (Cebus albifrons and Saimiri boliviensis) in Peru. L.R. BIDNER.

12. Noninvasive assessments of stress in male sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). D.K. BROCKMAN, K. MELTZ, P.L. WHITTEN.

13. Development of human hand prefer ence in the first year of life: The role of maternal influence. L.L. FIELDS, L.E. DIAZ.

14. Throwing behavior and the mass distribution of rock selection in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). G.C. WESTERGAARD, A. CLEVELAND, A.M. ROCCA, E.L. WENDT, M.J. BROWN.

30 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

15. Late Holocene archaeological remains from chimpanzee and human sites in the rainforests of Cote d'Ivoire. J. MERCADER, M. PANGER, L. SCOTT-CUMMINGS, C. BOESCH.

16. Chimpanzee ant-dipping tools from West Cameroon: Geographical variation. E.J. INGMANSON.

17. The Chimpanzee Cultures Website: An online tool for research and teaching. L.F. MARCHANT, W.C. MCGREW, S. SMART, A. WHITEN.

Session 21. Morphometric Variation in the Dentition of Homo sapiens. Poster Symposium. Dolores. Organizers and Chairs: H. EDGAR, College of Wooster, and L. LEASE, Ohio State University.

This symposium will bring together international experts on contemporary dental variation, with an emphasis on interpopulation comparisons. The intent of the symposium is to assess and characterize the state of dental anthropology with regard to the types of data and analytic methods used to assess interpopulation variation. This symposium is also intended to highlight the several recent advances in the anthropological use of dental data, as well as to foster communication between the participants and other members of the association. Sponsored by the Dental Anthropology Association.

8:00 – 8:30 am Poster set-up. 8:30 – 10:00 am Authors present for questions. 10:00 – 10:30 am Discussion: S. HILLSON, G.R. SCOTT. 12:00 – 12:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Dental morphometric variation and human sex chromosome complement. L. ALVESALO.

2. Worldwide variation in tooth formation and eruption. H.M. LIVERSIDGE.

3. Ancestry determination using mesiodistal measurements of deciduous teeth. L.R. LEASE.

4. A comparison of morphological traits in deciduous and permanent dentitions. J.M. ULLINGER.

5. Mass migrations or mere movement of morphemes? A dental morphology investigation of post-Neolithic south Asian population history. B.E. HEMPHILL.

6. Dental morphometrics of Early Holocene India: A comparison of Indus and Ganga Valley samples. J.R. LUKACS.

7. Dental anthropology of the Prehispanic Canarian islandscape: L.S. OWENS.

8. Dental morphometry and indicators of developmental stress in precontact and contact Maya populations from Yucatan. A. CUCINA, V. TIESLER BLOS.

9. Where’s the variation? Variance components in the permanent dentition. E.F. HARRIS.

10. Prediction of social race category using characteristics of dental morphology. H.J.H. EDGAR.

11. Ancient teeth and modern humans: Additional dental evidence for an African origin of Homo sapiens. J.D. IRISH, D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG.

12. Metric and nonmetric dental variations of major human populations in the world. T. HANIHARA, T. HIGA, H. ISHIDA.

Session 22. Primate Evolution I: Fossils and Phylogenies. Contributed Posters. Colonnade. Chair: M.T. SILCOX, University of Winnipeg.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 31

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

1. New discoveries on the middle ear anatomy of the Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Primates) from ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography. M.T. SILCOX.

2. New Loveina sheai (Primates: Omomyidae) and implications for washakiin relationships. P.A. HOLROYD.

3. Comparative cranial anatomy and cladistic analysis of Paleocene primate Carpolestes simpsoni using ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography. J.I. BLOCH, M.T. SILCOX.

4. Computer tomographic analysis of growth and development in juvenile adapiform primates from the Eocene of North America. R.T. HOGG, J.P. ALEXANDER, B.N. DELMAN, S. MARQUEZ.

5. An analysis of lorisid phylogeny using morphological and molecular data. J.C. MASTERS, N. ANTHONY, A. MITCHELL.

6. Cranial evidence for the timing of the platyrrhine-catarrhine divergence. R.F. KAY, T.R.T. MITCHELL.

7. Nasal and paranasal anatomy of Oligocene and Miocene catarrhines. J.B. ROSSIE.

8. Phylogenetic implications of Miocene hominoid premaxilla length, with special reference to Dryopithecus from Rudabánya. M.L. MCCROSSIN.

9. Functional morphology of the Nacholapithecus forelimb long bones. T. TAKANO, M. NAKATSUKASA, Y. KUNIMATSU, Y. NAKANO, H. ISHIDA.

10. Morphology of the axial skeleton of Nacholapithecus from the Middle Miocene of Kenya. M. NAKATSUKASA, Y. KUNIMATSU, Y. NAKANO, H. ISHIDA.

11. Morphometric variation in African ape lumbar vertebrae. S.E. INOUYE, Z.B. NYE, A.M. HITZ.

Session 23. Primate Evolution II: Communities, Biogeography, and Ecomorphology. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: G.F. GUNNELL, University of Michigan.

1. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Columbia: The relationship between divergence time and ecological diversity. B.C. WHEELER.

2. Reconstructing and comparing primate communities from the Eocene of North America and Europe. C.C. GILBERT.

3. Community perspectives on fossil cercopithecoids from the Hadar locality, Afar Region, Ethiopia. A.L. RECTOR.

4. Primate ecomorphospace: Anthropoidea and the African-Asian origin paradox. G.F. GUNNELL, R.L. CIOCHON.

5. Paleobiogeography, taphonomy, and the origin of the African hominoid clade. S.M. COTE.

6. Mind the Gap. Reconstructing the lemuriform colonization of Madagascar using insights from geophysics and the comparative method. M.J. DE WIT, J.C. MASTERS, B.G. LOVEGROVE.

7. Felsõtárkány, a middle Miocene catarrhine locality in central Hungary. L. KORDOS, D.R. BEGUN.

8. New aotine fossil from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia. M. TAKAI, T. SETOGUCHI, N. SHIGEHARA.

9. New primate fossils from northern Vietnam. H.H. COVERT, T. DZANH.

10. Knuckle-walking anteaters? Testing the hypothesis of adaptation for purported knuckle-walking features using a non - primate model. C.M. ORR.

11. Environmental change and the evolution of gibbons. N.G. JABLONSKI, W.Y. BROCKELMAN. 32 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

Session 24. Primate Evolution III: Dental Development and Variation. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: L.J. HLUSKO, University of Illinois.

1. Dental development in Anapithecus. C. DEAN.

2. Molar crown formation in Miocene hominoids: A preliminary synthesis. T.M. SMITH, M.C. DEAN, J. KELLEY, L.B. MARTIN, D.J. REID, G.T.SCHWARTZ.

3. Topographic variation of the enamel thickness in the human anterior deciduous dentition. A. MAZURIER, L. BONDIOLI, S. CAROPRESO, R. MACCHIARELLI.

4. The relationship between size and shape in baboon molars. L.J. HLUSKO, M. MAAS.

5. A new morphometric approach to inferring diet from hominoid incisors and canines using Analytical Comparison of Digitized Curvatures (ACDC). A.S. DEANE, E.P. KREMER, D.R. BEGUN.

6. A morphological comparison of incisor variation in extant apes, Kenyapithecus africanus, and K. wickeri. C.A. DAVIS.

7. Assessment of upper premolar morphological traits as reliable phylogenetic indicators. L.C. BLUNDELL.

8. Geographic variation in gorillas: graueri and beringei are dentally similar. V.C. PILBROW.

9. What were the “monkey lemurs” of Madagascar up to? L.R. GODFREY, G.M. SEMPREBON, G.T. SCHWARTZ, D.A. BURNEY, W.L. JUNGERS, E. FLANAGAN, S.J. KING.

Session 25. Hominid Evolution III: Middle and Late Pleistocene Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC. Chair: J.C.M. AHERN, University of Wyoming.

8:00 am Speciosity in the early Homo lineage: Too many, too few, or just about right? G.C. CONROY.

8:15 am Limb proportions of Homo habilis reviewed. M. HAEUSLER, H.M. MCHENRY.

8:30 am A re-examination of purported “Meganthropus” cranial fragments. A.C. DURBAND.

8:45 am 3D morphometric study of the temporomandibular joint and its implication on species recognition in Homo erectus. A. BARASH, Y.Z. RAK.

9:00 am The relationship of skeletal and dental ages, with implications for the adolescent growth of KNM-WT 15000. S.L. SMITH.

9:15 am Behavioural differences in the early to mid-Pleistocene: Were African and Asian Homo erectus really that different? D.E. HOPWOOD.

9:30 am The browridge: Pleistocene body armor? J. HAWKS.

9:45 am Testing hypotheses of demes within Homo erectus using parsimony analysis. W.H. GILBERT.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Faunal taphonomy and biostratigraphy at Ngandong, Java, Indonesia and its implications for the late survival of Homo erectus. M.C. WESTAWAY, T. JACOB, F. AZIZ, H. OTSUKA, H. BABA.

10:30 am What lies beneath? Testing the taxonomic validity of Homo heidelbergensis using endocranial morphology. L. DEFELICE. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 33

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

10:45 am The Omo 1 partial skeleton from the Kibish Formation. J.G. FLEAGLE, Z. ASSEFA, F. BROWN, C.S. FEIBEL, I. MCDOUGALL, J.J.SHEA.

11:00 am The Dali cranium in the context of human evolution in China. J.H. KIDDER, A.C. DURBAND.

11:15 am Sharing commonly available foods in human evolution. A. GALLOWAY, M.E. MORBECK.

11:30 am Brain disorders in human evolution. D.P. BUXHOEVEDEN.

11:45 am Completing fossil Homo crania by statistical and geometrical estimation methods. P. GUNZ, P. MITTEROECKER, F.L. BOOKSTEIN, G.W. WEBER.

Session 26. Primate Biology IV: Sexual Dimorphism/Locomotion. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. Chair: F. ANAPOL, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

8:00 am Tri-nucleotide CAG repeat number in the androgen receptor gene as a mechanism for inter-specific variation of sexual dimorphism in primates. D. WALRATH, P. BINGHAM.

8:15 am Sexual dimorphism in the vomeronasal organ of Otolemur. T.D. SMITH, K.L. SHIMP, A.M. BURROWS, M.A. SMITH, K.P. BHATNAGAR.

8:30 am Cranial base sexual dimorphism: Size and shape and their taxonomic significance. L. NEVELL, B. WOOD, S. LUBOGA.

8:45 am Group size, sex ratios, and the contribution of male and female canine size to dimorphism. J.M. PLAVCAN.

9:00 am Comparison of patterns of shape dimorphism with interspecific scaling trends in the elbow and knee of cercopithecoids. M.R LAGUE.

9:15 am Morphological differentiation among great ape subspecies, as indicated by geometric morphometric analysis of temporal bones. C.A. LOCKWOOD, W.H. KIMBEL, J.M. LYNCH.

9:30 am On morphological variation. M.J. RAVOSA, B.T. SHEA.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Patterns of mandibular variation in Pan and Gorilla. A.B. TAYLOR, C.P. GROVES.

10:15 am Developmental anomalies in the dentition of a large sample of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) from Amboasary, Madagascar. F.P. CUOZZO.

10:30 am Locomotor modes of primates at moderate speeds. I. The implications of the amble and the canter for primate locomotor evolution. D. SCHMITT, P. LEMELIN, J. HANNA.

10:45 am Locomotor modes of primates at moderate speeds. II. Analysis of support patterns. M. CARTMILL.

11:00 am Locomotor development and the uniqueness of primate quadrupedalism. L.J. SHAPIRO, D.A. RAICHLEN.

11:15 am Habitat effects on positional behavior and fine branch use in red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and grey- cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. G.P. ARONSEN.

11:30 am The effect of body mass variation on the locomotor dynamics of Cheirogaleus medius: A natural experiment. P. LEMELIN, D. SCHMITT.

11:45 am How does branch stability affect prosimian arboreal quadrupedalism? N.J. STEVENS.

34 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

Session 27. The Genetic Basis of Neurobehavioral Phenotypes: Methods, Applications and Controversies. Symposium. Palm F. Organizer and Chair: J.C. STEVENSON, Western Washington University.

Major advances in biometrics and molecular techniques have provided new insights into how genes may be translated into behavior. The messy complexity of this dynamic presents significant challenges but there are many successes. The goal here is to present various approaches to, and domains of, behavioral genetic research. Sponsored by the American Association of Anthro- pological Genetics.

8:30 am Introduction: challenges in behavioral genetics. J.C. STEVENSON, J.W. GILGER, E.R. MAHONEY.

8:45 am Twin research findings and methods and their implications for human behavioral development. N.L. SEGAL.

9:00 am Microsatellite polymorphisms: Relevance to issues in anthropology. D. E. COMINGS.

9:15 am Quantitative trait locus mapping in psychiatric/behavioral genetics: The state-of-the-science. J. BLANGERO.

9:30 am Genetics of sexual development. E. VILAIN.

9:45 am Gene-physical activity interactions on cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk factors. T. RANKINEN.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Genetic effects on brain neurotransmitter function and mood. F.A. MORENO, D.C. ROWE, B. KAISER, D. CHASE, T. MICHAELS, J. GELERNTER, P.L.DELGADO.

10:30 am Phenotypic associations of the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in ethnic groups. T.L. WALL.

10:45 am Genetic etiology of autism endophenotypes. M. ALARCON, R.M. CANTOR, D.H. GESCHWIND.

11:00 am Genetic contributions to neurological and behavioral traits. K.M. WEISS, J. NOEBELS, D. BURGESS.

11:15 am Gene-culture co-evolution: The dopamine D4 receptor and other polymorphisms that may reflect social evolution. H. HARPENDING.

11:30 am Behavioral evolutionarily stable strategies and genetic polymorphisms at loci affecting behavior in humans. G.M. COCHRAN.

11:45 am Discussion: M.H. CRAWFORD.

Session 28. Human Biology II: Health and Disease. Contributed Papers. Abbey. Chair: C.W. KUZAWA, Northwestern University.

8:00 am Phenotypic and genetic associations between age at menarche and parameters of the pubertal growth spurt. B. TOWNE, S.A. CZERWINSKI, E.W. DEMERATH, A.F. ROCHE, R. M. SIERVOGEL.

8:15 am A longitudinal study of child growth, nutrition and health in five Rendille communities of northern Kenya. E.A. ROTH, E. FRATKIN, M. NATHAN.

8:30 am The effect of women’s autonomy on child nutritional status in northern Kenya. E.K. BRUNSON, B. SHELL-DUNCAN.

8:45 am Infants’ enamel growth disruptions and the quantity and quality of their mothers’ perinatal diets in Solis, Mexico. A.G. ACOSTA, A.H. GOODMAN, J.R. BACKSTRAND, A.E. DOLPHIN.

9:00 am Food security and nutritional status among two Tanzania ethnic groups. C. HADLEY.

9:15 am The effects of age and ethnicity on daily stress hormone variation in employed women. G.D. JAMES.

9:30 am Father vs. nonpaternal allomothering effects on child health among the Toba of northern Argentina. P.L. ELLIS, C. VALEGGIA. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 35

Friday Morning – April 25, 2003 (continued)

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Iron deficiency in infancy: A rhesus monkey model. G.R. LUBACH, C.L. COE.

10:15 am A study of the heritability of craniofacial asymmetry. R.E. WARD, J.A. RUSSELL, P.L. JAMISON, J.K. HART SFIELD JR., D. KOLLER.

10:30 am The aging brain: An MRI-volumetric analysis of variation by sex and age in the gray-white composition of the major lobes of the human cerebrum. J.S. ALLEN, H. DAMASIO, J. BRUSS.

10:45 am Detection of myobacterial DNA in Andean mummies. E. LEBWOHL, K. MOWBRAY, I. TATTERSALL, D. ZHANG.

11:00 am An apparent case of treponematosis in a human skeletal sample from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. S. SMITH, B.G. BENSON, P.M. LAMBERT.

11:15 am The “Mysterious Cemetery” of Frankfort Kentucky: Letting the bones speak! P.E. KILLORAN, D. POLLACK.

11:30 am The role of morbidity in the mortality decline of the 19th century: Evidence from the Gibraltar garrison. J. PADIAK.

11:45 am Death in a mill town: Mortality in emergent industrial cities of New England. S.I. HAUTANIEMI, A.C. SWEDLUND.

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003

Session 29. Tooth Chemistry: New Challenges, New Horizons. Poster Symposium. Dolores. Organizers and Chairs: C. WHITE. University of Western Ontario, and A. DOLPHIN, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

More information can be gleaned from a single tooth than any other organ of the skeletal system. Unlike bone, teeth contain three distinct tissues, each with different incremental growth patterns that become a permanent record of environmental conditions during their formation. This information can be accessed with the use of microscopic and chemical methods, and can provide us with the finest skeletal detail available for prenatal and postnatal conditions of life. This symposium brings together a group of international experts in tooth chemistry who have been using the unique qualities of teeth to push the boundaries of data gathering. Their research ranges from the challenges of diagenesis to the reconstruction of dietary, physiological, and migrational life histories.

2:00 – 2:30 pm Poster set-up. 2:30 – 4:00 pm Authors present for questions. 4:00 – 4:30 pm Discussion: H.P. SCHWARCZ. 6:00 – 6:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Life-histories recorded in human teeth on the microstructural, ultrastructural and molecular level. G. GRUPE, I.L. GÜGEL, N. STROTT.

2. The mineralization, preservation and sampling of teeth: Strategies to optimise comparative study and minimise age- related change for lead and strontium analysis. J. MONTGOMERY, J. EVANS, C.A. ROBERTS.

3. Tooth enamel remains a virtually closed system for stable light isotope and trace element archives in fossils. J.A. LEE-THORP, M. SPONHEIMER.

4. Seasonality data from tooth enamel composition: The Levantine Holocene. K.A. HALLIN, M.J. SCHOENINGER, T.E. LEVY, H.P. SCHWARCZ.

5. Sources of variability in modern East African herbivore enamel: Implications for paleodietary and paleoecological reconstructions. J.D. KINGSTON.

6. High resolution, sequential chemical analysis of tooth enamel by ion probe mass spectrometry. J.E. ERICSON.

7. Microspatial analyses of intra- and intertooth variations in the distribution of trace elements. A.E. DOLPHIN, D. KANG, A.H. GOODMAN, D. AMARASIRIWARDENA. 36 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

8. Permanent molars and shifting landscapes: Elemental signature analysis of natality at the New York African Burial Ground. J.L. JONES, A.H. GOODMAN, J.B. REID, D. AMARASIRIWARDENA, M.E. MACK, M.L.BLAKEY.

9. Using 87Sr/86Sr in teeth as clues to life histories of enslaved Africans buried in New York City. J.B.REID JR., A.H. GOODMAN, J. JONES, D. COLEMAN, J.D. WALKER, M.L. BLAKEY, M. MACK, C. DECORSE.

10. Immigration and ethnicity in two Teotihuacan neighbourhoods: The isotopic evidence. C.D. WHITE, M.W. SPENCE, R. STOREY, F.J. LONGSTAFFE.

11. Isotopic evidence of migration at the imperial port of Portus Romae, Italy. T.L. PROWSE, H. SCHWARCZ, R. MACCHIARELLI, L. BONDIOLI.

Session 30. Forensic Anthropology. Contributed Posters. Colonnade. Chair: U. STRAND VIDARSDOTTIR, University of Durham.

2:00 – 2:30 pm Poster set-up. 2:30 – 4:00 pm Authors of even-numbered posters present for questions. 4:30 – 6:00 pm Authors of odd-numbered posters present for questions. 6:00 – 6:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Sex determination from the human hip bone: A response to Bruzek. T.N. NEPSTAD-THORNBERRY, D.C. WHITELAW, D.P. VAN GERVEN.

2. Humeral and femoral head diameters in a contemporary ethnic Albanian population. L.B. HUNTER, M.W. WARREN.

3. Longitudinal assessment of quantitative and qualitative age-related change in the dental pulp chamber: An expert system approach using dental radiographs. D.G. MCBRIDE.

4. Adult stature estimation from the calcaneus of South African blacks. M.A. BIDMOS, S.A. ASALA.

5. Sexing the sella turcica: A question of English vs. Turkish saddles? S.C. FOX, K. ELIOPOULOS, S.K. MANOLIS.

6. Implications of sex differences for aging of the vertebral column. J.J. SNODGRASS.

7. Discerning veneration and violation in mortuary contexts: The case of Zacpeten. W.N. DUNCAN.

8. MorFIdS: Morphometric Forensic Identification of Sub-adults. U.S. VIDARSDOTTIR.

9. Identity and living conditions of the ‘Red Queen’: A bioarchaeological study of the sarcophagus tomb of Temple XIII at Palenque, Mexico. V. TIESLER BLOS, A. CUCINA, M. STREETER, A. ROMANO PACHECO.

10. Are virtual bones as good as the real thing? A test of measurement error. D. TO, W.D. SWEITZER.

11. A comparison of morphometric data and methods in classification. S.D. OUSLEY, A. MCKEOWN.

Session 31. Paleopathology II: Trauma and Infection in Past Populations. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: A.L. TINE, Geo-Marine, Inc.

1. The tale that tail bones tell about the antiquity of the human disease brucellosis. J.M. HODGKINS.

2. Trauma patterns in Western Hemisphere skeletal collections. P.L. WALKER, R. STECKEL.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 37

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

3. Bioarchaeology and sociobiology in the pre-Columbian Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona. M. SCHULTZ, T.H. SCHMIDT-SCHULTZ.

4. Paleopathological investigations at the historic cemetery of St. Martin’s, England. M.B. BRICKLEY, J. ADAMS, H. BERRY, A.G. WESTERN.

5. Evidence of treponematosis from a historic paupers’ cemetery in Dallas, Texas. A.L. TINE, M.D. WURTZ, J.H. COOPER.

6. Schmorl’s nodes at Orendorf: A test of clinical etiologies and paleopathological assumptions. K.E. SHERIDAN, D.W. STEADMAN.

7. Cannibalism and sample size: The new remains from Navatu, Fiji. S. MINTER, D. DEGUSTA, G.R. CLARK.

8. Periosteal reactions as indices of health status. M.L. POWELL.

9. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of oral surgery observed in a pre-Columbian Amerindian mandible. G.D. HACK, R.T. KORITZER.

10. Brucellosis in antiquity: An analysis of possible cases of brucellar sacroiliitis. J.FAN, D.J. ORTNER, B. FROHLICH, D.L. MARTIN.

11. The taphonomy of soft tissue preservation in anaerobic conditions - the Queen Street Mission crypt, Huddersfield, England. R.F. PASTOR, S. MCSHANE, M. GREEN.

Session 32. Paleopathology III: Nutritional Status, Growth, and Metabolism. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: P. LAMBERT, Utah State University.

1. Bone structure and mineralization in a late antique skeleton with osteomalacia. D.K.E. SCHAMALL, M. KNEISSEL, K. WILTSCHKE-SCHROTTA, M.E. TESCHLER-NICOLA.

2. Evidence of subadult scurvy from Kagamil and Shiprock Islands, Alaska. D.M. MULHERN, E.B. JONES.

3. Iron deficiency anemia in pre-contact hunter-gatherers from Bay West (8CR200) and Windover (8BR246). H. WALSH- HANEY.

4. Childhood stress and determinants of adult sexual size dimorphism in late prehistoric skeletal assemblages from Guam, Mariana Islands. A.L.W. STODDER, M.T. DOUGLAS.

5. The health effects of Wari imperial control: Rates of enamel hypoplasia and carious lesions in prehistoric Nasca populations. C.M. KELLNER.

6. Severe enamel hypoplasia in a 19th century cemetery sample from North Carolina: Possible causes. P. LAMBERT.

7. Hereditary multiple cartilaginous exostoses in a young adult male from early medieval coastal Germany. W.R. TEEGEN, M. SCHULTZ.

8. Skeletal markers of occupational stress in the tibiae of a Bronze Age population. C.C. COOPER, D.L. MARTIN, D.T. POTTS.

9. Paleopathology at Jamaica Beach in Galveston, Texas. J.L.Z. RICE.

38 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

Session 33. Recent Developments and Applications of Biomedical Anthropology In and Out of Academia: A Symposium in Honor of Francis E. Johnston. Symposium. Palm ABC. Organizer and Chair: L.M. SCHELL, State University of New York at Albany.

This symposium will bring together experts in the interrelated areas of human growth and development, health, and nutrition. This symposium is intended to honor Francis E. Johnston upon his retirement two years ago, and to inform the members of the AAPA of recent research developments and applications of biomedical anthropology. Johnston produced 13 edited books and over 160 papers and chapters. In addition, he served the AAPA as president from 1983-85 and as Editor-in-Chief of the AJPA from 1977-83. A particular feature of Johnston’s type of biomedical anthropology is its incorporation of culture (and behavior) as a prime influence on biological variation, particularly variation related to health, and his Ph.D. students continue to work in that framework. Most of them have careers outside of academic anthropology where they apply biomedical methods and theories derived from his work in anthropology to understand and prevent or remedy health problems afflicting populations, often socially disadvantaged ones. A symposium of high scien tific quality is not only a suitable honor to him, but will also provide valuable information from researchers who happen to be his students showing the application of biomedical theory and methods to problems in academic anthropology and in the allied health professions.

2:00 pm Biomedical anthropology: From emerging synthesis to established discipline. N. CAMERON.

2:15 pm Nutrition behavior change in Mali: A biocultural model. C.F. PARVANTA.

2:30 pm Socio-demographic and environmental correlates of obesity in US adolescents: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. P. GORDON-LARSEN, L. ADAIR, B.M. POPKIN.

2:45 pm Insulin, gestational diabetes and maternal thrift. T.O. SCHOLL.

3:00 pm Stunting and obesity in the land of plenty: Children of migrant laborers in New Jersey. D.L. MARKOWITZ, S. COSMINSKY.

3:15 pm Milk and human development. B. BOGIN, M.I. VARELA-SILVA.

3:30 pm Patterns and pitfalls in the assessment of bone health in children. B. ZEMEL, V. STALLINGS, M. LEONARD.

3:45 pm Is vitamin A status related to outcomes in young children with sickle cell disease? J.I. SCHALL, D.A. KAWCHAK, K. OHENE-FREMPONG, K.E. TEMME, B.S. ZEMEL, V.A. STALLINGS.

4:00 pm Break

4:15 pm Reconstructing individual life histories using the chemistry of the skeleton. A. SILLEN.

4:30 pm Fetus to infant in biomedical perspective. M. LAMPL.

4:45 pm Long term consequences of early child growth restriction. L.S. ADAIR.

5:00 pm High HIV prevalence and incidence among young African American men who have sex with men in 6 US cities: What factors are contributing? L.A. VALLEROY, D.A. MACKELLAR, G.M. SECURA, S.K. BEHEL, THE YOUNG MEN'S SURVEY STUDY GROUP.

5:15 pm Ontogenetic changes in limb bone structure: A longitudinal analysis of the Denver Growth Study sample. C.B. RUFF.

5:30 pm Genetic and environmental correlations between age at adiposity rebound and subsequent changes in childhood BMI. E.W. DEMERATH, S.A. CZERWINSKI, B. TOWNE, S.S. SUN, W.C. CHUMLEA, R.M. SIERVOGEL.

5:45 pm Weight growth velocity from birth to 2 years of age in relation to lead burden. L.M. SCHELL, N. CAMERON.

6:00 pm Discussion: F.E. JOHNSTON.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 39

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

Session 34. Techniques, Applications, and Action: Moving Beyond the Call for Conservation. Symposium. Palm DE. Organizers and Chairs: A. FUENTES, University of Notre Dame, and N. MALONE, University of Oregon.

Anthropological research projects are often interconnected with conservation issues. However, little attention has been paid to the wide range of actual conservation activity by biological anthropologists. Recent advances in genetic investigative tools, geographical information systems data analyses, and long-term field data from human and nonhuman primate studies have facilitated integration of conservation activities into an array of ongoing research projects. This symposium seeks to present aspects of the methods, practice, and outcomes of conservation related research by biological anthropologists.

2:00 pm Introduction. A. FUENTES, N. MALONE.

2:15 pm “Whose woods are these?”: Ethnoprimatology and conservation in Sulawesi, Indonesia. E.P. RILEY.

2:30 pm Payoffs, community relations, and vocational training: Implementing local conservation in Ecuador's Yasuní National Park. F. KOESTER, A. DI FIORE.

2:45 pm Integrating research and education for orangutan conservation in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. C.D. KNOTT, E. HILL, A. JOHNSON, J. HARTING.

3:00 pm Electric fences between farmers and monkeys?: Reconfiguring rural land use for wildlife conservation in Japan. D.S. SPRAGUE.

3:15 pm Scrambling for a common resource: Chimpanzees, humans, and Saba senegalensis in southeastern Senegal. J.D. PRUETZ, P. KNUTSEN.

3:30 pm Conservation through folklore: Ethnoprimatology in southeastern Senegal. K. CLAVETTE.

3:45 pm Road to extinction: GIS modeling of road development and hunting pressure on Amazonian primates. J.L. DEW, J. GREENBERG, M. FRANZEN, A. DI FIORE.

4:00 pm Discussion: K. STRIER.

Session 35. Dental Anthropology III: Methods and Variation. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. Chair: D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG, Ohio State University, Newark.

4:45 pm Understanding and correcting molar robustness index error. C.W. SCHMIDT, M.K. HILL.

5:00 pm Taurodontism: Methodological limitations and pulpal dynamics. A.D. SCHAUBER.

5:15 pm A model for human canine growth in a medieval urban cemetery sample. M.E. REEVES.

5:30 pm Dental anthropology in Scotland: Medieval relationships between Whithorn, St. Andrews and the Carmelite friaries. A.J. ADLER, M. WATT, C.G. TURNER II.

5:45 pm Human dental microwear during the development from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural economy in northern Israel. P. MAHONEY.

6:00 pm Dental decoration during the Postclassic at Lamanai, Belize: Sex and status differences. J.S. WILLIAMS, C.D. WHITE.

Session 36. Genetics IV: Molecular Genetics of Non-Human Primates. Contributed Papers. Palm F. Chair: J.C. LONG, University of Michigan.

2:00 pm Population -level genetic variability in wild western gorillas. B.J. BRADLEY, D.M. DORAN, C. CIPOLLETTA, A. TODD, E. STOKES, C. BOESCH, L. VIGILANT. 40 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

2:15 pm X-chromosome phylogeny of the Platyrrhini. T.R. DISOTELL, A.J. TOSI, A. DI FIORE.

2:30 pm Matrilineage and allelic sorting within an expanding population. X. VALDERRAMA, J.G. ROBINSON, D.J. MELNICK.

2:45 pm Sex chromosome phylogenetics indicate a single transition to terrestriality in the tribe Cercopithecini. A.J. TOSI, K.E. KRASINSKI, T.R. DISOTELL, D.J. MELNICK.

3:00 pm Colobine molecular phylogeny. K.N. STERNER, R.L. RAAUM, A.J. TOSI, C.M. NOVIELLO, J.E. SCHIENMAN, R. V. COLLURA, C-B. STEWART, T.R. DISOTELL.

3:15 pm Population level DNA sequence diversity at the alpha-2 globin locus in orangutans. M.E. STEIPER, M. RUVOLO.

3:30 pm Characterization of variation at a Major Histocompatibility Complex locus in two wild gorilla populations. L. VIGILANT, D. LUKAS, B.J. BRADLEY, D.M. DORAN, A.M. NSUBUGA, M.M. ROBBINS.

3:45 pm MHC diversity in captive western lowland gorillas. L.A. KNAPP, E.M. WAINWRIGHT, T. EATHERLY, O.A. RYDER, S.K. LAWRANCE.

4:00 pm Break

4:15 pm Analysis of complete mtDNA sequences in Pan. A.C. STONE, L.A. SALTER, E. TRUDEAU.

4:30 pm LINE-1 evolutionary dynamics among apes. M.K. GONDER, J.E. NORMAN, A.V. FURANO.

4:45 pm Evolution and loss of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII in primates. A. GOLDBERG, D.E. WILDMAN, T.R. SCHMIDT, M. HÜTTEMANN, M. GOODMAN, M.L. WEISS, L.I. GROSSMAN.

5:00 pm The molecular evolution of primate energetics from the perspective of cytochrome c. D.E. WILDMAN, M. GOODMAN, T.R. SCHMIDT, M. HÜTTEMANN, M. UDDIN, A. GOLDBERG, L.I.GROSSMAN.

5:15 pm Molecular estimates of primate divergence dates. R.L. RAAUM, K.N. STERNER, T.R. DISOTELL.

5:30 pm A genetic fossil in great ape and human genomes suggests the presence of two active forms of ribonuclease H1 17 million years ago. E.J. DEVOR, K.A. MOFFAT -WILSON.

5:45 pm Using genomics to identify human brain specializations. T.M. PREUSS, M. CÁCARES, J. LAUCHER, M.A. ZAPALA, J.C. REDMOND, L. KUDO, D.J. LOCKHART, D.H. GESCHWIND, C. BARLOW.

Session 37. Hominid Evolution IV: Modern Human Origins. Contributed Papers. Abbey. Chair: J. HAWKS, University of Wisconsin.

2:00 pm Quantitative genetics of the craniofacial complex in modern humans. D.L. DUREN, S.A. CZERWINSKI, R.J. SHERWOOD, A.F. ROCHE, R.M. SIERVOGEL, B. TOWNE.

2:15 pm Quantitative genetics of modern human craniofacial variation: Implications for the interpretation of the hominin fossil record. R.J. SHERWOOD, D.L. DUREN, S.A. CZERWINSKI, B. TOWNE.

2:30 pm Neandertal facial morphology and increased jaw gape. Y. RAK, W.L. HYLANDER.

2:45 pm The Late Pleistocene human species of Levant. S-H. LEE, M.H. WOLPOFF.

3:00 pm Masticatory loading and modern human origins. S.C. ANTÓN, V.B. DELEON.

3:15 pm Plover’s Lake: A hominin-bearing Middle Stone Age site in the Witwatersrand area, South Africa. L.R. BERGER, S.E. CHURCHILL, D.J. DE RUITER.

3:30 pm Comparing Neanderthal and modern human long bone loading history from cross-sectional geometry. D.E. LIEBERMAN, J.D. POLK, B. DEMES.

3:45 pm Break

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 41

Friday Afternoon – April 25, 2003 (continued)

4:00 pm The proximal extremity of the humerus: morphology and adaptation. Application to neandertal remains. J-L. VOISIN.

4:15 pm Fragmentary specimens and missing data in osteological phylogenies: A test using living taxa and implications for human paleontology. M.L. CHANG.

4:30 pm Tooth size variation and dental reduction in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa between 120,000 and 5000 BP. S.W. HILLSON, C.M. FITZGERALD.

4:45 pm Patterns of dental variation in extant hominids and species recognition in the fossil record. J.E. SCOTT.

5:00 pm Variation in early and recent Australian populations: Implications for the settlement of Australia. A.P. VAN ARSDALE.

5:15 pm Paleodiet and the peopling of Sundaland: Modeling early human subsistence using stable isotopes of carbon. J.S. KRIGBAUM.

5:30 pm Geometric morphometric analysis of the human burial series from Niah Cave, Borneo. J.M. MANSER.

5:45 pm Teleology and human phylogeny. T. GUNDLING.

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003

Session 38. Skeletal Biology III: Bioarchaeology. Contributed Posters. Xavier. Chair: C.S. LARSEN, Ohio State University.

1. “Give us your tired, your poor”… An analysis of postmortem medical use of underprivileged individuals from the Albany County Almshouse skeletal sample. K.A. LUSIGNAN.

2. Dividing the dead: Bioarchaeological differentiation of sub-populations within the Albany County Almshouse Cemetery. M. PHILLIPS, G.M. HUGHES, M. SOLANO.

3. Assessment of traumatic injuries in an early industrial population: Occupational stress and interpersonal violence among the Albany County Almshouse Inmates, Albany, New York (1826-1926). M.C. SOLANO.

4. Social and historical factors for clay pipe smoking among residents of a late nineteenth and early twentieth century almshouse. V.J. NEWELL.

5. Miners or mine owners- Do the Hallstatt skeletons reflect occupation and social structure? D.E. PANY, M. TESCHLER-NICOLA, H. WILFING.

6. Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM) and weaving activities at a prehistoric site in Peru. J.M. TOYNE.

7. Tracing prehistoric activities. P. MOLNAR.

8. Humeral retroversion: An activity pattern index in prehistoric Southern California. T. GJERDRUM, P. WALKER, V. ANDRUSHKO.

9. External auditory exostosis at Isola Sacra: An old chestnut revisited. F-M. CROWE, L. BONDIOLI, R. MACCHIARELLI, P. GARNSEY.

10. A bioarchaeological analysis of crania from Pachacamac, Peru. C. TORRES-ROUFF.

11. Bioarchaeological analysis of an agricultural population from late medieval Transylvania. J.T. ENG, P.L. SZOCS. 42 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

12. Health and lifestyle inequalities among early and late pre-Columbian and intermediate period Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere. K.D. WILLIAMS, R.H. STECKEL.

13. Social variation and sexual dimorphism in Egypt. S.R. ZAKRZEWSKI.

14. Sexual dimorphism in Meroitic, X-Group and Christian populations from Sudanese Nubia. C. HERRINGTON, G. ARMELAGOS.

15. The ecological environment and stature among Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere. R.H. STECKEL, K.D. WILLIAMS.

16. History of behavior and lifestyle in the Western Hemisphere: Osteoarthritis and skeletal robusticity. C.S. LARSEN, K.D. WILLIAMS.

Session 39. Skeletal Biology IV: Growth and Demography. Contributed Posters. Dolores. Chair: L.W. KONIGSBERG, University of Tennessee.

1. Metric sexing methods and commingled skeletal collections: A better demographic profile? M.M. AUBIN.

2. Fetal and subadult age estimation using the os temporale pars petrosa: Accuracy of quantitative and qualitative criteria. J.L. WAY.

3. Normal periosteal bone growth and skeletal pathology in documented fetuses, University of New Mexico, Maxwell Museum documented collection and University of Tennessee documented collection. A.L. EAST.

4. Determination of infant weaning patterns from juvenile dentition in Roman Egypt. T.L. DUPRAS, M.W. TOCHERI.

5. Subadult skeletons from the North African Epipaleolithic: Clues to patterns of growth found in the subadults from Afalou and Taforalt. J.D. MERRIMAN.

6. Craniofacial remodeling during adulthood: The supraorbital region. A. HOFBAUER, J.C.M. AHERN, S-H. LEE.

7. Variation in remodeling about the perimeter of the midshaft human femur. R.A. WALKER, N. MITLYANSKY.

8. The examination of age and sex-related changes in trabecular architecture in archaeological skeletons with pQCT. S.C. AGARWAL, J-P. DEVOGELAER, W. WHITE, M.D. GRYNPAS, X. BANSE.

9. Bone histological features in catarrhines: Implications for life history and paleobiology. S.C. MCFARLIN, C.J. TERRANOVA, A.L. ZIHLMAN, T.G. BROMAGE.

10. Obstetrics and pelvic dimensions in prehistoric Inuits. R.L. NUGER.

11. Big males are responsible for our recognition that females have big pelves. R.G. TAGUE.

12. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality: Impaired immune response in infants and elevated cancer risk in adults. R.P. MENSFORTH.

13. Age-related changes to the intervertebral discs of the human sacrum. M. SKINNER.

14. Paleodemography of the Averbuch Site (40DV60). L.W. KONIGSBERG, S.R. FRANKENBERG, D.J. HOLMAN.

15. Human skeletal remains from a third century Roman cave necropolis in Croatia. S.A. NOVAK, D.V. KOPP, D.D. KOLLMANN, G. MACKINNON, M. SLAUS.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 43

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

Session 40. The Atelines: Contemporary Issues in Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Poster Symposium. Colonnade. Organizers and Chairs: C. CAMPBELL, Pomona College, and A. DI FIORE, New York University.

Until recently, ateline primates have remained some of the most understudied New World monkeys, despite their broad geographic ranges, their large body sizes, and their interesting and marked socioecological and morphological convergences with hominoids. This symposium will provide a contemporary overview of ateline biology by drawing together many different avenues of recent research on atelines: phylogenetics and evolutionary history, biogeography, life history, behavioral ecology, paleontology, and functional anatomy. It focuses primarily on the genera com prising the tribe Atelini (Ateles, Brachyteles, and Lagothrix), which have all been the subjects of several recent studies.

8:00 – 8:30 am Poster set-up. 8:30 – 10:00 am Authors present for questions. 10:00 – 10:30 am Discussion: K. STRIER. 12:00 – 12:30 pm Poster take-down.

1. Locomotor character evolution in fossil and extant ateline primates. A.L. JONES.

2. Morphological and molecular implications for the ateline adaptive radiation. W.C. HARTWIG, A.L. ROSENBERGER.

3. Atelinae phylogenetic relationships: The trichotomy revived? A.C. COLLINS.

4. Biogeographic patterns of the Atelinae across the Northern Tier of South America. S.M. FORD.

5. Route choice in spider monkeys: A spatially explicit model using GIS. S.A. SUAREZ.

6. Dietary strategies and digestive efficiency of southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides). M. TALEBI.

7. A multi-site comparison of dietary preferences and seed dispersal by spider monkeys (Ateles spp.). S.E. RUSSO, C.J. CAMPBELL, J.L. DEW, P.R. STEVENSON, M.M. SYMINGTON.

8. Terrestrial behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles spp.): A comparative study. C.J. CAMPBELL, F. AURELI, C.A. CHAPMAN, G. RAMOS-FERNANDEZ, K. MATTHEWS, S.E. RUSSO, S. SUAREZ, L. VICK.

9. Social and reproductive strategies of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). A. DI FIORE.

10. Vocal communication at sleep trees by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi frontatus). K.I. MATTHEWS, F. AURELI.

Session 41. Hominid Evolution V: Archaeological and Taphonomic Issues of Hominid Sites. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: R. CIOCHON, University of Iowa.

1. Plio-Pleistocene mammalian migrations in the East Turkana Basin, Kenya: Testing the utility of stable strontium isotopes. R.L. QUINN, C.S. FEIBEL.

2. Possible ecological impact of tephra deposition in the Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya. C.J. CAMPISANO.

3. Taxonomic and feeding diversity in the Shungura Formation fauna (Ethiopia). C.M. HARADON.

4. Taphonomic analysis of one-million-year-old human hip bone (UA 173) from the Danakil (Afar) depression of Eritrea. I. FIORE, L. BONDIOLI, A. COPPA, H. KASHAY, R. MACCHIARELLI, L. ROOK.

44 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

5. Deformations of the Steinheim cranium revealed by electronic preparation help reassess sex attribution, cranial volume, and circumorbital form. H.R. PROSSINGER, H. SEIDLER.

6. Preliminary report on the faunal remains and taphonomy of in situ and dumpsite breccia deposits from Gondolin, North West Province, South Africa. J.W. ADAMS, K.L. KUYKENDALL.

7. Homo erectus landscapes: Paleosols in the Bapang and Upper Sangiran Formations, Solo Basin, Central Java. R. CIOCHON, A. BETTIS III, R. LARICK, Y. ZAIM, SUMINTO, Y. RIZAL, M. REAGAN, M. HEIZLER.

8. ESR dating at Mezmaiskaya Cave, Russia. A.R. SKINNER, B.A.B. BLACKWELL, S.A. MARTIN, S. ABOUELLEIL, A. ORTEGA, J.I.B. BLICKSTEIN, L.V. GOLOVANOVA, V.B. DORONICHEV.

9. Semi-automatic assembling of skull fragments. J. KIM, A. NEUMAIER, G.W. WEBER.

Session 42. Hominid Evolution VI: Pleistocene Evolution. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: R.G. FRANCISCUS, University of Iowa.

1. Primitive dento-gnathic morphology of Javanese Homo erectus. Y. KAIFU, H. BABA, F. AZIZ, F. SCHRENK, T. JACOB, E. INDRIAT I, J. ARIF.

2. Frontal bone morphology and gene flow in Late Pleistocene Europe, Western Asia and Africa. R.E. CASE.

3. Limb proportions, climatic adaptations and Neandertals. W.L. MOORE.

4. The influence of dental wear on Neandertal mandibular morphology. K. HATTMAN, J.L. THOMPSON.

5. Correlated evolution in hominid midfacial morphology: Neandertals in a comparative context. J.A. BLUMENFELD, G.E. BLOMQUIST, M.M. KOWALEWSKI.

6. A new human skeleton from the Middle Palaeolithic Peristeri I Cave, Epirus, Greece. A. BARTSIOKAS.

7. Comparing internal nasal fossa dimensions and classical measures of the external nasal skeleton in recent humans: Inferences for respiratory airflow dynamics and climatic adaptation. R.G. FRANCISCUS.

8. Cranial morphology of European Upper Paleolithic hominins and other Pleistocene populations. P. CONSTANTINO.

9. Late Pleistocene postcranial skeletal remains from Tam Hang (Laos). L. SHACKELFORD.

Session 43. Hominid Evolution VII: Miocene and Pliocene Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC. Chair: C.A. LOCKWOOD, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University.

8:00 am A comparison of Kenyapithecus and Simiolus from middle Miocene deposits at Fort Ternan and Maboko Island. B.R. BENEFIT.

8:15 am New Miocene primate postcranial fossils from Rudabánya, Hungary. D.R. BEGUN, T.L. KIVELL, L. KORDOS.

8:30 am Pliocene hominid postcranial evolution: Fossils from the Hata Beds, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. D. DEGUSTA.

8:45 am Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? C.V. WARD, C.A. LOCKWOOD, W.H. KIMBEL, M.G. LEAKEY, D.C. JOHANSON, Y. RAK.

9:00 am How energetically efficient were early hominids? The effect of their relatively short hindlimbs. K.L. STEUDEL-NUMBERS, M.J. TILKENS.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 45

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

9:15 am Comparative energetics of human and primate locomotion. W.R. LEONARD, M.L. ROBERTSON.

9:30 am Can foramen magnum position be used to distinguish hominids from apes? J.C.M. AHERN, S. MCALLISTER.

9:45 am Running in human evolution. J.D. POLK, S. PSUTKA, S. COTE, D. LIEBERMAN.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Hominoids, hindlimbs and Hox: Implications for hominid evolution. P.L. RENO, M.A. SERRAT, R.S. MEINDL, M.J. COHN, C.O. LOVEJOY.

10:30 am The lunate sulcus and early hominid brain evolution: Toward the end of a controversy. R.L. HOLLOWAY, D.C. BROADFIELD, M.S. YUAN, P.V. TOBIAS.

10:45 am A new brain volume for the Sts 60 specimen of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein, S. Africa. M.S. YUAN, R.L. HOLLOWAY.

11:00 am Relative cerebellar proportions in humans and non -human primates. A.H. WEAVER, C.E. MACLEOD.

11:15 am A stable isotope and elemental study of South-African Plio-Pleistocene hominins. M. SPONHEIMER.

11:30 am Assessment of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in early hominins. D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG.

11:45 am Testing models of human facial biomechanics with in vivo strain data on retracted versus protracted faces. F.W. YATES, D.E. LIEBERMAN.

Session 44. 3D Approaches to Research in Physical Anthropology. Symposium. Palm DE. Organizers and Chairs: M.W. MARZKE, and M.W. TOCHERI, Arizona State University.

Three-dimensional approaches to research in physical anthropology have been rapidly accelerating, with new means for acquiring 3D anatomical data and with recent breakthroughs in quantitative 3D modeling and analysis. The symposium participants have been directly involved in exploring and developing several of these new approaches, and will discuss methodological issues encountered in their research as well as results of their analyses. The subjects they will address, which have become increasingly accessible to research with the development of these approaches, range from the quantitative analysis of variability in tooth and joint surface topography to investigations into cranial and mandibular microstructure.

8:00 am Aspects of virtual reconstruction in physical anthropology. C.P.E. ZOLLIKOFER, M.S. PONCE DE LEÓN.

8:15 am Three-dimensional analysis of elastic properties and microstructure in primate craniofacial bone. P.C. DECHOW.

8:30 am Sexual dimorphism in the hominid cranium: New data using 3D morphometrics. M. FRIESS.

8:45 am A 3D approach to the functional morphology of worn primate teeth. P.S. UNGAR, F. M’KIRERA.

9:00 am Finite element analysis applied to masticatory biomechanics. D.S. STRAIT, P.C. DECHOW, B.G. RICHMOND, C.F. ROSS, M.A. SPENCER.

9:15 am 3D approach to interpret enamel thickness and volume. D.G. GANTT, J. KAPPLEMAN, R.A. KETCHAM, M.E. ALDER, T.S. DEAHL.

9:30 am Digital imaging of the pubic symphysis: A comparison of 2-D and 3-D approaches to assessing age-related changes. R. HOPPA, M. SITCHON.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am The structure of the tibia in bipeds. J. KAPPELMAN, M. MAGA, L. PYNE, T. RYAN.

10:15 am 3D morphometrics and the evolution of bipedality. W.E.H. HARCOURT-SMITH, P. O’HIGGINS, L.C. AIELLO.

10:30 am Three-dimensional analysis of the knee: Testing old assumptions with new techniques. W.D. SWEITZER.

46 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

10:45 am 3D geometric morphometric analysis of hand joint surfaces and visualization of Neandertal thumb and index finger movements. W. NIEWOEHNER.

11:00 am Functional capabilities of modern and fossil hominid hands: A 3D comparative analysis of the trapezium. M.W. TOCHERI, M.W. MARZKE, D. LIU, M. BAE, G.P. JONES, R.C. WILLIAMS, A. RAZDAN.

11:15 am CAGD methods for physical anthropology. A. RAZDAN, G. FARIN.

11:30 am 3D visualization of inferred intermediates on a phylogenetic tree--applications in paleoanthropology. E. DELSON, D.P. REDDY, J.F. ROHLF, S.R. FROST, M. FRIESS, K.P. MCNULTY, K. BAAB, T. CAPELLINI, S.E. HAGELL.

11:45 am Discussion: B. WOOD.

Session 45. Primate Evolution IV: Form and Function. Contributed Papers. Palm F. Chair: M.J. RAVOSA, Northwestern University Medical School.

8:00 am Anatomical correlates for suspensory behaviors in douc langurs. C.D. BYRON, H.H. COVERT.

8:15 am The bipedal locomotion of Hylobates lar: Preliminary results. E.E. VEREECKE, K. D’AOUT, S. VAN SINT JAN, P. AERTS.

8:30 am Limb compliance during walking: comparisons of elbow and knee yield across quadrupedal primates and in other mammals. E.P. LARNEY, S.G. LARSON.

8:45 am The functional significance of the primate fibula. B. DEMES, K. METZGER, S.G. LARSON.

9:00 am Evolution of anthropoid hands. N.J. DOMINY, P.W. LUCAS.

9:15 am Convergence of the “wishboning” jaw-muscle activity pattern in anthropoids and strepsirrhines: The recruitment and firing of jaw muscles in Propithecus verreauxi. W.L. HYLANDER, C.J. VINYARD, C.E. WALL, S.H. WILLIAMS, K.R. JOHNSON.

9:30 am Symphyseal fusion in anthropoids and ungulates: A case of functional convergence? S.H. WILLIAMS, C.J. VINYARD, C.E. WALL, W.L. HYLANDER.

9:45 am On the relationship between visual specialization and encephalization – a comparative analysis of relative optic foramen size. E.C. KIRK.

10:00 am Break

10:15 am Allometric and functional influences on orbit orientation in didelphid and phalangerid marsupials. A.M. DERBY, C.P. HEESY, C.F. ROSS.

10:30 am The ecology of mammalian orbit orientation. C.P. HEESY.

10:45 am A reassessment of variability in the hominoid postcranium: Issues of homology and homoplasy. N.M. YOUNG.

11:00 am Common components of growth in the postcranium of African apes. W.L. JUNGERS.

11:15 am Is the bonobo growth trajectory the ancestral one for the Hominoidea? P. MITTEROECKER, P. GUNZ, M. BERNHARD, K. SCHAEFER.

11:30 am Geometric morphometric analysis of palatal morphology in extant and fossil hominoids. K.P. MCNULTY.

11:45 am Patterns of surface shape in great ape endocasts. C.E. MACLEOD, D. FALK, H. MOHLBERG, K. ZILLES.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 47

Saturday Morning – April 26, 2003 (continued)

Session 46. Primate Behavior IV: Inter- and Intra-Specific Behavior. Contributed Papers. Abbey. Chair: P.A. GARBER, University of Illinois.

8:00 am Orangutan cultures and the comparative study of culture. C.P. VAN SCHAIK.

8:15 am A re-evaluation of human and macaque “imitation”: Human children and rhesus macaques do not qualitatively differ in a copying task. F. SUBIAUL, J. CANTLON, H. LURIE, R. HOLLOWAY, H. TERRACE.

8:30 am Behavioral contrasts between Sykes’ monkeys and vervet monkeys after adult male turnover. C.A. BRAMBLETT.

8:45 am Arboreality and infant behavioral development: New data from wild blue monkeys. S. FOERSTER, M. CORDS.

9:00 am Behavioral interactions between small juvenile and adult male white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. K.C. MACKINNON.

9:15 am Sex differences in scent-marking in sifaka: Mating conflict or males services? R.J. LEWIS.

9:30 am The effect of ecology on aggressive interactions in White-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus, in a Costa Rican dry forest. E.R. VOGEL.

9:45 am Break

10:00 am Aggression in Hapalemur griseus griseus: Evidence for female dominance? C. GRASSI.

10:15 am Social and spatial aspects of male subgrouping in a community of wild chimpanzees. J.C. MITANI, S.J. AMSLER.

10:30 am Female mate preference in chimpanzees of the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire. R.M. STUMPF, C. BOESCH.

10:45 am Male dominance and reproductive success in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). K.M. JACK, L.M. FEDIGAN.

11:00 am Imaging the neural correlates of mate competition in dominant male rhesus monkeys. J.K. RILLING, C.D. KILTS.

11:15 am First line defense: Male dominance rank and aggression toward extra-troop males in a wild group of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). W.A. BIRKY.

11:30 am Male dominance rank and mating success in an extremely large chimpanzee community at Ngogo, Kibale National Park. D.P. WATTS.

11:45 am The role of male long calls in Sumatran orangutans. R.A. DELGADO.

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003

Session 47. Skeletal Biology V: Biomechanics. Contributed Posters. Xavier. Chair: C.F. ROSS, Stony Brook University.

1. Limitations in the use of predominant collagen fiber orientation for inferring loading history in cortical bone. J.G. SKEDROS, B. DEMES, S. JUDEX.

2. The effects of epiphyseal shape on metacarpal diaphyseal proportions in hominoids: Implications for long bone growth. A.D. HOLDEN, C.V. WARD.

3. Effects of epiphysis shape on femoral diaphyseal proportions in hom inoids. T.K. NALLEY, C.V. WARD.

48 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

4. Developmental field fluctuation II: A potential basis for skeletal morphological variation. M.A. SERRAT, P.L. RENO, B.A. ROSENMAN, C.O. LOVEJOY.

5. Trabecular bone orientation in flexed versus extended postures in guinea fowl: A test of Wolff’s Law. M.J. DEVLIN, H. PONTZER, D.E. LIEBERMAN, J.D. POLK.

6. Baby’s first steps: The development of cortical bone in the human femur. M.M. MORAN.

7. Computer tomography and calculation of bone biomechanics in cross-sections of long bones. R. SAILER, V. SLADEK, M. BERNER.

8. Heterogeneous anisotropic elastic properties in a Macaca fascicularis mandible. A.J. RAPOFF, R.G. RINALDI, W.M. JOHNSON, S. VENKATARAMAN, D.J. DAEGLING.

9. Effects of structural heterogeneity and anisotropy on finite element model predictions for a mandible of Macaca fascicularis. D.J. DAEGLING, R. MARINESCU, S. VENKATARAMAN, A.J. RAPOFF.

10. Radiographic reconstruction of human long bone cross-sectional geometric properties: A test of two noninvasive techniques. M.C. O’NEILL, C.B. RUFF.

11. The effects of differential mechanical loading on articular surface area in miniature swine. J.H. PLOCHOCKI, J. ORGAN.

12. The biomechanics of warrior activity: Repetitive, strenuous unimanual activity and its role in skeletal adaptation. J.A. RHODES.

13. Mass matters: An evaluation of two body mass techniques in modern human populations. B.M. AUERBACH, C.B. RUFF.

14. Temporal relationship of EMG and muscle force in the anterior temporalis muscle and its utility for finite-element modeling. C.F. ROSS, B.A. PATEL.

15. Decomposing directional asymmetry for bilateral landmark data: Applications to the adult human face and body. F.L. BOOKSTEIN, K. SCHAEFER.

Session 48. Skeletal Biology VI: Bone Chemistry and Morphology. Contributed Posters. Dolores. Chair: M.L. CARTER, University of Illinois.

1. Age variation in isotopic and histological profiles in the Kulubnarti R-Group (1000 CE - 1550 CE) from Sudanese Nubia. E.A. QUINN, J. KINGSTON, G.J. ARMELAGOS, D.P. VAN GERVEN.

2. Diagenetic alterations in archeological human skeletal remains via light microscopy and their implications. F. NOVOTNY, M. TESCHLER-NICOLA, T. PROHASKA, C. LATKOCZY, G. STINGEDER.

3. The stable isotopic biogeochemistry of African rain-forest primates: Does bone chemistry record niche separation? M.L. CARTER.

4. The effects of alcohol abuse on the skeleton. S.J. KOHN.

5. Social and economic structures and health status of the early medieval population from Greater Moravia. P. VELEMÍNSKÝ, M. DOBISIKOVA, P. STRANSKA, P. TREFNY, J. LIKOVSKY.

6. Evidence of health among late prehistoric populations in the Hudson River valley, New York. L.M. ANDERSON.

7. Developmental instability and skeletal phenotypes in Down syndrome. C.A. HILL, R.H. REEVES, C.J. EPSTEIN, C.J. VALERI, E.S. LINDSAY, L.L. BAXTER, T. M. COLE, J.T. RICHTSMEIER. AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 49

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

8. A comparison of cranial integration through development in four primate species. J.H. HUNT.

9. Geomorphometric study of artificially modified crania from coastal Ecuador. A.H. ROSS, D.H. UBELAKER.

10. Craniometric variation among medieval Croatian populations. D.V. KOPP.

11. Frontal grooves in African populations: A non -metrical trait analysis. L.E. COPES, R.L. HOLLOWAY, K. MOWBRAY.

12. Narial margin of the piriform aperture---epiphenomenon or forensic indicator? R.L. HALL, D.A. HALL.

13. Recent human mental foramen ontogeny: Its significance for craniofacial growth theory and phylogenetics of Pleistocene Homo. S. MOORE, G.D. RICHARDS, M. OLSON.

14. Frequency of posterior femoral neck facets in the Tipu Maya. K.M. HARTNETT.

Session 49. Primate Biology V: Ontogeny, Hormones, and Life History. Contributed Posters. Colonnade. Chair: M.A. NORCONK, Kent State University.

1. Anatomical growth and development in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) compared with the closely related vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops ). D.R. BOLTER.

2. Can heterochrony explain patterns of craniofacial growth in three species of howler monkeys? A test using a multivariate tool. M.B. BLANCO, L.R. GODFREY.

3. Schultz’s Rule and dental development in Malagasy lemurs: A cautionary tale. K.E. SAMONDS, L.R. GODFREY.

4. Implications of dental arch form on the maxillary sinus size in Macaca nemestrina. T. KOPPE, E. SCHMIDT, T.C. RAE, D.R. SWINDLER.

5. Growth and adipose tissue development in captive infant gorillas. A. BELLISARI.

6. Life history and folivory in primate species: The importance of juveniles. M.M. KOWALEWSKI, G.E. BLOMQUIST, S.R. LEIGH.

7. A phylogenetic approach to quantifying the relationship between age of first reproduction and maximum lifespan. G.E. BLOMQUIST, M.M. KOWALEWSKI, S.R. LEIGH.

8. Serotonergic influences on life history outcomes in free-ranging male primates. A. CLEVELAND, G.C. WESTERGAARD, B. HOOS, T.J. CHAVANNE, S.E. SHOAF, P.J. SNOY, S.J. SUOMI, J.D. HIGLEY.

9. Endocrine components of life history trade-offs in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). P.L. WHITTEN, T.R. TURNER.

10. Correlation of fecal testosterone levels with age in white-faced saki males (Pithecia pithecia). M.A. NORCONK, P.L. WHITTEN, K. VACCO.

11. Stimulation of the monkey HPA axis by SERMs: Elevated cortisol levels after SERM treatment. R.C. STAVISKY, J. NOWAK, M.R. ADAMS, J.R. KAPLAN.

50 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

Session 50. Primate Biology VI: Adaptation and Evolution. Contributed Posters. Cavetto. Chair: M. ZYLSTRA, Midwestern University.

1. Primate bone microstructural variability: Relationships to mechanical and life history adaptation. J. WARSHAW, T.G. BROMAGE, C.J. TERRANOVA, F.S. SZALAY.

2. The effect of speed and gait changes on peak vertical forces in primates. J.B. HANNA, D. SCHMITT, P. LEMELIN.

3. A strategy for the reduction of mechanical internal work in primates. D.A. RAICHLEN.

4. Variation in morphology and musculoskeletal stress marker expression of the first dorsal interosseus muscle in catarrhines. M.C. JACOFSKY.

5. Forelimb forces during gouging and other behaviors on vertical substrates in common marmosets. P.E. HOURANI, C.J. VINYARD, P. LEMELIN.

6. Fruits, fingers, and form: Functional significance of Meissner’s corpuscles. J.N. HOFFMANN.

7. Bending strength of primate metacarpals measured using computed tomography. M. ZYLSTRA.

8. The phylogenetic co-variation of anthropoid colour signaling. K.A. LARKIN.

9. Variations in stable isotope composition in Propithecus diadema edwardsi from disturbed and undisturbed rainforest habitats in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. E.M. MCGEE, S.E. VAUGHN.

10. Using LINE-1 insertions to distinguish between closely related hominoid species. K.L. SMITH, L.M. MATHEWS, S.Y. CHI, N. GREENBERG, I. OVCHINNIKOV, G.D.SWERGOLD.

11. Conservation biology of Kloss’s gibbons (Hylobates klossii). D.J. WHITTAKER, J.C. MORALES, D.J. MELNICK.

Session 51. Primate Biology VII: Brains/Allometry. Contributed Posters. Campanile. Chair: P.T. SCHOENEMANN, University of Pennsylvania.

1. Co-evolution of communication and the brain in primates: New evidence from the brainstem and motor cortex. C.C. SHERWOOD, R.L. HOLLOWAY, A. SCHLEICHER, K. ZILLES, J.M. ERWIN, P.J.GANNON, P.R. HOF.

2. Evolution in the human primary visual cortex: Modifications of layer 4A. J.C. REDMOND, S. BARTONE, T.M. PREUSS.

3. Evolution of the prefrontal cortex: A stereological analysis of primate brain MRI scans. P.T. SCHOENEMANN, L.D. GLOTZER.

4. Allometry of the primate external ear. W.L. GUGLIOTTA, N. DOMINY.

5. Scaling effects on mental foramen position in Gorilla gorilla. C.A. ROBINSON, F.L. WILLIAMS.

6. Scaling of muscle mass in primates. M.N. MUCHLINSKI, J.J. SNODGRASS, C.J. TERRANOVA.

7. Does size really matter? Investigations of moment arms in the fifth ray of catarrhines. S.P. REECE.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 51

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

8. Allometry in the skulls of Papio subspecies: Alternative visualization techniques. D.P. REDDY, J. KIM, S. FROST, F. BOOKSTEIN, E. DELSON.

9. Size matters – does body mass? A.D. GORDON.

Session 52. Hominid Evolution VIII: Early Hominid Evolution. Contributed Papers. Palm ABC. Chair: B. WOOD, George Washington University.

1:00 pm Modeling juvenile robust australopithecine faces. G.E. KROVITZ, R.R. ACKERMANN.

1:15 pm Correlation of prognathism in fossil hominin skulls. F. SPOOR, T. WRIGHT, M.G. LEAKEY.

1:30 pm A new hominin skull from Hadar: Implications for cranial sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis. W.H. KIMBEL, Y. RAK, D.C. JOHANSON.

1:45 pm A new hominin calvaria from Ileret (Kenya). M.G. LEAKEY, F. SPOOR, F.H. BROWN, P.N. GATHOGO, L.N. LEAKEY.

2:00 pm Material and structural properties of human and African ape cortical and cancellous bone: implications for the evolution of bipedality. C.A. KUNOS, B. LATIMER.

2:15 pm The effects of fetal load on bipedal kinematics and the evolution of lumbopelvic sexual dimorphism. K.K. WHITCOME.

2:30 pm Kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids: Which type is more preadaptive for bipedalism? K. ISLER.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Basicranial flexion and cranial vault architecture: Variation and structural relationships. P.Z. HUGHES.

3:15 pm Conditional independence modeling of neurocranial, facial, and masticatory integration in Pan, Gorilla and recent Homo. J.M. POLANSKI, R.G. FRANCISCUS.

3:30 pm Morphological integration in hominoids: A tool for understanding human evolution. R.R. ACKERMANN.

3:45 pm Body size estimation using cranial predictors in large-brained hominids. P.R. STUBBLEFIELD.

4:00 pm A new technique for reconstructing the vocal anatomy of fossil humans. S.F. MILLER, T.R. YOKLEY, S.E. CHURCHILL, R.G. FRANCISCUS, J-J. HUBLIN, K.L. EAVES-JOHNSON.

4:15 pm Taxonomic affinities of early Homo specimens from Sterkfontein and Swartkrans: Evidence from permanent molar cusp proportions. F.E. GRINE, C.P. HEESY, E. SMITH, H. SMITH.

4:30 pm Comparisons of variance-covariance (VCV) structure of the humero-ulnar joint in humans, apes and monkeys. P.S. VINYARD, C.J. VINYARD.

4:45 pm Magnetostratigraphy of the South African hominid palaeocaves. A.I.R. HERRIES.

Session 53. Human Biology III: Reproduction/Demography/Variation. Contributed Papers. Palm DE. Chair: A.R. FRISANCHO, University of Michigan.

1:00 pm To breed or not to breed: Flexible responsiveness of the human female reproductive system to environmental signals. V.J. VITZTHUM, H. SPIELVOGEL.

1:15 pm Female attractiveness - Physical appearance as shape. K. SCHAEFER, P. MITTEROECKER, P. GUNZ, F.L. BOOKSTEIN, K. GRAMMER.

1:30 pm Prenatal influences on leptin levels in adolescent Filipinos. C.W. KUZAWA, L.S. ADAIR.

52 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

1:45 pm Fueling infant growth: A longitudinal study of body composition and length. A. THOMPSON, L. HARRIS, M. LAMPL.

2:00 pm Effects of aging on normal adult brains. K. ALDRIDGE.

2:15 pm An original, empirically grounded evolutionary model of age at first birth in human females. N.R. ALLAL, R. SEAR, R. MACE.

2:30 pm Sedentarization and maternal body composition: Comparative longitudinal analysis of anthropometric dimensions of nomadic and settled mothers in Ariaal-Rendille of northern Kenya. M. FUJITA, M. NATHAN, E.M. FRATKIN, E.A. ROTH.

2:45 pm The age of plague: A palaeodemographic study of a catastrophic death assemblage. R.L. GOWLAND, A.T. CHAMBERLAIN.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Population growth and decline in a multiagent model of the Prehistoric Anasazi of Long House Valley, Arizona. A.C. SWEDLUND, G.J. GUMERMAN, J.S. DEAN, J.M. EPSTEIN.

3:30 pm Neighbours or sisters? Testing models of cultural transmission in the Pacific using phylogenetic methods. F.M. JORDAN, R. MACE.

3:45 pm Multivariate analysis of intrapopulation variation in the Windover site. D.L. FREID, R.L. JANTZ.

4:00 pm Can differential mortality be inferred from post-cranial variability? A test from Medieval Scandinavia. C.S. SPARKS.

4:15 pm A multivariate apportionment of global diversity in contemporary humans based on craniometric traits. C.C. ROSEMAN, T.D. WEAVER.

4:30 pm Human genetic polymorphisms of hepatic enzymes: Physiological evidence of human dietary patterns and exposure to psychoactive substances in prehistory. R. SULLIVAN.

4:45 pm Inventorying through the lens: Anthropometric photography and racial categorization before 1945. K. MATIASEK, M. TESCHLER-NICOLA.

Session 54. Ecology and Primate Zoonoses: Evolutionary, Environmental and Cultural Factors Associated with Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cross-Species Transmission, and Nonhuman Primate Conservation. Symposium. Palm F. Organizers and Chairs: R.A. NISBETT, Texas Tech University, and J. WALLIS, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.

The primary purpose of this symposium is to provide an interactive forum for those scientists working at the interface of primate zoonoses and primate conservation biology. The key objectives are: (1) to facilitate multidisciplinary collaborations; and (2) to enhance interest among physical anthropologists in this emerging interdisciplinary field of study. The papers examine synecological and cultural aspects of cross-species pathogen transmission among primates as they relate to emerging infectious diseases in humans and conservation of nonhuman primate populations. In the first part, the evolutionary and ecological contexts of primate zoonoses will be reviewed. Then, data from field studies will explore the potential and empirical evidence for cross-species transmissions and the utility of such studies.

1:00 pm Introduction: M. CLARKE.

1:15 pm A review of zoonoses transmissible among primates. J.R. CARTER.

1:30 pm Community ecology and nonhuman primate macroparasitology. M.D. STUART.

1:45 pm Primate exploitation and bushmeat marketing in Liberia, West Africa. R.A. HOYT, J.M. FRAYNE.

AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule 53

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

2:00 pm Medical survey of the local human population to determine possible health risks to the mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, Uganda. J.M. SLEEMAN, W. GUERRERA, J.B. SSEBIDE, L.B. PACE, T.Y. ICHINOSE, J.S. REIF.

2:15 pm Human social issues, disease, and sympatric apes in the Central African Republic. A.A. LILLY.

2:30 pm The role of bio-cultural factors in assessing bi-directional pathogen transmission between human and non-human primates. A. FUENTES.

2:45 pm Break

3:00 pm Familiarity breeds disease: Human-macaque pathogen transmission in Asia. L.E. JONES-ENGEL, G.A. ENGEL, M.A. SCHILLACI, A. ROMPIS, A. PUTRA, U. PAPUTUNGAN, A. WILBUR, J. ALLAN, R. GRANT, R.C. KYES.

3:15 pm Arbovirus surveillance in free-ranging howling monkeys, with a case study of the seroepidemiology of vesicular stomatitis virus. R.A. NISBETT.

3:30 pm Primate conservation and human to nonhuman primate disease transmission. J. WALLIS.

3:45 pm Discussion: J. WALLIS.

Session 55. Life History, Reproductive Strategies, and Fitness in Baboons. Symposium. Abbey. Organizers and Chairs: L. SWEDELL, Queens College, CUNY, and S. LEIGH, University of Illinois.

Baboons of the genus Papio are widespread throughout Africa, inhabit a diverse array of environments, and are well-known for their ecological flexibility. Savanna-dwelling baboons in particular have often been used as models for evolution and adaptation in early hominids. The goal of this symposium is to bring together recent research on mor phology, behavior, ecology, and endocrinology of Papio baboons in order to investigate the life history traits and reproductive strategies that have made baboons so successful. Presentations will include a range of topics—reproduction, life history, growth, parenting, ecology, mating success, and reproductive strategies—with the ultimate goal of shedding light on the various components of reproductive success and fitness in both captive and wild popu lations of baboons.

1:00 pm Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem and the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness components. K.A. HUGHES.

1:15 pm Integration among hormonal parameters of growth in baboons: Implications for patterns of maturation and repr oduction. R.M. BERNSTEIN, S.R. LEIGH, S.M. DONOVAN, M.H. MONACO.

1:30 pm Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) variation in natural anubis, hamadryas, and hybrid baboon populations. M. UDDIN.

1:45 pm Growth and life history in chacma baboons. S.E. JOHNSON.

2:00 pm Ontogeny, life history, and maternal reproductive strategies in baboons. S.R. LEIGH, R.M. BERNSTEIN.

2:15 pm Whose life is it anyway? Maternal investment and life history strategies in baboons. J.E. LYCETT, L. BARRETT.

2:30 pm Testicular size, developmental trajectories and male life history strategies in four baboon taxa. C.J. JOLLY, J.E. PHILLIPS-CONROY.

2:45 pm Survival and reproduction in chacma baboons. R.M. SEYFARTH, T. BERGMAN, D.L. CHENEY, J. BEEHNER.

3:00 pm Break

3:15 pm Social and ecological flexibility in guinea baboons as an adaptation to unpredictable habitats. A. GALAT -LUONG, G. GALAT.

3:30 pm Female reproductive strategies in a baboon hybrid zone, Awash National Park, Ethiopia. J. BEEHNER, T. BERGMAN.

54 AAPA Poster and Podium Presentation Schedule

Saturday Afternoon – April 26, 2003 (continued)

3:45 pm Female reproductive strategies in hamadryas baboons: Paternity certainty, infanticide avoidance, and copulation calls. L. SWEDELL, J. SAUNDERS.

4:00 pm ‘Friendship’ behavior as a reproductive strategy in savanna baboons: Intraspecific variation. R.A. PALOMBIT.

4:15 pm Infanticide and the evolution of baboon sociality. L. BARRETT, P. HENZI.

4:30 pm Discussion: C.J. JOLLY.

Abstracts of AAPA Poster and Podium Presentations

Human skeletal trauma patterns in a Morphological integration plays an 1990s, in part because Allen and col- contemporary sample from Athens, important role in directing evolutionary leagues (1992) found that childhood Greece: Results from a pilot study. change, as the relationships among inte- growth in Solis, Mexico was unaffected by grated morph ological elements constrain energy, but was strongly affected by die- S.M. Abel1, A.B. Falsetti1, A. Lagia2, S.K. or facilitate the evolution of complex ph e- tary quality. The purpose of this study is Manolis2. 1C.A. Pound Human Identifica- notypes. Because much of our under- to evaluate the importance of quality and tion Laboratory, University of Florida, standing of evolutionary morphological quantity in the diets of pr egnant and 2Department of Animal and Human change comes from the end products of lactating Solis women. We report on the Physiology, University of Athens. evolution, we can assess the role of inte- relationship between these diets and his- gration in evolutionary change through tologically observed Wilson bands in their This report provides preliminary empirical approaches that interpret pat- infants’ teeth. trauma analysis results of a contempo- terns of extant covariation in the context Using previously collected data on rary Greek skeletal sample (n=31 of of phylogenetic relationships. By explor- pregnant and lactating women’s diets, we 200+). The remains originate from a ing the evolution of morphological inte- analyzed the differences between women cemetery collection curated at the Univer- gration in apes and humans we may be whose children do or do not display pr e- sity of Athens, Greece. There are 19 males able to learn about developmental and natal and/or postnatal Wilson bands (total and 12 females in the sample with an evolutionary divergence in our hominid n=44). Mothers of infants with prenatally average age at death of 51.1 years. Of the ancestors. formed Wilson bands (20%) consumed a 31 individuals, 27 exhibit some type of Here I present an analysis of morph o- qualitatively poorer diet during preg- antemortem or perimortem trauma, with logical integration within African ape and nancy, including significantly less iron, many displaying pathological fractures. human crania. The results indicate a calcium and total fat, as well as a daily Antemortem trauma is seen in 17 males high degree of connectivity among those average of 433 kcals less than other preg- and 10 females. Chi-square tests for inde- skeletal elements associated most closely nant women. Similarly, mothers of in- pendence between sex, age and postcra- with mastication, and suggest that a con- fants with postnatally formed Wilson nial injury site are not significant at the sistent pattern of total morphological bands (47%) consumed a qualitatively 0.05 level. Antemortem craniofacial integration within the cranium may exist poorer diet during lactation, including trauma, however, is found on 5 individu- more broadly among great apes and hu- significantly less total fat, total protein als, all of whom are male. Perimortem mans. Overall, the degree of integration and available zinc, as well as a daily av- injuries are observed on 6 individuals, in the oral region also follows the pattern erage of 379 kcals less than other lactat- many of which may actually have post- displayed by the rest of the anthropoid ing women. These results suggest that (a) mortem modifications occurring soon after primates, and supports other research Wilson bands are sensitive to both dietary death. indicating a general pattern of morph o- quantity and quality and that (b) dietary Despite the age bias in the collection, logical integration in primates. However, quantity may have been overlooked be- there are relatively few cumulative ante- the results also point to some differences cause of a previous focus on children mortem injuries outside age-related within this ape/human group, which could rather than pregnant and lactating trauma in the vertebrae. Surprisingly, no have interesting phylogenetic implica- women with high-energy needs. hip fractures due to osteoporosis are seen. tions; the humans and gorillas exhibit Colles’ fractures of the radius are noted in high levels of zygomatic integration, Long term consequences of early only 2 elderly females. Preliminarily, unlike the rest of the anthropoid pri- child growth restriction in the con- these findings suggest that individuals in mates. This may reflect evolutionary text of the nutrition transition in the Athens cemetery receive few skeletal change at two points in hominoid evolu- developing countries. injuries during life and very little injuries tion, potentially linked to functional and associated with the circumstances of developmental change. Such possibilities, L.S. Adair. Dept. of Nutrition, University death. Craniofacial trauma is seen only and particularly their implications for of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. in males, however, suggesting that some understanding the fossil record of human type of intra-male aggressive activity is evolution, require further exploration. Altered fetal organ structure and func- perhaps taking place. Continued exami- tion in response to poor nutrition may nation will test for the influence of dem o- Infants’ enamel growth disruptions predispose individuals to chronic disease graphic (i.e., sex, age, place of birth, and the quantity & quality of moth- in later life by altering susceptibility to health, cause of death, nationality and ers’ perinatal diets in Solis, Mexico. factors such as atherogenic diets, excess occupation) and environmental (geo- energy intake and reduced physical activ- graphic features of rural versus urban A.G. Acosta1, A.H. Goodman1, J.R. Back- ity, which are becoming more common- landscape) variables on skeletal trauma. strand2, A.E. Dolphin3. 1Hampshire Col- place in developing countries. This paper lege, 2University of Medicine and Den- assesses how size at birth and postnatal Morphological integration in homi- tistry of New Jersey, 3University of Mas- growth interact to affect risk of develop- noids: A tool for understanding hu- sachusetts. ing elevated blood pressure (BP) among man evolution. 14-16 yr old Filipinos (n=2,026). Data are A key debate in international nutrition from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and R.R. Ackermann. Dept. of Archaeology, concerns the relative importance of die- Nutrition Survey, which enrolled women University of Cape Town. tary quantity vs. quality. After decades of during pregnancy, then followed children, focusing on dietary quantity, the pendu- regularly collecting anthropometry, diet, lum shifted to dietary quality in the physical activity and socioeconomic data. 56 AAPA Abstracts

High BP was defined as the top 10% of trench. The dumpsite-derived faunal as- tecture in archaeological skeletons residuals from sex-specific regressions of semblage, while exhibiting some similari- with pQCT. systolic and diastolic BP on age and ties in element and taxon representation height. with the 1979 in situ assemblage, clearly S.C. Agarwal1, J-P. Devogelaer2, W. Controlling for birth length, current incorporates fauna not found in the prev i- White3, M.D. Grynpas4, X. Banse2. 1Dept. BMI, age, and height, the odds of high BP ously sampled in situ deposits from Gon- of Anthropology, McMaster University, in males significantly declined with each dolin. In addition, as a mixed, tertiary Hamilton, 2Université Catholique de Lou- kg increase in birth weight, and were deposit, the dumpsite material analyzed vain, Brussels, 3Museum of London, highest odds among males who were rela- here may serve as a model for under- 4Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Patho- tively thin at birth, but relatively heavy standing the taphonomy of time-averaged biology, University of Toronto and the as adolescents. Thinness at birth signifi- or resorted in situ assemblages at other SLRI of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto. cantly interacted with growth rate after South African cave sites. age 8, such that high rate of weight gain Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal dis- increased risk only among boys who were Dental anthropology in Scotland: ease that is a growing health concern in in the lower two-thirds of the BMI distri- Medieval relationships between aging Western populations. Historical bution at birth. There were small or no Whithorn, St. Andrews and the Car- skeletal populations pr ovide a unique effects of early growth in girls. The syner- melite friaries. model with which to study bone loss and gistic effect of rapid weight gain from late fragility, offering an opportunity to exam- childhood into adolescence with thinness A.J. Adler 1, Marie Watt2, C.G. Turner II1. ine bone maintenance in groups whose at birth is further evidence of fetal pr o- 1Dept. Of Anthropology, Arizona State lifestyles were often very different from gramming of blood pressure in males, and University, Tempe AZ 85287. 2Oral Sci- that of today. In order to non -invasively suggests long term health risks associated ences, Glasgow Dental School, University examine age and sex -related changes in with rapid growth, even in the absence of of Glasgow. bone quality in an archaeological sample, obesity. a study was made of vertebral trabecular This study is a dental anthropological architecture with the use of peripheral Preliminary report on the faunal analysis of samples from at least three quantitative computed tomography remains and taphonomy of in situ distinct regions of Scotland. Throughout (pQCT). Lumbar vertebrae from a total of and dumpsite breccia deposits from the centuries Scotland has been invaded 73 individuals (m=32, f=41), divided into Gondolin, North West Province, by a series of groups. The Picts, the Brit- 3 age categories (17-25, 26-45, 46+ yrs.) South Africa. ons, the Romans, the Irish, the Anglo- from two urban British medieval skeletal Saxons and the Vikings all had an impact samples, were scanned using a pQCT J.W. Adams1, K.L. Kuykendall2. 1Dept. of on the population structure and culture of Research SA+ Scanner (Stratec, Pfor z- Anthropology, Washington University, Scotland. As a result, the question of heim, Germany). A mid-coronal section 2Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, University genetic variation within different regions was taken from each vertebral body with of the Witwatersrand. of Scotland is an interesting on e. This a slice thickness of 150mm, effective pixel study was performed in order to see if it is size of 84 x 84 mm, and scan time of ap- The Plio-Pleistocene cave site Gondolin, possible to address this question by exam- proximately 8 min./slice. pQCT images located 35 km northwest of Pretoria, ining physical remains. were exported and converted into TIFF yielded abundant faunal remains from in To do this, a large sample of medieval files and analyzed in a Qwin Pro (Leica) situ breccias excavated in 1979. This individuals was examined. The largest image system to evaluate classical sampled assemblage, which lacks identi- sample came from Whithorn in Southwest trabecular morphological parameters. fied primate remains, has only been Scotland. Whithorn is an important site While both sexes showed age-related briefly described in the literature, and as it is where Christianity was first intro- change of trabecular structure, only faunal and taphonomic analysis has been duced into the region. For comparison, females demonstrated a significant limited. Further work at Gondolin in samples from St. Andrews and the Car- decrease in trabecular bone volume 1997 produced two isolated hominid teeth melite friaries (Aberdeen, Linlithgow and (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and a from a test trench dug into a breccia Perth) were also examined. significant increase in trabec ular dumpsite. The first tooth, GA 1, is a non- To determine if genetic differences exist separation (Tb.Sp) between the oldest and

‘robust’ left M1 or M2. The other, GA 2, is among these groups, the Ar izona State two younger age groups. A significant sex the left M2 of a ‘hyper -robust’ hominid University Dental Anthropology System difference in trabecular structure is also whose dimensions far exceed those of any (ASUDAS) was utilized. Some differences seen in the oldest age group. The findings other Australopithecus robustus specimen in trait frequencies were found between are similar to those suggested by modern currently identified. This paper first pr e- groups. In particular, there appeared to patterns of trabecular bone loss, but differ sents a preliminary report on the faunal be greater variability between Northern from those observed in a previous study of representation and taphonomic interpr e- and Southern Scotland than between a rural British medieval population. This tation of the 1979 in situ assemblage. Eastern and Western Scotland. The trait suggests that differing “lifestyle” factors Analysis of fossil fracture patterns, that exhibited the highest amount of dif- may play an important role in female weathering, damage, and taxon and ele- ference was mandibular torus which was bone maintenance, and highlights the ment representation reveal a complicated significantly higher in the Northern need for further examination of taphonomic history for these in situ de- groups than the Southern groups. Fre- trabecular bone quality in past posits. Comparison with other South Afri- quency distribution suggests that this populations. The study also demonstrates can faunal assemblages reveals differ- could be a Pictish trait. that pQCT is a rapid and effective method ences in faunal repr esentation. We also for the examination of trabecular present the first listing of faunal remains The examination of age and sex- architecture in archaeological bone. and analysis of specimens excavated from related changes in trabecular archi- the hominid-bearing dumpsite test AAPA Abstracts 57

Can foramen magnum position be tigate autism based on psychiatric diag- males, while females undergo more grad- used to distinguish hominids and nosis, we focused our search on its under- ual changes over all age groups, indicat- apes? lying cognitive components or endophen o- ing differences in timing of phenotypic types. We performed a nonparametric change. Many of these changes are simi- J.C.M. Ahern, S.L. McAllister. Dept. of quantitative linkage analysis of language lar in males and females, suggesting a Anthropology, University of Wyoming, deficits and repetitive behaviors meas- common pattern of aging among humans. Laramie. ured by items from the Autism Diagnostic However, gender -specific patterns of The anteroposterior position of the fo- Interview. Initially, we presented ev i- change are also evident. Thus, although ramen magnum distinguishes living dence of linkage for ‘age at first word’ to a there is an overall pattern of neural aging Homo sapiens from apes. Humans exhibit 10 cM region on chromosome 7q35-36 in common among humans, specific aspects foramina magna that are far anterior on data from 152 families from the Autism of the pattern and timing of change differ the cranial base, while the great apes Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE; Alar- between males and females. exhibit foramina magna that are more cón et al., 2002). To confirm this result, Grant sponsors: NIH grant MH 60504 posterior. Foramen magnum position has we performed another multipoint analysis and PHS grant P60 DE13078. been used as evidence for the hominid- in an independent sample of 114 AGRE status of numerable fossils in the history families. We included these new families Hominid environments and faunal of human paleontology. Recently, for a- and 9 additional markers in the linkage change in the lower Omo valley, men magnum position has been cited as analyses and results support the original Ethiopia: A comparison of the French evidence of the hominid status of Sahe- finding: a 5 cM region between D7S676 and American databases. lanthropus tchadensis (Brunet et al. and D7S2511 was linked to 'age at first 2002). Specifically, the basion of Sahelan- word' (Z = 2.9, p < 0.002). Although the Z. Alemseged1, R. Bobe2, D. Geraads3. thropus is reported to both touch the bi- second sample was small, preliminary 1Institute of Human Origins, Arizona porion chord and intersect the bicarotid results from the new families continue to State University, 2Smithsonian Institu- chord (Brunet et al. 2002). support linkage in the 7q35 region for ‘age tion, 3CNRS, Paris. We tested the hypothesis that the posi- at first word’ (p < 0.05). Thus, there may tion of basion relative to the biporion and be a locus specific for language deficits The lower Omo valley in southwestern bicarotid chords can distinguish early associated with autism on chromosome Ethiopia provides crucial evidence on the hominids from Pan troglodytes. We 7q. Results from an analysis of the most evolutionary paleoecology of Plio- measured the distances from basion to the recent sample will be presented. Pleistocene mammals, including homi- biporion chord and from basion to the nids. The Omo sample is made up of bicarotid chord on scaled, standardized Effects of aging on normal adult nearly 50,000 vertebrate fossils collected digital images of a large sample of chim- brains. by two teams of researchers -- the French panzee crania (N = 112) and a sample of and American contingents of the Interna- Plio-Pleistocene hominid fossils (N = 4). K. Aldridge. Dept. of Anthropology, Pen n- tional Omo Research Expedition. The The basion – bicarotid chord effectively sylvania State University and Center for French and American collections consti- distinguished the hominids from Pan. Functional Anatomy and Evolution, tute two independently derived samples Half of the hominid fossils were also effec- Johns Hopkins University School of Medi- that can be compared for taphonomic and tively distinguished from the Pan sample cine. collection biases in relation to patterns of by the basion – biporion chord, however faunal change and hominid paleoecology. the other half fell well within the Pan The effects of aging on the human brain Comparison of the two samples reveals sample for this chord. Our results indi- are not well understood. The aim of this interesting differences and similarities. In cate that the relative position of basion to study is to assess phenotypic effects of both collections, taxa indicative of open the bicarotid chord can be used to distin- increasing age on the brain, and to de- environments vary in concert and become guish hominids from Pan troglodytes, termine whether these effects differ by more common through time. The earlier while the relative position of basion to the gender. The study sample consists of in part of the sequence is characterized by a biporion chord cannot. vivo magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of high abundance of suids whereas bovids 109 healthy humans. Three-dimensional dominate the latter part of the sequence, Genetic etiology of autism endophe- landmarks defined on surface and subcor- beginning at about 2.3 Ma. In general the notypes. tical structures of the brain were located same taxa are encountered from the bot- on 3-D MRI reconstructions for each indi- tom to the top of the sequence in both M. Alarcón, R.M. Cantor, D.H. Gesch- vidual. Data were scaled for differences collections. The two collections do differ in wind. Depts. of Neurology and Human in size and analyzed using Euclidean the geographic distribution of some taxa, Genetics, University of California, Los Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA). Indi- especially during the best-documented Angeles. viduals were separated into three groups intervals (lower Member G units G4 to on the basis of age: 19-50, 51-70, and 71- G13). Grazing bovids and Kobus sigmoi- Autism is a neurodevelopmental disor- 99 years. Males and females were ana- dalis are more common in the northern der, with complex genetic etiology, char- lyzed separately. Pairwise comparisons of exposures (collected primarily by the acterized by deficits in language and so- each age group were performed. Patterns American team), while Menelikia and cial skills, and repetitive behaviors. De- of differences observed between age Kobus ancystrocera are more common in spite the strong genetic risk for autism, groups for each sex were compared across the southern areas (collected primarily by heterogeneity and variable expression of males and females to determine whether the French team). The higher abundance the disorder have limited efforts to local- the pattern of aging in the brain is sim ilar of Menelikia in the southern areas implies ize susceptibility genes. Our approach for the two sexes. that a wetter, more closed environment has been to identify heritable components Results show that there are obvious existed in the lower parts of the Omo of this complex disorder and use these to age-related changes in the human brain. drainage just as an expanding lake was find autism loci. Thus, rather than inves- The majority of changes occur early in 58 AAPA Abstracts

beginning to dominate the paleo- focus on height rather than weight, and Funding: NIH 1P50DC03189-01A1 and landscape at about 2 Ma. the benefit from height in terms of off- the Mathers Foundation. spring survival rather than female fertil- Are Harris lines an indicator of ity. Empirical analysis shows us that Dental morphometric variation and stress? A comparison between Harris earlier maturers have a longer reproduc- human sex chromosome complement. lines and enamel hypoplasia. tive span and later maturers enjoy improved offspring survival. When fitted to L. Alvesalo. Institute of Dentistry, Uni- M.P. Alfonso1, J.L. Thompson2, Vivien G. parameters from a rural Gambian popula- versity of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Standen3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, State tion, the model successfully predicts the University of New York, Binghamton, median, 18 years, and the reaction norm The determinations of tooth crown size 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of for this population. Variation in model and/or the thickness of enamel and dentin Nevada, Las Vegas, 3Departamento de parameters, including growth rates, in- have been made from dental casts and Antropologia y Museologia, Universidad terbirth intervals, offspring mortality, or intraoral radiographs in 47,XYY- and de Tarapaca, Arica, Chile. age at last birth, and their implications 47,XXY males, males with Y chromosome for optimal age at first birth are dis- deletions, and 45,X, 45,X/46,XX, Harris lines (HL) and enamel hypopla- cussed. This model will be contrasted with 46,Xi(Xq), 47XXX, 46,XY females. The sia (EH) are two non -specific indicators of previous models of optimal age at first results showed that deciduous and per- stress commonly used in the reconstruc- birth in humans. manent teeth 47,XYY males are generally tion of past and present populations' larger than those in conditions with other health status. The aim of this study was The aging brain: An MRI-volumetric sex chrom osome anomalies or in normal to determine the existence of a correlation analysis of variation by sex and age males or females. 45,X and 46,Xi(Xq) between these two markers. This correla- in the gray-white composition of the females showed the smallest tooth crowns tion was analyzed in terms of both its major lobes of the human cerebrum. and thinnest enamel. It is apparent that presence/absence and as well as the age of crown growth increase/decrease in these the individuals at the time of HL and EH J.S. Allen, H. Damasio, J. Bruss. Dept. of patients is final beginning from some formation. To achieve this aim, data from Neurology, University of Iowa. months after birth up to the age of 6-7 a sample of 136 individuals from two ar- years, at least. The process of excess chaeological sites (AZ-71 and AZ-140) Like all parts of the body, the human growth e.g. in 47,XYY males is thus not from northern Chile were analyzed. The brain shows the effects of age. Autopsy limited to a certain critical period in pre- results show that HL and EH are not and in vivo neuroimaging studies have or postnatal life. Quite recent results have correlated in terms of presence/absence. shown that aging affects different parts indicated that growth increase also occurs In addition, the ages of the individual at and tissues of the brain at different rates, in permanent tooth root lengths in these the time of HL and EH formation follow a and that there may be sexual dimorphism males. Crown size increase in 47,XYY completely different distribution. Mor e- in the rates of brain aging. We report on a males results from an increase in the over, when compared year by year in in- study of age effects on the gray-white thickness of both enamel and dentin dividuals that presented HL and EH volumes of the major lobes and gyri of the whereas the effect of the X chrom osome formed during the first seven years of life, human cerebrum. Regions of interest on tooth growth seems to be restricted to only 25% of the HL matched with EH. were defined by identifying neuro- enamel formation. The extra Y chrom o- Thus, there is no correlation between anatomical surface landmarks on 3D re- some thus exerts a promoting effect both these two indicators at any level. Instead, constructions of T1-weighted contiguous on cell secretion and proliferation. The the distribution of HL, by age of the indi- coronal sections through the whole brain results in 47,XYY males together with the vidual at the time of their formation, (1.5-1.6mm slices, 110-120 per brain). The results of other sex chrom osome anomaly shows that HL are associated with peri- following regions were manually traced in groups demonstrate a direct effect of the ods of accelerated growth and not neces- each hemisphere: frontal, temporal, parie- Y chromosome gene(s) on growth. Tooth sarily with stressful conditions. Thus, the tal, and occipital lobes; cingulate gyrus; size measurement in two males with dele- results of this study have important im- insula (see Allen et al. 2002, AJPA tions of part of the Y chromosome indi- plications for the field of Physical Anthro- 118:341-358). Subjects included 44 women cates that there may be a specific growth- pology and clinical studies; if HL are not (23-74 years) and 43 men (22-88 years). promoting gene(s) in the proximal non- an indicator of stress, future studies All were right-handed, healthy, and with- fluorescent part of the long arm of the Y should not use HL as a proxy for health out neurological or psychiatric disease. chromosome. It is of great interest that status. As expected, the cerebral hemispheres molecular studies have now shown that decrease in size with age, with the white loci for human amelogenin, which is the An original, empirically grounded matter decreasing at a faster rate than main component of the organic matrix in evolutionary model of age at first the gray matter. The cerebrum atrophies enamel are on both the X and Y chrom o- birth in human females. more quickly in men compared to women: somes. It is suggested that the influence older women had about 5% less GM and of the Y chromosome on amelogenesis is N. Allal, R. Sear, R. Mace. Human Evolu- 8% less WM than younger women; older regulatory and that differential effects of tionary Ecology Group, Anthropology men had about 8% less GM and 15% less the X and Y chromosomes on growth ex- Department, University College London. WM than younger men. There is also plain the expression of sexual dimorphism We present a new evolutionary model of variation by anatomical region in the loss in various somatic features such as the age at first birth in human females, a key of tissue with age. size, shape and number of teeth, and un- component of each individual’s life history These results have implications for der the assumption of genetic pleiotropy, and Darwinian fitness. The cornerstone of understanding the aging process in gen- torus mandibularis, statural growth and the model is a trade-off between maturing eral, and for testing evolutionary hy- sex ratio. earlier at a shorter height, or later, at a potheses associated with human aging taller height. The model’s novelty is our that have a cognitive component. AAPA Abstracts 59

Influence of trophic level on bone architecture of the triceps surae—lateral frequencies of skeletal stress markers, oxygen isotope ratios. (GL) and medial (GM) gastrocnemius, such as porotic hyperostosis and cribra plantaris (P), and soleus (S)—in the orbitalia, and little evidence of traumatic S.H. Ambrose. Dept. of Anthropology, brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) is exam- injury among individuals in the sample. University of Illinois. ined with an eye to estimating maximum Frequencies of caries, dental disease, and force output, excursion/velocity, expense skeletal lesions indicative of infectious Controlled diet experiments and obser- of force transmission, and isometric ver- disease however, suggest that individuals vations on wild East African mammals, sus isotonic contraction. were not disease free, although overall show a clear influence of trophic level on Calculated variables are interpretable population health does not appear to have bone apatite oxygen isotope ratios. with respect to the preferred locomotor been further compromised by factors such Twenty litters of rats were raised from modality of E. fulvus: arboreal quadru- as poor nutrition. weaning age on seven kinds of controlled pedal walking and running, and leaping. diets, each with 5%, 20% and 70% protein. With respect to estimated relative maxi- Genito-genital rubbing as a female Water oxygen isotope composition was mum force output, GL and GM each oc- bonding strategy in a group of cap- constant. Oxygen isotope ratios of bone cupy ~30% of the total of the group, while tive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). apatite carbonate decreased on average P and S obtain ~15% and ~20%, respec- by 2.5‰ between 5% and 20% protein and tively. Soleus stands out as the best S.F. Anestis. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale 1‰ between 20 and 70% protein diets. suited for excursion/velocity but the least University. Oxygen isotope ratios of bone of five lit- suited for expense of force transmission ters raised under several configurations of and isometric utilization. Same-sex socio-sexual interactions are heat and water stress on 20% and 70% These results complement previous common in primates. Genito-genital (GG) protein diets did not differ significantly findings for quadriceps femoris in E. ful- rubbing, a distinct behavioral pattern from those of non-stressed controls. vus and in cats, and these, and other, where individuals rub genital regions, is The oxygen isotopic composition of muscle groups in two guenon species. one such behavior that has been hypothe- mammal bone and tooth apatite phos- Generally, structural components of anti- sized to serve several functions, such as to phate and carbonate was also determined gravity muscle groups, e.g., quadriceps reduce tension in feeding contexts, facili- for 81 individuals of 21 species collected femoris, triceps surae, tend to emphasize tate reconciliation, and attract mates. GG in the central Rift Valley of Kenya, along force output, vis-à-vis excursion/velocity, rubbing between females has been ob- an altitude transect from lake margin and lower cost of force transmission in served in multiple wild and captive riparian woodland and savanna grassland muscles tending toward isometric, rather bonobo (Pan paniscus) groups and is con- to montane forest. There is substantial than isotonic, contraction. The reverse is sidered unique to this species. intra- and inter-specific variation in bone true for the gluteal and hamstring groups. Here I report on a group of captive, phosphate and carbonate d18O within and Funded by NSF (DBS-9221795). young adult chimpanzees (Pan troglo- between habitats. Lower d18O values are dytes) in which the females GG rubbed at found at high altitudes. Arboreal folivores Evidence of health among late pre- rates equivalent to those observed in (tree hyrax and colobus) in montane for- historic populations in the Hudson bonobos. The study animals are housed est have the highest values. Carnivores River valley, New York. at the University of Louisiana’s New and omnivores have the lowest values in Iberia Research Center in a four-male, all habitats. L.M. Anderson. New York State Museum. four-female peer group. I collected 70 High protein diets appear to be associ- hours of data in July and August of 2000 ated with low d18O values on both experi- Prior to European contact, the Hudson and recorded the identity of the GG rub- mental and natural diets. These data River valley in eastern New York State bing females, sexual swelling sizes, physi- suggest the potential of oxygen isotope was inhabited by Algonkian speaking cal positions, vocalizations, and duration ratios of bone for identifying carnivory in groups including the Mahican and Mun- of each GG rubbing session. fossil mammal communities. see tribes. Unlike their Iroquoian I used these data to test five hypotheses Supported by National Science Founda- neighbors to the west, who occupied about the function of GG rubbing in this tion (USA) grants BNS9010937 and highly defensible, nucleated settlements, peer group. Of the reconciliation, tension- SBR9212466. Algonkian groups maintained a dispersed reduction, mate attraction, female bon d- settlement pattern that included small, ing, and status reinforcement hypotheses, Fiber architecture in primate limb unfortified floodplain hamlets used for I found support only for the hypothesis muscles with new data for triceps horticulture and fishing and upland that GG rubbing reinforces social bonds surae in Eulemur fulvus. camps for hunting. This mode of lifestyle, between particular females. Female dy- presumably free of endemic warfare, af- ads with the highest rates of GG rubbing F. Anapol. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- forded an abundant and varied diet as also groomed each other the most. I dis- sity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. noted by early Dutch explorers who de- cuss several significant ways in which GG scribed local Algonkian people as “friendly rubbing in this group differed from the Fiber architecture is the study of how and polite”, unfettered by famine or dis- pattern observed in bonobos, and poten- whole muscles are constructed with re- ease. tial reasons why captive, but not wild, spect to weight, fiber or fasciculus length Bioarchaeological evidence from late chimpanzees engage in this behavior. and pinnation angle, and relative propor- prehistoric sites in the mid-Hudson val- tion of myofiber to tendon. Its relevance ley, ca. A.D. 1200-1425, largely supports Masticatory loading and modern is in combining these data to characterize this view of Algonkian life. Data compiled human origins. a muscle physiologically, thereby predict- under the Native American Graves Pro- ing its biologic role in behavior and its tection and Repatriation Act from the S.C. Antón 1, V.B. Deleon 2. 1Rutgers Uni- comparative contribution to labor among Menands Bridge site (n=39) and the Hur- versity, 2Johns Hopkins University. muscles of a group. For this study, fiber ley site (n=25) indicate comparatively low 60 AAPA Abstracts

Australian cranial characters figure classification, the changes have been slow nificant genetic input from outside is not prominently in debates over the origin of and skeletal biology has remained de- noticed in Meso and South American modern humans. A multiregional model scriptive. During the decade of the 1950s, Amerindians according to the genetic is frequently supported by reference to 30 percent of the articles published in the analyses; while all world populations shared characters of the vault common to American Journal of Physical Anthropol- (including Africans, Europeans, Asians, both SE Asian Homo erectus and Austra- ogy were analytical (an increase from 13.5 Australians, Polynesians, North Ameri- lian H. sapiens. Alternatively, some of percent recorded in the decade of the can Na-Dene Indians and Eskimos) are these characters have been attributed to a 1930s). In the ‘70s, analytical articles genetically related. Meso and South heavy masticatory pattern coupled with a reached a high of 44 percent and have American Amerindians tend to remain long, narrow cranial base rather than to a remained at this level to this day. Two isolated in the neighbour joining, corre- close phylog enetic relationship. However, topical areas within skeletal biology, func- spondence and plane genetic distances evidence of such a masticatory pattern tional anatomy and bioarcheology, have analyses. has not been well established. experienced change that reflect the Was- We test the extent to which such ev i- burnian prediction. Within bioarcheology, Habitat effects on positional behav- dence can be demonstrated in Australian the use of “strong Inference” to test the ior and fine branch use in red-tailed mandibles. We compare Australian man- biological impact of subsistence changes monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) dibles with those from native Alaskans has been a factor in its growth. However, and grey-cheeked mangabeys (Lo- known for exhibiting high occlusal loads skeletal biology has experienced a retro- phocebus albigena) in the Kibale and those from prehistoric Peru and 20th version to a more descriptive phase with a Forest, Uganda. century African-Americans that are not return to historical particularism that is known for their masticatory robusticity. limiting its progress. An increasing in- G.P. Aronsen. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale Each sample includes 30 adult mandibles terest in forensic anthropology and resur- University. with full dentition. We use external gent interest in measures of population measurements and score tendon- distances and migrations represents a A current debate in the study of primate associated bone features of the mastica- reversion to an earlier descriptive past. positional behavior and support use asks tory musculature. We calculate biom e- the question: can primates flexibly employ chanical properties from Computed To- The origin of Mayans according to a range of positional behaviors and sup- mography (CT) scans at M1. HLA genes and the uniqueness of port choices, or are they highly canalized, Australian mandibles do not exhibit the Amerindians. meaning that only a restricted suite of bony relationships best-suited to dissipat- behaviors is available, regardless of habi- ing high occlusal forces. They do not have A. Arnaiz-Villena1, E. Gómez-Casado1, J. tat characteristics? I collected data on particularly broad or tall corpora and are Moscoso1, J. Zamora1, P. Lucas Gramajo2, positional behavior and support use in relatively long. Tendon-associated bone C. Silvera1, E. Lowy1, J. Martínez-Laso1. two arboreal cercopithecids (Cercopithecus features are not markedly robust. CT 1Dept. of Immunology and Molecular Bi- ascanius and Lophocebus albigena) at scans suggest a somewhat different pic- ology, Universidad Complutense, 2Dept. of Ngogo, within the Kibale National Forest, ture. Although absolute cortical thick- Laboratory, Hospital Regional de Xela Uganda, during July-August, 2001. ness does not appear to differ among (Quetzaltenango), Guatemala. E- These data were compared to previous groups – the Australian mandible has mail:[email protected] work at nearby Kanyawara, also in Ki- greater amounts of trabecular bone. bale. I find significant differences in lo- These results suggest the possibility that, The HLA allele frequency distribution comotor behavior and support use in each restricted by a relatively narrow cranial of the Mayans from Guatemala has been species, and between sites. At Ngogo, C. base, high occlusal loads were present studied and compared with those of other ascan ius walks and bound more fr e- and accommodated in novel ways in the First American Natives and worldwide quently, while the larger L. albigena Australian mandible. Supported by NSF populations (a total of 12,364 chrom o- leaps more often over wider distances. BCS 9804861. somes and 6,182 individuals from 60 dif- Comparison to Kanyawara finds that ferent populations).The main conclusions Ngogo C. ascanius uses more quadrupedal Why has skeletal biology remained are: 1) The closest Amerindian group to walking and bridging, and less vertical typological? Mayans is the Arhuacs, who were the first climbing; while L. albigena bridges and Caribbean Islands inhabitants. 2) Mayans bounds more, with less leaping than their G.J. Armelagos1, D.P. Van Gerven2. 1Dept. are not so close to Mesoamerican Zapotec, Kanyawara conspecifics. Postural modes of Anthropology, Emory University, Mixe and Mixtec Amerindians, who ge- appear similar across sites. Finally, 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of netically cluster together. Mixe had been Ngogo taxa use more small and oblique Colorado. related to Mayans only on linguistic supports than the Kanyawara taxa. bases. 3) DRB1*0407 and DRB1*0802 I suggest that these differences relate to In the five decades since Sherwood alleles are found in 50% of Mayans; these a more contiguous canopy and increased Washburn presented a framework for alleles are also found in other Amerindi- small branch availability at Ngogo. Posi- defining the strategy of the "new physical ans ,but the Mayans high frequencies tional behavior on small branches was anthropology,” there have been shifts in may be showing a founder effect for this also most variable, suggesting that small skeletal biology that reflect his proposal Mesoamerican-Caribbean population. 4) branches represent a critical factor for for change. He described the need to Extended Mayan specific HLA haplotypes future studies. My preliminary results move beyond measurement and classifica- are described for the first time. 5) Lan- are consistent with hypotheses that sup- tion in which there is little theory and guage and genes do not completely corre- port availability and distribution affect much speculation to a science in which late in microgeographical studies. 6) Peo- positional behavior and support use pr o- was a concern for process, theory and pling of the Americas was probably more files. Further investigation into the role hypothesis testing. While has been complex than postulated by Greenberg of habitat structure and primate ecoflex i- movement away from typological racial and others (three peopling waves). Sig- bility across sites and taxa is needed. AAPA Abstracts 61

Using physical anthropology to dif- ally present. This study compares mor- head breadth, bi-iliac breadth (after rear- fuse the controversy over the teach- phological and metric methods to investi- ticulation) and long bone lengths were ing of human origins in middle gate the impact on sex distribution in a measured on each individual. Statures school. commingled sample from Nuvakwewtaqa were estimated from long bone lengths (Chavez Pass), Arizona. using appropriate reference samples. P. Ashmore. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- Long bone measurements taken include Body masses were calculated from fem o- versity of Missouri-St. Louis. maximum lengths and measures of ar- ral head breadth and bi-iliac ticular areas that were statistically ana- breadth/stature using previously pu b- Teachers working in middle school envi- lyzed using cluster analysis to determine lished sex-specific equations (Ruff et al., ronments are greatly concerned about which bones were more probably male or 1997). teaching evolution in their classes espe- female. The sex distributions obtained The two techniques yield similar re- cially when the topic is human evolution. were compared with those derived from sults. Over all samples pooled, the corre- Many teachers working in the St. Louis morphological assessment of skulls and lation between estimates is 0.78, the area avoid the subject for a variety of pelves. Sexable skulls and pelves yielded mean directional difference between esti- reasons including that some of their stu- small MNIs (32 left os coxae and 36 cra- mates is about 6% (femoral head esti- dents may be from fundamental Christian nia) with very different sex ratios: 50% mates larger), and the mean absolute homes that other teachers and or admin- females using os coxae and 71% females difference is about 9%. In general, there is istrators won’t support their efforts using crania. Measurable adult long more of a difference in results for females should they be challenged or because bones provided larger MNIs, ranging from than for males. Results also vary by popu- school board members prefer the topic to 66 left humeri to 88 left femora. Metri- lation/region, with the largest difference be left out of the science curriculum. An cally obtained sex ratios ranged from 41 - for Andaman Islanders, followed by additional factor is that the teachers 60% females, demonstrating that one Aleut/Eskimo females. The latter result themselves are simply not comfortable should not assume a collection is accu- may be caused by underestimation of a with their own level of understanding rately represented by sex distributions soft tissue (fat) correction factor for bi- regarding the subject of evolution. To obtained from morphological assessments iliac breadth. assist teachers in the teaching of evolu- alone. Bioarchaeological studies, such as tion a unique program offered through the those concerning paleoepidemiology or Precision in 3-D landmark data col- Center for Human Origin and Cultural sex-specific activity patterns, of commin- lection for geometric morphometrics. Diversity uses content provided by physi- gled collections may be better served cal anthropology, a hands-on approach through use of metrically-derived sex K.L. Baab1,2,3,4, N.C. Ting1,2,3,6, T.D. Capel- and an experiential learning strategy to distributions, where the number of sex- lini1,2,3,5, S.E. Hagell1,2,3,5, E. Delson 1,2,3,4. address the topic of human evolution. able individuals can be 2-3 times higher 1Anthropology, CUNY Graduate Center, Using a sampling of fossil casts, middle than estimates obtained solely from mor- 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary school students investigate the human phological methods. Primatology, 3Paleontology, American fossil record to discover trends in human Museum of Natural History, 4Dept. of evolution. Students are given data about Mass matters: An evaluation of two Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, early hominids and then self discover the body mass estimation techniques in 5Hunter College, CUNY, 6Dept. of An- answers to questions posed. Pre and post modern human populations. thropology, Queens College, CUNY, assessment instruments indicate that a Queens, NY. significant amount of content learning B.M. Auerbach, C.B. Ruff. Center for takes place and additional qualitative Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Geometric morphometrics is an impor- feedback from both students and their Johns Hopkins University School of Medi- tant tool in examining shape variation teachers reflect the fact that after experi- cine. among and within taxa, and throughout encing the program, that they are more ontogeny. Among the numerous instru- open and comfortable with the topic of Body mass has been reconstructed from ments used to collect three-dimensional human origins. This paper will highlight hominin skeletal remains using both me- (3D) data for morphometric analysis are strategies used to teach evolution in a chanical methods that rely on the support the Microscribe-3DX, a mechanical arm middle school environment. of body mass by weight-bearing skeletal 3D digitizer and the Cyberware 3030 elements, and “morphometric” methods RGB laser surface scanner. While these Metric sexing methods and commin- that reconstruct body mass through direct two instruments accomplish the same gled skeletal collections: A better assessment of body size and shape. A goal, inter-device consistency has not yet demographic profile? previous comparison of two such tech- been carefully tested, nor has inter- niques, using femoral head breadth (m e- observer reliability. Inter-observer and M.M. Aubin. Dept. of Anthropology, Ari- chanical) and bi-iliac breadth and stature inter -device consistency are required for zona State University. (morphometric), indicated a good general the sharing and reuse of data. We each correspondence between them (Ruff et al., collected a series of landmarks (xyz coor- The standard method of skeletal sex 1997). However, the two techniques have dinates) on a Papio ursinus cranium with determination assesses morphological never been systematically compared both devices and applied multivariate traits of the skull and pelvis. With com- across a large group of modern humans of analysis of variance (MANOVA) to exam- mingled samples, morph ological sexing is diverse body form. ine observer and device effects on the problematic because there are generally This study incorporates skeletal meas- collected data after Procrustes alignment. many more long bones present than ures taken from 791 Holocene adult indi- Centroid size differed significantly by skulls or pelves. Therefore, sex distribu- viduals, including Europeans (N=482), device, but not by observer. For most tions obtained from skulls and pelves may Pueblo Native Americans (N=104), East landmarks MANOVA indicated signifi- underestimate the numbers of both sexes Africans (N=46), Aleut/Eskimo (N=149), cant inter -observer and inter-device dif- or skew the distributions from that actu- and Andaman Islanders (N=13). Femoral ferences. Fewer observer -device interac- 62 AAPA Abstracts

tion differences were indicated. Overall, asymmetry affects lingual crown area and A. Barash, Y.Z. Rak. Dept. of Anatomy results suggest that precision (consis- that both contribute to the distinctive and Anthropology, Sackler School of tency) is comparable in both devices, al- Neandertals P4 shape. Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. though for a few landmarks, the laser scanner was significantly less precise. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analy- The problem of species recognition in One reason for the inter -device differ- sis of the Holmes-Vardeman- paleoanthropology has been the subject of ences in precision may have been the Stephenson Cemetery. numerous studies. In the present work we difficulty in visually locating landmark- used 3D morphometric analysis to quan- defining sutures on the laser scan image. L.E. Baker 1, S.M. Phillips2, K.J. Matte- tify the morphology of the temporoman- However, when landmarks were clearly son 3. 1Dept. of Sociology and Anthropol- dibular joint, in order to asses its poten- visible on the laser scan image, the preci- ogy, Baylor University, 2Dept. of Geogra- tial as a taxonomic tool. Six points were sion between devices was not significantly phy, Geology and Anthropology, Indiana selected and recorded using a microscribe different. Therefore, while both devices State University, 3Dept. of Medical Genet- 3Dx digitizer on the following species: were nearly equivalent in the precision of ics, University of Tennessee Medical Cen- Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla their measures, it is not possible to say ter. gorilla (17 males, 17 females for each which of these instruments is more accu- species), and two modern groups of Homo rate ("correct") with this data set. DNA extraction and analysis was per- sapiens (34 per group, 17 males, 17 fe- Supported by NSF DBI 9602234 (N Y- formed for individuals from burials lo- males). These points were superimposed CEP) and ACI 9982351 (NYCEP/AMNH cated within the Holmes-Vardeman- using GLS, and analyzed using principal Morphometrics Group) Stephenson Cemetery in Lincoln County, component analysis. The results clearly Kentucky. These burials are from a pe- indicate differences between the species:

Quantitative analysis of P4 shape in riod between the 1830s and 1940s. The the first PCA separated the apes from Neandertals and anatomically mod- Vardeman family in particular made im- humans (p<9.0×10-20), while the second ern humans. portant contributions to the settlement of differentiated between the ape species Kentucky in the late 18th-century. DNA (chimp-bonobo, for instance, p<4.0×10-5). S.E. Bailey. CASHP, The George Wash- was extracted from either bone or tooth The third PCA separated between the two ington University. samples from individuals recovered dur- Homo groups (p<1.0×10-8). ing archaeological excavations. Sequence This method was applied to a sample of This paper presents the results of a analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control 11 casts of Pleistocene hominids from quantitative analysis of P4 shape of Pleis- region was performed for 49 burials, 12 Asia, Europe and Africa, known as Asian tocene and recent humans. It builds on participating descendents and 4 anthro- Homo erectus, African Homo erectus and earlier work, which revealed notable dif- pologists working on the project. The Homo heidelbergensis. The first PCA ferences between Neandertals and other mtDNA sequence lineages were compared separated Homo heidelbergensis from Pleistocene and recent humans in several among the 49 burials and consistencies Asian – African Homo erectus (P<0.08), aspects of their P4 morphology. One of were noted. The mtDNA sequences of the while the second PCA separated Asian these aspects is the shape of the occlusal 12 descendents were then compared to Homo erectus from African Homo erectus crown outline. Elliptic Fourier analysis each other and the burial samples. (p<0.02). Given the small sample of the was used to obtain coefficients describing Lastly, the 4 anthropologists' mtDNA was hominids, these results seem to favor the the P4 occlusal outline. These coefficients analyzed and compared to the burial view that Homo erectus actually includes were used to derive “mean tooth shapes” samples in order to rule out possible con- two different species. The present method in different hominid groups. The coeffi- tamination of modern DNA in the historic has important technical taxonomic impli- cients were then analyzed using Principal samples. Sex determination was per- cation, because this small anatomic re- Components (PCA) and Discriminant formed for each of the 49 burial samples gion, generally preserved in the fossil Function Analyses. by simultaneously amplifying the X- record, combined with the use of few A comparison of mean shapes shows specific and Y-specific fragments of the points of measurement, can assist in spe- that the average Neandertal P4 crown is Amelogenin gene which are 106bp and cies recognition. asymmetrical relative to that of anatomi- 112bp in length respectively. Thirty-two cally modern humans (AMH) and Homo of the 49 samples were successfully or Infanticide and the evolution of ba- erectus. A PCA of the elliptic Fourier tentatively typed as male or female. boon sociality. coefficients groups Neandertals together, The main objectives of this research but variation in the AMH sample overlaps were to successfully extract and analyze L. Barrett1, P. Henzi2. 1University of Liv- that of Neandertals. The results of the mitochondrial DNA from these historic erpool, 2The Bolton Institute. discriminant function analysis indicate bone and teeth samples, determine the that P4 shape classifies groups reasonably maternal relationships of individuals Baboons have been pre-eminent in at- well: correct classification for amHs was within the cemetery, and determine their tempts to understand how ecology under- very good (97%), while correct classifica- historic maternal relationships with liv- pins social structure in greg arious ani- tion for Neandertals was not as good ing descendents. mals for the simple reason that their ter- (65%). Anatomically modern humans This project was supported by the Ken- restriality and dietary plasticity enable were as likely to be misclassified as Homo tucky Transportation Cabinet. them to confront a very wide range of erectus as they were to be misclassified as environmental conditions. In this paper Neandertal. Both analyses indicate that 3D morphometric study of the tem- we argue that attempts to provide a uni- the primary reason for group overlap poromandibular joint and its impli- fied explanation for the relationship be- and/or misclassification is the presence of cation on species recognition in tween environment and observed differ- individual AMH P4s that possess mesio- Homo erectus. ences in the behavioural profiles of differ- distally narrow lingual cusps, rather than ent baboon populations cannot succeed asymmetrical crowns. This suggests that unless account is taken of the species’ AAPA Abstracts 63

evolutionary history. We demonstrate this A. Bartsiokas. Dept. of History & Ethnol- social differences may be divergent female by using the relationship between chacma ogy, Democritus University of Thrace, reproductive strategies, reactions to the baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus) ecol- Greece. male behavioral environment, or both. In ogy and infanticide to provide an account this study we address this issue using the of the pressures selecting for the distinc- We report here on a new and relatively social and reproductive behavior of female tive social structure of hamadryas ba- complete human skeleton of a child from baboons in a hybrid group (Papio ham a- boons (Papio hamadryas ham adryas ). the site of Peristeri I Cave, Kouklesi vil- dryas hamadryas x P. h. anubis) located lage, Epirus, Greece – a steeply dipping in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Morphological variation of the lum- cave 67m deep. The specimen was recov- Data for this study come from three years bar vertebrae of A. africanus: Impli- ered from the deepest part of the cave (39o of observation on a group located at the cations for locomotor differences 21’ 55” and 20o51’06”) in an isolated phenotypic center of the hybrid zone. The between small and large individuals. chamber named Lower Cave in which social structure of the target group re- Middle Palaeolithic stone artifacts and flects its mixed ancestry with elements of N.L. Barrickman. Dept. of Biological An- charcoal have been found in excavations both anubis and hamadryas society pr e- thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- that started since 1995 by the author. sent. Most target females show charac- sity. Lower Cave was used as a place for stone teristics of typical anubis social structure. knapping and contains only Palaeolithic A smaller number of females show char- The lumbar vertebrae of Australopith- finds. No associated artifacts were found acteristics of hamadryas social structure ecus africanus show clear differences in with the skeleton so the chronological age and are tightly bonded to one of the four morphology between small and large in- of the skeleton is still unknown until any males with OMUs. The remaining fe- dividuals. The smaller individual (Sts 14) radiometric methods are employed. Parts males are characterized by an intermedi- has small vertebral body dimensions rela- of the skull, pelvis, teeth and long bones ate OMU social structure. Here, we com- tive to the size of the transverse and have been found so far. The epiphyses of pare data on ancestry, social and competi- spinous processes, whereas the larger the long bones are unfused. The skeleton tive interactions, and reproductive behav- individual (Stw 431) has large vertebral was found completely covered by speleo- ior across these three social categories. body dimensions relative to the trans- them in a natural stalagmitic pit in a side The results suggest that female social verse processes. This difference in mor- wall of the cave in August 2002. The behaviors are not merely reactions to a phology could indicate locomotor or pos- bones, though not articulated in an ana- male social agenda but may repr esent tural differences between small and large tomical position, they were all closely different reproductive strategies within forms of A. africanus. packed together in the confined space of the same group. To assess locomotor differences, meas- the pit. No rodent activity has been dis- urements of the vertebral body, trans- cerned so far that could have mingled the New Miocene primate postcranial verse processes, and spinous processes bones. Alternatively, gravity might have fossils from Rudabánya, Hungary. were taken on the A. africanus specimens some effect in mingling the bones. Vari- and a comparative sample of extant ous hypotheses are still examined as to D.R. Begun1, T.L. Kivell1, L. Kordos2. hominoids. Ratios of both raw and logged whether it was a deliberate bone or car- 1University of Toronto, 2The Geolog ical variables were analyzed for significant cass disposal or a secondary interment. Museum of Hungary. differences using ANOVA and pairwise The excavation proceeded with a hammer Since 1993 when the last primate post- comparisons, and principal component drill and a chisel. The exposed bones were crania from Rudabánya were described, analysis was used to determine shape solidified in situ when necessary and pr o- numerous new fossils have been recov- differences. tected with bandages before extraction of ered. These add considerably to our un- The results show that, compared to the stalagmitic blocks took place. Clean- derstanding of the diversity of primates extant hominoids, Sts 14 has a small ver- ing is taking place in the lab. from the locality, and call into question tebral body relative to the transverse and some pr eviously published ideas. New spinous processes of the first lumbar ver- Female reproductive strategies in a spec imens include associated femora tebra. In addition, Sts 14 has a small baboon hybrid zone, Awash National briefly described in an earlier abstract, vertebral body relative to transverse Park, Ethiopia. and 2 humeral shaft fragments, 3 talar processes of the penultimate and last fragments, three cuneiforms fragments, lumbar vertebrae. In contrast, Stw 431 J. Beehner1, T. Bergman2. 1Dept. of An- two capitate fragments, 1 nearly complete displays a large vertebral body relative to thropology, Washington University. scaphoid, the distal half of a metacarpal the transverse processes in the last lum- 2Dept. of Psychology, University of Pen n- and 12 phalanges or phalangeal frag- bar vertebra, and this proportion is simi- sylvania. ments. Based on size and morphology lar to that of extant hominoids. Stw 431, most of the specimens are assignable to with its large weight-bearing area rela- The social differences between ham a- one of the 2 known catarrhines from tive to muscular leverage, is most similar dryas and anubis baboons are associated Rudabánya, Dryopithecus and Anapith- to humans, indicating it had a bipedal with conspicuous differences in male be- ecus. The metacarpal is morphologically locomotion or erect posture. Sts 14 has havior towards females. Although less close to Can Llobateres Dryopithecus, less weight-bearing area compared to conspicuous, the social behavior of fe- having very prominent collateral ligament muscular leverage, and this relationship males is also markedly different between dorsal notches, but a proximal phalanx is most closely resembles that of chim- these two baboon forms. Anubis females base differs in the proximally oriented panzees and gorillas. live in groups characterized by female- proximal phalangeal articular surface. bonded, hierarchically ranked matrilines The capitates are mediolateral com- A new human skeleton from the Mid- while hamadryas females live in groups pressed, as in non -hominid catarrhines, dle Palaeolithic Peristeri I Cave, comprised of one-male units (OMUs). but have broad, rounded articular sur- Epirus Greece. OMU females are thought to be unrelated faces as in most hominids. The scaphoid and ther efore male-female bonded. These also mixes primitive and derived charac- 64 AAPA Abstracts

ters. Most notable is the lack of os cen- to increase understanding of the ecolog i- Miocene sites of Maboko Main (15 MA) trale fusion. The cuneiforms, tali and cal context of human evolution. and Fort Ternan (14 MA). Some authori- phalanges also show a combination of ties refer the small-bodied ape fossils primitive and derived characters. This is Growth and adipose tissue develop- from MB Main to Micropithecus leakey- the typical pattern in late Miocene homi- ment in captive infant gorillas. orum and those from FT to Simiolus sp. nids, and suggests an interesting pattern The large-bodied hominoid from MB Main of emergence and homoplasy in the evolu- A. Bellisari. Dept. of Sociology and An- has been referred to several taxa, includ- tion of modern hominoid morphology. thropology and Lifespan Health Research ing “Equatorius” africanus. FT is the type Finally, a complete, fully ossified talus is Center, Wright State University. locality of Kenyapithecus wickeri. Radio- close in size to that of 5-6 kg anthropoids, metric dates indicate that fossils from MB much too small to be easily attributable to In contrast to nonhuman primates, Beds 12-16 are contemporaneous with FT, either Rudabánya catarrhine. Funded by humans have well developed adipose tis- affor ding a unique perspective on the NSERC, OTA, A. von Humbodlt Stiftung, sue deposits at birth (Kuzawa 1998, Yrbk. relationships of the hominoids from the Wenner-Gren and Leakey Foundation. Phys. Anthropol.). In association with two sites. slow somatic growth and maintenance of Small-bodied apes from Bed 12 exhibit Key issues in the analysis of faunal large, metabolically expensive brains, numerous clear similarities to Simiolus changes across the East African Plio- humans rapidly accumulate additional from Fort Ternan and Kalodirr rather cene. adipose tissue from gestation through than to Micropithecus clarki from Napak early childhood. This uniquely human and Koru. These similarities include sev- A.K. Behrensmeyer1, Z. Alemseged2, R. pattern of early adiposity serves as en- eral non-adaptive features that are Bobe1. 1Smithsonian Institution, 2Insti- ergy buffer for brain metabolism during unlikely to be functionally convergent tute of Human Origins, Arizona State periods of nutritional stress. Human upon Simiolus. The collection of large- University. growth rates and adipose tissue develop- bodied apes from Beds 12-16 is clearly ment are well documented, but there is more similar to Kenyapithecus from FT Vertebrate faunas provide important little information on early growth and than to Eurasian hominoids such as evidence for hominid paleoecology over a development in nonhuman primates. Griphopithecus. Upper central incisors wide range of scales, from site-specific This study compares anthropometric from Bed 12 are more similar to K. wic k- analysis of taxa directly associated with measurements taken at birth and at 1, 3 eri than they are to K. africanus from MB hominid fossils and archeological materi- and 6 months from four healthy infant Main. However, incisor variation within als to assessments of faunal indicators for male gorillas in the Columbus Zoo (Belli- the Kenyapithecus sample does not sur- ecological change through time that af- sari et al 2001, AJPA) and from infant pass that observed in extant species. By fected human evolution. At each level of males in the Fels Longitudinal Study. combining features seen in hominoid resolution, the quality and credibility of While mean recumbent lengths are simi- samples from all MB strata and FT, the the paleoecological data depend on the lar for the gorillas and humans, human Bed 12 specimens corroborate attribution successful integration of three areas of mean weights, head circumferences and of the Maboko hominoids to Simiolus and study: taxonomy, taphonomy, and geology upper arm circumference are greater than Kenyapithecus. Simiolus and Kenyapith- (stratigraphy / sedimentology / geochro- those for gorillas. Human triceps and ecus experience slight changes in size nology). The foundation for paleoecology anterior chest skinfolds greatly exceed between MB strata. Contrary to expecta- rests on accurate taxonomic identification those of gorillas. tion, fossils from Bed 3, the oldest stra- of specimens and correct placement of These data from a very small sample of tum, are most similar in size to con- these taxa in a time/space continuum. male gorilla infants support the observa- generic populations from FT. There are two aspects to the time/space tion that humans differ from their homi- continuum problem: (1) primary data - noid relatives in the development of adi- Bone pathologies and anomalies: A the locality, stratigraphic position, and pose tissue deposits. Hominids have been view from American war dead. geological context of each taxonomic oc- subject to starvation pressure throughout currence in the rock record, (2) inferred their prehistory. But lowland gorillas, G.E. Berg, H.D. Dockall. USA-CILHI. data - the original ecological habitat of a which rely mainly on terrestrial herbal taxon and its temporal and spatial rela- vegetation and have an abundant food Efforts to recover and identify missing tionship to other taxa, including homi- supply available to support rapid somatic U.S. war dead by the Central Identifica- nids. Taphonomy, sedimentology and growth and cerebral energy requirements, tion Laboratory, Hawaii (CILHI) have ecomorphological inference provide the are less dependent on energy reserves been undergoing for several decades. Of- means to take pr imary data from the stored in adipose tissue. ten, missing service personnel were in- occurrence of a fossil taxon and use this to Many thanks to the Columbus Zoo Afri- volved in high-speed impacts and little infer past ecology. The validity of infer- can Forest staff for their assistance and osseous material is recovered. Recently, ences relating faunal evidence to the ecol- collaboration. CILHI's efforts have been focusing on ogy of a hominid species depends on the losses from World War II and the Korean level of resolution of this evidence, i.e., A comparison of Kenyapithecus and War, which has resulted in more complete how it relates spatially and temporally to Simiolus from middle Miocene depos- skeletal remains being repatriated to the the hominid remains. Contributions to its at Fort Ternan and Maboko Is- laboratory (individuals were typically this symposium provide an overview of land. ground losses versus aircraft impacts). primary data from many East African Trauma and pathology are documented Pliocene sites and present different meth- B.R. Benefit. New Mexico State Univer- more frequently in complete sets of re- ods for inferring paleoenvironmental con- sity. mains and have been occasionally used to texts, paleoecological relationships, and strengthen identifications. evolutionary patterns that work together Controversy surrounds the phyletic Approximately sixty cases of complete affinity of hominoids from the middle or nearly complete skeletal remains will AAPA Abstracts 65

be the focus of this paper. While the ma- smaller body size forms, in particular the plications for patterns of maturation jority of the pathologies and bone anom a- Canidae. The Bovidae are the most abun- and reproduction. lies are found on the vertebral column, dant group in the assemblage, accounting additional sites include the cranium, long for five of the six extinct taxa at the site. R.M. Bernstein,1 S.R. Leigh,1 S.M. Don o- bones, and ribs. We will explore the rates The presence of tooth-marked specimens van,2 and M. H. Monaco2. 1Dept. of An- of pathological occurrence and give sev- and copr olites in the assemblage indicates thropology, University of Illinois, 2Dept. of eral possible explanations for their un- that carnivores were responsible for at Food Science and Human Nutrition, Uni- usually elevated presence in this popula- least a portion of the bone accumulation. versity of Illinois. tion. Pathological involvement of the spi- However, human occupation of the cave or nal column in the collection is relatively its surroundings is indicated by the pres- Baboon life histories are characterized high and includes Schmorl's nodes, osteo- ence of MSA flakes and debitage on lo- by relatively discrete phases of somatic phytic growth, spondilolysis, and cleft cally available quartz and quartzite, sug- maturation and reproduction compared to spine of the sacrum. We suspect that most gesting that humans were also at least other papionins. Hormones are important of these pathologies were asymptotic, as partially responsible for the accumulation physiological regulators of body growth, few were diagnosed in the individuals' at Plover's Lake. sexual maturation and reproduction. service and medical records. Cranio- Comparative analyses of hormones in- synostosis was found in exceptionally Cranial sexual dimorphism, allome- volved in both growth and reproduction high percentages, occurring at a rate of try and mating systems among homi- provide insight regarding physiological 100 to 1000 times greater than reported noids. mechanisms responsible for differences in the modern medical literature. Unusual fitness components. In particular, such bone morphology and pathology will be M. Bernhard1, K. Schaefer1, P. Gunz 1, P. analyses allow the influence of hormones further discussed, principally in terms of Mitteroecker1, H. Prossinger 1, F.L. Book- on baboon life history parameters to be specific morphological features, e.g. septal stein1,2, H. Seidler 1. 1Institute for Anthro- assessed and compared to other papion- apertures, bifid ribs, in cases of unusual pology, University of Vienna, Austria, ins. Captive populations of Papio anubis and undiagnosed pathology, and in per- 2Dept. of Biostatistics, University of (olive baboons) and Cercocebus atys (sooty centages of antemortem healed fractures. Michigan. mangabeys), sampled and measured longitudinally, are used. Serum levels of Plover’s Lake: A hominin-bearing Hominoid social groups vary in size, in IGF-I, IGFBP-3, DHEA-S, testosterone, Middle Stone Age site in the Wit- composition (females versus males) and in and estradiol are quantified using RIA watersrand area, South Africa. mating and residence patterns. Compara- and IRMA techniques. tive analyses demonstrate that the extent Hormonal profiles of growth in baboons L.R. Berger 1, S.E. Churchill1,2, D.J. de of sexual dimorphism in primates corre- are characterized by a high degree of Ruiter1. 1Palaeoanthropology Unit for sponds somewhat to the structure of these regularity in relation to mangabeys. Ba- Research and Exploration, Bernard Price groups. To explore this relationship in boons show higher levels of hormonal Institute for Palaeontology, University of more detail, we investigate cranial sexual integration than mangabeys. Steroids the Witwatersrand, 2Dept. of Biological dimorphism in five hominoid species: and somatomedins are closely integrated Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- Homo sapiens, Pan paniscus, Pan troglo- in baboons. For example, in females, versity. dytes, Gorilla gorilla and Pongo pyg- estradiol, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I are maeus. 3D-coordinates of 35 traditional strongly correlated. In male baboons, The Middle Stone Age (MSA) in South landmarks and 61 semilandmarks are DHEA-S, IGFBP -3, and IGF-I are Africa is well documented at numerous measured for each of the 268 adult and strongly correlated. Compared to man- sites, with the majority of excavated lo- sub-adult specimens and analyzed using gabeys, baboons show stronger correla- calities situated in or near coastal areas. geometric morphometric methods. tions between hormone levels and somatic Although the MSA is represented in the There is an association between the measurements; male baboons in particu- Witwatersrand area (e.g. Member 4 of amount of size dimorphism and one as- lar show significant correlations between Swartkrans, upper deposits of Gladys- pect of the mating system, namely, the all hormones and all somatic measure- vale), no hominin fossils have yet been ratio of males to females per group. Fur- ments. recovered from these localities. In fact, thermore, we find an association between These results suggest that baboon life human skeletal remains associated with a quite different measure of intrasexual history patterns result, at least in part, MSA assemblages in southern Africa in competition among males (sperm competi- from hormonal integration during growth. general are rare, and tend to be quite tion) and another measure of dimorphism Devotion of hormonal resources to growth fragmentary. The hominin fossils recov- specific to shape: the divergence angle first and reproduction later enable disso- ered from the in situ decalcified deposits between within-sex growth allom etry and ciation of fitness components that are of Plover’s Lake, although fragmentary, between -sex mean shape difference. We interrelated in other papionins. These represent the first hominins directly asso- interpret these findings by considering findings are discussed, and implications ciated with an MSA industry in the Wit- various male mating strategies and inter- for understanding the physiological me- watersrand area. These fossils are consis- specific differences in the actual pattern diators of primate development and life tent with modern Homo sapiens, although of growth allometry. histories are considered. taxonomic attribution based on isolated This research is supported by a PhD This research was supported by NSF teeth must be considered tentative. grant from the University of Vienna; by (SBR 9707361). The faunal assemblage associated with the Austrian Council for Science and the hominin fossils is rich and varied. Technology 200.049/3 – VI/I/2001; and by Although predominantly modern forms the Austrian Science Foundation P14738. are represented at Plovers, at least six extinct taxa are also recognized. Carni- Integration among hormonal pa- vores are plentiful, being dominated by rameters of growth in baboons: Im- 66 AAPA Abstracts

The interrelationship of status and In this research I compare patterns of rule is more appropriate when exploiting health in the Tellico Reservoir: A positional behavior in juvenile and adult highly depletable, slow-renewing re- biocultural analysis. Cebus capucinus and examine the degree sources. Here, I test the use of the win- to which adult patterns of locomotion and stay rule in one group of red titi monkeys, T.K. Betsinger. Dept. of Anthropology, posture develop during ontogeny. Cebus two groups of black-chinned emperor The Ohio State University. capucinus was observed from April- tamarins, and two groups of Weddell's September 2002 at Estación Biológica La saddleback tamarins during a series of Anthropologists have been interested in Suerte in Northeastern Costa Rica. foraging tasks. This study was conducted the interaction of health and status in Quantitative behavioral data were col- at the Parque Zoobotanico/UFAC, Rio prehistoric populations for many years. lected on juveniles and adults utilizing Branco, Brazilian Amazon, from Septem- This paper investigates how social strati- one-minute focal animal instantaneous ber 1997 to January 1998. Four feeding fication affected health at three Dallas sampling. Data were collected on posi- stations composed of eight visually identi- phase (A.D. 1300-1600) sites from the tional behavior, activity pattern, details of cal feeding platforms were constructed. Tellico Reservoir in eastern Tennessee: prehensile-tail use, and substrate utiliza- In all test settings, two platforms at each Citico (40MR7), Toqua (40MR6), and To- tion. Cebus were observed for 205 hours feeding station contained a food reward motley (40MR5). Skeletal indicators of totaling 12,300 activity records. (banana) and the remaining six platforms stress are used to determine the health of Results indicate that adults and juve- contained a sham reward (plastic or inac- the people interred at the three sites, niles were similar in their use of posi- cessible banana). Spatial information while burial location is utilized to estab- tional modes. During feeding and forag- (location of food rewards) was reliable lish the status of these people. Analyses ing, the most common positional modes during some experiments and unreliable conducted on the data collected from 649 observed in adults and juveniles included during others. All three species consis- skeletal remains compare the occurrence sit, squat, quadrupedal stand, and quad- tently adopted a win-stay rule for return- of stress markers between mound and rupedal walk. During feeding, juveniles ing to reward platforms when their loc a- village burials, among village burials, and used the positional mode squat more often tion was predictable over time, but among mound burials. (46%) than adults (16.5%) while adults stopped using it when their spatial distri- The results of these analyses indicate were observed to sit (59.4%) more often bution changed randomly. Research sup- that there are differences in the incidence than juveniles (29.8%). Tail-assisted feed- ported by CAPES, FBPN, WWF-Brazil, of stress markers based on status; indi- ing and foraging accounted for 34% of the Wenner-Gren, ASP, CLACS/UIUC, viduals buried in mounds were less af- adult and 46% of juvenile observations. UFAC, and S.O.S. Amazonia. fected than individuals buried in villages, During travel, prehensile tail use was less which is probably due to differential dis- common (2.2% in adults and 4.3% in ju- Adult stature estimation from the tribution of food. Individuals in the veniles). While juveniles and adults ex- calcaneus of South African blacks. Toqua mound were more stressed than hibited a similar positional repertoire, those in the Citico mound, which may be differences in the frequency of particular M.A. Bidmos, S.A. Asala. School of Ana- the result of population size, and, ther e- positional modes may relate to differences tomical Sciences, University of the Wit- fore, food availability. Toqua village had in limb and trunk proportions. Additional watersrand. the most stress of the three villages, relationships among substrate use, posi- which is possibly a function of political tional behavior, and limb proportions in Stature is an important factor in estab- structure and food distribution. While Cebus are discussed. lishing the identity of a person in the various studies have examined the inter- living as well as in the skeletonized state. action of health and status, few have The win-stay rule in within-patch When stature is estimated from the bones studied this phenomenon on a multi-site foraging decisions in free-ranging titi of the limbs, regression equations, which basis. This paper focuses on how site monkeys (Callicebus cupreus cu- estimate the ratios of the bones to the structure, population size, political struc- preus) and tamarins (Saguinus im- height of the individual, are generated. ture, and other factors affect this interac- perator imperator and S. fuscicollis The majority of the bones that have been tion. The complex nature of status and weddelli). used are the long bones. The calcaneus health is demonstrated through the use of has been used for estimating stature only a biocultural perspective. J.C. Bicca-Marques. Faculdade de Bio- in the American whites and blacks (Hol- ciencias, Pontificia Universidade Catolica land, 1994). The regression equations that Patterns of positional behavior in do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. he generated were found to be useful for juvenile and adult white-faced capu- stature estimation in these population chins (Cebus capucinus). Spatial memory of the distribution of groups. Since the calcaneus has not been potential resources plays an important used for the same purpose in South Af- M.F. Bezanson. University of Arizona. role in primate foraging efficiency by rica, the aim of this study was to derive minimizing time and energy in random regression equations that will allow this An understanding of ontogenetic differ- search. Resources exploited by rainforest bone to be used for stature estimation ences in patterns of positional behavior primates may vary in availability on time amongst South African blacks. A total of and substrate utilization in nonhuman scales of weeks, days, or hours within the 116 complete skeletons (60 males and 56 primates offers insight into the effects same day. Consequently, distinct forag- females) were selected from the Raymond that changes in body mass, motor coordi- ing rules need to be applied for efficiently A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, nation, and limb proportions have on using the spatial knowledge of the distri- School of Anatomical Sciences, University behavior and ecology. The genus Cebus is bution of resources showing different of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The characterized by a pattern of growth in temporal patterns of renewal. In this total skeletal heights of these sets of which compared to the adult condition, respect, a win-stay rule is very important skeleton were calculated using Fully’s limb segments are shorter at birth and for monkeys exploiting abundant, long- (1956) anatomical method. Nine calcaneal grow at slow rates relative to the trunk. lasting resources, whereas a win-shift parameters were measured and regressed AAPA Abstracts 67

against the total skeletal heights using First line defense: Male dominance rado, 9National Museum of Natural His- univariate and multivariate regression rank and aggression against extra- tory. methods. Regression equations were troop males in a wild group of For- therefore obtained for use in estimating mosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Kanjera South, western Kenya, pr e- stature from the calcaneus of the South serves early hominin behavior in a unique African black population. The standard W.A. Birky. Dept. of Anthropology, Cali- geographical and ecological context. In error of estimate that was obtained when fornia State University, Northridge. 1995, our team found fauna and Oldowan univariate regression analysis was done artifacts from the relatively unknown was higher than the corresponding values This study examined which resident Southern Exposures at Kanjera South. following multivariate regression analy- males were most aggressive toward extra- Taphonomically controlled excavations sis. In both cases, the standard errors of troop males. Three resident males were were begun in 1996 in sediments ap- estimate compared well with the values present in the group and extra-troop proximately 2 Ma. The largest of these, that have been obtained for fragmentary males followed the group during the mat- Excavation 1 (175 m2), has yielded Ol- long bones by previous authors. ing season. During the mating season, a dowan artefacts and fossils exhibiting daily average of two of the six adult fe- hominid and carnivore damage. The ear- Are juveniles at greater risk than males in the study group were mating liest known Oldowan sites date from ca adults? Preliminary data on ecologi- (range = 1-5). Inter-male aggression was 2.6 Ma and are located within the East cal risk aversion in two species of correlated with the number of observed African Rift Valley. Located on the shores neotropical monkeys (Cebus albi- mounts and males were most aggressive of Lake Victoria’s Winam Gulf, Kanjera is frons and Saimiri boliviensis) in toward other males during the mating between the branches of the rift valley – a Peru. season. While aggression among the geographical setting from which there are three resident males was highest during no other known Oldowan occurrences. L. Bidner. Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona the mating season, most inter-male ag- Abundant faunal remains are well pr e- State University. gression involved extra-troop males. Dur- served owing to the sedimentation regime ing the breeding season, 75% of all ob- dominated by the Homa Mountain car- It has been proposed that slow growth served male-male aggression was between bonatite volcano complex. Fossils have rates of many juvenile primates may con- resident males and extra-troop males. good stratigraphic provenance and pr e- stitute a tactic to avoid starvation during Extra-troop males were rarely observed serve anatomical detail, so we can use an age period where they may experience near the group outside of the mating sea- several methods of paleoecological analy- both (1) high predation risk, and (2) high son and 99% of all observed resident male sis. Taxon -free, ecomorphic analysis of food competition, if they stay near the aggression toward extra-troop males oc- antelope postcrania and taxon -based fau- center of the group to avoid that preda- curred during this time. There was a nal analysis suggest that the majority of tion (Janson and van Schaik, 1993). negative correlation between resident faunal remains came from animals that However, preliminary research on C. albi- male dominance rank and aggression preferred open-country habitats. Isotopic frons and S. boliv iensis over a two-month toward extra-troop males. The lowest analysis of paleosols from Excavation 1 period at Cocha Cashu Biological Field ranking male performed the most attacks corroborate these results, suggesting that Station in Peru suggests that juveniles on extra-troop males and the highest the accumulation of stone artifacts and may not respond as predicted to the ec o- ranking male the least. These differences faunal remains at Kanjera occurred in a logical risks of starvation and predation. among the resident males were statisti- relatively open grassland setting. This Data were taken at the onset of the dry cally significant. The presence of super- contrasts with somewhat later sites at season when fruit was relatively scarce. numerary males may benefit an alpha Olduvai, where archeological site forma- One raptor attack on a S. boliviensis troop male in that he maintains primary access tion is documented in more closed and was observed during the study, and nu- to females while the other males defend wooded habitats. Our studies demon- merous potential predators have been against extra-troop males. The gamma strate that Oldowan hominins had con- observed and studied at the site (e.g. Ter- male’s high rate of agonistic interaction siderable behavioral flexibility and lived borgh, 1983; Emmons, 1987). Thus, it is with extra-troop males may indicate that in a range of habitats during the later assumed that ecological risks were not among the three resident males, his ac- Pliocene and early Pleistocene. trivial for the juvenile primates during cess to females was most threatened by the study period. However, the juveniles extra-troop male incursions. Can heterochrony explain patterns of did not avoid low or high levels of the craniofacial growth in three species canopy more than adults or forage nearer The paleoenvironmental setting of of howler monkeys? A test using a neighbors than adults did. Additionally, hominin activities at Kanjera South, multivariate tool. juveniles spent similar amounts of time western Kenya. feeding, foraging and engaging in vigilant M.B. Blanco, L.R. Godfrey. Dept. of An- behavior as adult troop members. While L.C. Bishop1, T.W. Plummer 2, J. Ferraro3, thropology, University of Massachusetts. preliminary, these initial data indicate P.W. Ditchfield4, F. Hertel5, J.D. King- that juvenile behavior in certain species ston 6, D. Braun7, J. Hicks8, R.B. Potts9. We applied a new statistical tool, HET- of neotropical monkeys may not necessar- 1School of Biological and Earth Sciences, PAD (Heterochronic Prediction and Diag- ily fit a model for risk aversion. Further Liverpool John Moores University, 2Dept. nosis), to ontogenetic data collected for research is necessary not only to confirm of Anthropology, Queens College, 3Dept. of three species of howler monkeys: Alouatta the spatial patterning and behavioral Anthropology, University of California palliata (n=98), A. pigra (n=43) and A. tactics observed during this study, but Los Angeles, 4Laboratory for Archaeology, seniculus (n=67). HETPAD treats suites also to more fully assess ecological risks Oxford University, 5California State Uni- of traits simultaneously and tests the specific to juvenile primates. versity at Northridge, 6Emory University, efficacy of heterochronic processes (either 7Rutgers University, 8University of Colo- globally or in distinct modular units) in explaining ontogenetic differences. For 68 AAPA Abstracts

each skull, 33 cranial landmarks were genetic approaches still currently in microsyopoid plesiadapiforms and eupri- digitized using a Microscribe. Digital vogue in the anthropological community mates to the exclusion of dermopterans, photographs of the dentitions were used are no longer valid. In this paper, I will chiropterans, or scandentians is also sup- to quantify the degree of macrowear (us- review the current state-of-the-science for ported. Further cladistic analyses utilizing SigmaScan Pro), and (with dental mapping and identifying genes influencing cranial, postcranial, and dental ev i- eruption data) to assign ages (from 0.2 to ing quantitative traits in human popula- dence are underway and promise to more 20 years) to individuals. Using distances tions. I will show that by using a genome fully resolve the phylogenetic position of between cranial landmarks, logistic scan approach, even the most complex of Carpolestidae relative to other primates. growth curves were calculated for pooled phenotypes (such as behavioral phen o- sexes of each species, and for males and types) can be genetically dissected, includ- A phylogenetic approach to quantify- females in A. palliata. HETPAD was ing the localization of underlying quanti- ing the relationship between age of then applied to test alternative heter o- tative trait loci (QTLs) and the complete first reproduction and maximum chronic explanations of their differences. description of their functional allelic ar- lifespan. Molecular data have demonstrated that chitectures. Using these methods, many A. palliata and A. pigra are more closely of the controversies regarding the genetic G.E. Blomquist, M.M. Kowalewski, S.R. related to each other than is either to A. basis of neurobehavioral traits can be Leigh. Dept. of Anthropology, University seniculus. Heterochrony (changes in the resolved. of Illinois. timing of developmental events) is thought to be an important source of mor- Comparative cranial anatomy and Recent models of human life history pholog ical differences between closely cladistic analysis of Paleocene pri- evolution imply correlated evolution related organisms. One might therefore mate Carpolestes simpsoni using ul- among a variety of reproductive and sur- assume that the ontogenetic trajectories tra high resolution X-ray computed vivorship variables. However, questions of conspecific males and females, or of tomography. remain about the strength of structural individuals belonging to closely related relationships among these variables. species, would be more likely to differ via J.I. Bloch1, M.T. Silcox2. 1Dept. of Geolog i- Moreover, relatively few analyses have simple heterochronic shifts than would cal Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, applied rigorous phylogenetic controls to more distantly-related species. This pa- University of Michigan, 2Dept. of Anthro- this problem. This study explores the per examines that supposition for howler pology, University of Winnipeg. patterns of correlations among life history monkeys. variables in order to evaluate mecha- Supported by the Statistical Consulting Newly discovered crania of Carpolestes nisms that influence specific human life Center, UMASS, Amherst. simpsoni, acid prepared from latest Pa- history attributes. leocene limestones from the Clarks Fork Data are derived from literature Quantitative trait locus mapping in Basin, Wyoming, are the first described sources, and include age at maturation psychiatric/behavioral genetics: The for the family Carpolestidae. The two (alpha), lifespan estimates, and body state-of-the-science. most complete skulls were studied using mass for anthropoid primates. Regression ultra high resolution X-ray computed analyses and partial correlations are ap- J. Blangero. Dept. of Genetics, Southwest tomography. Data presented here dem- plied to these data to assess structural Foundation for Biomedical Research. onstrate that diversity of cranial form in relations among variables and provide archaic primates (Plesiadapiformes) is scaling information. Phylogenetic control The revolutionary advances in human greater than previously thought. The is undertaken using independent con- genetics during the last decade promise to skull of Carpolestes differs from Eupri- trasts. Nine clades within the anthropoid finally open up the black box of complex mates and is similar to other plesiadapi- sample are defined, six of which are trait genetics early in this new century. forms (Ignacius and Plesiadapis ) in lack- nonoverlapping. Partial correlations with Important breakthroughs in both molecu- ing a postorbital bar and a reduced snout. phylogenetically unadjusted data show no lar and statistical genetic techniques now Unlike Ignacius, which has an entotym- significant associations between alpha make it possible to localize and identify panic bulla, Carpolestes appears to have a and maximum lifespan in anthropoids. the genes that influence quantitative petrosal bulla, a condition also found in Contrasts, however, indicate that alpha phenotypes using studies of extended Plesiadapis and Euprimates. Carpolestes and maximum lifespan are moderately human families. Applications of this pow- has an unreduced internal carotid circula- correlated (r=.720, p<.001). Adjusted data erful strategy are still in their earliest tion with clear grooves for both the prom- scale near isometry (m=.934 +/- .179). phases in the immensely complicated area ontorial and stapedial arteries. These These results provide evidence for corre- of psychiatric and behavioral genetics. vessels take a transpromontorial route lated evolution between alpha and maxi- This phenotypic area has been the subject from a posteromedially positioned poste- mum lifespan. However, the strength of of much controversy regarding the rela- rior carotid foramen, with no evidence these correlations creates problems in tive importance of heredity versus envi- that bony tubes surrounded them (unlike interpreting specific cases and implies ronment since classical biometric ap- those of euprimates and Ignacius). Car- there is substantial room for divergent proaches generally confound these two polestes differs from other plesiadapi- adaptive histories between these two important dimensions making their sepa- forms and all prim itive euprimates in traits. This may suggest that long delays rate evaluation difficult. Given this prob- possessing a two-chambered auditory in human maturation are not necessarily lem, some biological anthropologists have bulla similar to that of modern Tarsius. offset by compensatory changes in life- spent a great deal of time attempting to However, cladistic analysis of cranial span. Other life history, demographic, or repudiate simplistic definitions of herita- characteristics supports a mon ophyletic cultural variables may play significant bility. However, the modern genomic ap- Euprimates, excluding Carpolestes, sug- roles in structuring human life histories. proach eliminates the confounding of gesting that this bullar configuration is genes and environment. Thus, classical the result of convergent evolution. A arguments regarding the inadequacy of primate clade that includes all non- AAPA Abstracts 69

Correlated evolution in hominid mid- This study tests the strength of the ph y- alcelaphine and antilopine bovids in the facial morphology: Neandertals in a logenetic signal contained within these Omo is very low (less than 5% of the comparative context. characters to determine whether they fauna) in the early part of the sequence, diagnose the groups of living primate taxa but increases after 2.5 Ma and shows J.A. Blumenfeld, G.E. Blomquist, M.M. for which they are proposed. pronounced peaks after 2 Ma. In contrast, Kowalewski. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- The hypotheses are evaluated by means at East and West Turkana, these bovids versity of Illinois. of character state analysis performed on have higher abundances than in the Omo seven metric characters derived from and do not show pronounced trends Much attention has been focused on associated upper pr emolar and molar through time. At Hadar, a marked in- understanding the significance of Nean- data collected from seventeen extant and crease in alcelaphine bovids occurs sev- dertal craniofacial morphology in terms of fifteen extinct catarrhine species. The eral hundr ed thousand years earlier than both function and phylogeny. Compara- computer programme MacClade is used to in the Omo. These results show that al- tive studies examining the functional optimize character state distributions at though climate may have driven some significance of the Neandertal midface hypothetical extant ancestral nodes and faunal changes in Africa, local and re- have revolved around climatic, phylog e- subsequently, to evaluate the recon- gional environmental differences linked to netic or biomechanical explanations. Al- structed nodes on published topologies tectonic and volcanic processes also ternatively, these features may be related that incorporate fossil taxa. played a role in shaping the habitats and to species differences in size. The results indicate that there is only a adaptive pressures affecting early homi- In this study, characteristic Neandertal very weak phylogenetic signal contained nid evolution. facial features that are generally thought within upper premolar size and cusp het- to be adaptations to either a cold climate eromorphy, as both characters fail to un- Milk and human development. or intense anterior tooth use are exam- ambiguously diagnose groups of living ined in relation to a diverse comparative apes as clades. Further analyses suggest B. Bogin, M.I. Varela-Silva. Dept. of Be- sample of both fossil and recent humans that relative upper premolar enlargement havioral Sciences, University of Michigan- in order to determine whether they are is an adaptation to hard object feeding, Dearborn. significantly correlated with species dif- but the functional significance of cusp ferences in size. These features are: pr o- heteromorphy remains unclear. These Milk is a problem food for medical, nu- nounced midfacial prognathism (meas- findings imply that phylogenetic analyses tritional, and biological anthropologists. ured by the zygomaxillary angle and the that incorporate one or both dental traits Milk consumption causes more allergies nasio-frontal angle) and nasal apertures to develop a phylogenetic framework and adverse reactions than most other that are very broad in relation to facial within which to place fossil taxa relative foods. Milk also is associated with many breadth (measured by the nasal/facial to extant anthropoids are fundamentally positive health measures, including breadth index). Size was estimated for the flawed because neither character provides greater stature, greater bone density, and purpose of this analysis as the geometric convincing evidence of common ancestry lower blood pressure early in life as well mean of five facial measurements. relationships. as less risk for premenstrual syndrome Incor poration of size-adjustment in this and for osteoporosis later in life. Data analysis strongly affected the results. The A comparative approach to faunal from post-World War II Japan, several two midfacial angles show correlated analysis in the Hadar and Turkana pastoralist cultures around the world, evolution, the strength of which increases regions. nutrition supplementation programs, and once size-adjusted. However, the na- experimental studies are, generally, con- sal/facial breadth index and the zygomax- R. Bobe1, A.K. Behrensmeyer1, G. Eck2, L. sistent in support of milk consumption. illary angle covary only in the unadjusted Leakey3. 1Smithsonian Institution, 2Uni- The nutrients contained in milk, espe- 3 data. This analysis shows a strong struc- versity of Washington, National Muse- cially calcium, vitamin D3, protein, phos- tural integration between the two midfa- ums of Kenya. phorous, and fats, are known to be neces- cial angles. However, this does not dis- sary for adequate bone development and criminate between climatic, phylogenetic The relationship between climatic and growth, both in length and in bone den- or biomechanical explanations for Nean- faunal change provides key evidence for sity. The risk for health problems in later dertal midfacial prognathism. hypotheses concerning cause and effect in life, particularly for osteoporosis, may be evolution. In this context, an appropriate reduced by greater consumption of milk Assessment of upper premolar mor- scale of faunal analysis is the sedimen- during infancy and childhood. Milk sup- phological traits as reliable phyloge- tary basin, which presents an intermedi- plementation programs in schools im- netic indicators. ate level of resolution between large-scale prove both school attendance and school patterns of climatic change and local pat- performance. A Portuguese milk supple- L.C. Blundell. Dept. of Anthropology, terns observed in paleontological locali- mentation program is highlighted as an University of Durham. ties. Here we integrate and compare data example of the benefits of milk on both from two of the most fossiliferous sedi- physical and cognitive development. Upper premolar morphological traits mentary basins that preserve East Afri- Original research with the offspring (10- have been used in several studies that can Plio-Pleistocene mammals, the Tur- 14 years old) of Cape Verde immigrants to argue for alternative phyletic placements kana Basin and the Hadar Region (Kenya Portugal shows that the end of the milk of early and middle Miocene fossil homi- and Ethiopia). The data derive from the program in 1994 is associated with a noids relative to extant primate clades. Hadar Faunal catalog and the Turkana negative secular trend is stature for boys The underlying interpretation is that Basin Paleoecology Database. Our results and no change in stature for girls. Esti- upper premolar enlargement relative to show that the fauna from different areas mates of milk consumption by the chil- the first and/or second molar and a reduc- of the Turkana Basin (Omo, West Tur- dren (5-12 years old) of Maya immigrants tion in upper premolar cusp heteromor- kana, Koobi Fora) did not always vary to the United States show no statistically phy are characteristic of extant apes. synchronously. Thus, the proportion of significant effect on stature. For these 70 AAPA Abstracts

Maya-American children milk consump- Epiphyseal union and dental eruptions necessarily summarized by a simple tion may be part of an obesogenic diet. were assessed for each skeleton, and cra- height profile, while a uniform asymme- nial capacities measured. try still appears uniform in these grids. Genetic relationships among the Hamadryas baboons and vervet monkeys We emphasize three problems of endur- prehistoric Adena and Hopewell. show similarities in growth, specifically in ing interest to anthropologists: directional the expression of sex differences. Females asymmetry of bony craniofacial form, soft- D.A. (Weiss) Bolnick. Dept. of Anthropol- and males of both species differ in trunk tissue facial form, and whole-body soft ogy, University of California, Davis. length, a measurement that becomes ev i- tissue form in humans. Particularly in- dent only after dental eruption is com- teresting for applications in applied an- The prehistoric Adena (2500-1800 ybp) plete; in addition, adult females have a thropometrics is a new model of pure size and Hopewell (2100-1600 ybp) cultural greater brain size relative to body mass bilaterality, wherein the mirrored land- traditions of the Ohio and Illinois Valleys compared to the adult males. mark configurations differ in size but not are well known for their elaborate mortu- However, the two species differ in female in shape between left and right. This ary practices, large burial mounds and growth rates. Female vervets fuse all model corresponds to the unspoken as- earthwork sites, and extensive exchange pelvic elements at a younger dental age sumption behind most of the classic trait- networks. These two cultural traditions than do female hamadryas. In contrast driven asymmetry methods. When land- have been the subject of intense archaeo- to the differences in hip joints, the elbows, mark data are available, it becomes a logical research for over a century, but knees, ankles, wrists and shoulder joints testable hypothesis instead. many questions still remain about the of both species fused at the same dental populations who practiced them. In par- age. Space available in the mandible does ticular, since archaeological data cannot These findings suggest that males “bulk not influence times of molar initia- provide direct evidence of genetic rela- up” during juvenility without an increase tion. tionships, the biological relationships in trunk length or brain size, which may among Adena and Hopewell populations be part of a cercopithecine model of devel- J.C. Boughner, M.C. Dean, P. O’Higgins. are unknown and it remains uncertain opment. Female growth rate differences Evolutionary Anatomy Unit, Dept. of whether the appearance of these cultural in the pelvis suggest that dental and Anatomy and Developmental Biology, traditions resulted from biological skeletal growth may be independently University College London. changes (e.g. population expansions and regulated and that the differences repr e- subsequent admixture or replacement sent species-specific adaptations. The A fundamental question in primate oro- events). The biological relationships be- earlier completion of vervet pelvic growth dental evolution is whether space avail- tween these ancient populations and may be necessary to support earlier re- able in the growing mandible for the de- modern Native American groups also production (as young as 4 years compared veloping permanent dentition influences remain unknown. to the hamadryas baboons at about 6.5 or controls tooth initiation times. The To help resolve these questions, skeletal years). This study refines our knowledge aim of this study was to identify any dif- samples were obtained from two Adena of Old World monkey patterns of growth, ferences in mandibular growth that might burial mounds in Kentucky and from the and female/male differences in matura- underlie known differences in the timing Middle Woodland (Hopewell) Klunk site tion. of permanent molar tooth initiation that in Illinois. DNA was extracted from these exist between baboons (Papio anubis samples and mitochondrial DNA Decomposing directional asymmetry n=52) and great apes (Pan troglodytes (mtDNA) haplogroups, defined by restric- for bilateral landmark data: Applica- n=60, Pan paniscus n=44). Radiographic tion fragment length polymorphisms and tions to the adult human face and and three-dimensional (3D) co-ordinate the presence or absence of a 9-bp deletion, body. landmark data were taken from individu- were identified. A portion of the mtDNA als of these three taxa representing a control region was also sequenced in a F.L. Bookstein1,2, K. Schaefer1. 1Institute broad range of developmental ages. Mul- subset of individuals. These data were for Anthropology, University of Vienna, tivariate statistical shape analyses compared with data from other prehis- 2Dept. of Biostatistics and Institute of (MSSA) show that baboon and ape man- toric and modern Native American popu- Gerontology, University of Michigan. dibles develop across statistically differ- lations to evaluate genetic relatedness ent ontogenetic trajectories of shape and to help characterize the genetic pr e- For landmark point data, fluctuating change, while those of the two ape species history of the Ohio and Illinois valleys. asymmetry (FA) and directional asymme- are identical. MSSA of all developing try (DA) have recently been reinterpreted molar crowns and the mandibular canal Anatomical growth and development not as numerical summaries of trait val- demonstrate that ontogenetic trajectories in hamadryas baboons (Papio hama- ues but instead as statistical components of shape change of the molar row are in- dryas) compared with the closely of the difference between the shape of a distinguishable among these three taxa. related vervet monkeys (Cercopith- landmark configuration and of its mirror Qualitative studies of the 3D molar data ecus aethiops). image as that shape difference varies over show that neither space between adjacent a sample of organisms. Both DA and FA molar crowns nor space distal to the last D.R. Bolter. University of California, can then be displayed as thin-plate spline initiated molar to the mandibular for a- Santa Cruz. grids (for FA, the display is of principal men is significantly different between components). These grids obey an un- Papio or Pan at any time. While the pat- Growth patterns were compared be- usual formal constraint: the left and right tern of mandibular growth is different tween a mixed-age sample of 16 ham a- halves are exact mathematical opposites. between genera, neither pattern of per- dryas baboons collected from Ethiopia This peculiar property leads to a conven- manent molar crown mineralisation nor with a collection of 63 vervets from ient special language for reporting the the space surrounding each developing Uganda. In both samples, body mass and grids in biological terms. For instance, DA crypt or germ is taxonomically distinct. trunk lengths were recorded at collection. at the unpaired (midline) landmarks is Rather, the mandible and dentition are a AAPA Abstracts 71

good example of two developmentally female social groups, but they exhibit morphological features which have been autonomous systems that have evolved in very different spatial and social organiza- suggested to show regional continuity are compliment, each under strong selection tion. Though matriline dynamics of both examined among early modern Europe- pressures. spec ies are similar, vervet males exhibit ans. Based on these results and other the complex adult male alliances and pieces of evidence critical to the gene flow Population-level genetic variability interactions that are frequently seen in problem, it is considered which of the in wild western gorillas. Papio and Macaca. Sykes’ monkeys, in different scenarios best fits with the fossil contrast, did not tolerate more than one evidence. B.J. Bradley 1,2, D. Doran1, C. Cipolletta3, adult male in close quarters. A. Todd3, E. Stokes4, C. Boesch2, L. Vigi- In our laboratory, when an adult male Paleopathological investigations at lant2. 1Anthropological Sciences, SUNY at vervet monkey was aggressively defeated the historic cemetery of St. Martins, Stony Brook, 2Max Planck Institute for by a another male, the loser had numer- England. Evolutionary Anthropology, 3Bai Hokou, ous options - migration, within group WWF Dzanga-Sangha Project, BP 1052 avoidance, redirection of tension, appeal M. Brickley, J. Adams, H. Berry, A.G. Bangui, Central African Republic, 4Mbeli to a supporting matriline, and support of Western. Institute of Archaeology & An- Bai, WCS Noubalé -Ndoki Project, BP male allies. However the defeat of a tiquity, University of Birmingham. 14537 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Sykes’ monkey male resulted in only two options, migration or death. Although Investigation of historic cemeteries, for Previous studies of genetic diversity in there was no observable aggression or which documentary sources exist, pr o- gorillas have reported a high degree of intimidation, defeated Sykes’ monkey vides a unique opportunity to investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence males underwent a “wasting” regime the effects of socio-economic conditions on variability in western gorillas as com- where they refuse food and water. the health of individuals. Re- pared to mountain gorillas (nucleotide Movement across a cognitively defined development and landscaping of the area diversity, p, = 5.19% and 0.580% respec- barrier turned wasting behaviors on and around St. Martin’s church, Birmingham, tively). However, this finding was based off. These behaviors offer a unique in- England, required excavation of the site. largely on samples from captive individu- sight in some of the mechanisms that 35 vaults and 775 earth-cut graves, dat- als of unknown, but probably widespread, underlie the species differences in male ing predominantly to the 18th and 19th geographical origin. Here we report re- spatial and social behaviors. centuries were located and investigated. sults from the first investigation of ge- The Department of Anthropology and Documentary work undertaken demon- netic variation in western gorillas at the the College of Liberal Arts at the Univer- strates that those buried in vaults were population level using a limited geo- sity of Texas at Austin maintained these part of the new middle class of the rapidly graphic sampling regime similar to that guenon groups from 1968 to 1998 as a developing city. For example, older mem- used in studies of mountain gorillas. We resource for undergraduate students in a bers of the extended family buried in collected feces samples from wild western primate behavior class. vault 5 had moved to Birmingham from gorillas (n = 26) at three sites in the Cen- villages in the region at the turn of the tral Africa Republic – Republic of Congo The Neandertal-modern transition: 19th century and established what became border region (Mondika, Bai Hokou, and Models, gene flow and the fossil evi- successful businesses, allowing a move to Mbeli Bai) with a maximum distance of < dence. the new suburbs around the city. Analy- 70 km between sites. A 382 bp segment of sis of individuals from vaults demon- the mtDNA control region (HVR1) was G. Bräuer. Dept. of Human Biology, Uni- strated that 78% of individuals were cloned and sequenced. Our results indi- versity of Hamburg. largely complete and most (70%) were cate that although western gorillas may well preserved, allowing comprehensive have a high degree of genetic variability There are a number of different scenar- recording of skeletal pathology and ab- across their range, genetic diversity ios regarding the relationship between normalities. within this regionally-defined population Neandertals and early modern Europe- Investigation of skeletal pathology has is quite low (p = 0.327), and is in fact ans, ranging from a gradualist ancestor- revealed a number of interesting results. similar to that observed in mountain go- descendant model to complete replace- Although, levels of deformity linked to rillas. We found only 5 haplotypes, or ment of the Neandertals by immigrant vitamin D efficiency was low in individu- unique sequences, among the individuals modern populations. Most researchers als from vaults (1.3%), other conditions sequenced, and the most common haplo- appear to favor an African origin of mod- were seen more frequently than in the type was shared by 60% of these indi- ern morphology and some degree of gene rest of the site, for example DISH (4.9%) viduals. This result is consistent with a flow during the period of co-existence in and nasal fractures (5.8%). The differ- scenario in which the high mtDNA diver- Europe. However, controversy exists as to ences in levels of pathologies is reviewed sity of western gorillas is a result of popu- the possible degree of Neandertal contri- and it is demonstrated that although the lation substructuring, and also suggests bution to the early modern gene pool, move out of the city to the suburbs may female gene flow may be limited. which led to differing models. The present have protected against some conditions paper focuses on the different assump- ‘better’ levels of health did not automati- Behavioral contrasts between Sykes’ tions regarding the gene flow in the vari- cally follow. monkeys and vervets after adult male ous models and shows that they are turnover. partly due to misunderstanding. For ex- Broca’s area homologue in great ample, the Out-of-Africa model, as seen apes: Implications for language ev o- C.A. Bramblett. Dept. of Anthropology, by most of its supporters, is not identical lution? The University of Texas, Austin. to the extreme complete replacement view but assumes the possibility of gene flow D.C. Broadfield1, C. Sherwood2, P.R. Hof3, Sykes’ monkeys and vervet monkeys and accepts any convincing evidence of it R.L. Holloway2. 1Dept. of Anthropology characteristically have multimale, multi- in the fossil record. With this intention, and Dept. of Biomedical Science, Florida 72 AAPA Abstracts

Atlantic University, 2Dept. of Anthropol- sessing stress responses to male dispersal This hypothesis is tested using data ogy, Columbia University, 3Fishberg Re- in sifaka. collected from 915 Rendille women and search Center for Neurobiology and Kas- Analyses were based on a total of 525 their children, representative of both tor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, fecal samples collected over 3 field sea- nomadic and settled households. Meas- Mount Sinai School of Medicine sons from 84 adult males residing in 47 urement of women’s autonomy is based on different groups at Beza Mahafaly, Mada- the cumulative score from an eleven-item Functional language dominance in hu- gascar. Cortisol (CORT) and corticoster- questionnaire that ranks how much deci- mans has been related to anatom ical one (CCOS) radioimmunoassays were sion making power women have in things asymmetry of Broca’s area and the compared for their ability to detect gluco- such as birth control, children’s health planum temporale. The evolutionary his- corticoid metabolites in sifaka feces and to care and purchasing food. Children’s tory of these asymmetric patterns, how- index stressful events and states. Corre- nutritional status is based on anthropom- ever, remains obscure. Although testing of lations between CORT and CCOS were etrics, particularly height for weight Z- hypotheses about the evolution of lan- compared across samples and across scores. In a preliminary analysis using a guage areas requires comparison to ho- means for individual males. Associations hierarchical regression model, controlling mologous regions in the brains of our with male rank were tested for both for community and individual-level fac- closest living relatives, the great apes, to CORT and CCOS. Variations in fecal tors, women’s autonomy was found to be date little is known about normal inter- glucocorticoid levels were examined in marginally significant (p>.07) for children individual variation of these regions in relation to the diurnal cycle and disper- over 36 months. In this model, autonomy this group. Here we focus on Brodmann’s sal-related events. was positively correlated with children’s area 44 of Pan troglodytes and Gorilla Results showed that CORT and CCOS nutritional status (R=.161), that is as gorilla, an area that corresponds to the could be reliably and accurately measured women experienced greater levels of deci- pars opercularis of the inferior frontal in sifaka feces. However, mean CORT sion -making power, their children’s nutri- gyrus and has been shown to exhibit both levels for individual males were poorly tion improved. gross and cytoarchitectural asymmetries correlated with their mean CCOS. CORT in humans. We calculated frequencies of and CCOS profiles were qualitatively Facial expression musculature in sulcal variations and mapped the distri- similar, but peaks were proportionately Otolemur with a comparison to the bution of area 44 to determine whether its larger with the CCOS assay. Both CORT lemuroids. boundaries occurred at consistent cytoar- and CCOS varied annually, which may be chitectural landmarks. A considerable attributable to climatic or demographic A.M. Burrows1, T.D. Smith2. 1Dept. of amount of variation was found in the variables. Neither glucocorticoid was Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, distribution of inferior frontal sulci among significantly associated with male rank, 2School of Physical Therapy, Slippery great ape brains. The inferior precentral but varied in relation to dispersal events. Rock University. sulcus, in particular, was often bifurcated These data demonstrate that noninvasive making it impossible to determine the measures of stress can provide new in- Facial expression is a form of social posterior boundary of pars opercularis. sights into the regulation of male disper- signaling among mammals and is a pri- Additionally, the distribution of area 44 sal. mary means for close proximity non- showed very little correspondence to sur- Supported by NSF BCS9905985. verbal communication is achieved, most face anatomy. We conclude that gross notably in primates. Muscles of facial morphologic patterns do not offer sub- The effect of women’s autonomy on expression have been well described in stantive landmarks for the measurement child nutritional status in northern catarrhines and many lemuroids but their of Brodmann’s area 44 in great apes. Kenya. arrangement is poorly known in the loris- While the general architecture of this ids. This study presents gross and his- region is similar between apes and hu- E.K. Brunson, B. Shell-Duncan. Univer- tologic aspects of facial expression muscu- mans only further analyses of the cytoar- sity of Washington, Seattle. lature in Otolemur spp. and compares chitectural components of Broca’s area them to the arrangement in lemuroids. homologue will resolve questions of func- This study explores the role of female Dissections of 18 preserved faces of tional similarities. However, we are skep- autonomy – the ability to control house- Otolemur spp. were used (10 Otolemur tical, given these results, that this region hold and societal resources – among the crassicaudatus, 8 O. garnettii). Arrange- in apes is homologous in function. Rendille of northern Kenya. In this soci- ment and appearance of muscles were ety, as in many others, women are often examined and samples were gathered Noninvasive assessments of stress in responsible for making choices that affect from each muscle for histologic process- male sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). their household members, including the ing. The present study found 17 muscles type and amount of food they eat and of facial expression in Otolemur as com- D.K. Brockman1, K. Meltz2, P. L. what medical attention they receive. The pared to previous studies that located Whitten2. 1Duke University, 2Emory Uni- degree to which they are able to make only seven. Histologically, muscles of the versity. these decisions on their own, without ear region were arranged in tight, dense having to consult with or ask permission fascicles while muscles of the orbital re- Although stress plays a central role in from their husbands or in-laws, in other gion were arranged more loosely. Grossly, models of lemur social evolution, esti- words their level of autonomy, can dr a- facial expression muscles in Otolemur mates of stress in wild populations are matically affect how successful their ef- were similar in morphology and attach- limited. We have previously shown that forts are, however. In this study, it is ments to those in the lemuroids, with social disruption assoc iated with male hypothesized that as the level of a some differences in the ear region. O. dispersal in free-ranging male Propith- woman’s autonomy increases, so will the garnettii had several muscles that ap- ecus verreauxi elevates male testosterone. nutrition and consequently the health of peared to be more robust than in the lar- This study examined the utility of several her children. ger O. crassicaudatus, which may relate noninvasive corticosteroid assays for as- to dietary and/or social differences. Pre- AAPA Abstracts 73

vious studies concluded that Otolemur To investigate interspecific competition A comparison of the skeletons of South- possesses a primitive arrangement of in guenons, I studied ecological niche east Asian colobines document that red- facial expression muscles relative to partitioning in terms of diet and strata shanked and grey -shanked doucs are lemuroids. Results from this study do not use during a 13 month study of Cercopith- distinctive in being characterized by a support this conclusion and, in fact, sup- ecus campbelli, C. petaurista, and C. suite of anatomical features commonly port a far greater similarity between diana at Tai Forest, Cote d’Ivoire. Fruit associated with the suspensory behaviors greater bushbabies and lemuroids. These was the most common diet item for C. of spider and wooly spider monkeys and results may have taxonomic value relative campbelli and C. diana, but animal mat- hominoids. These include a long verte- to the position of Otolemur with lemur- ter was also important for C. campbelli. bral and short cranial border on the scap- oids and indicate the need to examine Foliage especially the young leaves and ula, a broad sternum and long clavicle, an other species of bushbabies. shoots of lianas was the most common elongated humerus, a medially oriented diet item for C. petaurista. Adult males of medial malleolus, a trochlea with medial Brain disorders in human evolution. all species ate more fruit than adult fe- and lateral margins of approximately the males, and juveniles ate more insects same size, extremely elongated radius D. Buxhoeveden, M.F. Casanova. Dept. of than adult males. However, intraspecific and ulna, a reduced olecranon process, a Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Medical diet overlap in food items was greater small pisiform, and long digits. This ana- Center and Medical College of Georgia. than interspecific overlap. Fruit avail- tomical suite along with the positional ability decreased in the short dry season behavior of red-shanked and grey- To the extent that evolution of modern (June-July). During this time, C. cam p- shanked douc langurs allows for a reap- Homo sapiens was influenced by creative belli ate primarily invertebrates; C. diana praisal of the locomotor sub-category Old genius, the expression of potentially ate primarily foliage, and C. petaurista World semibrachiator of Napier and harmful genes associated with disorders ate primarily flowers and fruit. Vertical Napier (1967). of the brain and mind, become an impor- stratification resulted in C.diana utilizing Supported in part by a Fulbright Re- tant part of the human condition, and not primarily the canopy, C. campbelli the search Fellowship to HHC and a Sigma Xi something ancillary to it. A problem lower strata and ground, and C. Grant to CDB. arises because in their full-blown mani- petaurista the middle strata. The major- festations these gen otypes seem to offer ity of C. campbelli fruit came from the Biomedical anthropology: From no selective advantages, while decreasing ground and small fruit trees. C.diana fed emer ging synthesis to established the chances for procreation. However, this more often in large fruit trees, and C. discipline. is a pseudo-problem if the genotypes are petaurista fed most often in medium and seen as distributed within a continuum. large fruit trees. Ecological niche parti- N. Cameron. Dept. of Human Sciences, Furthermore, the environments in which tioning was more distinct in the Tai gue- Loughborough University, UK. they appeared were constantly changing non community than in most guenon thereby creating the potential for new communities studied to date. Intraspecific The thought that medicine and anthro- adaptive niches. Beginning with the Up- diet differences and seasonal shifts in diet pology could be synthesised and that the per Paleolithic, the human species created were not as great as in some guenon product was greater than the sum of the and adapted to new ecosystems, culminat- communities suggesting that interspecific two parts would have been a radical de- ing in the modern ‘artificial’ world of the competition is not as important in Tai. parture from the compartmentalization 21st century. These parallel worlds fa- that characterised scientific thought, and vored genotypic expressions that lacked Anatomical correlates for suspensory action, in the middle of the 20th century. adaptive significance before the rise of behaviors in douc langurs. The fact that we now recognise a field of Homo sapiens. The favorable conditions legitimate academic study called “bio- for these ‘new’ geno-and-phenotypes C.D. Byron1, H.H. Covert2. 1Dept. of Cel- medical anthropology” is a tribute to the evolved, generally, in three major stages. lular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College pioneering work of a handful of anthro- The first corresponds roughly to the Up- of Georgia, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- pologists and clinicians who defined, per Paleolithic, the second to the onset of versity of Colorado, Boulder. shaped, and nurtured this emerging field civilization, and the final one to the mod- of enquiry. Johnston and Low (1984) – a ern technological-scientific society. Labels While it has been argued that none of physical anthropologist and a medical for these stages are convenient rather the Old World monkeys habitually anthropologist – sought to define biomedi- than definitive; nor do developments brachiate, our recent research at the En- cal anthropology as a combination of the within and between them occur linearly. dangered Primate Rescue Center of Cuc theory and methods of both physical and In each stage the adaptive value of links Phuong National Park, Vietnam has medical anthropology that pr ovides an between genius and certain mental disor- documented that both red-shanked and approach to questions of health and dis- ders would favor certain genotypes over grey-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix ease from an anthropological perspective. others. Thus, the current technological- nemaeus and P. cinerea) frequently use This approach explains the biological scientific environment may favor the ex- suspensory loc omotion and postures. basis of health and diseases but appreci- pression of behaviors formerly considered Moreover, these douc species express ates the socio-cultural context within divergent more than any previous period these suspensory behaviors much more which they coexist. Biomedical anthro- in human history or evolution. frequently than do Hatinh or Delacour's pology owes its distinction to three fac- langurs (Trachypithecus laotum and T. tors: (1) it applies anthropological theory Ecological partitioning in Tai Forest delacouri). For example, while suspen- to problems of health and disease, (2) its guenons: Cercopithecus campbelli, C. sory locomotion accounts for more than research focuses on a biological outcome, petaurista, C. diana. 45% of the locomotion of red-shanked and (3) explanations of health and disease douc langurs it accounts for less than 5% processes incorporate both biological and P.J. Buzzard. Columbia University, NY- of the locomotion of the Hatinh or Dela- cultural perspectives. In this way it is CEP. cour's langur. distinct from physical anthropology that 74 AAPA Abstracts

focuses on evolutionary and ecological tral/North and South American sites are macros written for Scion Image image outcomes, and medical anthropology that discussed. analysis freeware. Data from ipsilateral focuses on cultural systems of meaning femora and humeri at mid-distal (35% and behaviour to explain health and dis- Possible ecological impact of tephra length), midshaft (50% length), and mid- ease. This paper reviews 20 years of bio- deposition in the Koobi Fora Forma- proximal (65% length) diaphyseal cross- medical anthropology from its emergence tion, northern Kenya. sections are compiled. Left or right pairs as a synthesis to its acceptance as an from each individual are randomly cho- established discipline. C.J. Campisano. Dept. of Anthropology, sen. Johnston FE, Low SM. 1984. Biomedi- Rutgers University. Trends in MD of the femur relative to cal Anthropology: An Emerging Synthesis the corresponding location on the hume- in Anthropology. Yearbook of Physical While there have been numerous stud- rus emerge. Gorilla sexes, particularly in Anthropology 27:215-227. ies regarding volcanic deposits as western lowland gorillas, differ signifi- isochronous markers at paleoanthro- cantly at each diaphyseal location. Fe- Terrestrial behavior of spider mon- pological sites, little research has focused males typically exhibit greater humeral keys (Ateles spp.): A comparative on the ecologic and paleogeographic re- than femoral MD at each location along study. sponse to the abrupt and in some cases the diaphysis, while males typically ex- voluminous influx of volcanic material hibit greater humeral than femoral MD C.J. Campbell1, F. Aureli2, C.A. Chap- upon the hominid landscape. Her e, sedi- only at the mid-distal diaphysis. Chim- man3, G. Ramos-Fernandez4, Kim Mat- mentological and microstratigraphic panzees do not differ significantly by sex. thews2, S.E. Russo5, Scott Suarez6, Laura analyses of floodplain deposits of the Tulu Each sex tends to follow the same pattern Vick7. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Pomona Bor Tuff (ca. 3.4 Ma) from the Koobi Fora as male gorillas; greater humeral than College, 2School of Biological & Earth Formation as well as studies from modern femoral MD usually occurs only at the Sciences, Liverpool John Moores Univer- volcanic eruptions are used to elucidate mid-distal diaphysis. Side relative differ- sity, 3Dept. of Zoology, University of Flor- both the time frame of tephra deposition ences (i.e., in left pairs versus in right ida, 4Pronatura Peninsula de Yucatan, its potential impact on the pre-existing pairs) are usually more prevalent in Pan 5Program in Ecology, Ethology, and Evo- landscape and subsequent recovery. groups than Gorilla groups. Subspecies- lution, University of Illinois, 6IDPAS, While variation in the formation does specific relative differences in femoral and SUNY at Stony Brook, 7Anthropology, exist, a large area (>25km discontinuous humeral MD are also observed within Peace College. transect) was mantled by an average of each African pongid genus. three meters of very fine-grained tephra, One factor associated with fluctuations Spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) are well possibly in seasonal flooding regimes over in local MD of healthy individuals is mus- known for their highly arboreal lifestyle, a period as short as three years. Initial cle mass. Thus, these data suggest rela- spending much of their time in the high- impacts include the burial of grasses and tive differences in forelimb and hindlimb est levels of the canopy, rarely venturing at least sub-meter shrubs and brush as musculature of African pongids. down to the ground. We analyze ad libi- well as the isolation of the nutrient rich Research funded by a Dissertation Im- tum data from five study sites, covering top soil. Tephra deposition could also have provement Grant from NSF (BCS- two species and five subspecies, to inves- significantly delayed the subsequent re- 0002686), a General Research Grant from tigate ground use by this genus and at- covery of the usually dynamic floodplain the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, and the tempt to illuminate the conditions under environment for decades, leading to a Department of Anthropology, Indiana which spider monkeys venture to the relatively barren landscape consisting University. ground. Three of the sites are located in mainly of surviving large brush and trees. Central/North America: Barro Colorado At the bare minimum, this event con- A quantitative test of natural selec- Island, Panama (Ateles geoffroyi pan a- verted a variable environmental land- tion under changing environmental mensis), Santa Rosa National Park, Costa scape into one that was most likely ex- conditions. Rica (A. g. frontatus), and Punta Laguna, tremely uniform and with less topog- Mexico (A. g. yucatanensis). The two re- raphic variation. Similarly, it would have E.A. Carson. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- maining sites are in South America: modified the structure, species composi- versity of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Manu National Park, Peru (A. belzebuth tion, and overall abundance of the area’s chamek), and Yasuni National Park, Ec- vegetation. Such changes in floral com- Model-bound analyses of microevolu- uador (and A. b. belzebuth). Data suggest munities would no doubt have affected tionary processes have contributed sig- that ground use by Ateles across all sites the distribution of faunal communities, nificantly to our understanding of the is rare, however it is more restricted at including hominids, across the Pliocene mechanisms operating on phen otypic the two South American sites. In South landscape. traits. These methods, however, make America, ground use was only observed in the important assumption that interac- the contexts of eating soil or rotten wood Mineral density patterns in femora tion with the environment is either ab- and visiting salderos (salt licks). In con- and humeri of African pongids. sent or comparable across data sets, and trast at the three A. geoffroyi sites it was therefore has little effect on the ultimate observed in the contexts of drinking from K.J. Carlson. Dept. of Anatomical Sci- existence and dispersal of phenotypic streams during dry seasons, adult females ences, State University of New York at traits. Anthropologists have acknowl- escaping attack by adult males, and as Stony Brook. edged the importance of the environment part of a “chase game”. In addition, on in the evolution of modern humans, and BCI adult males were seen on the ground Mineral density (MD) data of 226 Afri- although recent work has placed increas- while eating soil and prior to attacking can pongids encompassing both species of ing emphasis on the environment as the adult females. Potential explanations Pan, as well as all subspecies, and all primary catalyst for micro- and macroev o- (e.g., climate, taxonomy, predator pres- subspecies of Gorilla are quantified using lution, actual quantification of its role in sure) for the differences between the Cen- Computed Tomography (CT) images and these processes has not been attempted. AAPA Abstracts 75

This study proposes to alter an existing their primate hosts will be discussed might be explained by microbial fermen- quantitative genetics equation for phen o- briefly (e.g., Enterobius species of nem a- tation and urea recycling in the foregut of typic evolution by natural selection (Via tode pinworms and the nonhuman pri- this folivore. Oxygen isotope ratios from and Lande, 1985) to include a term that mate species they inhabit). This paper bone carbonate, which have been shown accounts for temporal changes in broad will emphasize the evolutionary context of to record local climate and seasonal environmental variables. The ultimate primate zoonoses and the value of field change, were positively correlated with objective is to determine whether the investigations into concurrent infections the relative depen dence on leaves in the inclusion of environmental variation in and immunology in sympatric primates in diet. Of the Kibale primates, folivorous evolutionary models produces more accu- order to fully appreciate the potential for, colobines (n = 27) had the highest oxygen rate estimates of phen otypic diversity as well as the ecological and human socio- isotope signatures. These results indicate than one that equates phenotypic changes behavioral mechanisms of, cross-species that stable oxygen isotopes in bone record with those in the genotype. Data consist transmissions. at least one aspect of niche separation of five craniofacial measurem ents from among sympatric primates who inhabit 269 modern and 29 Pleistocene crania The stable isotopic biogeochemistry overlapping microhabitats. Results of from southeastern Australia. The genetic of African rain-forest primates: Does this research add to the increasing component, represented by the vari- bone chemistry record niche separa- knowledge about stable isotope fraction a- ance/covariance matrices of trait herita- tion? tion in natural food webs. Refinements in bilities, is balanced by an environmental interpretations of stable isotopic bone term that includes temperature, humid- M.L. Carter. Illinois Transportation Ar- chemistry will benefit paleodietary and ity, solar radiation, and air pressure, chaeological Research Program, Cham- paleoecological modeling of fossil primates among others. Differential weighting of paign, IL. and past human groups. the genetic and environmental contributions to the known phenotypic variation This paper reports results of a study Locomotor modes of primates at yields a model of evolution by natural that examined the sensitivity of stable moderate speeds. II. Analysis of sup- selection that can account for temporal isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and port patterns. changes in Australian craniofacial mor- oxygen in bone to niche separation among phology within the natural context of five well-studied primate species (Pan M. Cartmill. Duke University Medical these populations. troglodytes, Papio hamadryas anubis, Center. Lophocebus albigena, Piliocolobus A review of zoonoses transmissible tephrosceles, and Cercopithecus ascanius) Most mammals adopt symmetrical among primates. from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Soil walking gaits at low speeds and asym- and plant-food samples were also ana- metrical gaits at high speeds. At inter- J.R. Carter. Texas Tech University. lyzed to characterize the local isotopic mediate speeds, typical nonprimates use ecology. Kibale is primarily a mid- symmetrical running gaits — trotting or Due to their close evolutionary and altitude tropical evergreen forest com- pacing — in which pairs of feet strike often synecological relationships, humans posed of diverse habitats, including exotic down together and all four feet are off the and simians share a broad range of pine forests, swamps, and grasslands. ground (aerial phase) twice during each pathogens. The purpose of this paper is The nutritional ecology of these primates cycle. The percentage of the total cycle to set the background for subsequent has been documented since the 1970s. spent in aerial phase is a function of for e- papers in this symposium presenting field This study confirmed that certain forest limb and hindlimb duty factors (percen t- data regarding cross-species transmis- primates regularly consume carbon -13— age of the cycle during which a foot is on sions. Accordingly, there are two key enriched crop foods and tropical grasses, the ground). Symmetrical intermediate- objectives: 1.) to review disease classifica- but the carbon isotopic signatures of these speed gaits of primates (other than Cal- tions germane to primates and 2.) to pr o- species are not consistently more positive lithrix) exhibit duty factors like those of vide updated tabular summaries of those than values from primates that eat only the running trot or pace, but the fore and transmissible agents which have been carbon -13—depleted forest plants. Car- hind limbs have separate, non- demonstrated to infect nonhuman pri- bon isotope ratios in primate bone colla- overlapping aerial phases, so that at least mates. For example, free-ranging pri- gen and apatite were not correlated with one foot is always in contact with the mates are recognized as reservoir hosts documented vertical niche stratification support. These “ambles” (Muybridge) for a variety of pathogens and presumed within the forest canopy. This might may be regarded as either running or in others: bacterioses (e.g., shigellosis bi- indicate greater overlap among micro- walking gaits. In a diagonal-sequence directional between captive nonhuman habitats than estimated by means of field amble, diagonality (the percentage of primates and humans), rickettsioses (e.g., observation. Bones of arboreal primates cycle duration by which each fore footfall Boutonneuse fever in wild vervet mon- were more enriched in carbon-13 than trails the ipsilateral hind footfall) must be keys in South Africa), viroses (e.g., forest bones of terrestrial herbivores (e.g., at least 100 minus the forelimb duty fac- monkeys are the primary hosts in the Tragelaphus scriptus). Nitrogen isotope tor, and at most 50 plus the hindlimb “jungle” and “sylvatic” cycles of ratios in primate bone collagen did not duty factor. Preliminary data show that flaviviruses such as yellow fever among reflect relative consumption of animal primate ambles exhibit diagonalities near Cercopithecus species in sub-Saharan flesh. Although other studies have sug- the low end of this range. This distribu- Africa and dengue fever in several non- gested that eating legumes would de- tion eliminates the whole-body aerial human primate species in Asia and in crease nitrogen isotope signatures, this phase, preserves diagonal-sequence and South America) and parasitic diseases study found that a preferred leguminous diagonal-couplets footfall patterns, and (e.g., intestinal strongyloidasis is common plant food (Newtonia buchananii) in Ki- minimizes support by two ipsilateral feet. in Old World nonhuman primates). bale had relatively high nitrogen isotope In running as in walking (Cartmill et al., Finally, the evidence for co-adaptation ratios. Unexpectedly high nitrogen iso- AJPA Suppl. 34: 52), quadrupedal pri- and co-speciation between parasites and tope signatures in bones of red colobus mates adopt gait parameters emphasizing 76 AAPA Abstracts

security and stability rather than acrobat- in 1988 (J. Zool. Lond. 215:561-575) is a discrete cranial characters in two sam- ics. [Supported by NSF grant BCS- predominantly terrestrial, sexually di- ples, one examining relationships below 0137930] morphic guenon with a white throat-ruff the species level (modern human popula- and orange-tipped tail. Although C. sola- tions), and one above (non-human pri- Frontal bone morphology and gene tus shares a number of similarities with mates). Data were drawn from the liter a- flow in Late Pleistocene Europe, two species (C. preussi and C. lhoesti) ture and incomplete data sets generated Western Asia and Africa. belonging to the lhoesti species group, the by randomly or nonrandomly removing phyletic affinities of the Sun-Tailed mon- characters from the matrix. A series of R. Case. Dept. of Anthropology, Western key continue to be debated. Efforts at analyses were performed to determine the Michigan University. clarifying relationships of the Sun-Tailed effects of (1) adding incomplete data sets monkey have been hampered by lack of to a complete data matrix, (2) deleting The Recent African Origin Model of study material. highly incomplete characters, and (3) human evolution posits that anatomically In the course of a broader survey of excluding highly incomplete taxa. These modern Homo sapiens evolved in a speci- guenon phylogeny, we undertook a mor- analyses were compared to phylogenies ation event 100-200 kya somewhere in phometric analysis of an adult male Sun- derived from complete data sets and, Africa. One prediction implicit in this Tailed monkey skull recently obtained where possible, well-supported molecular statement is that there was little or no from an individual that died of natural phylogenies. The results of this study gene flow connecting populations of ar- causes at the Primate Centre at CIRMF suggest that including incomplete data chaic Homo sapiens. Any evidence to the (Gabon). The comparative data set con- sets decreases resolution of consensus contrary would imply that speciation was sists of 40 cranial measurements taken trees (not a small concern considering the unlikely and would force a rejection of the from 735 individuals of 25 guenon (includ- already low resolution of many osteolog i- RAO model. Past studies have indicated ing Cercopithecus, Allenopithecus, Eryth- cal analyses), but may increase phylog e- there is no real evidence of gene flow rocebus and Miopithecus) species. We use netic accuracy. Implications for the among these populations, but these stud- discriminant function, canonical variance treatment of fossil data are discussed. ies relied on data derived from individual and principal components analyses to specimens. This study analyses the pat- determine the position of C. solatus in The 1737 Matlazahuatl epidemic in tern of morphological variation in the multivariate space. Our results are con- Mixquiahuala and Tecpatepec, Mex- frontal bone present in archaic Homo sistent with phylogenies suggesting that ico. sapiens in Africa, Western Asia and C. solatus is morphometrically similar to Europe. Rather than relying on individual C. lhoesti. The results of this and future A.F. Christensen. Rutgers University. specimens, however, demes were con- studies of postcranial material will shed structed based on regional affinities, more light on the phylogenetic position of Estimates of the magnitude of early which were then compared with one an- C. solatus amid its guenon relatives. colonial indigenous population decline in other. In addition, distances were calcu- We thank Dr. Jean Wickings and the Mesoamerica range from 25% to 90%. lated for two populations of non-human Primate Centre at CIRMF (Gabon) for Because detailed mortality reports do not primate, Papio cynocephalus and Papio permission to study the specimen. exist for sixteenth-century epidemics, anubis, which are known to hybridize. scholars rely upon general descriptions of Distances for each deme were calculated Fragmentary specimens and missing their extent, as well as modern epidemiol- and input into a Cluster Analysis, which data in osteological phylogenies: a ogical accounts of the diseases that may produced a dendrogram of the likely rela- test using living taxa and implica- have been responsible. tionship of the populations. The distances tions for human paleontology. Eighteenth-century epidemics can be between adjacent demes were then com- studied in greater detail. One of the most pared to those of the Papio sample in M.L. Chang. Depts. of Anthropology and destructive was the matlazahuatl epi- order to establish the likelihood of inter- Biology, University of Pennsylvania. demic which raged across Mexico between breeding. Morphological overlap among 1736 and 1738. Contemporary accounts the demes is evident and may represent To understand the relationships of ex- report 40,000 deaths in Mexico City alone. clinal variation, although further re- tinct taxa it is necessary to examine fossil The name matlazahuatl was also used to search is needed to confirm this. In addi- specimens which are often fragmentary. describe an earlier pandemic in 1576- tion, the Middle Eastern deme occupies Because incomplete data sets can cause 1580. What pathogen was responsible? an important position in the Cluster proliferation of most parsimonious trees Typhus, plague, smallpox, and most re- Analysis, suggesting that it played an and reduce resolution of consensus trees, cently an arenaviral hemorrhagic fever important role in gene flow among popu- some advocate excluding characters or have been proposed. lations of archaic Homo sapiens. taxa with missing data. However, these The parish records of Mixquiahuala and solutions are unsatisfactory when dealing Tecpatepec, Hidalgo, Mexico include bur- Morphometric analysis of Cercopith- with questions of human evolution, where ial records from 1737-1738, which can be ecus solatus. every data point is precious. Perhaps tied to a 1718 nominal census as well as even more important is the question of birth and marriage registers. Family U. Challa1., W.S. McGraw1, J.M. Plavcan2, whether or not missing data contribute to reconstruction indicates that the 1Dept. of Anthropology, The Ohio State inaccurate phylogenies. Simulation stud- causative agent was regularly spread by University,2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- ies suggest that in some circumstances, interpersonal contact between immediate versity of Arkansas, Fayetteville. addition of character sets with missing family members. Over the 15 month span data may actually increase phylogenetic of the epidemic in these towns, 218 people Cercopithecus solatus - the Sun-Tailed accuracy. were buried in Mixquiahuala and 380 in Monkey - is a little known species en- This study investigates the effects of Tecpatepec. If we assume no change in demic to lowland rainforest of central deleting data and taxa on the resolution population size between 1718 and 1737, Gabon. This taxon described by Harrison and accuracy of phylogenies based on this indicates a mortality of 53% and 57%. AAPA Abstracts 77

In Mixquiahuala, 95 unmarried and 123 tion patterns, and their identification for Biologics Evaluation and Research, married individuals died, equivalent to should result in the discovery of new Food and Drug Administration, 52% and 54% of the 1718 population in Homo erectus localities with primary con- 4Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, each category, and in Tecpatepec 194 and texts. National Institute of Child Health and 186 died, or 54% and 61%. The high mor- Human Development. tality and familial transmission suggest Conservation through folklore: Eth- that neither typhus nor a zoonotic hemor- noprimatology in southeastern Sen e- Previous studies have shown that non- rhagic fever was responsible. gal. human primate males with low CSF 5- HIAA concentrations exhibit impulse Homo erectus landscapes: Paleosols K. Clavette. Dept. of Anthropology, control deficits and high frequencies of in the Bapang and Upper Sangiran Northern Arizona University. intense aggression of the type that can Formations, Solo Basin, Central lead to premature death. We undertook Java. Anthropologists stress a holistic ap- an analysis of our longitudinal data set proach in their discipline. Combining which encompasses ten years of research R. Ciochon 1, A. Bettis III2, R. Larick1, Y. cultural anthropology and physical an- from the juvenile through middle-age Zaim3, Suminto4, Y. Rizal3, M. Reagan2, thropology into a new field, ethnoprim a- periods of development documenting CSF M. Heizler 5. 1 Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- tology, proves useful in investigating the metabolites, behavior, and early mortality versity of Iowa, 2 Dept. of Geoscience, coexistence of human and non-human in free-ranging rhesus macaque (Macaca University of Iowa, 3 Dept. of Geology, primates. Adding a cultural perspective mulatta) males. This study represents the Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indo- to primatology aids in understanding that first use of a long-term data set to exam- nesia, 4 Quaternary Geology Laboratory, human culture influences the kinds of ine these physiological factors in associa- Geological Research & Development Cen- behaviors that take place between these tion with life history and behavioral vari- tre, Bandung, Indonesia, 5 New Mexico two groups. ables among nonhuman pr imates. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) Our results indicate: 1. Interindividual habitat in the Tomboronkoto region of differences in serotonergic and dopa- The stratigraphically lowest H. erectus southeastern Senegal is unusual in that minergic activity were stable across the fossils in the Solo basin occur in the upper human populations live in close contact study period. 2. CSF 5-HIAA concentra- Sangiran Formation and date to < 1.58 with chimpanzees. A recent study shows tions were lower in animals that died Ma. H. erectus fossils increase in abun- that these two population s live together during the study period than in animals dance in the overlying Bapang Formation sympatrically. Research conducted be- that survived. 3. We found a significant and occupy the area until 1.0 Ma. Ar- tween May and July 2002 explains why positive correlation between CSF 5-HIAA chaeological sites in the Solo basin, such this relationship is possible by better concentration and age at emigration (in as Ngebung, are concentrated in the ter- understanding the cultures involved. months) among animals that migrated raced gravels or the conglomeratic This study examines traditional stories prior to the age of sexual maturity, and a Grenzbank zone of the Bapang Forma- and folklore using cultural anthropolog i- significant negative correlation between tion. No lithologies reflecting low energy cal methods, such as participant observa- CSF HVA concentration and age at emi- depositional environments have been tion and key informant interviews. The gration among animals that migrated identified or associated with any hominin main finding is that within these cultural subsequent to the age sexual maturity. 4. locality. In August 2001 our team identi- groups taboos exist against killing chim- We noted negative correlations between fied paleosols in the middle Bapang For- panzees. Therefore, the Bedik, Bassari, CSF 5-HIAA concentration and both natal mation and in the upper Sangiran Forma- Dhiajenke and Malinke cultures contrib- and acquired dominance ranks. CSF HVA tion. These ancient soils mark the pres- ute to the survival of chimpanzees. concentration was negatively correlated ence of habitable land surfaces in the Solo The goal of this research is to apply this with only natal dominance rank. basin. Two paleosol horizons were found qualitative data to assist in primate con- We conclude that interindividual differ- at Pucung, Bapang Formation. The soil servation efforts in areas where humans ences in CSF 5-HIAA and HVA concen- features of these horizons are pedogenic threaten non -human primate populations. trations remain stable across time, and carbonate accumulations, risoliths (root The data will aid in the production of that these differences reliably predict casts) of grassy plants, and insect bur- educational materials such as posters, interindividual differences in patterns of rows. Two other paleosol horizons were pamphlets and short stories. Dissemina- dominance, migration patterns and early identified at stratigraphically-lower Bu- tion of the items will take place within mortality in free-ranging males rhesus kuran, upper Sangiran Formation. Here the research sites surrounding Kedougou, macaques. the soils are associated with lake margin Senegal and bordering countries. environments and exhibit characteristics Behavioral evolutionarily stable of poor drainage, including gray colors, Serotonergic influences on life his- strategies and genetic polymorphism redoximorphic features, and the preserva- tory outcomes in free-ranging male at loci affecting behavior in humans. tion of detrital organics including in situ primates, tree trunks. G.M Cochran. University of Utah. The identification of paleosols in the A. Cleveland1, G. C. Westergaard1, B. Solo basin provides a robust depositional Hoos1, T. J. Chavanne1, S.E. Shoaf2, P J. There are distinct morphs that embody and environmental context for Homo erec- Snoy 3, S. J. Suomi4, J. D. Higley 2,4. different life-history strategies in a num- tus in Java. The buried soils will provide 1Division of Research and Development, ber of species. Alternate male forms are information about local and regional pa- LABS of Virginia, Inc. Yemassee, SC, particularly common. Such strategies can leoenvironments prior to and during 2Laboratory of Clinical Studies, National be either conditional, where choice of Homo erectus’ occupation of central Java. Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol- strategy is determined by environmental Paleosol frequency through time will yield ism, National Institutes of Health, cues, or they may be genetically based. In information about Homo erectus occupa- 3Division of Veterinary Services, Center the cases that have been investigated so 78 AAPA Abstracts

far, that genetic control usually takes a We observed five different haplogroups, terpretations and other possible uses are simple form, with different alleles of a three of which are sub-Saharan (L1, L2, discussed. single gene determining the strategy. L3), one northern African (U6) and one Whenever genetically determined strate- European (U5). The presence of the Atelinae phylogenetic relationships: gies exist, we expect that the fitness of northern African haplogroup (among Po- The trichotomy revived? each morph will depend on the frequency dokwo and Uldeme) could be due to recent of other morphs, and at equilibrium, each gene flow from north-eastern Africa. The A.C. Collins. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- morph will have the same average fitness. U5 haplogroup was found only in one versity of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. In other words, the population mix is an Fulbe individual. The lack of Asian hap- evolutionarily stable strategy or ESS. logroups in Cameroon suggests that the This presentation will discuss phylog e- Some recent work suggests that such migratory flow which spread the 117 hap- netic relationships between members of genetically controlled life-history strate- lotype was conducted predominantly by the Atelinae subfamily (Ateles, gies may exist in humans. This may ex- males and that the female contribution, if Brachyteles, and Lagothrix) based on plain some of the observed heritable present, was not as large to escape ex- analysis of three genetic regions. DNA variation in behavior, and may also help tinction by genetic drift. sequence was determined for Cytochrome explain persistent differences in life- c Oxidase Subunit II (COII) is a mito- history strategies between different eth- An investigation of scaling relation- chondrial gene, the hypervariable I por- nic groups. Different ethnic groups may ships in sensory and masticatory tion of the mitochondrial control region, well exist in significantly different behav- systems of New World primates. and a single copy nuclear intron, Aldolase ioral ESSes, influenced by long-term ec o- A Intron V. logical trends. In some cases, particular M. N. Coleman. Interdepartmental Doc- Most previous genetic studies supported psychological or behavioral morphs may toral Program in Anthropological Sci- grouping Brachyteles with Lagothrix leav- be common in some societies and quite ences, Stony Brook University. ing Ateles in a subclade. However, the rare in others. In particular, the androgen present data sets produce conflicting re- receptor gene (AR) is a strong candidate This study explores the effects different sults compared to previous genetic analy- for this kind of strategy gene. It may play scaling factors have on interpretations of ses of Atelinae relationships. Different a substantial role in explaining variation sensory and functional systems. Although genes and methods of analysis provide in paternal investment. The ecological surrogates of overall head size (e.g., geo- some support for all possible relationships situation that seems likely to favor a high metric mean) are often used to scale vari- between the three genera. Overall the frequency of low-paternal-investment ous structures of the skull, it remains findings based on these genetic regions alleles is female farming. unclear how the composition of such prox- are more consistent with investigations of ies influence the results or if there are morphology and behavior among these mtDNA analysis does not detect other more biologically relevant scaling primates. Asian lineages in Cameroon. factors which should be considered. The primary cause of discrepancy be- To address these questions, a large tween this study and other genetic stud- V. Coia1, G. Destro-Bisol1, I. Boschi2, F. sample of Platyrrhines, ranging in mass ies is postulated to be due to the increased Verginelli3, G. Spedini1, F. Cruciani1, D. from approximately 300g to 10k g was assessment of genetic variation among Comas4, F. Calafell4. 1University “La Sa- examined. Up to 40 measurements were members of the Atelinae, specifically Ate- pienza”, Rome, Italy, 2Catholic Univer- taken on each skull including standard les, discovered in this study. This is be- sity, Rome, Italy, 3University “Gabriele osteometric landmarks and other relevant cause the present study utilized multiple d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy, 4Universitat structures (such as the eardrum). These samples of Ateles from all postulated spe- Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. were used to compute various combina- cies for this genetically variable primate, tions of geometric mean as well as meas- while previous studies used only one, or In a recent high-resolution study of Y- ure aspects of function. To estimate skull two species of Ateles. This paper goes chromosome variation it has been ob- mass, a “geoskull” was calculated as the further to demonstrate the shifting sup- served that the haplotype 117 (belonging summation of the volume of an ellipsoid port that can be produced when different to the haplogroup IX) occurs at a fr e- representing the neurocranium, two cones species of Ateles are used to reconstruct quency ranging from 0% to 95% in north- representing the orbits, and a cube repr e- phylogenies. This research concludes that ern Cameroon. This finding is of particu- senting the rostrum. Estimates of size a trichotomy should still be supported lar interest since the 117 haplotype seems were then regressed against measures of between members of Tribe Atelini until to have been involved in a back migration the visual, auditory, and masticatory further analyses including additional from Asia to Africa. systems. Atelinae haplotypes occur for the previous As a logical development of this study, Results indicate that body mass is highly genetic studies. we have analyzed mitochondrial variation correlated with mastication showing val- in the same populations analyzed for Y ues that are as high or higher than the Microsatellite polymorphisms: Rele- chromosomes (Bakaka, Bamileke, Daba, best performing combinations of g-mean. vance to issues in anthropology. Ewondo, Fali, Fulbe, Ouldeme and Tali) In contrast, the relationship between and in four additional populations (Bassa, sensory systems and body mass appears D.E. Comings. Dept. of Medical Genetics, Mandara, Tupuri and Podokwo). We ana- weaker compared with g-mean. In addi- City of Hope National Medical Center, lyzed the hypervariable region-1 by a tion, the relationship between a given Duarte, CA. standard sequencing method and 4 nu- system and g-mean is variable when a low cleotide positions of the mtDNA coding number of elements is used to compute g- STRPs (short tandem repeat polymor- region (10400, 12308 and 12705, 10873) mean but becomes more stable as more phisms) are common with one to five or using the Snapshot method in a total of elements are incorporated. The implica- more occurring at each gene. The follow- 439 individuals. tions of these findings for functional ining aspects of STRPs will be discussed: AAPA Abstracts 79

1. Regulate gene expression1. 2. Alleles are Such an analysis reaches the somewhat C.C. Cooper1, ; D.L. Martin2, D.T. Potts3. common. Since the STRPs are common surprising conclusion that (a) relatively 1University of Massachusetts Amherst, and the alleles are common, this suggests few mammalian species actually fall 2Hampshire College, 3University of Syd- that each gene comes in a range of hypo- within estimated early Homo body weight ney. and hyper-functional variants. This is in ranges; and (b) speciosity among mam- contrast the usual assumption of a ‘nor- mals within early Homo body weight The objective of this study was to ana- mal’ gene and a few rare mutations of the ranges is extremely limited. If early lyze morphological variations occurring in gene. 3. Basis of polygenic inheritance. In Homo is considered within a broad mam- the proximal and distal tibiae of an adult conjunction with some SNPs, STRPs are malian context and considered simply as Bronze Age population recovered from a likely to form the genetic foundation of a genus of medium-sized Old World previously undisturbed tomb located at polygenic inheritance. 4. Fodder for evolu- mammal following similar patterns of Tell Abraq, a stratified mound in the tion. In the presence of a change in the body weight and speciosity, it seems emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain (United Arab environment, a variant species can highly unlikely it could be as speciose a Emirates) excavated in 1993, and, in quickly develop by selection of those indi- genus as extreme “splitters” envision. combination with the artifactual record, viduals with the set of STRPs better Accommodating the presently known to translate these observations into a set adapted to the new environment. 5. Fa- specimens within a few synchronous spe- of possible realistic behaviors or lifestyle ther absence. The transmission of STRPs cies such as H. erectus and H. ergaster tasks. The results of the study suggest in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene seems just about right. that a significant proportion of the adult can explain both the father absence and population of Tell Abraq engaged in heavy the early age of menarche and behavioral Cranial morphology of European physical labor. Arthritis and non -specific disorders in the daughters2 6. Genostasis Upper Paleolithic hominins and infections were common, and the long (geno = gene, stasis = neutralization) other Pleistocene populations. hours of kneeling, repetitive bending, refers to a situation in which the presence twisting and lifting necessary for subsis- of condition A of a second factor increases P. Constantino. Hominid Paleobiology tence in this culture is clearly imprinted the effect of a gene-phenotype interaction Doctoral Program, The George Washing- on their ankles and knees. A rare but while condition B of the second factor ton University. probable example of Osgood Schlatter’s reverses the effect. Examples will be disease noted in one skeletally immature given to have shown that the AR gene is Raw and size-adjusted craniometric left proximal tibia indicates that at least an important genostatic factor. The power data of European Upper Paleolithic this individual was subject to regular of gene-phenotype association studies is hominins are compared with data from intense physical activity involving trau- markedly increased when genostatic fac- Neanderthal, modern Holocene, and other matic contraction of the quadriceps from tors are included in the analysis. Late Pleistocene populations. The results an early age. Eighty per cent of the total 1Comings Molecular Psychiatry 3:21, of distance, cluster, and principal compo- sample displayed moderate to severe fac- 1998. 2Comings et al: Child Dev. 73: 1046, nent analyses, as well as multivariate and ets on the anterior surface of the distal 2002. univariate tests, indicate that the Euro- tibia caused by contact with the talus pean Upper Paleolithic hominins are most during dorsiflexion of the foot, with ap- Speciosity in the early Homo lineage: similar to other Late Pleistocene groups proximately half of the non-faceted Too many, too few, or just about and to modern Europeans. Combined specimens displaying severe degenerative right? with the calculated degree of intrapopula- changes, periostitis or other signs of non- tion variation, the evidence points to pos- specific infection or trauma, indicating G.C. Conroy. Dept. of Anatomy & Neuro- sible continuity from Late Pleistocene to possible physiological limitations that biology/Anthropology, Washington Uni- Holocene populations, but not from Nean- prevented these individuals from partici- versity Medical School. derthals to the Upper Paleolithic. A fur- pating in normal labor intensive activi- ther look at the data shows that the ma- ties. Further illumination about the be- Recent fossil hominid discoveries and jority of traits that are significantly dif- haviors, division of labor, health and diet genetic analyses have rekindled debate ferent between groups are from the cra- of this ancient population may be about levels of speciosity, or species rich- nial base and neurocranium, not the face, achieved with supplementary research. ness, characterizing the early Homo fossil and therefore suggests that these inter- record. At one extreme are those taxo- population differences are real (Wood and Frontal grooves in African popula- nomic “splitters” who believe paleoan- Lieberman, 2001). tions: A non-metrical cranial trait thropologists have seriously underesti- Following this work, the data were analysis. mated the number of early Homo species. transformed using divergence coding At the other extreme are those “lumpers” (Thorpe, 1984) and a cladistic analysis L. Copes1,2, R. Holloway1, K. Mowbray2,3. who believe paleoanthropologists have was performed. Initial results indicate Dept. of Anthropology, Columbia Univer- seriously overestimated the number of general agreement with the phenetic sity, 2American Museum of Natural His- early Homo species. Neither side takes study and suggests a significant distinc- tory, 3New York Consortium of Evolution- many prisoners. An interesting perspec- tion between Neanderthals and European ary Primatology (NYCEP). tive regarding speciosity within the early Upper Paleolithic hominins while main- Homo lineage may be gained by asking taining close association between the Frontal grooves, first described by the following question – how many coexis- European Upper Paleolithic hominins and Dixon (1904) and later by Ossenberg tent species might we expect if early Holocene Europeans. (Supported by NSF (1969), are grooves occurring in various Homo is simply treated as a genus of me- IGERT Grant No. 9987590). number, bilaterally or unilaterally, on the dium-sized Old World mammal? In order frontal bone of the human skull. All pr e- to address this question, the relationship Skeletal markers Of occupational viously published studies have agreed between speciosity and body size in extant stress in the tibiae of an adult Bronze that they are caused by the lack of growth mammals and early Homo is explored. Age population of the supraorbital nerve in relation to the 80 AAPA Abstracts

growth and curvature of the frontal bone, phonomic factors. The comparison of H.H. Covert1, T. Dzanh2. 1Dept. of An- whereby the nerve acts as a constricting mortality tables calculated on adult indi- thropology, University of Colorado, Bou l- cord and makes its imprint on the under- viduals indicates worst living conditions der, 2Geological Museum, Department of lying bone. This study attempted to find in the province far from Rome. Despite Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. an alternate explanation for the grooves, the taphonomic problems, the low values arguing that they are too flexible in their of life expectancy and prevalence of Because little is known about the evolu- growth to make such a mark. This study deaths in the 20-29 years class seem to tionary history of mammals in Southeast analyzed over five hundred different witness poorer living conditions. Oral Asia the Department of Geology and Min- skulls, from fourteen geographical areas. pathologies provide results that erals of Vietnam and the University of Their sex, age, cephalic index, and the strengthen such pattern. In conclusion, Colorado have been carrying out surveys number and depth of any frontal grooves the distance from Rome seems to have of Cenozoic deposits in Vietnam for was recorded. affected the overall living conditions in a mammalian fossils. In May of 2002, we Frontal grooves occurred significantly province that was not economically self discovered a new vertebrate fossil- more frequently, and in greater depth, on sufficient. producing locality in Ninh Binh Province South and West African skulls than on in Northern Vietnam. The fossils occur in those of any other population (Chinese, Paleobiogeography, taphonomy, and a dark brown breccia consisting of soil, East Afr ican, Italian, Peruvian, etc.). the origin of the African hominoid sand, and gravel situated in a light There was no significant relationship clade. brown-gray limestone of the Dong Giao found between cephalic index and the Formation. The majority of the fossils are presence or depth of frontal grooves. Pre- S.M Cote. Dept. of Anthropology, Harvard isolated teeth that represent a range of viously published data indicate frontal University. taxa including suids, cervids, rodents, grooves to be an age-stable trait that is rhinoceratids, and primates. The pri- more prevalent in females. This study The origin of the African hominoid clade mate sample consists of at least three found the opposite of both of these conclu- is a matter of current debate with one orangutan molars and a macaque upper sions. Several hypotheses are offered for hypothesis proposing that chimpanzees, molar. The occlusal surface enamel of the the significantly higher frequencies of this humans, and gorillas originated in tropi- orangutan molars is crenulated as with trait among South and West Africans, cal Africa, while another hypothesis sug- that of modern orangutans. These molars including higher incidences of frontal gests that the clade originated in Eurasia are slightly larger than those of modern bossing and the production of osteoclasts, and migrated to Africa during the late orangutans and thus resemble previously and lower cephalic indices. Miocene. Support for the latter hypothe- described fossil orangutan teeth from sis includes proposed Miocene hominoid China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. This Living conditions at the time of the phylogenetic relationships and bio- locality differs from previous sites that Roman Emperors: Centralization of geographical patterns inferred from the have yielded orangutan teeth in Vietnam power and its effect on populations. fossil record. Specifically, the apparent in its close proximity to the Red River absence of fossil apes from Africa dating delta. The macaque molar falls within the A. Coppa1, C. Signoretti1, R. Rampa1, M. to the late Miocene has been used as ev i- size range of rhesus, stump-tailed, and Lucci1, R. Vargiu1, A. Cucina2. 1Dept. dence that crown hominoids were not Assamese macaques, species that pres- Human and Animal Biology, University of present in Africa during this period. ently live in northern Vietnam. Based on Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy, 2Universidad An alternative explanation for the pau- present evidence this locality appears to Autónoma de Yucatán, México. city of these hominoids is that biases in date to the middle or late Pleistocene and collection and preservation have affected additional research at this site should Living conditions in Imperial Roman the fossil record during this period. The allow for a more specific date. This re- times greatly depended on the access to chimpanzee and gorilla lineages have search was supported in part by NSF BCS resources that were under control of the presumably lived in Africa for at least 6 0086208. political power. In particular, because of million years, but their fossil remains are the centralization of power, the town of extremely rare. Even when apes are pr e- Differential foraging strategies and Rome did drain large amounts of re- served, such as in Eurasian Miocene sites, diets of Hadza men and women. sources. The present study reports re- they form a relatively small percentage of sults on lifestyle and living conditions in the total fauna, indicating that the pres- A. Crittenden 1, M. Richardson1, M.J. some Imperial Roman age samples from ervation of these hominoids is a rare Schoeninger 1, H.T. Bunn2, T.R. Picker- rural and urban sites encountered long event. A survey of currently known Afri- ing3. 1University of California, San Diego, the peninsula’s east coast, thus far from can later Miocene sites and their respec- 2University of Wisconsin, Madison, Rome, in comparison with samples from tive faunas shows that most sites would 3Indiana University. around Rome. not be expected to contain hominoids due The analysis is part of a large scale to their small sample sizes, poor preserva- The foraging stratagem of women dif- project on the Imperial Roman age. tion, or sampling the wrong type of habi- fers from that of men in almost all human Demographic parameters have been esti- tat. Few if any of the currently known foraging societies, although the reasons mated and oral pathologies scored on African Miocene sites appear to represent are debated (Bird 1999 Evol. Anthropol. individuals from Urbino (AD I-III cen- an ecological community similar to those 8:65-75). In the absence of complete food- tury), Fano (AD II-III century), Potentia of modern apes. These preservation biases sharing, differential foraging should re- (AD II century) and Civitanova Marche have important implications for evaluat- sult in differential diets such as occurs in (AD IV century) and compared with pu b- ing the origins of the Afr ican hominoid chimpanzees (Hunt 1993 AJPA Supple- lished and unpublished data from the clade. ment 16:112). Few quantitative data, suburbium of Rome. All the samples are however, are available for humans espe- affected by an underestimation of infants New primate fossils from northern cially when hunting is not a major focus and old adults, likely related to ta- Vietnam. of male activity. AAPA Abstracts 81

Here we provide quantitative observa- aspects of society in a complex, cosmopoli- Research supported by the McNair’s tions on berry, honey, tuber, and baobab tan Roman port city. Scholars Program. collection, processing and ingestion for In this study both a macroscopic and one group of Hadza from Northern Tan- microscopic analysis of the hyperplastic Dental morphometry and indicators zania. Based on reliability and detail, we growths associated with the condition are of developmental stress in precontact selected 10 consecutive days out of 56 wet presented. Findings suggest that a dis- and contact Maya populations from season foraging days, chosen to emph a- tinction should be made between exosto- Yucatan. size non -hunting activities and take ad- ses, osteomata and normal variation in vantage of smaller camp size. In contrast the cortical bone of the auditory canal. All A. Cucina, V. Tiesler Blos. Universidad to men, women forage in large groups and individuals associated with EAE for Autonoma de Yucatan. focus on tubers and baobab (48% and 38% whom a sex could be estimated (n=93) of daily calories respectively). Men were male. Further, a significant cluster The macroscopic expression of dental mainly collect honey (65% of daily calo- of sufferers were located within a single size is conditioned by genetic and envi- ries), a simple sugar that can be eaten monumental tomb with which a burial ronmental factors, yet the contribution of directly. Women's foods consist largely of club may be associated. In this same tomb each of them is still not clearly under- complex carbohydrates and require proc- the earliest example of a surgical amputa- stood. The present paper investigates essing before consumption. Protein for tion of a limb was also found (Weaver et dental size in classic and contact Maya both sexes comes from baobab. Daily al., 2000). The combined evidence raises populations from the Yucatan peninsula caloric intake for both sexes exceeds re- important questions about gender divi- in relation to the expression of quirements, but men consume 1500 calo- sions and the construction of identity developmental defects of the enamel. ries more than women per day. Women's within the community represented by the The samples chosen are characterized by foraging behavior tolerates interruptions necropolis. very variable levels of hypoplastic defects and compensates for constraints of moth- both between and within sites, though the erhood as previously proposed for humans A survey of the mucosa distribution morphometric variables do not differ be- (Kelly 1995 The Foraging Spectrum) and in the small intestine of the primate tween groups. In order to avoid dental chimpanzees (Wrangham 2000 in Primate genus Macaca. attrition, only the bucco-lingual diam e- Males). Expanded research on extant ters, scored close to the cemento enamel forager diets holds great potential in E.L. Cruz, H. Colyer, L. Allen, L.L. Mai, junction were used. Stress does not result modeling relationships between early M. Young Owl. Dept. of Anthropology, to be a factor in the expression of dental hominid subsistence activities and sexual California State University, Long Beach. size, as correlations always close to zero division of labor. between bucco-lingual dimension and Supported by grants from National Mucosa contains the absorptive tissue number of defects from individual teeth Geographic, Wenner Gren, the Wisconsin of the small intestine (SI). In the primate indicate. Dental size does not differ also Alumni Research Foundation and UCSD. genus Macaca, it has been suggested that in the comparison between young the area of greatest absorption lies within subadults and adults, for curves con- External auditory exostosis at Isola the proximal jejunum. However, no stantly overlap and differences are not Sacra: An old chestnut revisited. quantitative data regarding distribution significant. of mucosa in the macaque SI has been In conclusion, the differential external F-M. Crowe1, L. Bondioli2, R. Mac- measured. Macaques are generalized pressure the individuals had to face dur- chiarelli3, P. Garnsey 1. 1Faculty of Clas- frugivores; it has been suggested that ing the time of their lives when teeth sics, Cambridge University, 2Sect. An- they may be adapted to this diet via their were forming did not represent a factor throp., Nat. Prehist. Ethnogr. “L. SI mucosal distribution. We used Derting interfering with the growth biological Pigorini” Museum, Rome, Italy, 3Lab. and Bogue's (1993) method for measure- potentials. Géobiol., Biochron. & Paléont. Hum., ment of mammalian mucosa. 12 indi- Univ. of Poitiers, France. viduals in 3 species of macaques were Addressing student misconceptions utilized. SIs were divided into nine sec- about human evolution. Previous estimates based on a limited tions, mucosa scraped off, and dried for number of observations have suggested 24h at 60°C. The amount of mucosa per D.L. Cunningham, D.J. Wescott. Univer- an extraordinarily high incidence (>30%) square centimeter was calculated and sity of Missouri-Columbia. of External Auditory Exostosis (EAE) in a subjected to ANOVA. Results indicated limited skeletal sample from Isola Sacra, that greatest muscosal concentration was Misconceptions about science and evolu- the 2nd-3rd century necropolis of Portus at the end of the anterior portion of the tion are widespread among undergradu- Romae (Manzi et al, 1991). Re- SI. This is similar to the pattern found in ates. These include: confusion between examination of the much larger skeletal humans and callitrichids and supports the vernacular and the scientific meaning record (n=1181) now available for Isola the observation that the greatest concen- of the word “theory”, Lamarckian ideas Sacra suggests that the incidence was tration of mucosa is in the proximal jeju- about inheritance, misunderstandings much lower (<10%), though still signifi- num. There are two possible explana- about mutation, under appreciating the cant, and that the interpretation of the tions: this may be a phylogenetic charac- importance of variation in a species, teleo- data presents us with a much more com- teristic of primates or it may be a physiological views of natural selection, difficul- plicated picture of the Roman community logical adaptation to the diet of the ani- ties in population -level thinking, and buried in the necropolis. In fact, it will be mal. More primates will have to be exam- confusion about the types of phenomena demonstrated that using EAE as a start- ined before a definitive statement can be that science is able to address. Even upon ing point, Isola Sacra presents us with a made. Gastrointestinal tracts were gra- completion of science classes, these mis- unique opportunity to combine skeletal ciously supplied by the Oregon Regional taken views are still often held by stu- records, the archaeological record, epi- Primate Center and the Los Angeles Zoo. dents. If students graduate college with- graphical and literary sources to examine out an understanding of the processes of 82 AAPA Abstracts

science, and the basics of human evolu- These results are consistent with theory model for understanding the potential tion, it is unlikely that this situation will that associates use of memory with rich, range of dental variability in fossil as- ever be remedied. Misunderstandings patchily distributed resources. They indi- semblages. about human evolution have fueled the cate that primates can alternate between push to include “intelligent design” cur- memory and search as a foraging strategy Numerical dental anomalies among ricula in the science classroom. If science depending on conditions. Understanding the early inhabitants of the North- is to triumph over politics when curricu- the strategies primates use to increase west Coast. lum decisions are made, it is imperative their search efficiency at times of food that instructors do a good job of address- scarcity may be important to interpreting A.J. Curtin. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- ing scientific misconceptions and teaching the evolution of foraging and social behav- versity of West Florida. science to non-science majors. That way, iors, as well as formulating management parents and members of the school boards and conservation policies. Numerical dental anomalies, including and local legislatures can be fully in- Support: C.U.N.Y. Graduate School, agenesis and polydontia, occur with vari- formed. L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, W.G. Kinzey able frequencies in human populations, This paper will review the common Fund, Wenner-Gren Foundation. with supernumerary teeth being much scientific misconceptions held by under- less common than congenitally absent graduates, and will offer suggestions to Developmental anomalies in the den- teeth. In general, agenesis most com- improve undergraduates’ understanding tition of a large sample of mouse le- monly affects third molars, followed by of human evolution in the physical an- murs (Microcebus) from Amboasary, upper lateral incisors, second prem olars, thropology classroom. Making such mis- Madagascar. lower central incisors, and first prem o- conceptions explicit in class, paired- lars, while supernumeraries occur must problem solving strategies, and the use of F.P. Cuozzo. Social Sciences Division, Las often in the anterior dentition. Unusually a historically rich curriculum are all Positas College, Livermore, CA. high frequencies of numerical dental methods that improve students’ under- anomalies were observed in two skeletal standing. Additionally, we will present The study of primate dental variation samples from the Gulf of Georgia region data from a questionnaire administered to has long been a focus of attention in of British Columbia, dating to the Lo- an introductory physical anthropology physical anthropology. Despite several carno Beach (3300-2400 BP) and Marpole class that illustrate students’ major mis- detailed volumes describing morpholog i- (2400-1600 BP) periods of Northwest conceptions about human evolution. cal variability and developmental anom a- Coast prehistory. The most common nu- lies in extant primates (e.g., Miles and meric anomalies were agenesis of the Effect of fruit scarcity on use of Grigson, 1990; Swindler 2002), data on mandibular third molars and the man- memory. these topics remain limited for small- dibular central incisors, with two indi- bodied prosimians. As these extant forms viduals exhibiting bilateral agenesis of E.P. Cunningham 1, C.H. Janson 2. 1CUNY are among the animals used to under- both tooth types. Congenital absence in Graduate Center/NYCEP, 2SUNY, Stony stand the evolution, ecology, and adapta- the maxillary arcade, affecting third mo- Brook. tions of extinct small-bodied primates, lars and lateral incisors, was much less knowledge of the patterns of dental vari- common. Supernumerary teeth, including Primates are known to respond to fruit ability in these extant forms is an integral mesiodens, mandibular premolars, and scarcity by forming smaller subgroups, part of primate evolutionary biology. Here mandibular lateral incisor, were also ob- diversifying their diet to include less I present a description of the developmen- served in these populations. The etiology highly pr eferred foods and adjusting their tal anomalies present in the dentition of of these anomalies, and the possibility of daily path length. In this paper we pr e- the large sample (n = 128) of mouse le- familial patterning, is discussed with sent results that indicate that in periods murs (Microcebus) from Amboasary, reference to published data on other of scarcity primates may also reduce their Madagascar housed in the American Mu- Northwest Coast skeletal samples. reliance on memory to locate foods and seum of Natural History. increase their reliance on search. Several individuals in this sample pos- JC Virus genotypes in Papua New A study of Pithecia pithecia was con- sess distinct developmental anomalies. Guinea. ducted on an island in Guri Lake, Ven e- Specimens exhibiting morphological vari- zuela during the end of the dry and be- ants include AMNH 174523, which dis- J.M Czarnecki1,2, Jonathan S Fried- ginning of the wet season. Pithecia’s plays lower third molars lacking the dis- laender1, Charles S Mgone3, George Koki3, movements were analyzed with logistic tal extension and distinct hypoconulid Gerald L Stoner2. 1Temple University, regressions and computer models created characteristic of mouse lemurs, and 2NIH, Bethesda, MD, 3PNG Institute of by Janson: one that predicts the next AMNH 174496, which possesses a unique Medical Research, PNG. resource to be visited and a second that upper left third molar, with this tooth simulates movements. being a single-cusped, conical tooth, Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) has During periods of abundance, the sakis rather the usual triangular, three-cusped proven useful as a virologic marker of used memory to travel efficiently to the tooth. In addition, AMNH 174499 exhibits human migration based on its geograph i- most highly productive fruit trees. When a supernumerary molar on each of the cally correlated strain variation and ap- highly productive fruit trees became ex- lower tooth rows. This large sample of parent stability over many millennia. We tremely scarce, the sakis increased their mouse lemurs from a single locality pr o- are analyzing JCV genotypes in Papua reliance on insects, leaves and flowers. vides an opportunity to assess population New Guinea (PNG) to better understand Although they still tended to visit sites level patterns of primate dental variabil- the peopling of this area. Samples were that had previously been visited, analysis ity. Therefore, these data, when combined collected from Madang Province (38 vil- of their movement pattern did not support with the general patterns of dental varia- lages, Austronesian and non- the memory hypothesis. tion previously described for this sample Austronesian speakers) and Eastern (e.g., Cuozzo, 2000), provide an excellent Highlands Province (EHP) (34 villages, AAPA Abstracts 83

non-Austronesian speakers). Results segmented to provide separate volume levels of correlation within individuals show a high prevalence of Type 8B in models of cortical and trabecular bone include mandibular M1 cusp number Madang Province (82%) and a more even and regions of the teeth. The volume (5,6,7), mandibular M1 cusp pattern, and distribution of Types 8A and 8B (51% and model is exported to a finite element presence of metacone and hypocone; they 48%, respectively) in EHP. Type 2E is in analysis package for performance of lin- also generally showed marked differences low frequency in both provinces (1% EHP, ear elastic stress analyses. Validation of in formation patterns between the popu- 4% Madang). The SE Asia genotype the model is accomplished using surface lations evaluated. These findings are (Type 7A) was not found in these samples. bone strain data obtained from mechani- discussed in light of field theory for tooth The Type 8 group is phylogenetically the cal tests of the specimen subjected to oc- morphology formation. oldest in Asia. Type 2E is most closely clusal loading with constraints applied related to Japanese and Korean strains bilaterally at the condyles and angles. Asymmetrical aspects of bipedal and (Type 2A). Type 8A, apparently restricted We find favorable comparisons with read- quadrupedal walking in bonobos to PNG, likely entered with the earliest ings from the experimental strains and (Pan paniscus). settlers 40,000 YBP or earlier. While predictions from our heterogeneous ani- closely related phylogenetically, Type 8B sotropic model. Further simulations are K. D’Août, E. Vereecke, K. Schoonaert, P. is known to be widely distributed in the performed to elucidate differences in the Aerts. Dept. of Biology, University of western Pacific. Thus, Type 8A charac- model mechanical responses assuming Antwerp, Belgium, Cen tre for Research terizes groups that have remained more various combinations of heterogeneity- and Conservation, Royal Zoological Soci- isolated in the highlands since initial homogeneity and anisotropy-isotropy. ety of Antwerp, Belgium. colonization, while Type 8B characterizes Characterization of localized strain gradi- groups that moved within the highlands, ents is highly sensitive to the elastic Bipedal and quadrupedal walking are along the coast, and into Melanesia. properties used in model definition. classified as symmetrical gaits because These data, together with studies the footfalls of both body sides are evenly throughout the region, may provide new Patterns of correlation among mor- spaced in time. However, even in hu- insight into the peopling of the Pacific. phological traits in the deciduous mans, subtle left-right differences or and permanent dentitions of juve- asymmetries are described in several Supported by the Wenner-Gren Fou n- niles. respects. In apes, some literature data dation for Anthropological Research, Inc. point to quantitative asymmetries with and NIH. M.E. Danforth1, K.P. Jacobi2. 1University respect to ground-reaction forces and to of Southern Mississippi, 2University of the amplitude of arm muscle electomy- Effects of structural heterogeneity Alabama, Tuscaloosa. ograms. Most likely, these asymmetries and anisotropy on finite element are also reflected in kinematics and in model predictions for a mandible of Although dental morphology has long locomotor anatomy, and may be related to Macaca fascicularis. been used in reconstructing genetic rela- behavioral laterality and handedness. tionships, surprisingly little information Bonobos are good facultative bipedal D.J. Daegling1, R. Marinescu2,3 ,S. exists concerning the degree of similarity walkers with a “bent-hip, bent-knee” gait. Venkataraman4, A.J. Rapoff2,3. 1Dept. of of trait manifestation between the de- For morphometrical and paleo-ecological Anthropology, University of Florida, ciduous and permanent dentitions within reasons, they may be a particularly good 2Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engi- the same individual. A systematic study study species to contribute to our under- neering, University of Florida, of patterns of such correlation within and standing of early hominid locomotion. 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, between gene pools might lead to a better We studied eight bonobos, walking on University of Florida, 4Dept. of Aerospace understanding of the genetic control of an instrumented walkway allowing for Engineering, San Diego State University. such traits. Furthermore, if sufficiently synchronous recording of kinematics (two high, it might even allow for substitution 50 Hz cameras), ground-reaction forces Finite element models ostensibly facili- of traits between deciduous and perma- (three AMTI force platforms), and plantar tate our understanding of the relationship nent teeth in distance studies, which pressures (three Footscan pressure between form, function, and mechanical could benefit sample size. This study plates). Although bonobo walking is very load history, a relationship that is incom- explores the correlation in two large variable, asymmetries are observed in pletely understood yet crucial for biom e- skeletal populations. terms of kinematics, ground reaction chanical inference. However, the accu- Some 200 juveniles, aged five to eleven, forces and plantar pressures. During racy and reliability of finite element mod- from Moundville in prehistoric Alabama quadrupedal locomotion, bonobos typi- els used in anthropological research is and Tipu in colonial Belize were evalu- cally take long strides (compared to bi- incompletely established. We describe a ated for twelve molar traits using the pedal walking) and overstride, placing finite element model of an adult female ASU dental casts. Unusual variants, one foot inside, and the other foot outside Macaca fascicularis mandible which in- such as extra cuspules, were noted as the position of the hands. During bipedal- cludes data on spatial variation (heter o- well. Several traits, such as parastyle ism, bonobos also walk obliquely to the geneity) and direction al dependence (ani- and maxillary M1 cusp 5, were too infr e- walking direction, with the pr eferred sotropy) of elastic properties obtained quent to recognize consistent patterns of “leading” and “trailing” sides being indi- from micromechanical tests on this formation. Carabelli's cusp by far showed vidual characteristics. Kinetic and pedo- specimen. The geometric model is ob- the most variability in both pres- barographic data are consistent with the tained through volumetric reconstruction ence/absence in both sets of dentitions as asymmetries observed kinematically, and from computed tomography scans. Effec- well as degree of expression. Protostylids suggest that both body sides may be, to tive scan thickness is 1 mm (1.5 mm thick and deflecting wrinkles were present in some extent, functionally different during with 0.5 mm overlap); resolution within one tooth type but missing in the other at locomotion. each scan is less than 0.2 mm. Pixel least 40% of the individuals in which they This study is supported by the FWO- grayscale depth is 24 bit. Each scan is were scored. Traits with the greatest Vlaanderen and by the CRC. 84 AAPA Abstracts

marmoset) have been previously docu- studies have been complicated by hom o- A morphological comparison of inci- mented, little has been described for the plasy and variation in substitution rates sor variation in extant apes, Ken- skeletons of Mico (the Amazonian or “ar- between sites, particularly in tree yapithecus africanus, and K. wickeri . gentata” group), the most speciose mar- branches containing the most ancient moset genus. mtDNA haplotypes of people from Africa. C.A. Davis. Southern Illinois University. Here we compare the postcranial anat- Analysis of a worldwide sample of com- omy of two Mico species (M. argentatus plete mtDNA genomes (16.5 kb) has re- Some minor morphological variations on and M. melanurus) with that of Cebuella covered a more resolved tree, but this a small sample of Kenyapithecus sp. inci- pygmaea and four Callithrix species (C. study has not included key samples rep- sors at Fort Ternan, (e.g., incisor spiral- aurita, C. geoffroyi, C. jacchus, and C. resenting the peoples of East Africa. ing) have been used by Ward et al. (1999) penicillata). Saguinus midas is included Here we present several complete and Kelley et al. (2000, 2002) to justify in the sample as an outgroup. Metric and mtDNA sequences (n>20) obtained from creation of a new genus, “Equatorius” non-metric data are presented from the five Tanzanian populations representing under which they claim K. africanus scapula, innominate, and all long bones. all four language groups. These se- should be subsumed. However, many Metric data are body size-corrected and quences have been examined along with examples of intraspecific variation in examined using both univariate and mul- 91 publicly available human mtDNA ge- incisor morphology that illustrate the tivariate methods. nome sequences. Our preliminary analy- need for caution can be found throughout Results demonstrate that the marmo- sis suggests that: 1) complete genome studies of hominoid fossils from Africa, sets form a distinct group from the tam a- sequences of people from Tanzania add Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast rin. Each marmoset genus is somewhat resolution to the most basal branches of Asia from the early Miocene to the Plio- unique. However, Cebuella is most dis- the human phylogenetic tree; and 2) some cene. tinctive, especially in the hindlimb. Ce- Khoisan speakers of Tanzania carry the Two morphological studies of incisor buella and Mico share several traits ex- most ancient mtDNA haplotypes and are variation in extant great apes were car- clusive of Callithrix. These features are closely related to the Khoisan speakers of ried out at the Cleveland and National concentrated in the elbow and include a southern Africa. Museums of Natural History. Results narrowed posterior humeral trochlea and Supported by NSF grant No. 9905396 to show that incisor variation occurs intras- narrowed proximal ulnar notch. These ST and NSF IGERT Grant No. 9987590 pecifically and between antimeres in indi- traits may be indicative of a shared Ce- viduals. Lingual topography was more buella/Mico history marked by increased Mind the gap. Reconstructing the variable than root shape or mamelon vertical orientations compared to their lemuriform colonization of Madagas- number across genera. Incisor spiraling, callitrichid ancestors. Thus, postcranial car using insights from geophysics for example, was found as a variation features support the arrangement of three and the comparative method. across Gorilla, Pan, and Pongo and in all distinct marmoset taxa, with separate incisor types. Casts of incisors of both adaptations, but a closer connection and M.J. de Wit1, J.C. Masters2, B.G. Lov e- Kenyapithecus africanus reveal that, of 6 shared history between the two more grove3. 1Centre for Interactive Graphical UI-2s, only 2 exhibited spiraling (one western marmoset genera. Research Computing of Earth Systems, Depart- slight; one moderate). Of 7 UI-1s, only 1 supported by National Science Founda- ment of Geological Sciences, University of exhibited spiraling. No spiraling was tion (DBS 92-03884). Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Af- found on lower incisors. rica, 2Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, This study demonstrates that incisors Complete mitochondrial genome se- Pietremaritzburg, 3200, South Af- in many hominoid species, extant and quencing of Tanzanians: Implications rica,3School of Botany and Zoology, Uni- extinct, sometimes exhibit spiraling as a for the origin of modern humans. versity of Natal - Pietermaritzburg, Pri- variation. Incisor spiraling is not unique vate Bag X1, Scottsville 3209, South Af- to K. africanus. Furthermore, spiraling A. de Sousa1, M.K. Gonder2, K. Sylvester2, rica. occurs on a continuum and is not a dis- C. Obele2, S.A. Tishkoff2. 1Hominid Paleo- crete trait. It lacks the polarity necessary biology Doctoral Program, 2The George Some time between the end-Cretaceous for a trait to be useful in determining Washington University, Dept. of Biology, and mid-Tertiary, Madagascar’s cosmo- phylogeny. Therefore, the “E. africanus” University of Maryland. politan biodiversity became isolated and remains are probably K. africanus. endemic. A significant gap in the fossil East Africa is culturally and linguisti- record does not permit an accurate recon- Comparative postcranial morphology cally diverse. All four of the major lan- struction of this event. We use proxy of the marmosets. guage families (Afro-Asiatic, Nilo- methods to decipher the dynamics of this Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Khoisan) are dramatic change, focusing on the origin of L.C. Davis1, S.M. Ford2. Dept. of Anthro- represented by the more than 100 lan- lemurs. A recent statistical model of pri- pology, 1Northeastern Illinois University, guages spoken in the area. Although mate history based on estimates of species 2Dept. of Anthropology, Southern Illinois several lines of analysis suggest that the preservation in the fossil record indicated University. earliest migrations out of Africa origi- an age of 81.5 Ma for the last common nated from East Africa, analyses of mito- primate ancestor. Because the separation Based on ecobehavioral, dental, and chondrial (mt)DNA sequences have been of Madagascar-Africa and Madagascar- molecular distinctions, recent taxonomic pivotal in refining hypotheses about the India date around 140 Ma and 90 Ma, revisions separate the marmosets into demographic histories of the earliest respectively, this leaves unanswered the three genera (Callithrix, Mico, and Ce- modern humans in East Africa. However, problem of how terrestrial animals moved buella), with some 21 species recognized. these analyses have been largely confined between these 3 Gondwana fragments. While several osteological differences to the rapidly mutating control region, Alternative routes may lie along the suite between Callithrix (the Atlantic Forest or which makes up about 7% of the mtDNA of fracture zones between Antarctica and “jacchus” group) and Cebuella (the pygmy genome. These mtDNA control region Africa/Madagascar (known as the Antarc- AAPA Abstracts 85

tic-Africa corridor, which must therefore On the other hand, rapid dental formation folivorous taxa in a number of key curva- have episodically been exposed), and the in Anapithecus may be an apomorphy ture indices. Deccan hotspot corridor between India indicative of an unusually rapid life his- and greater Africa. tory. Whatever the case, Anapithecus Three-dimensional analysis of elastic Most reconstructions of the colonization with an M3 emergence of about 3.5 yrs. is properties and microstructure in event construe the waif as a mouse lemur- dramatically faster than any living catar- primate craniofacial bone. like in body size, and perhaps also in bio- rhine of similar body mass. This repr e- logical organization, that survived the sents yet another unusual attribute of P.C. Decho. Baylor College of Dentistry, trip by making use of torpor. However, this poorly known fossil catarrhine. Texas A&M University System Health this does not accord either with the fossil Science Center. record, or with molecular reconstructions A new morphometric approach to of lemuriform phylogeny. A reconstruc- inferring diet from hominoid incisors Mechanical analysis of primate cranio- tion of the waif’s body size using the com- and canines using Analytical Com- facial bone requires information on 3- parative method yields a value of around parison of Digitized Curvatures dimensional elastic properties. Our objec- 2 kg, which fits with the body sizes of (ACDC). tive is to study variation in elastic proper- early Eocene adapiforms. Having reached ties from throughout the primate cranio- Madagascar, lemuriforms evolved into A.S. Deane1, E.P. Kremer 2, D.R. Begun1. facial skeleton, use this information to gigantic, dwarf and medium-sized forms. 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of formulate accurate mechanical models, Toronto, 2Dept. of Chemical Engineering and assess how these variations are re- Dental development in Anapithecus. and Applied Chemistry, University of lated to cortical microstructure. We have Toronto. developed methods for (1) quantifying off- M.C. Dean1, D.R. Begun2, D.R. Reid3 M.C. axis ultrasonic velocities in increments as Nargolwalla2, L. Kordos4. 1Dept. of Anat- Diet is certainly one of the most basic small as 1º around the perimeter of cylin- omy & Developmental Biology, University ecological parameters defining a species. A drical cortical specimens allowing an es- College, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. particular dietary strategy is, in many timate of deviations from orthotropy 2University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S cases, a primary ecological determinant for within the plane of the cortical plate and 3G3, Canada. 3Oral Biology, Dental a variety of behavioural, demographic and (2) comparing variations in orthotropy School, University of Newcastle upon social adaptations. Although field studies with 3-dimensional cortical microstruc- Tyne, NE2 4BW. 4The Geological Museum identify the complex dietary strategies of ture determined from reconstructions of of Hungary, H-1143 Budapest, Stefánia út extant hominoids, traditional methods of confocal microscopic images. Off-axis ul- 14. dietary inference relying on dentition (den- trasonic data from a comparison sample tal wear, gross morphology, enamel micro- of 10 human femoral cortices fit an ideal The sample of Anapithecus from structure, molar shearing-crest length) sine curve model. In 10 human mandibu- Rudabánya, Hungary is remarkable in often fail to reflect the true dietary com- lar specimens, we also had a close fit to preserving a large number of immature plexity of apes. Conversely, Smith’s (1999) the model, but differences in coefficients individuals. We used perikymata counts, analysis of hominoid molar cusp propor- indicated more variation in amplitudes, measurements of root lengths and cuspal tions ably demonstrates that a detailed anisotropies, and orientations of the axes thickness, and observations of the se- morphometric approach to dietary infer- of maximum stiffness. In 10 specimens quence of tooth germs that cross match ence is capable of an intrinsic degree of from human cranial vault, results varied specific developmental stages in Anapith- dietary resolution consistent with the among sites in how well they fit the sine ecus to construct the first composite pic- known feeding behaviours of apes. function. Most sites showed a maximum ture and time scale for dental develop- This study addresses the potential for and minimum velocity at 90º intervals, ment in a pliopithecoid (Catarrhini, Pri- detailed dietary inference based on mor- but much variation in amplitudes, and mates). We conclude that the age of erup- phometric analysis of incisor and canine anisotropies, suggesting 3D structures in tion of M1 in Anapithecus was similar to crown curvatures. While traditional cur- some parts of the craniofacial skeleton various macaque species (~17 months), vature indices are calculated from manual that are not orthotropic. Comparisons of but that M2 and M3 emergence were close measurements, this study serves as a the primary directions of stiffness with to 2.5 and 3.5 years respectively (both demonstration of a new computer assisted the orientation of osteons showed consis- earlier than expected in similarly sized method for calculating curvature from 2- tency in 4 specimens. Osteon orientation cercopithecids). There may have been D digitized images. This methodology is a was least variable within the plane of the little difference in individual tooth forma- significant improvement over traditional cortical plate. These results suggested tion times between cercopithecoids and methods that are limited by the assump- that variations in some tissue elastic Anapithecus, but the degree of molar tion that curvature is symmetrical. properties result from variations in osteon overlap during M1, M2, and M3 crown ACDC makes possible a more thorough orientation. development, which is extreme in interpretation and analysis of the ‘true Anapithecus, is fundamentally different. curvature’ and reduces the potential for What lies beneath? Testing the taxo- Overall dental development in Anapith- measurement error. nomic validity of Homo heidelbergen- ecus was very quick. Old world monkeys Data was collected from dental samples sis using endocranial morphology. appear derived in lacking significant mo- representing all species and sub-species of lar overlap, and hominoids may be de- the extant hominoidea, and a maximum L. deFelice. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- rived in having longer tooth formation of 23 measurements were recorded per versity of California, Los Angeles times, both resulting in longer overall individual. The results confirm that diet dental development times. This is consis- is the overriding selection mechanism for Since its 1908 proposal (Schoetensack), tent with the general conclusion that the anterior dental morphology, and that fossil crania from Africa and Europe have Pliopithecoidea is the outgroup to the more frugivorous taxa differ from more been assigned to Homo heidelbergensis. Cercopithecoidea and the Hominoidea. This attribution of hominins is based 86 AAPA Abstracts

exclusively on exocranial morphology; knowledge regarding the evolution of the The role of male long calls in Suma- however, recent research by other schol- hominid postcranial skeleton and locom o- tran orangutans. ars suggests that external structural tor behavior. This material, which in- similarity may not reflect morphologically cludes a partial skeleton, dramatically R.A. Delgado, Jr. Dept. of Biological An- related internal structural similarity. In expands the known sample of East Afri- thropology & Anatomy, Duke University. this study, the validity of determining can hominid postcrania from 2-3 mya. taxonomic affiliation solely on the basis of The partial skeleton is one of the very few Although adult orangutans do not live exocranial morphology is challenged: Pliocene specimens preserving both arm in permanent male-female associations, here, endocranial components of cranial and leg elements, allowing a reassess- they participate in consortships, travel structures are included in the analysis. ment of the evolution of hominid limb bands and temporary feeding aggreg a- This analysis was conducted using ra- proportions. This paper presents the tions. Because orangutans are normally diographic as well as external craniomet- results of the detailed description and dispersed in dense rainforests, adult male ric data taken from several crania cur- analysis of this material, and its implica- long calls are likely to regulate such en- rently attributed to Homo heidelbergensis tions for our understanding of Pliocene counters, performing an important func- (e.g. Rightmire 1996). Cranial features hominid postcranial evolution. tion in orangutan social organization and typically thought to be diagnostic of this This research is based on fieldwork reproductive strategies. To better under- taxon, such as the supraorbital torus, supported by NSF grants BNS-9632389 stand the role these vocalizations play in were quantified both internally and ex- and BCS-9910344 to Tim White and ana- orangutan communities, it is necessary to ternally to determine the extent to which lytical work supported by the Laboratory describe the patterns of long calls and the specimens vary. While presenting for Human Evolutionary Studies and a their correlates, both social and ecological. similarity in external structures, some LSB Leakey Foundation grant to De- Further, field studies using experimental crania show marked differences in the Gusta. techniques can determine 1) if long calls internal morphology of these structures; serve as a basis for intra-sexual competi- these differences may be taxonomically Asymmetry, developmental instabil- tion and mate preference and 2) if relevant. Overall, when endocranial mor- ity and non-directional growth con- orangutans use acoustic properties to phology was considered, the fossil sample straints in the human skull. identify and assess males. was no longer homogeneous; therefore, I examined vocal behavior of adult male the current assignment of all specimens V.B. DeLeon. Johns Hopkins University. orangutans and conducted field experi- analyzed to Homo heidelbergensis is most ments on orangutan populations in north- likely inaccurate. Developmental instability is associated ern Sumatra. Males do not vary signifi- Years ago, LeGros Clark pointed out the with increased fluctuating asymmetry of cantly with respect to calling rate or call importance of considering the total mor- morphometric characters. This study duration and there is no effect of fruit phological pattern when making taxo- addresses developmental instability in availability or the presence of females on nomic assignments. This research demon- the human skull created by non- calling rate. However, there is high inter- strates the importance of this concept, as directional constraints on growth. Prev i- annual variance and high-ranking males any analysis of fossil hominins which does ous research suggests that deviations are more likely to respond vocally upon not consider both the external and inter- from normal growth trajectories increase hearing another male. Among social fac- nal elements of cranial structure may the degree of random variation between tors, the best predictor of calling rates is effectively overlook a significant portion sides within individuals. Based on this the presence of other males, supporting a of the total morphological pattern, and literature, I hypothesized that midline role in intra-sexual competition. Males thus the true taxonomic relevance, of premature craniosynostosis would be can be identified by their long calls alone cranial morphology in hominin evolution. associated with increased fluctuating and there is some indication of indirect asymmetry in the skull. assessment and mate preference based Pliocene Hominid postcranial evolu- A sample of children with premature upon these vocalizations. Males also indi- tion: Fossils from the Hata Beds, midline fusion of the sagittal and/or cate the direction of their next travel bout Middle Awash, Ethiopia. metopic sutures was compared to an age- and I pr ovide evidence that long calls matched sample of morphologically nor- coordinate spatial movements among D. DeGusta, Laboratory for Human Evo- mal children. Three-dimensional land- individuals within a network of loose lutionary Studies, Museum of Vertebrate mark coordinate data from the face, base associations. Zoology, and Dept. of Integrative Biology; and vault were collected in multiple trials University of California, Berkeley. using computer reconstructions of CT 3D visualization of inferred interme- data, and asymmetry was quantified us- diates on a phylogenetic tree-- A recent study of hominid postcrania ing a two-way ANOVA in Procrustes co- applications in paleoanthropology. concluded that, "The results of this study ordinates. Contrary to predictions based serve to remind us about how little we on the developmental instability liter a- E. Delson 1,2,3,4, D. Reddy4,5, F. J. Rohlf2,4,6, know about the evolution of the hominin ture, preliminary results indicate that the S. Frost4,7, M. Friess4,8, K. McNulty2,3,4, K. postcranium and locomotion in the Plio- degree of fluctuating asymmetry in the Baab1,2,3,4, T. Capellini2,3,4,9, and S. E. Pleistocene," (Aiello et al., 1999, AJPA individuals with constrained growth is Hagell2,3,4,9. 1Anthropology, Lehman Col- 109:89). This lack of knowledge stems in LESS than that of the normal control lege, City University of New York, large part from the paucity of hominid sample. The presence of antisymmetry, 2Anthropology, CUNY Graduate Center, postcranial fossils from East Africa in the which has a bimodal distribution of 3Paleontology, American Museum of crucial period of 2-3 million years ago asymmetry, may be a confounding factor. Natural History, 4New York Consortium (mya). Hominid remains recently recov- This research was supported by NIDCR in Evolutionary Primatology, Morphomet- ered from the Hata Beds (~2.5 mya) in the grant 1 P60 DE13078 (Project VI, PI: Dr. rics Group, 5Library Services, Amer ican Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia have the Joan Richtsmeier). Museum of Natural History, 6Ecology and potential to contribute important new Evolution, State University of New York AAPA Abstracts 87

at Stony Brook, 7Anatomy, New York data collected from 368 individuals aged membrane does not cause significant College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2-25 years in the Fels Longitudinal Study. changes in strains in the two bones. Dis- 8Anthrotech, Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, Parameters obtained from each individ- connecting the ligaments subtly effects 9Anthropology, Hunter College, CUNY. ual’s BMI curve include 1) age at BMI the direction of bending in some speci- rebound (AGE-REBOUND), 2) BMI at age mens. Cutting the fibula leads to a mod- Paleoanthropology has always suffered at rebound (BMI-REBOUND), 3) BMI at erate increase of tibial strains and a more from an incomplete fossil record and the maximum pubertal BMI velocity (BMI- marked shift of the bending axis. This resulting relative paucity of intermediate PUBERTY), and 4) maximum post- change is most pronounced in the chim- forms; the fragmentary nature of many adolescent BMI (BMI-POSTADOL). panzee legs that have robust fibulae. It is fossils compounds this problem. In a visu- These four parameters were then exam- concluded that the contribution of the alization approach, we collect surface data ined in a series of bivariate maximum- fibula in weight-bearing of the leg is mi- on exemplar specimens with a laser scan- likelihood-based genetic models. The nor, and the interosseous membrane has ner and landmark coordinate data with a heritabilities and the additive genetic (? G) no bearing on force transfer between the

Microscribe 3D digitizer on larger sam- and random environmental (? E) correla- two bones. The two-bone arrangement ples for each taxon of interest. General- tions between these param eters were with a membrane in between is more ized Procrustes analysis produces average then estimated. Results. From the best likely being driven by the demand for landmark configurations for each taxon, models, AGE-REBOUND, BMI- muscle attachment area in animals with by sex, which are scaled to the same size REBOUND, BMI-PUBERTY, and BMI- large deep flexors rather than by weight- and can be compared statistically. Given POSTADOL had heritabilities ranging bearing demands. an a priori cladogram relating these taxa, from 0.63 to 0.68 (all p<0.0001). The es- our program (building from Rohlf’s TPS timated ?G between AGE-REBOUND and Dental topographic analysis of molar tree) visualizes an intermediate landmark BMI-REBOUND, BMI-PUBERTY, and wear in Alouatta palliate. configuration at any point along the BMI-POSTADOL were -0.55 ± 0.07, -0.60 cladogram. A thin plate spline is then ± 0.08, and -0.54 ± 0.08, respectively. The J.C. Dennis1, P.S. Ungar1, M.F. Teaford2, computed between a chosen taxon and the ?E between AGE-REBOUND and the K.E. Glander3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, computed intermediate, and the taxon’s other three BMI parameters was not sig- University of Arkansas, 2Center for Func- exemplar surface is then splined to the nificantly different from zero. Conclu- tional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns inferred intermediate. This 3D image can sions. Thus, we found high heritabilities Hopkins University, 3Dept. of Biological be rotated to any view and compared for all parameters, and incomplete plei- Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke Uni- visually to known fossils, some of which otropy between the timing of the adiposity versity. may be too fragmentary or distorted to rebound and BMI during childhood and have been included in the statistical adolescence. That is, some, but not all, of Studies of dental biomechanics have analysis. We demonstrate this program the genes that influence the age at adi- demonstrated that tooth shape reflects using data on modern and fossil cer- posity rebound also influence BMI from the mechanical properties of foods that copithecid monkeys and on hominids early childhood to post-adolescence. primates eat. Most studies have focused (great apes and humans). While the re- There is no evidence, however, of a corre- on unworn teeth, thus begging the ques- sulting visualizations are based solely on lated response of these parameters to tion “how does tooth wear affect dental the morphometric properties of the chosen shared environmental factors. functional morphology”? This presenta- landmarks, and do not include character tion reports on a longitudinal study of or genetic data, the resulting forms are of The functional significance of the wear-related changes in tooth form in value for a more complete understanding primate fibula. Alouatta palloata. of the role of shape in phylogenetics and Dental impressions were taken of lower the proximity of various fossils to theo- B. Demes, K. Metzger, S. Larson. Dept. of M2s of 14 howling monkeys at Hacienda retical inferred intermediate forms. Anatomical Sciences, State University of La Pacifica, Costa Rica between 1989 and Funding: NSF (DBI 9602234--NYCEP) New York, Stony Brook. 1999. Each monkey was darted a number and (ACI 9982351--NYCEP Morphomet- of times during that period and dental rics Group) Almost all primates have complete and impressions were taken each time. Re- separate fibulae, whereas most mammals sulting tooth replicas were digitized to a Genetic and environmental correla- either partially or completely fuse the resolution of 0.0254 mm using a laser tions between age at adiposity re- fibula with the tibia or reduce it to a bone scanner, and 3D models of occlusal sur- bound and subsequent changes in spur. The functional significance of the faces were interpolated using GIS soft- childhood BMI. primate condition (which is also shared by ware. Data for average surface slope, cats and bears) is poorly understood. We relief, and angularity were generated for E.W. Demerath, S. Czerwinski, B. Towne, conducted a series of in vitro experiments each sampling of each individual. S.S. Sun, W.C. Chumlea, R.M. Siervogel. to address the role of the fibula in weight- Changes in values were calculated over 2, Wright State University School of Medi- bearing and force transmission between 4, and 7-year intervals, and tested for cine. the two leg bones. Muscles were removed normality. These data were then as- from the legs of one human, two baboon, sessed for significance using Student’s t Introduction. The relationship between and two chimpanzee cadavers and three and Signed Rank tests. the timing of the adiposity rebound and rosette strain gauges were attached to the Results indicate that the howling mon- obesity in adolescence and adulthood has midshafts of each bone. Legs were loaded keys generally showed decreased molar received considerable attention from obe- in bending by applying force through the surface slopes and relief over time. How- sity researchers, but because of the rarity intact knee and ankle joints, and reloaded ever, consistent changes were not evident of familial serial data, little is known of after sequentially cutting the interosseous for molar surface angularity. The lack of its genetic underpinnings. Methods. We membrane, tibiofibular ligaments, and change in angularity between most inter- applied polynomial models to serial BMI the fibula itself. Severing the interosseous vals suggests maintenance of some func- 88 AAPA Abstracts

tional aspects of morphology. This is G. Destro-Bisol1, V. Coia1, F. Donati1, C. The purpose of this project is to show consistent with results indicating no age Battaggia1, G. Spedini1, B. Arredi2, A. changes in dental wear patterns due to related differences in food particle sizes in Caglià2, C. Capelli2, C. Tyler-Smith3. changes in subsistence strategies. The the feces and stomach contents of these 1University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, materials used were skeletal samples monkeys. 2Catholic University, Rome, Italy, from the Archaic period (7000BP - Supported by grants from the National 3University of Oxford, UK. 4000BP) in the Green River Valley in Science Foundation and LSB Leakey Kentucky, and Channel Islands Santa Foundation. The availability of numerous markers of Barbara. A few sites from the Levant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y- during the Natufian period were also used Allometric and functional influences chromosome with known and comparable in the hunter -gatherer samples. The on orbit orientation in didelphid and rates of evolution since the mid 90s has transitional group or the Woodland phalangerid marsupials. opened the door to comparative analyses (4000BP – 3000BP) group is from Illinois of maternal and paternal heritage in hu- and the Mississippian (3000BP – 800BP) A.M. Derby, C.P. Heesy, C.F. Ross. Stony man populations. Using this approach, it samples are a variety of different sites Brook University. has been observed that Fst values for the from Florida, Virginia, and New Mexico. non-recombining portion of the Y- A site from the Levant PPNB or Pre Pot- Several species of marsupials ecolog i- chromosome in human populations are tery Neolithic B was used in the agricul- cally converge on primates and therefore markedly higher than those of mtDNA. A tural group. From the preliminary re- may prove useful for testing adaptive higher female than male migration rate sults it was found that tooth wear in the hypotheses for primate origins. Several associated with the widespread habit of hunter -gatherer samples had greater researchers (e.g., Rasmussen, 1990) have patrilocality has been proposed as the occlusal surface wear from back to front cited the seemingly high orbit conver- most likely explanation for this finding. relative to age, and greater angles on the gence in more predatory didelphids, such The studies carried out among popula- upper first molars only. The agricultural as Caluromys derbianus, as consistent tions from sub-Saharan Africa produced samples showed less wear of the occlusal with the predictions of the nocturnal vis- different results; a higher female than surface relative to age, and smaller angles ual predation hypothesis. Cartmill (1972), male migration rate has been reported for in the upper first molars only. The ap- however, suggests that the measure of populations from Ethiopia, Mali and Su- proximal measurement was found to not orbit orientation in marsupials may be dan, while a higher male-versus-female be as dependent to the occlusal wear in complicated by the morphology of the migration rate has been suggested in either subsistence group. enlarged masticatory apparatus. If so, another study on Pygmies, Khoisan, East this would limit the utility of marsupials Bantus, Bagandans and Gambians. Trabecular bone orientation in flexed as comparative taxa for primate studies. In this communication, we test the hy- versus extended postures in guinea In this study, the functional and al- pothesis that the contrasting results on fowl: A test of Wolff’s Law. lometric correlates of orbit orientation in male and female migration rate in sub- marsupials were examined. Orbit orienta- Saharan Africa could reflect a differential M.J. Devlin, H. Pontzer, D.E. Lieberman, tion and various measures of size and evolution of male and female lineages in J.P. Polk. Dept. of Anthropology, Harvard shape were quantified for 24 taxa of sub-Saharan hunter -gatherers and food University. didelphid and phalangerid marsupials. producers. To do this we use unpublished Data on substrate preference and feeding mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data Although bipedal locomotion is a ecology were also collated. Contrary to on the Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka and hominin synapomorphy, disagreements expectation, folivorous taxa have higher Bassa from Cameroon and Mbenzele persist about whether early hominin bi- orbit convergence than primarily faunivo- Pygmies from the Central African Repu b- peds were capable of fully extended limb rous or occasionally faunivorous taxa. An lic, together with literature data. The posture, or used a bent-knee, bent-hip explanation for this result is derived from possible role of polygamy and sex -biased gait. Several recent studies have used the the observation that among didelphids, gene flow in determining a differential orientation of trabecular bone in limb and when didelphids and phalangerids evolution of male and female lineages is joints to infer postural differences during are considered together, there is a posi- discussed. bipedal locomotion between early bipeds tive allometric relationship between orbit and later Homo. These analyses depend convergence and skull size. The morphol- Dental wear patterns of hunter- on the assumption that the orientation of ogy and position of the anterior root of the gatherer and agriculturists: The di- the trabeculae in joints corresponds to the zygoma, which forms part of the orbit in rect human impact of human behav- orientation of compressive forces that are marsupials, may be dorsally extended in ioural changes accompanying this transmitted through the joints. However, larger and more folivorous taxa and transition. the hypothesis that trabecular struts will thereby biasing the measurement of orbit differ in orientation because of differences orientation. These results suggest that C. Deter. Institute of Archaeology, Uni- in the orientation of loads they experience whereas other aspects of marsupial ecol- versity College, London. during growth has not been tested. ogy and morphology may be useful for This study experimentally tests the studying the adaptive origin of primates, Features that make hunter-gatherer hypothesis that there is a quantifiable orbit orientation data may not be appr o- wear patterns distinct from agriculturists relationship between the orientations of priate. are high occlusal wear rate, (relative to trabeculae and joint posture. The ex- independent age indicators); strong gradi- periment included 16 guinea fowl (Nu- Evidence of differential evolution of ent of wear with heaviest at the front of mida meleagris): 6 extended-posture run- male and female lineages in African the jaw and lightest to the back of the ners, 6 flexed-posture runners, and 4 hunter-gatherers and food produ c- jaw; heavy approximal wear relative to sedentary controls. The exercised ani- ers. occlusal wear, and slow rate of change in mals ran 6 days per week at 1.9 mph for the angle of occlusal plane in the molars. 15 minutes, on either a flat treadmill or a AAPA Abstracts 89

treadmill inclined to 20°. Kinematic and Road to extinction: GIS modeling of biology of woolly monkeys in Ecuador ground reaction force data collected as the road development and hunting pres- during a two-year field study. Data were birds moved on horizontal and inclined sure on Amazonian primates. collected on intragroup spatial relations, substrates confirm that the degree of mating and grooming behavior, and pat- flexion at the knee at toe-off is 10° greater J.L. Dew1, J. Greenberg2, M. Franzen2, A. terns of agonism, and molecular tech- when moving up inclines relative to level Di Fiore3. 1ESPM Division I, University of niques were then used to examine within- running. Micro-CT scans were analyzed California at Berkeley, 2Ecology Graduate group genetic relatedness. using image analysis software to relate Group, University of California at Davis, Woolly monkeys are similar to other this difference to trabecular and sub- 3Dept. of Anthropology, New York Uni- atelins in that males within a group are chondral bone morphology within the versity more closely related to one another than distal femoral epiphysis, including sub- are females. Furthermore, males tend to chondral bone thickness, and trabecular Large-bodied primates such as woolly be tolerant of one another, especially dur- orientation, number, thickness, volume, monkeys and spider monkeys are among ing the context of mating; direct male- and connectivity. the Neotropical mammals most vulner- male reproductive competition appears able to overexploitation from hunting. We minimal. Unlike in other atelins, how- A genetic fossil in great ape and hu- examine the effects of road development ever, adult males are not actively affilia- man genomes suggests the presence on wildlife removal, modeling changes in tive with one another. Relationships of two active forms of ribonuclease access of local hunters to their prey. Spe- among females are likewise generally H1 17 million years ago. cifically, we examine the scale at which tolerant but nonaffiliative. Adult females increased access can cause traditional (specifically those with dependents) ap- E.J. Devor, K.A. Moffat-Wilson. Molecular local hunting patterns to unsustainably pear to avoid same-sex conspecifics, and Genetics and Bioinformatics, Integrated decrease primate populations across a females frequently harass the mating DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa. wide landscape. To address this issue we attempts of others. Those affiliative in- combine field data on primate populations teractions that do occur among nonjuve- Ribonuclease H1 (RNH1) is a ubiqui- in the rainforests of eastern Ecuador with nile animals tend to be directed either tous enzyme that specifically degrades the GIS and population growth models, com- between the sexes (primarily female to RNA moiety of RNA-DNA duplexes. paring differences in hunters¹ travel male) or from juvenile and subadult While its precise biological role is not times between forest and roads on foot males towards adult males. These obser- completely understood, RNH1 is thought and with vehicular transport. Our results vations suggest that intersexual bonds to function in lagging-strand synthesis show that although road construction may be more important than intrasexual during DNA replication. In addition, causes the removal of a relatively small ones, and that male mate choice and di- RNH1 is the crucial component in RNase amount of forest area, the access that rect female-female competition may be H inactivation antisense gene silencing. even relatively short roads provide important features of woolly monkey re- Human RNH1, located on chromosome quickly opens large areas of habitat to productive biology. 2p25, contains eight exons and seven exploitation. Roads cut into the heart of introns spanning some 15kb. While map- an Ecuadorean National Park and Bio- X-chromosome phylogeny of the ping the human RNH1 gen e, we identified sphere Reserve provide avenues for rapid Platyrrhini. two genetic fossils. One, called RNH1P1, game removal and may quickly render is located on human chromosome 1q32 large portions of the reserve depauperate T.R. Disotell, A.J. Tosi, A. Di Fiore. Dept. and meets all of the canonical attributes of large-bodied primates and other vul- of Anthropology, New York University, of a retroprocessed pseudogene. The nerable prey. So-called “temporary” roads New York Consortium in Evolutionary other, called RNH1P2, located on human built in the reserve for oil extraction are Primatology (NYCEP). chromosome 17p13, is mostly canonical being used as avenues for commercial but contains a T®C transition at the game harvest and farm colonization in To date, four nuclear loci (epsilon- Exon 7/ Intron 7 splice junction. This spite of previous agreements made to globin, beta-2-microglobulin, IRBP, results in RNH1P2 containing the first prevent such devastation. G6PD) have been surveyed for all extant seven exons plus 1 kilobase of Intron 7 genera of New World monkeys. Though with no Exon 8 material. As the mecha- Social and reproductive strategies of these works agree on the monophyly of nism through which retropseudogenes are lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix each of the Atelidae, Pitheciidae, and generated requires the presence of a ma- lagotricha). Cebidae (Cebinae + Aotinae + Callitrichi- ture mRNA transcript, the existence of nae), they disagree on the relative rela- RNH1P2 suggests that an RNH1 gene A. Di Fiore. Dept. of Anthropology, New tionships among the families. Epsilon- containing the splice junction mutant was York University and the New York Con- globin and beta-2-microglobulin (both actively transcribed at the time of retro- sortium in Evolutionary Primatology. autosomal) infer a sister -relationship transcription. This is supported by the between the Atelidae and Pitheciidae; observation of an in-frame stop codon and Among primates, many species are IRBP (autosomal) supports a clade of a minor polyadenylation signal just down- characterized by female philopatry, re- Pitheciidae and Cebidae; G6PD (X- stream from the mutation site. sulting in social groups organized around chromosomal) groups the Atelidae with We have estimated that the RNH1P2 a core of related females. In woolly mon- the Cebidae. Such disagreement among retrotranscription occurred 17.1 million keys and other atelin primates, however, molecular datasets is consistent with the years ago. This date is supported by direct males are more likely to be philopatric hypothesis that an evolutionarily short sequencing data that show the pseu- than females, which has important impli- internode separates the two divergence dogene to be present in human, chimpan- cations for the patterning of within-group events giving rise to the progenitors of the zee, and orangutan genomic DNAs but social behavior and for the expression of platyrrhine families; the conflicting nu- not in any Old World or New World mon- various forms of reproductive competition. clear topologies would then be the result key samples. I studied these aspects of the behavioral 90 AAPA Abstracts

of differential lineage sorting at various analyzed, Zn showed a distinct increase at Evolution of anthropoid hands. genetic loci. the neonatal line, with normalized inten- To help resolve the relative relation- sity readings 3 to 6 times higher than the N.J. Dominy1, P.W. Lucas2. 1Dept. of ships among the platyrrhine families, we rest of the enamel. Documenting variation Ecology & Evolution, University of Chi- sequenced and analyzed a ~1.6 kb inter- in trace element compositions of human cago, 2Dept. of Anatomy, University of genic region of the X-chromosome. teeth using microspatial analyses pr o- Hong Kong. Though the sequenced region is several vides a framework from which we can hundred thousand bases from the G6PD begin to ask new questions regarding The skill of anthropoid forelimbs is locus and can therefore be considered a palaeonutrition and other environmental unparalleled among vertebrates. Classic separate, unlinked marker, the phylog eny interactions. evolutionary hypotheses stress the impor- inferred from our analyses is highly con- tance of insect capture or terminal-branch gruent with that published for G6PD, Tooth modification from the Neo- foraging. Here we extend these hypothe- including an Atelidae-Cebidae clade ex- lithic to the Iron Age in Southeast ses and suggest that increased anthropoid clusive of the Pitheciidae. We believe this Asia. dexterity evolved principally to evaluate is the strongest hypothesis of platyrrhine fruit texture. We examined this hypothe- familial relationships at present, not only K. Domett1, N. Tayles2. 1James Cook Uni- sis with respect to three anthropoids and because the G6PD and X-intergenic data- versity, Townsville, Australia, 2University the spectral, mechanical, and chemical sets yield a congruent topology, but also of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. properties of dietary fruits in Kibale For- because they are both X-chromosome est, Uganda. Additional fruits were stud- markers which, by default, have a lower Research on the prehistoric peoples of ied during a general mast-fruiting event effective population size than autosomal Southeast Asia has until recently been in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular markers and, consequently, a higher based almost exclusively on skeletal re- Malaysia. probability of tracking the true organis- mains from burial sites in Thailand, be- We distinguish between seasonal fruits mal relationships. (Supported by NIH# cause of the political situation in and figs, which may offer critical suste- R01_GM60760 to TRD.) neighbouring states. The improvement of nance during periods of fruit dearth. We the political situation in Cambodia has show that the perceptual cue eliciting Microspatial analyses of intra- and recently permitted research to extend fruit ingestion is not color or size - cues intertooth variations in the distribu- beyond the modern state borders. A viewed historically as essential to primate tion of trace elements. skeletal sample from a newly excavated frugivory - but fruit mechanical proper- Iron Age cemetery in northwest Cambo- ties, which alone predict sugar concentra- A.E. Dolphin1, D. Kang2, A.H. Goodman2, dia, Phum Snay, is one of the first to be tion. We reject the role of fruits in the D. Amarasiriwardena2. 1University of available. The sample to date is small evolution of catarrhine color vision and Massachusetts, 2Hampshire College. and poorly preserved, restricting the instead emphasize the importance of analysis, but one feature, dental modifica- evolving independently mobile digits cou- Understanding the distribution of trace tion, is reported here. This study pr e- pled with neural specializations in the elements within human teeth has wide- sents this new evidence and discusses its cortex and skin. These hallmark adapta- spread implications for paleodietary re- significance in relation to that from pr e- tions were indispensable in the Eocene, construction, as well as for the biomon i- historic Thailand. There are two main an epoch when stem anthropoids were toring of nutrition and pollution in living types of tooth modification in the Phum faced with a coterie of confusing fruit populations. Traditional chemical analy- Snay material: tooth ablation and tooth colors already adapted to consumption by ses of teeth have relied primarily upon filing. There is evidence for dental abla- diurnal birds or nocturnal frugivores, the dissolution of entire teeth, or frag- tion of the upper lateral incisors and the such as flying foxes. ments, with the aim of retrospectively canines, in both males and females, in We are grateful for support from Sigma glimpsing the environmental interactions 63% of a sample of 19 anterior maxillae. Xi, the Explorer’s Club, the Croucher locked within. The research presented Tooth filing was evident in five individu- Foundation, the Research Grants Council here summarizes recent findings regard- als (26%), in the central or lateral incisors of Hong Kong, the National Geographic ing variability in the distribution of trace and the canines. Overall, 84% of the Society, and a National Service Research elements within human tooth enamel, as sample had some form of tooth modifica- Award from the NIH. measured using LA-ICP -MS. With the tion. Despite the small sample size, the analysis of deciduous teeth (N=45) from high proportion of individuals involved is Modeling and remodeling responses Solís, Mexico, we have found that there suggestive of widespread tooth modifica- to normal loading in the human are significant increases in the intensities tion in this population. The skeletal sam- lower limb. of Mg, Zn, Ba, and Pb (p= >0.001 – 0.05) ple from the Neolithic southeast Thai site between pre- and postnatal enamel, re- of Khok Phanom Di also had high rates of M.S. Drapeau1, M. Streeter 2. 1Dept. of flecting the dramatic change from in utero ablation (Tayles 1996) with some similar Anatomy, New York College of Osteo- to postnatal environments. Also, no sig- patterns as at Phum Snay, hinting that pathic Medicine, 2Dept. of Anthropology, nificant differences (N= 41 ) were found this practice had a long history. Evidence University of Missouri-Columbia. between average prenatal or postnatal from other samples reported from Thai- trace element intensities of incisors ver- land will also be discussed in order to Normal loads produce bon e microdam- sus canines. Finally, we looked at the place the Cambodian evidence in the con- age, which can result in bone failure with microspatial distribution of trace metals text of the Southeast Asian cultural re- time if not continuously remodeled. The (Zn, Fe, Pb, Ca, Sr) in enamel areas of cord. incidence of microcracks in long bones can deciduous teeth including the neonatal Tayles, M. (1996) Tooth ablation in be slowed by increasing diaphyseal cross- line, pre- and postnatal enamel areas, at prehistoric Southeast Asia. International sectional dimensions, which reduces the dental-enamel junction (DEJ), and at Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6:333-345. strains incurred during bending or axial the dental-pulp junction. Of the elements loading. Concurrently, within a limb, AAPA Abstracts 91

distal bones have to be smaller than In the ossuary, each of the four variables isotope data. When the carbon and iso- proximal bones to avoid large angular was congruent with an act of violation. tope data are combined, resulting com- moments during locomotion. With this Specifically, there was a dearth of grave mon factors show clear deciduous versus constraint in mind, Lieberman and goods, the ossuary was located to the west permanent teeth components as well as Crompton (1998) proposed that bone re- of a temple assemblage, the individuals carbon versus oxygen components. This sponse to strain varies along the proximo- were disposed in a manner that did not evidence may suggest changes in diet distal axis of the limb. Proximal bones retain individual identity, and cutmarks during early childhood most likely associ- should adapt to loading by increasing covered the remains in a fashion consis- ated with weaning. cross-sectional dimensions, while distal tent with dismemberment and defleshing. bones must increase remodeling pace. This paper has two goals: to present the A re-examination of purported Although this mechanism appears to oc- archaeological and skeletal data from the “Meganthropus” cranial fragments. cur in pigs, this hypothesis remains un- ossuary at Zacpetén demonstrating that A.C. Durband. Dept. of Anthropology, tested in humans. the ossuary is congruent with that pr e- University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Lieberman and Crompton’s hypothesis dicted to reflect violation; and to consider predicts that cross-sectional dimensions, other lines of data and alternative scenar- The genus “Meganthropus” was origi- measured as polar moment area (J) and ios that might have pr oduced the ossuary nally coined for the large mandibular cortical area (CA), should be greater in in an effort to evaluate the variables’ po- fragment Sangiran 6. Since its introduc- femurs than in tibias, while measures of tential to discern veneration and violation tion, a number of workers have placed remodeling activity, measured as osteon in other archaeological contexts. both cranial and mandibular specimens population density (OPD) and percent into this genus primarily due to their size remodeled bone (%REM), should be Determination of infant weaning and robusticity. Many studies have shown smaller. Femurs and tibias of 20 human patterns from juvenile dentition in that the mandibular specimens attributed forensic cases (6 females and 13 males, all Roman Egypt. to “Meganthropus” merely reflect the 18 to 70 years of age with a mean age of more extreme end of a normal range of 32, all assumed to be normal physiolog i- T.L. Dupras1, M.W. Tocheri2. 1Dept. of variation for the fossil species Homo erec- cally) were used for this analysis. Sociology and Anthropology, University of tus. In the present study, three cranial Although CA and J are greater in fe- Central Florida, 2Dept. of Anthropology, fragments from Sangiran that have been murs than in tibias, neither OPD nor Arizona State University. assigned to “Meganthropus” are ex amined %REM differs between these bones. in an effort to determine whether this However, when bone length is controlled Studies of infant weaning in past popu- placement is justified or if these speci- for, tibias are not less resistant to bending lations commonly rely on stable isotope mens can be accommodated within H. than femurs. This suggests that humans analysis of infant remains. A major prob- erectus. The results of this study call into and pigs may differ in bone modeling and lem with using infant samples in this question previous interpretations of this remodeling adaptations. manner is that these individuals did not material, and indicate that none of the survive past infancy. It is impossible to three specimens can be separated from H. Discerning veneration and violation determine if the isotopic signals of these erectus. “Meganthropus” I is interpreted to in mortuary contexts: The case of individuals reflects the ideology of that be a portion of the lateral cranial vault, a Zacpetén. society concerning infant feeding. One position that differs from the original potential way to answer this is to examine description of this fossil, and the speci- W.N. Duncan. Dept. of Anthropology, the dentition of individuals who survived men is found to be well within the range Southern Illinois University at Carbon- infancy. Teeth are static tissues, captur- for the known H. erectus sample. Like- dale. ing isotopic signals during development, wise, the “Meganthropus” III occipital affording a “snap-shot” of diet. fragment, a specimen that was difficult to Discerning veneration and violation in This study examines the dental isotope interpret based on earlier descriptions of archaeological mortuary contexts remains signatures from 22 juveniles (4 to 9 years the fossil, is found to be similar to known problematic. Difficulties include the fact old) from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh examples of Asian H. erectus. Sangiran 31 that what constitutes veneration and Oasis, Egypt (circa 200 AD) to reconstruct (“Meganthropus” II) is the only specimen violation varies between and within cul- weaning history. Both deciduous and studied that does not immediately group tures over time and space. Drawing on permanent teeth were sampled, with a with H. erectus, however even this speci- cross cultural ethnographic studies of total of 7 to 12 teeth per individual. A men fits within the recognized H. erectus mortuary practices (Carr 1995), I prev i- homogenized enamel sample was isolated hypodigm and does not provide adequate ously suggested that considering four from each tooth and prepared for stable evidence for the maintenance of the genus variables may help distinguish veneration carbon and oxygen isotope analysis on a “Meganthropus.” and violation archaeologically: nature of SIRA mass spectrometer. grave goods, location of interment, body The resulting data are analyzed using Quantitative genetics of the cranio- treatment, and form of disposal (Duncan Factor Analysis, and then rotated using a facial complex in modern humans. 2001). Using ethnographic, ethnohistoric, Varimax rotation to determine if any and archaeological lines of evidence from patterns exist in the data that may indi- D.L. Duren 1, S.A. Czerwinski1, R.J. Sher- the Maya area, the author suggested how cate changes in diet. Preliminary results wood2, A.F. Roche1, R.M. Siervogel1, B. these variables might be manifest differ- suggest that the carbon and oxygen iso- Towne1. 1Dept. of Community Health, ently between acts of veneration and vio- tope data distribution, when examined Wright State University School of Medi- lation among the Maya. In northern Gua- separately, is best explained as represen t- cine, 2Dept. of Anthropology, African temala, under Proyecto Bioarqueológico ing a permanent teeth factor. However, Studies Program, University of Wiscon- de Zacpetén the author and others exca- the individual permanent teeth that are sin, Madison. vated and analyzed a late Postclassic (AD significantly correlated with these factors 950-1524) ossuary at the site of Zacpetén. are different for carbon versus oxygen 92 AAPA Abstracts

Significant genetic influences on cra- mentation availability, some analyses predict the probability of an individual's niometric variation as assessed by an- were limited. Three general age groups population affinity. thropometry are well documented. Fewer are represented: 2nd trimester fetus, Analysis was done with dichotomized studies, however, have examined genetic perinate, and neonate(<1 month). character states for two, three and four influences on internal craniofacial mor- Preliminary analyses documented three trait combinations. Trait combinations phology obtained fr om radiographs. In types of skeletal pathologies: abnormal were chosen to represent the greatest this study, we estimated heritabilities (h2) periosteal bone growth, anencephaly, and difference of expression between the two of 13 craniofacial measures from lateral craniolacunae. According to the medical groups. Population affinity can be de- cephalograms of 460 participants in the literature (Harwood-Nash and Fitz, 1976; termined with upwards of 90% probability Fels Longitudinal Study using a maxi- Kaplan et al., 1991), craniolacunae are with particular trait combinations. The mum likelihood method for pedigree data only associated with neurospinal congen i- probability tables will be briefly de- (SOLAR; Almasy and Blangero 1998). tal disorders; however, no skeletal ev i- scribed, and the results of a test of this These individuals are from 111 nuclear dence or documentation supports that any method are presented. and extended families and ranged in age fetus exhibited a congenital nuerospinal from birth to 72 years at the time of ex- disorder. In addition, four initial trends Father vs. nonpaternal allomothering amination. Because many of these indi- were observed: 1) individuals exhibiting effects on child health among the viduals were examined serially, for these skeletal pathology were in the perinatal Toba of northern Argentina. initial analyses data from a single obser- age range, 2) few exhibited skeletal pa- vation of each person were selected at thology, 3) there was a relatively high P. Ellis, C. Valeggia. Harvard University. random. Ten iterations of this sampling incidence of cranial defects that may be procedure were conducted and the mean related to minor congenital abnormalities Nonpaternal allomothering may have heritability of each craniofacial measure that otherwise do not present skeletally, played a large role in the shaping of our from the separate analyses was calcu- and 4) every individual exhibited normal species. Today, cross-culturally, only a lated. High heritabilities were found for periosteal bone addition that could be minority of child care is performed by three angular measures (basion-sella- confused with pathology if expected nor- men. Women need assistance in raising nasion h2 = 0.54; sella-nasion -subspinale mal growth patterns are not incorporated their children; however, does it matter h2 = 0.58; nasion -sella-posterior nasal in the research design and analysis of where that assistance comes from? Are spine h2 = 0.50). Two indirect linear fetal and perinatal skeletal remains. there any advantages to having a father measures of brain size also were found to in the home, if mothers have access to be highly heritable (sella-ectocranial ver- Prediction of social race category other caretakers? Such questions were tex h2 = 0.54; sella-endocranial vertex h2 = using characteristics of dental mor- investigated with the Toba of NamQom in 0.57), while a third was moderately heri- phology. Northern Argentina. The Toba are one of table (maximum neurocranial length h2 = eight ethnic groups currently inhabiting 0.37). Heritability estimates of the other H.J.H. Edgar. Department of Sociol- the Argentine Chaco. Originally hunter- linear measures ranged from low to high ogy/Anthropology, University of Wooster, gatherers, many groups have moved to (sella-sphenoccipitale h2 = 0.12; cranial Wooster, OH, 44691 urban and periurban environments over thickness at vertex h2 = 0.26; sella- the last fifty years. Childrearing tradi- sphenoethmoidale h2 = 34; basion -sella h2 Patterns of biological variation coincide, tions have, however, remained largely = 0.36; sella-nasion h2 = 0.41; basion- in part, with the social category of race. intact. Mothers make use of extensive sphenoccipitale h2 = 0.43; basion-nasion Historically, forensic anthropology has kin networks; older daughters, grand- h2 = 0.54). Overall, these findings show concentrated on social race determination mothers, aunts, cousins – everyone helps that the human craniofacial complex is using skeletal morphological variation. the mothers raise their children. Among comprised of several moderately to highly Conversely, dental anthropology has been the Toba of NamQom, two alternative heritable traits. concerned with worldwide patterns of hypotheses were tested: 1) the presence of variation in the expression of dental a father is associated with better health Normal periosteal bone growth and characteristics. This paper represents a outcomes in infants and young children, skeletal pathology in documented synthesis of the goal of forensic anthro- and 2) the presence of alternative kin fetuses, University of New Mexico, pology with the methods of dental an- caretakers (nonpaternal) is associated Maxwell Museum documented collec- thropology. with better health outcomes. Health re- tion and University of Tennessee Using dental morphology, probability cords of children under 4 years of age documented collection. tables based on samples of modern Afri- were obtained and are being analyzed. can Americans and European Americans Interviews were conducted with the A.L. East. University of New Mexico. wer e created for use in the determination mothers to see whether or not fathers of an individual's social race. Conse- were present within the household and/or The purpose of this study was to exam- quently, the tables are applicable for de- if kin were present within the village ine the pattern of skeletal pathology pr e- termining the probability that an individ- during the rearing of the children. Sex sent in two documented fetal samples and ual was categorized as African American and age of nearby kin were noted. Pre- document differences in normal and ab- or European American. liminary results indicate that the pres- normal periosteal new bone addition. The All individuals in the samples (African ence of a father does not confer a benefit samples were from the University of New American N=110, European American to child health if there are maternal kin Mexico, Maxwell Museum (n=16) and the N=151) were born between 1920 and networks available to the mother. University of Tennessee (n=18). All indi- 1975. For this study, 32 morphological viduals died between 1970-2001. Docu- characteristics were possible per denti- mentation on age, sex, race, and cause of tion. Probability tables were produced death was available for many of the indi- using logistical regression, a categorical viduals. However, due to uneven docu- data specific analysis that can be used to AAPA Abstracts 93

Bioarchaeological analysis of an ag- survival and reproduction. Here we exam- pology, UC Davis, 2Genomic Ancestry ricultural population from late me- ine how microhabitat structure and pr e- Labs, UC Davis, 3Dept. of Anthropology, dieval Transylvania. dation risk affect the habitat preference of Indiana University. wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). J.T. Eng1, P.L. Szocs2. 1Dept. of Anthro- Patas monkeys in Kenya are restricted to Ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from pology, University of California at Santa Acacia drepanolobium habitat, but within prehistoric biological material has proved Barbara, 2Muzeul Judetean Satu Mare. our study group’s home range, there are to be a valuable tool for testing a number two distinct microhabitats, one with taller of hypotheses concerning phylogenetic Recent excavations in northwest Tran- trees (“tall microhabitat”) and one with relationships, migrations, and prehistoric sylvania uncovered over 150 individuals apparently perennially shorter trees population histories. However, as aDNA from a 14th-17th century cemetery. Bioar- (“short microhabitat”). Examination of is exists in low copy number and is highly chaeological analysis of this Magyar (eth- their ranging behavior indicates that the degraded, contamination and authentifi- nic Hungarian) peasant population has patas group did not use each habitat in cation of the results remain significant provided demographic and health data for proportion to its availability. Patas pr e- problems. Additionally, PCR-mediated a previously little studied area of medie- ferred the tall microhabitat, using it more base-misincorporations due to post- val Eastern Europe. Although preserva- often than expected. In the tall micro- mortem modifications in the DNA may tion was poor, subadults comprised 47% habitat, focal animals climbed into trees also significantly influence the results of the total sample. Only 5 infants were that were significantly taller than the from ancient sequence data. The pres- present in the subadult sample. This sug- average, indicating that they preferred ence of even a small number of misidenti- gests that many of the fragile remains of tall trees. Indirect evidence suggests that fied polymorphisms can dramatically very young individuals were not pr e- the use of tall trees decreased pr edation affect diversity measures drawn from served. Lesions indicative of specific and risk for patas by increasing their ability these sequences as well as the perceived nonspecific infectious diseases, nutri- to detect predators. In the tall microhabi- phylogenetic relationships between differ- tional deficiencies, trauma, and degener a- tat, female patas spent more time scan- ent DNAs. We compare polymorphic positive joint disease were scored. ning from taller trees than from shorter tions in modern and ancient mtDNA to Most of the adults in this sample were in trees, and detected predators only from see if mutations reported in aDNA studies their 30’s to 40’s at time of death, which is taller than average trees, based on alarm are likely to contain errors. Additionally, considered “old” in medieval literature. call data. We found no evidence of in- we examine effects errors may have on The adult sample did not show much ev i- creased food availability or reduced diversity estimates drawn from aDNA. dence of pathological conditions aside predator presence in the tall microhabitat from loss of teeth and arthritis, which is to account for the monkeys’ preference for The supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT) indicative of the diet and activity of this the tall microhabitat. as an exaptation. agricultural population. Cribra orbitalia was observed in nearly half of the 36 or- High resolution, sequential chemical T.L. Estenson. University of New Mexico, bits examined; over 50% of the affected analysis of tooth enamel by ion probe Albuquerque. individuals were found in juveniles. Long mass spectrometry. bone measurements indicate that adult The lowered position of the larynx in height was similar to that of people in J.E. Ericson, Dept. of Environmental adult modern humans has created a contemporaneous Eastern European Analysis, UC Irvine. unique enlargement of the airway—the populations. supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT)—which These data suggest that this population Ion mass spectrometry has been used to has been shown to be necessary for the had a high childhood mortality rate. Peo- measure sequential chemical profiles of production of modern speech. No one has ple surviving to adulthood, in contrast, elemental nutrients and pollutants from claimed that human ancestors prior to the appear to have lived reasonably long prenatal to postnatal periods in tooth descent of the larynx were not capable of lives, and have skeletons with compara- enamel histological structure. Elements verbal communication, but it has been tively little evidence of pathological condi- (Ca, Fe, Mn, and Pb) are measured in 40 argued that they would not have had the tions. Several alternative explanations of micron spots in the enamel. The time of capacity to produce the rapid, varied and this apparent paradox between high formation of the enamel in analytical spot nuanced sounds of modern human speech. childhood mortality and “healthy” adult is determined using the birth line as ref- Exactly when laryngeal descent occurred skeletons are discussed. erence and counting diurnal lines in the during human evolution has been a long- histology. The technique, called the Tooth running and contentious topic in paleoan- Predation risk and habitat structure Enamel Biomarker, has been applied to thropology. A less-explored issue is why it affect habitat preference and vertical study the exposure history of children to occurred, perhaps the underlying assump- use of space by wild patas monkeys heavy metals having public health signifi- tion being that it was obviously related to (Erythrocebus patas). cance. The technique is directly applicable vocalization. However, a number of recent to the study of palaeonutrition, viability studies on various topics—the requisite K.L. Enstam1, L.A. Isbell2. 1Dept. of An- of fetal development, geographical loc a- capacity of the aerodigestive passage nec- thropology/Linguistics, Sonoma State tion of mother’s residence, early indu s- essary for ventilation and swallowing University, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- trial pollution, and other applications of functions (presented here); the timing of versity of California, Davis. anthropological significance. the developmental descent of the larynx; the lowered position of the hyoid appara- Habitat structure can be an important Analysis of base misincorporations in tus in individuals with a compromised factor in determining animal habitat ancient and modern mtDNA. airway and its superior re-positioning preference because it is often closely when surgically relieved--suggest that the linked to aspects of ecology, such as food J A Eshleman1,2, R.S. Malhi1,2, F.A. descent of the larynx was not related to availability and predation risk, that affect Kaestle3, D.G. Smith1. 1Dept. of Anthro- speech production. Rather, it may have 94 AAPA Abstracts

evolved to protect the functional capacity Brucellosis in antiquity: An analysis set taken from the larger project “Cross- of the aerodigestive passage in response of possible cases of brucellar sacro- Environmental Behavioral Study of West- to impingement caused by the dental iliitis. ern Lowland Gorillas”, we present sys- reduction/mandibular retrusion associ- tematic data for this behavior and test its ated with technological advances. The J. Fan1, D.J. Ortner 2, B. Frohlich2, D. relationship to specific variables. Data SVL was an exaptation during this proc- Martin3. 1University of Massachusetts, were gathered on a group of 4 western ess and only after its origin did the so- Amherst, 2Smithsonian Institution, lowland gorillas housed at Miami’s phisticated nervous control necessary for 3Hampshire College. MetroZoo. We analyzed data from 120 modern speech develop. It will be argued sampling sessions to test for correlations that the impingement would have more Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease en- between the frequency of coprophagy and significantly effected populations with a demic to the Middle East and Mediterra- the sex of the gorilla, time of day, and day narrow cranial base and that such a nean regions, where it poses both a public of the week. Only the 3 females engaged group would be the most likely candidate health and economic burden. Goats are in coprophagy. Coprophagy was most for first developing the anatomy neces- the primary vector for Brucella melitensis, frequent in the afternoon hours (59%). sary to produce modern speech. the species most pathogenic to humans Coprophagy was most frequent on Fri- and most likely to affect the skeleton. days (81% of all cases). Both afternoons Dental asymmetry among the Oraibi The domestication of sheep and goats in and Fridays have the highest number of Hopi population: Evidence for de- the Middle East 10,000 years ago and the visitors. This behavior has been docu- creases in stress among young males. presence of the vectors in the archaeolog i- mented in wild gorillas and may be a cal record suggest the early presence of means of maximizing nutritional returns M.A. Everett. Dept. of Anthropology, human brucellosis. Given the importance from an herbivorous diet. It may be that Indiana University. of domesticates and the unavailability of these gorillas ate feces because their diet antibiotics in ancient times, brucellosis was presented only twice daily and was Fluctuating dental asymmetry (FDA) is was likely to have been a significant small in volume, although equal in calo- the asymmetric development of the left cause of human morbidity in antiquity. ries. So diet may explain this behavior to and right dental antimer es. Although the Paleopathological studies have only some extent in captive gorillas as well. etiology of FDA is poorly understood, recently described brucellosis and have However, we suggest that visitors were a numerous studies show that the presence focused on brucellar spondylitis. A review source of stress because as the number of of stressors during development can con- of current clinical literature, however, visitors increased, so did the frequency of tribute to its expression. Regardless of suggests that sacroiliitis is also a common coprophagy. Although our sample size is specific cause, FDA is negatively corre- if not equally frequent osteoarticular small, this finding suggests that copr o- lated with general physical health as well complication of human brucellosis and phagy in captive animals may be a re- as fitness. should be useful in the differential diag- sponse to social stress as well as dietary In this study, casts of the first perma- nosis of brucellosis and other diseases. stress. nent molars of 141 individuals from the The current study surveys adult human Oraibi Hopi village were examined for skeletons from Middle Eastern archaeo- Development of human hand prefer- FDA. The sample consists of 63 males logical populations for evidence of skeletal ence in the first year of life: The role and 78 females, ranging in age from 5 to lesions associated with brucellosis. This of maternal influence. 16 years, and was collected by A. Dahl- report describes possible cases of brucel- berg in 1950 as part of the Southwest lar sacroiliitis from skeletal samples that L.L. Fields, L.E. Diaz. Dept. of Sociology Indian dental project. Young males (<10 were previously analyzed for evidence of and Anthropology, New Mexico State years old) have significantly lower levels brucellar spondylitis. Initial findings re- University. of asymmetry in the mesiodistal dimen- veal that the prevalence of probable sion of the maxillary M1 compared to the brucellosis ranged from zero to 11% in Research indicates that the process by rest of the sample (older males, older samples from the Early Bronze Age site of which handedness emerges in human females, and females of the same age). Bab edh -Dhra, Jordan (ca. 3150-2900 infants is highly variable. Most conclude, There are no significant correlations be- BC), Tell Abraq in the United Arab Emir- however, that maternal influence plays tween tooth size, age, sex, and asymme- ates (ca. 2500-2000 BC), burial mounds some part in the development of infant try. from Bahrain Island, Bahrain (ca. 2000 – handedness. We videotaped mothers and This result suggests that significant 1600 BC), and the Qa’alat al Bahrain infants and looked at each of their hand decreases in the levels of biological or settlement of Bahrain (ca. 1450-1900 AD). preferences during a ten -minute period social stressors affecting males took place These data indicate that brucellosis was a when they were alone. The sample con- in the Oraibi population circa 1940-1945. significant human disease in the past and sisted of thirty mother-infant pairs who These decreases may have been due, in that an understanding of brucellar sacro- visited the Mother -Infant Communication part, to initiation of preferential treat- iliitis is critical to the identification of Lab at New Mexico State University. ment of males over females. In addition, brucellosis. Infants were six months of age, and both other changes in social conditions during Hispanic and Anglo mothers and infants this time include the closure of boarding Coprophagy indicates stress in low- participated in the study. In order to schools, decline in Hopi subsistence farm- land gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). understand better the emergence of ing, and the recovery from both the Great handedness in infants, three primary Depression and the Livestock Reduction M. Faraldo, L.L. Taylor. Dept. of Anthro- questions were considered: 1. Which hand program. These possibilities illustrate pology, University of Miami. does the infant use in interacting with the ability of asymmetry studies to shed objects, its mother, and its environment?, light on changes in social conditions and Coprophagy is a behavior observed in 2. Does the mother affect the infant’s the environment. great apes. However, to date, most re- lateral preference through her own ac- ports are anecdotal. In this work, a sub- tions?, and 3. Are there similarities be- AAPA Abstracts 95

tween hand preference among human and ence literature for medial aspect of the Member I of the Kibish Formation and non-human primates in handling objects? ischium (White, 1992), currently available was dated at 130,000 years old. For vari- Preliminary results show that the micromorphological evidence does not ous reasons, many subsequent discussions mother’s dominant hand does not influ- adequately support a diagnosis of "cut- of modern human origins have questioned ence which hand the infant uses. Because marks" for the UA 173 “scratch lines.” the age of the Omo 1 remains. previous research with non -human pri- Since 1999 we have conducted field mates has indicated that handedness is Rapid deployment of the five found- research in the Kibish Formation in an variable, as is with humans, this research ing Amerind mtDNA haplogroups via effort to clarify the debated regarding the attempts to add to the understanding of coastal and riverine colonization. age of the Kibish hominids from the 1967 hand preference in both human and non- expedition and to provide a broader human primates. Results of these obser- A.G. Fix. University of California, River- stratigraphic, paleontological, and archeo- vations were compared with similar stud- side. logical context for the Kibish Formation. ies of the emergence of handedness in Using maps and photographs from the nonhuman primates. Numerous studies of variation in 1967 expeditions we have relocated the mtDNA in Amerindian populations have site of the 1967 finds and subsequent Taphonomic analysis of one-million- established that four haplogroups are excavations; we have recovered additional year-old human hip bone (UA 173) present throughout both North and South remains of the Omo I skeleton; and we from the Danakil (Afar) depression of America. These four haplogroups (A, B, have obtained new radiometric dates for Eritrea. C, D) and perhaps a fifth (X) are postu- members of the Kibish Formation. In lated to be present in the initial founding addition, we have recovered abundant I. Fiore I. 1, L. Bondioli L.1, A. Coppa2, H. migration to the Americas. Furthermore, archeological remains from new excava- Kashay3, R. Macchiarelli 4, L. Rook5. 1Sect. studies of ancient mtDNA have suggested tions at the KHS site. Our results sup- Anthrop., Nat. Prehist. Ethnogr. “L. long term regional continuity of the fr e- port the results of the 1967 expedition in Pigorini” Museum, Rome, Italy, 2Dept. quencies of these founding haplogroups. placing the Omo I skeleton at over Animal & Hum. Biol., Univ. of Rome “La Present day tribal groups possess high 100,000 years old and provide further Sapienza”, Italy, 3Nat. Museum of Eritrea, frequencies of private mtDNA haplotypes information about the anatomy and asso- Asmara, Eritrea, 4Lab. Géobiol., Biochron. (variants within the major haplogroups) ciated archeological remains of this fossil & Paléont. Hum., Univ. of Poitiers, consistent with early establishment of that are significant for understanding France, 5Dept. Earth Sciences, Univ. of local isolation of regional populations. modern human origins in Africa. Florence, Italy. Clearly these patterns have implications for the mode of colonization of the hemi- Arboreality and infant behavioral The UA 173 one-million -year-old human sphere. development: new data from wild hip bone was discovered associated with I have recently shown that an earlier blue monkeys. the erectus-like UA 31 cranium at Uadi consensus among archaeologists for an Aalad, in the sedimentary basin of Buia, initial colonization by Clovis hunters ar- S. Foerster, M. Cords. Dept. of Ecology, northern Danakil depression of Eritrea riving through an ice-free corridor and Evolution & Environmental Biology, Co- (Abbate et al., 1998). The specimen con- expanding in a “blitzkrieg” wave is incon- lumbia University. sists of two portions representing most of sistent with extensive genetic variability the iliac blade (i) and the acetabulum and in Native Americans while a coastal mi- Infant behavioral development has been ischium (ii) from a right adult hip bone. gration route avoids this problem. The little studied in wild arboreal monkeys. UA 173 is almost free from incrustations present paper demonstrates through a To test the hypothesis that development and preserves macroscopically intact most computer simulation model how coloniza- of independence is delayed in arboreal of its original bone surface. tion along the coasts and rivers could species because of a high risk of injury On the medial aspect of the ischium, have rapidly spread the founding lineages from falling, we studied 12 infant blue two parallel "scratch lines", similar to widely through the Americas. monkeys during the first six months of those resulting from the action of a lithic life in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Blue instrument, were detected during clean- The Omo I partial skeleton from the monkey infants developed spatial inde- ing of the specimen. Interestingly, un- Kibish Formation. pendence from the mother rather rapidly. equivocal marks of butchering and skin- By the end of the second month some ning had been recorded on a number of J. Fleagle1, Z. Assefa1, F. Brown2, C. infants already spent less than 50% of faunal remains coming from the nearby Feibel3, I. McDougall4, J. Shea1. 1Stony their time in contact to the mother, a late Early Pleistocene outcrops. Brook University, 2University of Utah, figure that decreased to an average of The SEM analysis of high-resolution 3Rutgers University, 4Australian National 35% in the third month, and to about 3% replicas of the ischial surface revealed a University. in the sixth month. Interindividual differ- more complex pattern. While some por- ences were small and significant only for tions of the lines (extended for c. 12 mm) In 1967 a team from the Kenya Na- infants of primiparous vs. multiparous display secondary striae in the main tional Museum, directed by Richard mothers. A comparison of mother -infant groove, thus suggesting the possible me- Leakey, recovered the remains of three contact scores with those from similarly chanical action of a tool, others distinctly fossil hominids from the late Quaternary sized terrestrial species does not support show a concave section, more likely re- Kibish Formation of southwestern Ethio- the hypothesis that arboreality delays the lated to a vascular sulcus. Topographic pia. Among these was a partial skeleton, development of spatial independence. In investigation of the whole surface also designated Omo I, which has been consis- fact, blue monkey mothers ceased to re- revealed a number of microdamages of tently identified as anatomically modern strict the independent movements of their taphonomic nature (weathering agents). in its anatomy. The fossil was recovered infants very early in life, at an age of In conclusion, also in view of a rela- from surface collections and excavations about two weeks, and most of our infant tively low frequency reported in the referat the KHS site in the upper part of subjects did fall out of a tree at least once 96 AAPA Abstracts

without sustaining serious injury. These software. Latitude and longitude data observed with the typical "Turkish sad- observations, and a comparison of our were determined for all ateline specimens dle" appearance signified by a pronounced results with those from wild Macaca fas- in four major museum collections, using a tuberculum sella, whereas males were cicularis, another highly arboreal species, variety of gazetteers and maps, for locali- characterized by what could be called an suggest that the development of infant ties from Ecuador to the Guyanas and "English saddle" morphology, with a less independence reflects the risk of intra- north to Nicaragua. They were analyzed pronounced tuberculum sella. Further- group aggression and predation more using ArcView GIS (ESRI, Inc.). more, the lateral aspects of the sella than arboreality. This database demonstrates the well- among some females appear delineated, known relationship of Lagothrix with unlike the appearance observed among Dental health in North America. higher elevations and the link of subspe- most males. This region may be more cies to specific river drainages, with low- indicative of sex than the morphology of C.D. Fooce, P.W. Sciulli. Dept. of Anthro- lands as effective barriers. Borders be- the tuburculum sella. All three authors pology, The Ohio State University. tween Ateles taxa demonstrate sympatry attempted sexing of this region in blind in the lower Cauca River Valley of A. studies, with results of correct sexing as The analysis of a health index for major fusciceps, and A. hybridus, and in north- accurate as 88%. The authors anticipate groups who lived in the Western Hemi- eastern Venezuela between A. hybridus that this morpholog ical technique could sphere over the last 7000 years shows a and A. belzebuth. The far-flung but be used to aid in sexing subadult as well general decrease over time (Steckel and somewhat disjointed distribution of A. as adult human skeletal material, both of Rose, 2002). The major question resulting belzebuth indicates their spread around forensic anthropological concern and from from this research is the following: Does the boundary of the llanos region of Ven e- archaeological context. the health index or specific indicators zuela. The closeness of populations of A. included herein change over time due to geoffroyi and A. fusciceps in the southern Comparing internal nasal fossa di- the altered environments of the popula- isthmus is apparent. Contrasting the mensions and classical measures of tions or due to some forces associated distributions of Ateles with Aloutta is the external nasal skeleton in recent with time that have not been considered? instructive. Some boundaries to dispersal humans: Inferen ces for respiratory In this analysis, one component of the appear similar (e.g., lower vs. upper Rio airflow dynamics and climatic adap- health index —dental caries—is analyzed Cauca, west vs. east of the Guianan high- tation. for 65 samples (N~12,000) of Native lands), but on a lower taxonomic level for Americans, European Americans and howlers. However, the lower isthmian R. G. Franciscus. Dept. of Anthropology, African Americans. The prevalence of boundary appears different, and howlers University of Iowa. dental caries is analyzed by ecological have clearly been able to invade and sur- context (food source, vegetation, topogra- round the llanos region of Venezuela more The association between classical phy, climate, elevation, and settlement effectively. measures of the external nasal skeleton pattern) and time. (the nasal index and nasal bridge projec- Although there are some differences Sexing the sella turcica: A question of tion) and eco-geographical variation in among ecological factors in the prevalence English vs. Turkish saddles? temperature and humidity is well estab- of dental caries, the primary factor influ- lished in biological anthropology. These encing this health indicator appears to be S.C. Fox 1, K. Eliopoulos2, S.K. Manolis2. associations, together with clinical studies food source: populations with domesti- 1Wiener Laboratory, American School of of in-vivo internal nasal fossa airflow and cated plants, regardless of setting, exhibit Classical Studies at Athens, 2Dept. of heat and fluid transfer, have provided a a significantly higher prevalence of dental Biological Sciences, University of Athens. sound basis for inferentially modeling caries compared to populations with no climatic adaptation via natural selection domesticated plants. We conclude that on nasofacial variation in recent and fos- change in subsistence base best explains Numerous researchers have addressed sil hominins. A key issue that has not the decline over time in this health indi- the possibility of quantifying sex differ- been addressed is the degree to which ences in the sella turcica (hypophyseal or cator. external and internal nasal dimensions Supported by the National Science pituitary fossa) of the sphenoid, but with are actually associated. Do internal nasal Foundation. less than encouraging results. The hy- fossa shape and size covary with classical pophyseal fossa is a plastic bony region external measurements of nasal form Biogeographic patterns of the Ateli- responding to changes in the pituitary within groups? Do internal nasal fossa nae across the Northern Tier of throughout an individual's life history. measurements separate eco- Additionally, the anterior pituitary is South America. geographically diverse human groups to sexually dimorphic (even among the same degree as external measure- S.M. Ford. Southern Illinois University. subadults); larger in females when com- ments? pared to males. This study rather than a To test these hypotheses, measure- The atelines found across northern metrical approach focuses on a morph o- ments of internal nasal fossa length, South American and the isthmus repr e- logical examination of the pituitary fossa. breadth and height (v=12) and associated The initial sample is comprised of 23 sent many morphologically distinct forms, external nasal measurements (v=18) were although their taxonomic status (as sepa- males and 9 females (with craniotomies) collected and compared in eco- rate species or subspecies) remains in from the Wiener Laboratory Modern Hu- geographically diverse recent human dispute. One factor is the degree of geo- man Skeletal collection of the University samples of intact crania (total n=522). graphic separation or overlap of the vari- of Athens in Athens, Greece. Univariate and multivariate modeling ous morphs. A better appreciation of the Initial results confirm the variability of indicates that not all internal measure- the sella turcica. However, the anterior spatial relationships between forms can ments follow the well established regional be gained using the mapping power of and lateral aspects of the sella turcica patterns for external measurements. Geographic Information System (GIS) may be sexually dimorphic. Females were Most surprising is the result that internal AAPA Abstracts 97

nasal fossa breadth at the level of the M. Friess. New York Consortium in Evo- cause, then major events of species turn- inferior turbinates does not distinguish lutionary Primatology, American Museum over and changes in relative abundance regional groups, or covary in predicted of Natural History. should be synchronous in the two basins, ways with external nasal breadth and and occur at times of known global cli- projection measures. However, internal Sex determination of skeletal remains is matic change. nasal fossa breadth in the superior eth- commonly based on discrete postcranial Species presence/absence data and moidal region covaries strongly with clas- characters. While the pelvic bones carry ranges are compared between the two sical external measures in the pr edicted most of the features of skeletal sexual basins. Relative abundances of the four fashion. These results, considered in dimorphism in humans, much emphasis suprageneric molar categories of Delson terms of airflow patterning, help clarify has also been put on cranial sexual di- (Szalay and Delson, 1979) are also com- the adaptive basis for variation in human morphisms, especially if only skulls are pared. These categories are useful as they nose form. available, as is often the case of fossil can be applied to isolated teeth, and populations. Major differences between therefore to a much larger proportion of Multivariate analysis of intrapopula- male and female skulls are generally con- the total sample. The abundances of these tion variation in the Windover site. sidered to relate to robusticity, the size of dental categories were compared using a muscle attachment areas, and, to a lesser correspondence analysis on both taxa and D. Freid, R.L. Jantz. Dept. of Anthropol- degree, differences in overall shape. In stratigraphic units. ogy, University of Tennessee. order to further investigate patterns of Both basins show turnover in both spe- sexual dimorphism, a series of 125 ethni- cies presence and relative abundance of The Windover site (8Br246) is a 5400m2 cally diverse modern human skulls were dental groups ca. 3.4 Ma. There is a sec- peat deposit in east central Florida. Well- compared using traditional and 3D geo- ond turnover event in the species pres- preserved human skeletal remains repr e- metric morphometric methods. The metric ence data for the Afar Depression be- senting a minimum of 168 individuals data were acquired using a cyberware tween 2.9 – 2.5 Ma, whereas in the Tur- were recovered during field investigation laser surface scanner, which captures 3D kana basin one occurs ca. 2.0 Ma. Ther e- in the mid-1980s. Radiocarbon dating of surface data accurately within 0.5mm. In fore, there were important changes in the the site places the earliest peat deposition addition to standard linear measure- cercopithecid fauna prior to 3.4 Ma where at approximately 10,750 ybp (Beta - ments, volume and surface area calcula- there is no known global climatic event. 13907), with burials occurring between tions were also performed in order to cap- The ca. 2.5 Ma cooling event seems to 6990 and 8120 ybp. The Windover site ture size differences. Landmark data were have had less impact on species turnover has previously been the subject of cra- then recorded to compute a generalized in these two samples. I thank the Wen- niometric analyses focused on biodistance Procrustes analysis (GPA) in order to ner-Gren and Leakey Foundations, NSF comparisons of the Windover population extract features of shape variation. All (NYCEP RTG award) and the ETE con- with other skeletal populations. In the data were compared with respect to their sortium for support. current study, the biological relationships usefulness for sex determination using within the Windover population are ex- standard multivariate statistics. The re- The role of bio-cultural factors in amined. sults indicate that absolute size differ- assessing bi-directional pathogen Intrapopulation variation within the ences mainly drive both between -group transmission between human and Windover site is examined using multi- differences and cranial sexual dimor- non-human primates. variate analysis of craniometrics from phism, whereas scaled dimensions exhibit adult males and females. Subgroups of much less variation. Furthermore, shape A. Fuentes. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- individuals based on morphological simi- differences, as expressed by the difference versity of Notre Dame. larity of the crania are hypothesized to in relative landmark location, were identi- share a greater degree of genetic similar- fied and used to characterize male and Human and nonhuman primate physi- ity -- the more morphologically similar the female skulls. This study illustrates the ologies, especially the MHC and other individual or individuals, the greater potential of combining 3D data acquisi- immune system components, can vary likelihood of genetic relatedness. tion and analysis using geometric mor- across geographic distribution. Modern The Mahalanobis distances among phometrics for the statistical assessment cultural patterns facilitate the wide Windover crania were obtained using a of sexual dimorphism. spread movement of humans across areas covariance matrix from modern Native also occupied by nonhuman primates. To Americans. Internal variation is judged Comparison of the Pliocene and effectively understand the risks and con- against distances expected from sampling Pleistocene cercopithecid faunas texts for pathogen transmission we need pairs of skulls at random from a single from the Afar and Turkana Basins. to attempt to incorporate an understand- population. Morphometric relationships ing if the diverse array of interconnec- indicate that the site is fairly homogen e- S.R. Frost. Dept. of Anatomy, New York tions between human and nonhuman ous, although there are several Maha- College of Osteopathic Medicine, NYCEP primates. In order to facilitate the con- lanobis distances that exceed expectation Morphometrics Group. struction of a comparative dataset for the of distances from two skulls at random examination of potential pathogen trans- from the reference samples. The crania There has been considerable debate mission patterns I propose a set of biocul- are plotted onto principal coordinate axes whether major global cooling ca. 2.5 Ma tural variables as minimal descriptors for for graphical presentation. caused a turnover pulse (extinc- the assessment of HP-NHP interactions. tion/speciation event) among African This type of database might also facilitate Sexual dimorphism in the hominid mammals. This analysis compares pat- a meta-analysis from which macro- trends cranium: New data using 3D mor- terns of species turnover and relative in transmission may emerge. phometrics. abundance in the cercopithecid fossil re- Examining the interrelations between cords from the Afar and Turkana basins. cultural contexts, ecologies and physio- If global climatic factors are the principal logical patterns can enable researchers to 98 AAPA Abstracts

assess pathogen transmission in an evolu- dinal effects of rainfall, milk consumption, ings. Funded by grants from Orstom, tionary context. The growing body of wealth, pregnancy and wealth statuses on IRD, DPNS, FFEM, AFD, Sodefitex. investigation into pathogen transmission maternal anthropometric dimensions between human and nonhuman primates using a Generalized Estimating Equa- New perspectives on the hominin suggests the importance of biocultural tions approach. Preliminary analysis elbow joint. patterns as predictors and descriptors of shows a highly significant effect of lacta- risk and management. Increased levels of tion on body weight and a significant A. Gallagher, M.M. Günther. Dept. of contact between human and nonhuman effect of pregnancy on mid-upper arm Human Anatomy & Cell Biology, Univer- primates coupled with growing trends in circumference in Songa. In Lewogoso, sity of Liverpool. long-distance travel, reduced health in only wealth status was a significant factor many human communities, and the in- affecting maternal arm circumference. This study re-examines the morphology creasing array of vectors for pathogen This suggests that nomadic pastoralism of the distal humerus and proximal ulna transmission are potentially altering the promotes more stable maternal body of two fossil hominin samples, Australo- selective environment for human and composition during lactation, despite pithecus sp., and the Neandertals. The nonhuman primate populations. Here I their more seasonally volatile diet. elbow joint morphology of Australopith- review relevant data on human human- ecus is reminiscent of Pan and Gorilla, nonhuman primate interaction patterns Social and ecological flexibility in possibly reflecting underlying behavioural and expand their implications to the guinea baboons as an adaptation to correspondence, namely arboreal suspen- broader context of health, cultural mores, unpredictable habitats. sion. The Neandertal elbow joint com- and inter-continental travel. prises primitive and derived features that A. Galat-Luong, G. Galat. IRD. Institut de likely reflect enhanced stability during Sedentarization and maternal body Recherche pour le Développement, Dpt loading. This analysis investigates these composition: Comparative longitudi- Ressources vivantes. BP 1386. Dakar. proposed morphological distinctions using nal analysis of anthropometric di- Senegal. Procrustes Superimposition procedures. A mensions of nomadic and settled large comparative African ape (Pan, Go- mothers in Ariaal-Rendille of north- Due to their wide range, from northern rilla) and recent human sample was util- ern Kenya. sahelian habitats to southern secondary ised. high forests (100-1400mm annual rain- Principal component analyses of the 18 M. Fujita1, M. Nathan2, E.M. Fratkin3, E. fall), Guinea baboons face great climatic distal humeral and 14 proximal ulnar Abella Roth4. 1Dept. of Anthropology, contrasts. Including Guinea baboons in landmark series were performed using University of Washington, Seattle, evolutionary comparisons with other ba- Morphologika. Resultant PC scores were 2Community Health Center of Franklin boon taxa is therefore of great interest. entered in to a Discriminant Analysis. County, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, What factors contribute to their ability to Recent humans and the African apes are 3Dept. of Anthropology, Smith College, adapt to such a wide range of environ- distinguished by the location of their re- 4Dept. of Anthropology, University of ments? If social flexibility in Guinea ba- spective centroids on the first PC axis for Victoria. boons is an adaptation to unpredictable both data sets and on further, analysis- habitats, then we expect to find variabil- specific axes. Recent Homo is consider a- This paper analyzes longitudinal re- ity in aspects of social organization such bly more variable in its epiphyseal mor- peated measures data collected as part of as group size and structure. Here we phology than is Pan or Gorilla. Contrary the Rendille Sedentarization Project. report data from annual surveys in Sen e- to expectations, the substantial majority Anthropometric dimensions for 38 moth- gal from 1988 to 1998. Data collected of australopithecine distal humeri were ers in the nomadic pastoral community of included diet, distribution, density and classified as Homo rather than as African Lewogoso and 40 mothers in the settled group size. We found that dietary vari- apes. The principal distinctions of the agricultural community of Songa are ana- ability reflects high adaptation ability. Neandertal distal humerus are primarily lyzed in association with several factors The density of the Niokolo National Park functions of their expanded olecranon including lactation, and pregnancy status. population is relatively stable despite the fossae. The unique morphology of the Ariaal-Rendille of northern Kenya are fact that most other mammals are declin- proximal ulna of Eurasian Neandertals is nomadic pastoralists adapted to highly ing in number. The inter -annual rainfall considerably more complex than has been seasonal environments, who have become variation factor was as high as 2.4. Years previously proposed. AL 288-1 is not con- increasingly sedentary. Lewogoso remains of maximum rainfall were followed by vincingly ‘ape-like’ in her proximal ulnar a nomadic community, but Songa is a greater reproductive success. The four morphology. sedentary highland agricultural commu- levels of social organization were foraging nity whose residents have a relatively OMU’s, multi-male subgroups, long col- Sharing commonly available foods in stable diet consisting mainly of maize umns of moving troops, and large sleeping human evolution. meal instead of milk, the staple for the aggregations. Mean size of groups varied nomadic pastoralists. Previous analysis over time between years, seasons and A. Galloway1, M.E. Morbeck2. 1Dept. of indicated that lactating mothers in Le- hours of the day. Ecological flexibility Anthropology, University of California at wogoso showed neither body-fat nor body- and particularly their multi-level social Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, protein depletion relative to non-lactating organization seem to be efficient ways to 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of mothers in the same community despite adapt to unpredictable environmental Arizona. their elevated energy requirement for conditions. Similarly, one characteristic lactation. In contrast, settled lactating of Man is his ability to jump from one How food was gathered and shared mothers showed lower anthropometric level of social organization to another one, among group members changed during dimensions than non-lactating mothers, from family cells to scholar fellows, from human evolution. Several models emph a- including significantly lower mean weight research departments to association meet- size introduction of hunting meat or col- values. This paper examines the longitu- lecting other highly desirable foods in AAPA Abstracts 99

combination with nutritional differences needed to determine enamel thickness is information available to the forager to and social interactions that contributed to to obtain the volume of enamel in order to distinguish efficiently the two reward our development as a species. The ability accurately calculate enamel thickness and platforms from six sham feeding sites. to exploit widely dispersed foods or foods its pattern of distribution. Investigators These experiments tested the ability of that were energetically expensive to ob- have attempted to circumvent this prob- the capuchins to (1) associate the prox- tain, such as meat and sugar-rich fruits or lem by developing a variety of indexes. imity of a landmark with a food reward honey, partly depends on the willingness However, we are still left with subjective and (2) generate novel spatial information of the main troop members to share com- descriptions such as thin, thick, interme- computationally using the configuration monly available resources with those who diate thick, and hyperthick, etc., without of three landmark cues. Data were col- seek these highly desired foods. How did any quantitative means of comparison or lected from September through November this change evolve and upon what rela- a baseline upon which to derive numerical 2000. tionship was it based? values. The capuchins visited the feeding plat- We propose a model for cooperative The purpose of this investigation is to forms during 227 experimental trials over foraging of commonly available foods demonstrate the ability of high-resolution the course of 55 consecutive days. The based on the paleoanthropological record x-ray computed micro-tomography results indicate that foragers were suc- and comparisons with our closest living (HRXCT) as a nondestructive method to cessful in using both static and dynamic relatives. Among chimpanzees and bon o- accuracy and reliably produce contiguous spatial representations to locate food re- bos, sharing commonly available foods slices revealing the thickness and area of wards (p< .05). In several of these ex- usually is limited to mothers assisting enamel and dentin. Slice thickness of 50 periments, capuchin foragers first se- young to exploit foods new to them or and 70 micron of unworn hominoid mo- lected the reward platform whose location those that require some processing. We lars was used, resulting in 250 to 300 required computation of the spatial rela- propose that this relationship between slices per tooth. Using Vital Images tionships of three landmark cues (p< .01). mother and offspring formed the basis for Vitrea® 2 imaging software 3D recon- Additional relationships between capu- continued sharing. Mothers provisioned structions were produced, which provided chin foraging strategies and spatial cogni- adult offspring while the offspring ranged volume data for enamel, crownal dentin tion are discussed. Funds provided by the beyond the core troop to seek highly de- and pulp as well as the pattern of enamel Office of the Vice Chancellor of Research sirable foods. These foods were used to distribution over the crown. 3D recon- of the University of Illinois. facilitate the offspring’s social and sexual struction of HRXCT images provides for networks. Mothers, therefore, formed the the first time the capability of quantifying A blind test of the auricular surface support structure that enabled offspring enamel volume and thickness, thereby aging technique on a known age at to devote energy to activities that pr o- eliminating the necessity of destructive death and sex skeletal collection. vided highly desirable foods for the group thin sectional analysis. and, at the same time, eventually in- S.H. Garst. Devon, PA. creased the offspring’s reproductive suc- Evidence for computational spatial cess. memory in wild capuchin monkeys The determination of age at death in (Cebus capucinus). the human skeleton is a crucial aspect of 3D approach to interpret enamel skeletal analysis. In 1985, Lovejoy et al. thickness and volume. P.A. Garber1, E. Brown2. 1Dept. of An- published a method of aging the human thropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, skeleton based on their observation of the D.G. Gantt1, J. Kappleman2, R.A. 2Conservation and Science Department, changes that occur in the subchondral Ketcham3, M.E. Alder 4, T.H. Deahl4. Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago. bone of the auricular surface in the sacro- 1Anatomy and Physiology Section, Acad- iliac joint. The auricular surface aging emy of Health Sciences, Dept. of Medical Studies of primate spatial cognition technique has since been used to age Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Department indicate that certain landmarks may be 'older' skeletons, with an age at death Center and School, 2Dept. of Anthropol- encoded as associative representations over 20 years. ogy, University of Texas, Austin, 3High- whereas in other cases the spatial loc a- The present study takes a closer look at Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography tion and structural features of several the auricular surface aging technique to Facility, Dept. of Geological and Earth landmark cues may be represented rela- determine its reliability when used as a Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, tionally and used to compute novel paths single aging criterion. A blind test, using 4Dept. of Dental Diagnostic Science, of travel. In the present research, we the scoring technique of Lovejoy et al., School of Dentistry, The University of conducted an experimental field study of was conducted using a known sex and age Texas Health Science Center at San An- spatial cognition and foraging strategies at death skeletal collection to compare the tonio. in a group of 15 wild white-faced capu- relationship between the scored auricular chins (Cebus capucinus) in northeastern surface age and the real age of the skele- Enamel thickness is an important diag- Costa Rica. Specifically, we examined the tons. The skeletons analyzed were from nostic character of Hominoidea. Recent ability of wild capuchins to use the rela- the documented Christ Church at Spital- discoveries of fossil hominoids, Ardipith- tive spatial relationships among three fields Crypt burials. ecus, Kenyanthropus, Orrorin and Sahe- landmark cues to predict the location of A total of 361 innominate bones were lanthropus, have all considered the thick- baited feeding sites. The research design analyzed. Each auricular surface was ness of enamel as a diagnostic trait of the involved the construction of 8 visually scored. The scored age was plotted taxon. However, the sample size is ex- identical feeding platforms arranged in a against the actual skeletal age. A review tremely small, relying upon mostly frac- circle with a diameter of 8 meters. We of the data collected portrayed that al- tured specimens and a few sectioned then conducted a series of six experiments though the morphological changes ob- hominoid specimens. These sectioned in which the relative spatial positions of served within the bone were consistent specimens only provide a two-dimensional landmarks (yellow and pink colored poles with the individual phases of the auricu- estimate of enamel thickness. What is measuring 2 m in height) were the only lar surface aging method, the true skele- 100 AAPA Abstracts

tal ages were higher than the age range C. Gilbert. Interdepartmental Doctoral artifacts and a diverse fauna accompany limitations of each phase. The current Program in Anthropological Sciences, the cranium. A set of 41 Early and Middle study demonstrates that the auricular Stony Brook University. Pleistocene cranial specimens was ana- surface aging method is not consistent lyzed using PAUP for the original publi- when comparing the scored age with the Most studies on primate communities cation of BOU-VP-2/66. This large data- real skeletal age. have focused on individual community set is used for this analysis, but with in- ecology; relatively few have compared dividual crania as Operational Taxonomic Friendly faces and sexy behinds: primate community ecology and primate Units (OTUs) rather than the demes of Variable signal content contained in ecological niche space (“ecospace”) within the original phylogenetic work. The distal female rhesus macaque (Macaca mu- and between continents. Fleagle and branching of resulting trees is compared latta) facial and sexual skin colora- Reed (1996) addressed this problem by to demic hypotheses based on time and tion. analyzing primate ecospace within and space. between the four major biogeographic Morphological cladistics cannot be ap- M.S. Gerald1,2, K.M. Treier 1, H. Lyons1. areas inhabited by extant primates. plied effectively to interbreeding indi- 1Caribbean Primate Research Center, Their results indicated that within a viduals in a population because they Cayo Santiago, 2Dept. of Medicine, Medi- given biogeographic area, primate com- would fail a fundamental Hennigian as- cal Sciences Campus, University of Puerto munity structure was fairly uniform but sumption: that OTUs are related to one Rico. between biogeographic areas, primate another by a pattern of divergent branch- communities were markedly different. In ing. This same principle holds when any As expressed in several other primates, a related paper, Fleagle and Reed (1999) genes of the analytical units reticulate, both the face and sexual skin of female also found that ec ological distance even in units as large as metapopulations and male rhesus macaques (Macaca mu- roughly correlates with divergence time. within a species. Therefore, branching latta) reddens during the mating season. In this study, adapoid and omomyoid relationships among different Pleistocene The purpose of the present study was to primate communities from the Eocene of demes are insoluble with cladistic algo- determine whether facial and sexual skin North America and Europe were exam- rithms. Some single assemblages have colors act jointly as a signal representing ined. Estimates of body weights and several contemporary individuals and can a singular message, or whether these shearing quotients calculated from lower be used as population proxies. Crania colors operate independently to convey molars were plotted on a coordinate graph from single sites tend to cluster when multiple messages. Subjects were 22 fe- as a representation of dietary niche space cladistically analyzing Early Pleistocene male (19 adults, 3 juveniles) free-ranging occupied by extinct species. By computing hominids using individual crania as rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago (1km both the areas and the average distances OTUs. PAUP produces these intelligible off SE coast of Puerto Rico). A subset of from the centroid of the resulting poly- results because individuals from single these subjects was observed to assess the gons, comparisons between primate com- sites have population level synapomor- relationship between color and behavior munities in North America and Europe phies. Numerical analysis that distin- (9 adults, 2 juveniles). Color was digitally can be made. Results indicate that pri- guishes shared derived characters, for measured non-invasively via the RGB mate niche space expands significantly in example Hennigian parsimony analysis, Method, an objective means for quantify- North America from the Early to Middle is useful in falsifying hypotheses of popu- ing color (Gerald et al. 2001). Eocene, and at all times during the Early lation-level affinities. Results from this study demonstrate no and Middle Eocene the niche space occu- relationship between facial and sexual pied by North American communities Humeral retroversion: An activity skin color in any color compon ent. There exceeds that of corresponding European pattern index in prehistoric southern was also no relationship between age and communities. These results, similar to California. sexual skin color, but facial color red- Fleagle & Reed, confirm that fossil pri- dened with age (n=22, r=.456, p=.039). mate community structure differed across T. Gjerdrum1, P.L. Walker2, V. While every facial color component was biogeographic areas. The data may also Andrushko3. 1Marian Medical Center, inversely related to the number of affilia- suggest that adapoid and omomyoid pri- Santa Maria, California, 2University of tive intrasexual interactions that females mates had an earlier origin on the conti- California, Santa Barbara, California, initiated (red: n=11, r=-.720, p=.012; nent of North America than in Europe. 3University of California, Santa Barbara, green: n=11, r=-.735, p=.010; blue: n=11, California. r=-.726, p=.011; luminosity: n=11, r=-.755, Testing hypotheses of demes within p=.007) and received (red: n=11, r=-.784 Homo erectus using parsimony analy- Humeral torsion or retroversion refers p=.004, green: n=11, r=-.694, p=.018; blue: sis. to the angle created by the transcondylar n=11, r=-.720, p=.012; luminosity: n=11, axis of the distal humerus and a line that r=-.755, p=.007), sexual skin color compo- W.H. Gilbert. Laboratory for Human Evo- bisects the humeral head. This measure- nents were positively correlated with lutionary Studies and Dept. of Integrative ment has been described in the literature mating activity (green: n=7, r=.808, Biology, University of California, Berke- since the 19th-century but its precise p=.028; blue: n=7, r=.773, p=.042; lumi- ley. functional significance has remained un- nosity: n=7, r=.758, p=.048). Together clear. A recent study of major league these findings suggest that the signal BOU-VP-2/66, a Homo erectus calvaria, baseball pitchers demonstrates a signifi- function of facial color and sexual color provides morphological details critical to cantly greater retroversion in the domi- differs in female rhesus macaques. understanding Pleistocene hominid sys- nant throwing arm of these high- tematics. The cranium was discovered in performance athletes. This asymmetry Reconstructing and comparing pri- situ in the million year old Daka Member was not seen in age and activity matched mate communities from the Eocene of the Bouri Formation, located in the controls. To determine if retroversion of North America and Europe. Afar rift of Ethiopia inside the Middle asymmetry could provide information on Awash research study area. Acheulian the activity patterns of Native Americans AAPA Abstracts 101

who used contrasting weapons technolo- of 7.1 individuals/km2 in the reserve. object feeding; (5) unlike the great major- gies (spears and atlatls vs. the bow and However, based on home range sizes of ity of (if not all other) extinct lemurs, arrow), computed tomography was per- the study groups (21-32 ha), we estimated Hadropithecus consumed plants with formed on the humeri of 28 individuals that as many as 155 individuals at a den- CAM or C4 pathways; (6) Archaeolemur from the Channel Island area of southern sity of 14 individuals/km2 may occupy the was able to exploit a wide variety of habi- California. None of the individuals from reserve. These data suggest that the tats; and (7) Archaeolemur was probably the Mission era showed humeral asymme- population of Indri at Betampona is simi- among the last of the giant lemurs to try greater than 10 degrees. Other indi- lar to population densities and home become extinct. viduals, especially those dating to the range sizes reported at other sites. How- Supported by NSF BCS-0129185 early prehistoric period when spears and ever, given site differences in Indri de- atlatls were the weapon of choice for mography, the relationship between habi- Evolution and loss of cytochrome c hunting and warfare, sometimes showed tat type, population density, and level of oxidase subunit VIII in primates. marked asymmetry comparable to that habitat disturbance is unclear. The im- seen in professional pitchers. Four of the plications for conservation are discussed. A. Goldberg,1,3 D.E. Wildman,1 T.R. 11 individuals from this early prehistoric Funding provided by the St. Louis Zoo Schmidt,1, M. Hüttemann1, M. Good- period sample, all of them probable males, Fieldwork for Conservation Program. man,1,2, M.L. Weiss4, L.I. Grossman1. had retroversion asymmetries of greater 1Center for Molecular Medicine & Genet- than 10 degrees. Detailed studies of the What were the “monkey lemurs” of ics, Wayne State University School of parameters other than retroversion such Madagascar up to? Medicine, 2Dept. of Anatomy and Cell as robustness indices, bone density, corti- Biology, Wayne State University School of cal mass, and moments of inertia show L.R. Godfrey1, G.M. Semprebon 2, G.T. Medicine, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Wayne that asymmetries in humeral retroversion Schwartz3, D.A. burney 4, W.L. Jungers5, State University, 4National Science are associated with a suite of morpholog i- E.K. Flanagan1, S.J. King1, Foundation. cal features related to habitual throwing 1Anthropology, Univ. Mass. Amherst, activities that involving marked external 2Bay Path College, 3Anthropology, N. The mammalian electron transport rotation. Further studies into the ontog- Illinois Univ., 4Biology, Fordham Univ., chain (ETC), encompassing five multi- eny and functional correlates of this trait 5Anatomy, Stony Brook Univ. subunit complexes in the inner mitochon- appear to be warranted. drial membrane, carries out aerobic en- Modern tools of paleobehavioral recon- ergy metabolism. Cytochrome c oxidase Population density and home range struction (including dental use-wear, (COX) (complex IV) comprises three mito- size of Indri indri in the Betampona dental microstructure, dental ontogeny, chondrial DNA-encoded subunits and ten Reserve, Madagascar. carbon isotope, and coprolite analysis) nuclear DNA-encoded subunits in mam- along with quantitative analysis of the mals. Subunit VIII is one of four nuclear- K.D. Glasscock1, A. Britt2. 1Dept. of An- paleoecological context in which extinct encoded subunits demonstrating tissue- thropology, University of Illinois, Urbana- species lived, have enabled us to recon- specific and developmental isoforms, one Champaign, 2Madagascar Fauna Group, struct the lifeways of the giant extinct expressed in contractile muscle tissue and c/o Dept. of Human Anatomy & Cell Biol- “monkey lemurs” of Madagascar more encoded by COX8H, and one expressed ogy, University of Liverpool. thoroughly than ever before. We examine ubiquitously and encoded by COX8L. We ontogenetic and geographic variation in have shown expression of COX8H in Studies of population density and rang- dental use-wear signals for the Ar- strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and platyrrhines ing patterns in several primate taxa pr o- chaeolemuridae, along with data on but catarrhines, including humans, do not vide evidence of marked intraspecific enamel microstructure, enamel thickness, express COX8H. Old World monkeys re- variation across habitats. For example, carbon isotopes, and fecal pellets. We tain the two-exon structure of species Pollock (1975) reports a home range of 18 demonstrate heavy pitting and hyper- expressing COX8H but contain point mu- hectares and a population density be- coarse scratches on the molars of both tations and other disruptions that con- tween 9-16 individuals/km2 for Indri indri Archaeolemur and Hadropithecus. Thin verted COX8H into a pseudogene. In apes in a selectively logged high altitude rain- sections of the molars of Archaeolemur and humans DNA repeats have disrupted forest. However, in a nearby undisturbed display heavy decussation and a relative the COX8H locus, eliminating exon 1 and forest, Powzyk (1997) reported Indri home enamel thickness that rivals those of Pro- much of the intron. In addition to the range of 35-40 hectares and a population consul nyanzae, Lufengpithecus lufengen- gene loss, there have been increased rates density of 6.6 individuals/km2. sis, and Graecopithecus freybergi and is of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitu- This study examined the population exceeded in primates only by those of tions in both COX8 isoforms in anthro- density and home range size of Indri in Paranthropus spp. Fecal pellets suggest a poid primates, an observation noted also the lowland rainforest of Betampona Re- diverse diet. in genes encoding other COX and ETC serve in eastern Madagascar. Roughly We argue that: (1) along with Babakotia proteins. The pattern of nucleotide substi- 50% of Betampona is secondary rainforest radofilai, Daubentonia robusta, and tutions suggests positive selection for resulting from slash-and-burn agriculture Daubentonia madagascariensis, the Ar- adaptive amino acid replacement in the and selective logging. Over three months, chaeolemuridae were skilled at exploiting COX8 isoforms. Considered with the ev o- a census of the entire Indri population of exceptionally hard food resources; (2) lution pattern of other ETC proteins, Betampona was conducted by mapping archaeolemurid diets were more like these data suggest a remodeling of the the location of loud calls. Following the those of Cebus apella and the pitheciins ETC in anthropoid primate evolution, survey, a year-long study of patterns of than like those of baboons or macaques; possibly related to expansion of the highly ranging and habitat utilization for three (3) Hadropithecus was not a small-object aerobic neocortex in primates. Indri groups was conducted. feeder, nor was it a specialized grami- Supported by grants from NSF (MCB- The census results provided an estimate nivore; (4) Hadropithecus was more spe- 9816923 and BCS-9910679) and NIH (GM of 79 individuals and a population density cialized than Archaeolemur for hard- 48517). 102 AAPA Abstracts

Sectional survey series: A new maxil- and path length (r 2 = 0.01, p = 0.68). To played an important and an active role in lary and mandibular radiographic examine this further, the mean propor- shaping the genomes and evolution of technique. tion of trail climbing and descending were these lineages. compared for extremely short (< 200 m, n M.B. Goldberg. Philadelphia, PA. = 8) and long (> 1200 m, n = 12) path Size matters – Does body mass? lengths. Forty-four percent of short and A review of the literature shows that 41% of long path lengths were spent A.D. Gordon. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- forensic and paleoanthropologists rou- climbing (p = 0.68), while 31% of short versity of Texas at Austin. tinely study extraoral radiographs of the and 29% of long path lengths were spent hominid skull. Traditional radiographic descending (p = 0.82). These findings A class of body size variables derived cassette films produce images that dis- suggest that topography has no effect on from skeletal measurements known as play anatomic distortion and superimpo- the foraging effort of Bwindi’s gorillas, global skeletal size variables (GSVs) ex- sition of structures, thus limiting anat- and that extra energetic requirements ists in which the variables 1) scale iso- omic and pathologic analyses. When normally necessary for climbing do not metrically with mass and 2) are directly asked to produce a radiographic record of interfere or constrain their daily travel proportional to mass - both within single the crania from the Tenth Street First distance. populations and across multiple species. African Baptist Church Cemetery (Phila- These variables are volumetric transfor- delphia, PA), the project first relied upon LINE-1 evolutionary dynamics mations of geometric means of measure- the usual full plate frontal, lateral, and among apes. ments from multiple skeletal elements lateral-oblique views. To supplement (e.g., the geometric mean of linear meas- these views, this researcher devised a M.K. Gonder 1,2, J.E. Norman1, A.V. Fu- urements raised to the third power). Di- procedure utilizing dental intraoral ra- rano1. 1Section on Genomic Structure and rect proportionality of the size variables diographic films and techniques to record Function, Laboratory of Molecular and (body mass and GSV) has several useful a mosaic image of the maxilla and mandi- Cellular Biology, National Institute of mathematical properties, particularly ble, thereby minimizing anatomic super- Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Dis- that 1) variable means are directly pr o- imposition and distortion. This method eases, National Institutes of Health, portional, 2) variable variances are di- maximizes the potential for accurate 2Dept. of Biology, University of Maryland. rectly proportional, 3) regression slopes measurement of calcified structures, for log-log plots are identical using either greatly expanding diagnostic potential. LINE-1 (L1) elements constitute a large size variable, and 4) regression intercepts This approach also has application to family of mammalian retrotransposable are transformed by a known constant for studies of fossil hominids and paleopa- elements that have been replicating and a log-log plot using either variable. Since thology. evolving in mammals for more than GSVs are measured, not predicted, they 100Myr and now compose 20% or more of may be used without concerns regarding Does topography affect the foraging the DNA of some mammals. In addition, associated prediction intervals. effort of mountain gorillas in Bwindi L1 activity probably caused the amplifica- This poster presents a variety of sample Impenetrable National Park, tion of SINE (short interspersed repeated applications using GSVs to address typi- Uganda? DNA) elements. As L1 and SINE inser- cal anthropological research questions. tions can inactivate genes, cause genetic GSVs are superior to body mass for a M.L. Goldsmith1, H. Moles2. 1Dept. of rearrangements, and affect gene regula- wide variety of studies. GSV will vary Environmental and Population Health, tion, L1 activity has had a defining effect less over an individual’s adult life than Tufts University School of Veterinary on the structure and function of modern body mass, providing a more stable meas- Medicine, 2Anthropology Dept., Boston mammalian genomes. Most L1 copies are ure of overall adult body size than single University. defective on insertion and cannot be ex- measurements of body mass. Addition- cised; and it is possible to recognize co- ally, GSV can be measured for specimens Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable Na- horts of these elements that inserted into that do not have associated body mass tional Park, Uganda, live at high alti- the genome at various times and to follow information, including relatively complete tudes (1400-2300 m) with a terrain com- their fates in different regions of the ge- fossil individuals. posed of multiple peaks and valleys. This nome and in different species. This project supported in part by Na- study examined the extent to which slope Successive emergence and amplification tional Science Foundation Dissertation affects the daily foraging effort of a ha- of distinct L1 (Ta) subfamilies occurred in Improvement Grant BCS-0137344. bituated gorilla group. With a hand the human genome, beginning about 4 clicker, paces were counted following the Mya. However, little is known about the Diet in pre-contact Central Califor- gorillas’ complete path length from morn- evolutionary history of L1 elements in nia explored through dental mi- ing to evening nests noting trail incline. other primate genomes. Here, we charac- crowear and stable isotope analyses. Inclines ranged from minus three (steep- terize L1 activity since the divergence of est slope down) to plus three (steepest all the extant hominoid clades (Hylobati- K.D. Gordon1, M.J. Schoeninger 2, K.E. slope up) with zero representing flat land. dae, Pongidae and Hominidae). Our Sears3. 1Smithsonian Institution, 2Dept. of The mean daily path length of the analysis of L1 elem ents (n > 600) includes Anthropology, University of California at Nkuringo group was 710 m (n = 118, DNA sequences from representative spe- San Diego, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- range = 38 – 2398 m, SD = 395). Al- cies belonging to each of the hominoid versity of Wisconsin, Madison. though we expected an inverse relation- clades. Our preliminary analysis suggests ship between the proportion of trail spent that L1 activity has been greatly reduced Pre-contact California was populated climbing and daily path length, no such in Pan and Gorilla, while unique subfami- largely by hunter-gatherer groups, at relationship was evident (r 2 = 0.01, p = lies appear to have been active in Pongo densities much higher than usual for 0.35). In addition, no relationship existed and in Hylobates. These results suggest hunter -gatherers elsewhere. Reliance on between the proportion of trail descending that that L1 retrotransposition has resources which could be obtained in AAPA Abstracts 103

quantity and stored resulted not only in cent Health, we examined the relation- pretations of this assemblage have been these higher population densities, but ship of family income and parental educa- based on statistically flawed analyses of also in other developments usually asso- tion to overweight prevalence (BMI³85th age at death. Instead we adopt a Bayesian ciated with agricultural societies (semi- percentile of age and sex-specific 2000 methodology in order to produce a more sedentary communities, cultural elabor a- CDC/NCHS growth curves). We investi- reliable demographic profile of the victims tion, and stratification). Acorns were one gated the extent to which race/ethnic of the Black Death. This catastrophic age of the main staples of most Californian differences in income and education ac- at death profile is then compared to that tribes. Although high in fats and carbo- count for ethnic disparities in overweight of a contemporary attritional cemetery hydrates, acorns are bitter unless the prev alence, and projected the effects on where age at death was estimated using tannin is removed. California Indians overweight prevalence of equalizing these an identical methodology. Further com- accomplished this by either burying the SES differences between the groups. In parisons have been made with historical nuts in mud for long periods of time, or by addition, we examined the environmental records concerning plague mortality and soaking the ground meal in water. Proc- and sociodemographic determinants of with age structures taken from model life essing acorns was labor intensive, and physical activity and inactivity, two major tables. This study offers important in- required a distinctive array of containers behavioral determinants of overweight. sights into the mortality of the Black and grinding apparatus, some of which Simulations generating predicted over- Death and has implications for current persist in the archeological record. Al- weight prevalence showed that changing debates concerning the aetiology and epi- though acorns were seemingly little used only income and education (not physical demiology of this episode of mass mortal- in Central California in the Early Horizon environment) had a limited effect on the ity. (ca. 4,500 to 3,000 yrs BP), archeological disparities in overweight prevalence. Re- signs of intensive use are more abundant sults also showed important effects of Aggression in Hapalemur griseus in Middle and Late Horizon sites. environmental factors on activity patterns griseus: Evidence for female domi- Here we compare results of analyses of of adolescents and strong impact of socio- nance? two different skeletal dietary indicators, demographic factors on inactivity. One dental microwear and stable isotope com- can not automatically assume that the C. Grassi. The University of Illinois at position of bone, in order to test hypothe- benefits of increased SES found among Urbana-Champaign. ses about how such changes in diet might white adults will transfer to other dem o- alter physical indicators, and to compare graphic grou ps. Intervention efforts to The definition of female dominance is a these results with those obtained from reduce obesity should progress beyond hotly debated topic in physical anthropol- other North American population s that income and education and focus on other ogy. A more flexible definition of domi- also utilized stone-ground plant staples. factors, such as environmental, contex- nance that includes feeding priority ex- Samples from three Central California tual, biological, and sociocultural factors. pands the use of this term and the num- archeological sites in Sacramento County ber of lemur species that may be consid- represent Early (Windmiller) and Late The age of plague: A palaeodemo- ered “female dominant.” The results of (Nicolaus and Mosher Mounds) Horizons. graphic study of a catastrophic death this study indicate that H. griseus may be These are compared with previous studies assemblage. considered female dominant within or of Pueblo maize agriculturalists (Havi- without this more flexible definition of kuh, New Mexico) (Gordon 1994; R.L. Gowland, A.T. Chamberlain. Dept. of dominance. Schoeninger et al 1983). Archaeology and Prehistory, University of I studied three wild groups of H. griseus Sheffield. over a one-year period, which varied from Socio-demographic and environ- three to 12 inds./group. Ad libitum data mental correlates of obesity in US The palaeodemographic signatures of of all instances of aggression were re- adolescents: The National Longitudi- epidemics are of perennial interest to corded including the sex of the partici- nal Study of Adolescent Health. biological anthropologists. The identifica- pants, the nature and context of the in- tion of catastrophic as opposed to attri- teraction, and if a “winner” could be iden- P. Gordon -Larsen, L.S. Adair, B.M. Pop- tional mortality profiles in archaeological tified. Some interesting patterns kin. Carolina Population Center and samples of human skeletons clearly has emerged. First, aggression rates differed Dept. of Nutrition, School of Public important social and palaeopathological significantly between groups and were Health, University of North Carolina. implications. A catastrophic mortality positively correlated with group size. profile should mimic the age structure of Contrary to expectations based on models While ethnic disparities in overweight the living population because all indi- of intragroup competition, aggression and the association between socioec o- viduals have an equal probability of dying during feeding varied inversely with nomic factors and overweight are well irrespective of age or sex. Currently the group size. Second, although all three known, surprisingly little empirical re- demographic effects of catastrophic groups favored the use of overtly aggres- search has examined the extent to which events, such as the ‘Black Death’ (AD sive actions, the three groups differed in ethnic disparities in overweight are ac- 1348-1350) which significantly impacted their use of more subtle aggressive inter- counted for by SES differences. Environ- the population of England, are poorly actions such as displacements and vocali- mental determinants of overweight are understood. While the bubonic plague is zations. Third, there were more aggres- similarly understudied, although recog- strongly implicated as the cause of the sive acts directed by females towards nized to be important in the etiology of Black Death, the event occurred prior to males than between any other sex classes. overweight. the detailed recording of deaths and so Finally, female H. griseus are more often Using nationally representative data little is known about its epidemiology or the aggressor, less often the recipient, and collected from 13,113 US adolescents demography. more often the winner of aggressive in- (including 2,902 non-Hispanic blacks, This paper examines the demographic teractions. These results indicate that 2,286 Hispanics, and 919 Asians) enrolled structure of a Black Death plague cem e- social interactions and to a lesser extent in National Longitudinal Study of Adoles- tery. We demonstrate that previous inter- 104 AAPA Abstracts

feeding competition may determine pat- Island, in the Straits of Mackinac. DNA response to flexion on a steep terrain. terns of dominance in this lemur species. was extracted from bones and teeth using The Mangaian first ray also exhibits shaft a phenol/chloroform protocol, and was hypertrophy relative to length, suggesting Aping the ape: Force plate patterns sequenced. The results so far indicate a greater loading. However, CT scans associated with bipedal posture and haplogroup A frequency of 37%, a hap- measured using Scion Image (Scion Cor- gait. logroup C frequency of 37%, a haplogroup poration, 1997-2000) do not reveal any D frequency of 12%, and a Brown's X fr e- increases in cortical thickness in the T.M. Greiner, K.A. Ball, S.P. Woodward. quency of 12%. We are continuing to ex- Mangaians. Thus substrate differences New York Chiropractic College. pand the sample size and put the se- appear to influence foot structure. quences into phylogenetic context using Supported by the Rutgers Anthropology Most studies of human locomotor evolu- Bandelt Median Joining Networks for Department Bigel Fellowship and the tion employ some type of ape based model each observed haplogroup. Henry Rutgers Scholars Program. as a surrogate for early hominin locom o- tion. Humans habitually stand and walk The influence of substrate on the Taxonomic affinities of early Homo with their hips and knees at, or near, full skeletal structure of the human foot from Sterkfontein and Swartkrans: extension – the straight hip straight knee on Mangaia, Cook Islands. Evidence from permanent molar posture (SHSK). The bipedal ape habitu- cusp proportions. ally stands with the hips and knees in a N.L. Griffin, S.C. Antón. Rutgers Univer- flexed posture – the bent hip bent knee sity. F.E. Grine1, C.P. Heesy1, E. Smith2, H. posture (BHBK) – which has also been Smith1. 1Stony Brook University, described as the com pliant posture. Al- Based on the dynamics of the forefoot 2University of North Carolina. though there are many structural differ- and Wolff’s Law, we hypothesize that the ences between ape and human locomotor structure of the forefoot of a biped should Molar cusp areas have been employed anatomy, the choice of bipedal posture is be influenced by the substrate over which previously in the taxonomic evaluation of an obvious functional distinction. Yet, it is one locomotes. In the forefoot of a biped, Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossils, but in- not clear if bipedal posture is primarily a metatarsal shafts act as beams to main- terpretation of these results has been behavioral choice or a differ ence dictated tain the integrity of the longitudinal hindered by lack of comparable data for by the underlying anatomy. arches, with the first through third meta- extant taxa. Here, cusp proportions were This study addresses postural differ- tarsals bearing the greatest loads. determined from occlusal photographs for ences by gathering force plate data from Proximal phalanges are also subject to Gorilla gorilla gorilla, G. gorilla berengei, human subjects walking in the SHSK and axial loading, torsional, and bending G. gorilla graueri, Pan troglodytes, P. BHBK bipedal styles. Results indicate stresses. Forefoot flexibility allows ad- paniscus and Pongo pygmaeus. Meas- that humans walking with the BHBK justment to terrain and helps resist urements were recorded also for Austra- posture do not typically replicate force ground reaction force during standing, lopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robus- plate patterns associated with ape biped- walking, and running. Thus, differences tus, East African fossils attributed to alism. Instead, the BHBK humans con- in substrate between populations should Homo ergaster, H. habilis and H. rudolf- tinue to produce a recognizably human lead to observable differences in pedal ensis, and early Homo molars from Sterk- force plate pattern. Only after coaching structure. fontein and Swartkrans, South Africa. subjects to adopt a bounding gait were We test this hypothesis by considering Canonical discriminant functions reveal some people able to produce the ape-like the foot skeleton of prehistoric Mangaians that mandibular molars provide better force pattern. It seems that uncoached and modern industrial samples. On differentiation among modern taxa than humans do not provide the best model for Mangaia, Cook Islands inland agricul- maxillary molars. Lower M1s correctly reproducing ape-like bipedalism. By im- tural fields are separated from the coast, distinguish 67% of Pan troglodytes, 48% of plication, uncoached bipedal apes may not and ocean resources, by a 70 m limestone P. paniscus, 85% of Gorilla gorilla gorilla, provide the best models for early hominin cliff, the Makatea. Inland archaeological 73% of G. gorilla beringei and 48% of G. locomotion. We must therefore ask if in- sites and ethnohistoric accounts attest to gorilla graueri specimens; 68% of Paran- vestigations that make use of ape-like the daily movements of people up and thropus robustus and 65% of A. africanus bipedalism are addressing issues that are over the Makatea. We compare adult specimens are correctly differentiated. always necessarily relevant to the recon- pedal elements from prehistoric Man- These data distinguish among Homo ha- struction of human locomotor evolution. gaians (n = 41) with 19th and 20th century bilis, H. rudolfensis and H. ergaster lower samples (n = 43) of Black, White, and molars, and the East and South African Mitochondrial DNA variation at a Asian individuals who moved over mostly Homo fossils are differentiated by both Late Woodland Michigan site. flat terrains. The industrial sample was discriminant functions and Euclidean designed to include individuals with an- distances. The Sterkfontein and K. Grennan, D.A. Merriwether. Dept. of cestry from three geographic regions in an Swartkrans specimens are linked regard- Anthropology, University of Michigan. attempt to consider both phylogenetic and less of stratigraphic derivation. Where the functional influences on foot structure. South African specimens exhibit linkage We compare control region variation Using external metrics of articular sur- with a particular East African sample, it between mitochondrial DNA sequences face area, shaft length, and girth and is with H. habilis rather than H. ergaster from human remains from a prehistoric Computed Tomography of shaft cross- or H. rudolfensis. Michigan site and published contempo- sectional area and cortical thickness, we rary and ancient DNA sequences. The tested for signals attributable to differ- sample consists of 17 individuals from the ences in loading patterns. External Late Woodland site of Juntunen, which measurements of distal articular surfaces was occupied at intervals from 800 A.D. to of the Mangaian metatarsals, adjusted for 1400 A.D, and is located on Bois Blanc size, suggest hypertrophy occurred as a AAPA Abstracts 105

Life-histories recorded in human forming canines of Australopithecus and slope shows a significant departure from teeth on the microstructural, ultra- early Homo are expected to exhibit multi- the expected isometric slope of one (P < structural and molecular level. ple defects more frequently than those of 0.0001), confirming that larger primates Paranthropus. Second, based on generic possess relatively smaller ears. Collec- G. Grupe, I.L. Gügel, N. Strott. Depart- differences in perikymata spacing, the tively, the relative ear size of Galago spp. ment für Biologie I, Bereich Biodiver- average width of defects in Paranthropus and Tarsius spp. eclipsed those of all sitätsforschung/Anthropologie, Ludwig- is expected to be greater than that of Aus- other primates in the sample (Mann- Maximilians-Universität München. tralopithecus in comparable crown re- Whitney U = 379.0; P < 0.0001). gions. The results indicate that primate pin- The various levels of inspection of ar- The first prediction is supported. Of 17 nae are plastic to some degree. Relatively chaeological human teeth can combine to Australopithecus canines affected by LEH large ear size is linked to a nocturnal integrated information on prehistoric and with 80% or more of their crown lifestyle and a faunivorous diet. However, populations from general living conditions heights present, 11 exhibited 2 or more these data suggest that the mode of cap- to defined stages in individual life. On the defects compared to only 1 of 15 such ture favors larger pinnae, not diet per se. microstructural level, age-at-death diag- Paranthropus canines. The small sample Among faunivores, bush babies and tarsi- nosis by counting incremental lines in of Homo canines (primarily east African), ers are unique for their highly acrobatic adult teeth should be by far superior to also shows a significant difference from means of predation. Periodicticus potto is morphological estimations, since the re- Paranthropus. Thus longer periods of noteworthy for its strikingly small ears, sulting palaeodemographic reconstruction imbricational enamel formation seem to which may be related to increased olfac- of the former population will be based on afford greater opportunity for enamel tory skills. the calendar age rather than on the bio- growth to be disrupted. The second pr e- logical age. It will be demonstrated that diction is not supported by a test on Aus- Teleology and human phylogeny. the histological average age at death in tralopithecus (n = 13 defects) and Paran- adults (and consequently the resulting life thropus (n = 8 defects) canines from South T. Gundling. Dept. of Anthropology, Wil- expectancy at birth) can be considerably Africa. Defects measured under an SEM liam Paterson University. higher than the morphological one in were shown not to be significantly wider well-off populations and lower in under- in Paranthropus. In fact, several Austra- Post-Medieval scholars received a view privileged ones. In addition, the occur- lopithecus defects took the form of wide of the natural world that was static and rence and ontogenetic dating of hypomin- groves while those of Paranthropus prin- organized in a simple linear fashion along eralized lines as indicators of various cipally took the form of minor furrows. a Great Chain of Being or Scala Naturae. forms of stress can provide good examples Possible causes for these results are con- Later scientific inquiries concluded that on how the microstructural level relates sidered, including differences between mutability was the norm. One way to to general living conditions. Australopithecus and Paranthropus in the reconcile the two contrasting philosophies Many biomolecular approaches to ar- resistance of their enamel to growth dis- was to view the Great Chain as an unfold- chaeological teeth aim at the reconstruc- ruption or in their experience of signifi- ing, yet predetermined, work in progress. tion of palaeodiet. While stable isotope cant episodes of stress. Philosopher Arthur Lov ejoy dubbed this analysis of bone collagen of a skeletal find Funded by grants from the Leakey the temporalization of the Great Chain, is suitable for the determination of the Foundation and The Ohio State Univer- and unilineal phylogenies with Homo trophic level, a combination with abrasion sity. sapiens as the ultimate goal appeared parameters and dental microwear analy- during the late 19th and early 20th centu- sis of the same individual will lead to Allometry of the primate external ries. Since the evolution of modern hu- more detailed information on the diet and ear. mans was considered inevitable, unre- related dental health. Last, trace element lated species might conceivably evolve analyses of the enamel of different tooth W.L. Gugliotta. Dept. of Anthropology, human traits in attempting to achieve types of the same individual dentition are University of Chicago. this most desirable end. Orthogenesis suitable for a monitoring of ontogenetic became a convenient “force” of evolution changes in dietary behaviour, and heavy The primate pinna not only protects the that provided for the dismissal of ana- metal exposure. Especially the latter ex- inner ear but also aids detection and lo- tomical similarities as the result of paral- ample relates to environmental conditions calization of sound. Accordingly, pinnal lelism, rather than reflecting common and the age-specific risk of heavy metal size may be (1) an isometric function of ancestry. incorporation of small children. body size or (2) determined by ecological The modern synthesis undermined the auditory variables. Although anecdotal idea of orthogenesis, instead emphasizing Assessment of linear enamel hy- reports indicate that some nocturnal pri- Darwinian principles of continuous ph y- poplasia (LEH) in early hominins. mates possess relatively large pinnae to logenetic branching with no predictable detect prey, this intuitive assumption has outcomes. Human phylogenies became D. Guatelli-Steinberg. Dept. of Anthropol- apparently never been quantified. I report less linear and more tree-like. Recent ogy/ Dept. of Evolution, Ecology and Or- here on the pinnae of 61 specimens from “bushy” phylogenies undoubtedly belie ganismal Biology, The Ohio State Univer- 32 genera housed in collections at the current perspectives on the evolutionary sity, Newark OH. University of Chicago and the Field Mu- process that may retain teleological ele- seum of Natural History. As a proxy for ments. For example the Eve hypothesis This study tests hypotheses about how body size, I calculated the geometric mean states that Homo sapiens evolved from a LEH should vary across early hominin of two cranial measurements. Ear length recent African ancestor and that other genera if intrinsic attributes of enamel was regressed on cranial size using a archaic forms are not directly related. strongly influence LEH expression. First, reduced major axis (RMA) regression. Hence the evolution of modern human because of generic differences in imbrica- Across Primates, the RMA slope is 0.62 ± like traits, such as increased cranial ca- tional enamel formation times, the longer- 0.09. The 95% confidence interval for this pacity in the Ngandong descendents of 106 AAPA Abstracts

small-brained classic Javanese H. erectus, P. Gunz1, P. Mitteroecker1, F.L. rubber snakes, and the vocalizations of must be the result of parallel evolution. Bookstein2, G.W. Weber1. 1Inst. Anthro- large birds of prey) for a total of 36 nights. Arguments invoking “canalization” to pology, Univ. Vienna, 2Dept. Biostatistics, Infants moved a greater distance from explain this phenomenon can be inter- University of Michigan. their parked location when exposed to a preted as veiled teleology. rubber snake compared to the distance We present statistical and geometrical infants of the same age moved from their Primate ecomorphospace: Anthro- techniques to reconstruct incomplete cra- parked locations when no predators were poidea and the African-Asian origin nia and exemplify our approach by two present. When large birds of prey were paradox. fossil specimens, Bodo and Kabwe. Our placed nearby the parked infant, the in- techniques formalize the biologist's prior fant did not move from its parked locale G.F. Gunnell1, R.L. Ciochon 2. 1Mus. of understanding of the considerations that but remained completely still. Parked Paleontology, University of Michigan, govern form: considerations like continu- infants also consistently gave alarm calls 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of ity, symmetry or integration. The modern in response to the presentation of all Iowa. morphometrics of landmarks and curves predator types. However, the type of makes it possible to blend statistical and alarm call they emitted varied depending Phylogenetic analysis has failed to re- biological reasoning in this domain. Fac- on the predator. The infants consistently solve the question of anthropoid origins. tors such as size allometry or sex and also emitted a twittering alarm call in re- Ecomorphology offers a means of examin- directional asymmetry whether zero or sponse to the bird of prey and a harsh ing morphological disparity as an entity nonzero can be explicitly incorporated loud call in response to the model snake. separate from taxonomy. Ecomorph o- into the data estimation by way of the When new mothers were exposed to po- space can be perceived as a set of attrib- corresponding covariance structures. For tential predators, they always alarm utes that define a species' role within an tasks of estimation based on very small called. Mothers also decreased the dis- ecological community. For mammals samples we show two variants based on tance between themselves and their these qualities can include body size, lo- the continuity assumption of the thin- parked infant when exposed to snakes comotor pattern, social and reproductive plate spline: one for landmarks, one for whereas they increased the distance be- behavior, physical space occupied, and semilandmarks. When complete speci- tween themselves and their parked in- diet. mens are adequate in number our estim a- fants when exposed to model birds of prey We developed four ecomorphs for extant tion can be regression -driven instead. All or bird of prey vocalizations. primates: I – small bodied arboreal the missing points can be estimated at faunivores/frugivores; II – medium-sized once by maximizing the likelihood of the Scanning electron microscopic arboreal frugivores; III – medium-sized resulting configuration in a reduced-rank analysis of oral surgery observed in a arboreal folivores; and IV – larger -bodied model of a multivariate Gaussian distri- pre-Columbian Amerindian mandi- terrestrial/arboreal folivores/frugivores. bution. Whatever integration the form ble. Based on known morphology, we assigned possesses is automatically exploited in the Eocene through Miocene African and course of these regressions. G.D. Hack, R.T. Koritzer. Dept. of Re- Asian primates to these categories. We We demonstrate the accuracy of these storative Dentistry, University of Mary- then superimposed these ecomorpholog i- approaches using a dataset of 388 ana- land Dental School, Baltimore. cal patterns on paleogeographic and pa- tomical landmarks and semilandmarks on leoclimatic reconstructions of the Old 52 complete H. sapiens crania. After de- The present authors report evidence of World. Primate ecomorphological profiles liberately deleting regions of landmarks dental surgery observed in a differ in Africa and Asia during the Eo- we estimate the missing data and com- 1200-year-old Amerindian skull. Although cene and Oligocene but match one an- pare the estimated specimen to the origi- ritual dental modification (mutilation) is other in the Miocene. Asian Eocene and nal. As our results indicate that the accu- well documented in the literature, at- Oligocene primates occupied tropical low- racy of estimation is sufficiently close to tempts at therapeutic dental treatment land forests while African primates occu- the precision of measurement, we apply are less frequently reported, as it is nec- pied gallery forest habitats along coastal our algorithm to complete the incomplete essary to establish a paleopathology that areas and rivers that cut through arid, Middle-Pleistocene Homo specimens. was purposefully managed. Examination open savannah-like habitats. While these Research supported by the Austrian of the mandible of an approximately differences appear subtle, tropical low- Science Foundation Project P14738. 23-year-old male Illinois Indian evidenced land primates would have had a difficult a mesiolingual cusp fracture of the man- time moving from Asia towards Africa Predator experiments on infant spec- dibular left first molar. The tooth fracture during the Eocene and Oligocene. Eocene tral tarsiers. resulted in pulp exposure, leading to and Oligocene African primates that oc- probable abscess formation with subse- cupied more open habitats may have been S. Gursky. Dept. of Anthropology, Texas quent pain. We observed two holes (~4 better adapted to move across the broad, A&M University. mm dia.) drilled in the bone (alveolar arid latitudinal belt present during the trephination) on the buccal surface of the Miocene. The final closing of the Tethys Predation is believed to be one of the mandible, inferior to the traumatized Seaway resulted in the spread of homi- biggest threats to infant survival. The tooth that may represent attempts to noids and cercopithecoids into Asia from goal of this study was to ascertain how relieve discomfort. Present day endodon- Africa at the beginning of the Miocene. mother and infant spectral tarsiers, Tar- tists have reported that trephination can These patterns support an African origin sius spectrum, respond to the presence of relieve the pain of necrotic teeth (Elliot, for Anthropoidea. potential pr edators. This study was con- 1988). These two holes are quite similar ducted at Tangkoko Nature Reserve in to the double trephination discovered in a Completing fossil Homo crania by Sulawesi, Indonesia from June-Nov 1999. 4500-year-old Egyptian mandible statistical and geometrical estima- Two infants were each exposed to 3 types (Hooton, 1917). The edges of the fenestra- tion methods. of predators (large birds of prey, large tions suggest stone drill use, and treat- AAPA Abstracts 107

ment directionality can be inferred. The skeleton from Olduvai Gorge is more grac- nate data were collected from sixty-six sharp edge of the antemortem tooth frac- ile than that of AL 288-1 (Australopith- landmarks distributed around the cra- ture appears intentionally filed, smooth- ecus afarensis), whereas the arm skeleton nium. Landmark configurations were ing an edge that would have irritated the is longer than in its reputed ancestor. superimposed by generalized Procrustes tongue. Being below the occlusal plane, This is at odds with its craniodental mor- analysis and the aligned coordinates were the edge would not have worn in this way phology, which is more modern than in used in multivariate statistical analyses. from normal masticatory processes. Australopithecus. Results of this study indicate that a Postmortem tooth fractures, observed on In contrast to previous claims, however, distinct pattern of sexual dimorphism is other teeth of this individual, present both OH 62 and KNM-ER 3735, the sec- present within all sampled species of Hy- with unmodified edges. Scanning electron ond H. habilis partial skeleton, fall for all lobates. Of particular note are differences microscopic analysis of replicas of both shaft proportions inside the range of in the canine alveoli, lower facial width, the fractured tooth and surrounding bone variation of modern humans, and, par- and neurocranial dimensions. Neverthe- exhibit characteristics consistent with ticularly for the larger-bodied KNM-ER less, discriminant analysis is only moder- stone tool use (Havill et al., 1997). 3735, outside that of chimpanzees. A bet- ately successful at sorting male and fe- ter guide than the stocky femur of the AL male specimens based on the landmark Food security and nutritional status 288-1 used by Johanson et al. (1987) for data collected here. The pattern of dimor- among two Tanzania ethnic groups. reconstructing OH 62’s femur length is phism found here is similar to patterns suggested to be the nearly complete femur noted among other extant apes, suggest- C. Hadley. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- from Olduvai Bed III, OH 34, that per- ing a general morphogenetic scheme of sity of California Davis. fectly matches OH 62’s morphology. Its dimorphism for all hominoids. Recogni- slender proportions are probably neither tion of this pattern within the monomor- A common finding among communities due to pathology nor to a significant abra- phic hylobatids strengthens the case for depending primarily on agricultural sion (Day & Molleson, 1976), but match a using such features to distinguish sexes economies is that seasonal variation in modern human of that body size. If this among fossil taxa. food, workloads, and morbidity leads to femur is used, then not only relative shaft This research was partially funded by deterioration of nutritional status and proportions, but also the relative length of NSF grants to NYCEP (DBI 9602234) and health. Thus, seasonality may reinforce OH 62’s leg is human-like. This is also the NYCEP Morphometrics Group (ACI poverty and poor health, within and be- supported by the human-like slender tibia 9982351). tween groups. This paper tests whether of H. habilis, OH 35. Upper -to-lower arm significant differences in nutritional proportions, however, remained primitive Narial margin of the piriform aper- status observed between two Tanzanian in H. habilis, thus resembling A. garhi, ture–epiphenomenon or forensic in- ethnic groups (herders and farmers) liv- whereas its hindlimb is relatively length- dicator? ing in the same area are the result of ened like later Homo. Distance travel differences in household food security. might therefore have been evolved early R.L. Hall, D.A. Hall. Oregon State Uni- Anthropometric data were collected on in human evolution. versity. children and their mothers during two periods corresponding to the periods of An assessment of hylobatid mono- Because the human nose varies with maximum and minimum food availability. morphism using geometric mor- geography and climate, and also contrib- Questionnaires were also administered to phometrics. utes greatly to the individuality of each measure household food security. Pre- face, forensic scientists and evolutionary liminary results suggest a much higher S.E. Hagell, K.P. McNulty. Anthropology, anthropologists have multiple reasons to percent prevalence of food insecure City University of New York Graduate be interested in all skeletal features that households among the farmers. Interest- Center; New York Consortium in Evolu- determine its form. In this study we re- ingly, the nutritional status of children tionary Primatology; American Museum late the lower border of the piriform aper- from both groups responded similarly to of Natural History, Division of Paleontol- ture to features of the mid-facial region the “hunger season”. This suggests that ogy. examined in each of the 658-skulls in our the observed differences in nutritional worldwide sample. Unlike prior ap- status among these two groups are the Sexual dimorphism is a prominent proaches (Gower 1923; Lahr 1996), our result of factors other than household food characteristic of nearly all anthropoids. 10-category typology considers aperture security, and these differences are set at a One exception to this is the hominoid shape as well as features of the lower very young age. Alternative hypotheses, genus Hylobates. Previous analyses, both margin. We profiled each type by age and such as variation in child feeding prac- qualitative and quantitative, have dem- sex; geography and climate (continent, tices, are explored. onstrated a severe reduction or lack of precipitation, temperature, and humid- intersexual differences in this taxon, con- ity); three non-metric traits describing Limb proportions of Homo habilis cluding that gibbons and siamangs are projection of upper nasal area; nine reviewed. monomorphic. Here we present a geomet- measures of breadth, height, and projec- ric morphometric analysis of hylobatid tion; and two indices. Though all 10 types M. Haeusler, H.M. McHenry. Dept. of cranial morphology designed to identify appear in our largest continental sample Anthropology, University of California, and quantify differences between the (325 cases from North America), there are Davis. sexes and to compare patterns of dimor- some geographic and climatic associa- phism to those in other hominoids. tions, such as the predominance in Asia Homo habilis, the earliest member of This study included nearly 200 hylo- Minor skulls of single-bordered lower the genus Homo, is commonly believed to batid specimens across six species. A rep- margins with prominent nasal spines. have possessed relatively ape-like body resentative sample of the other hominoid Presenting frequencies and statistical proportions. Thus, the fragmentary genera was also examined for compara- descriptions of types, this paper discusses proximal femur of the OH 62 partial tive analysis. Three-dimensional coordi- our conclusion that although the narial 108 AAPA Abstracts

margin’s form results from a number of T. Hanihara1, T. Higa2, H. Ishida2. 1Saga way to moderate substrate reaction forces features affecting the aperture, it has Medical School, Saga, Japan, 2University as speed increases. To test this hypothe- potential forensic uses, including for re- of the Ryukyus. sis, we examined peak vertical substrate construction of individual facial features. reaction forces (Vpk) on the limbs of five We thank the American Museum of Metric and nonmetric dental variations primate species (C. medius, M. coquereli, Natural History, the Smithsonian Institu- in major human populations from around C. aethiops, P. anubis, and M. mulatta) tion, the Royal British Columbia Mu- the world were analyzed. The results of for a range of speeds and gaits. Our re- seum, Simon Fraser University, the San uni- and multivariate analyses provide sults show, for each limb, that Vpk in- Diego Museum of Man, and the Univer- dental morphological support for the dis- crease linearly and continuously as pri- sity of Oregon for access to collections and tinctiveness of each geographical popula- mates shift from walking to ambling, and Oregon State University Library for tion. At the same time, the significant from ambling to galloping. Our results travel funds. interregional differences between sub- for primates contrast those obtained for Saharan Africans and the other regional other mammals, showing discontinuity in Seasonality data from tooth enamel populations except for some similarity of peak stresses at gait transitions. Our composition: The Levantine Holo- sub-Saharan Africans to Austra- data suggest that at intermediate speeds, cene. lians/Melanesians can be detected. The primates select ambling instead of trot- two populations share generalized and ting in order to minimize locomotor loads. K.A. Hallin1, M.J. Schoeninger2, T.E. conservative dental features such as large Locomotor transitions in primates appear Levy2, H.P. Schwarcz3. 1University of size and less simplified molars more fr e- to involve subtle changes in limb loading, Wisconsin, Madison, 2University of Cali- quently than other geographical popula- which minimize sudden increases in peak fornia at San Diego, 3McMaster Univer- tions. The dental traits of Europeans and locomotor forces. sity. West Asians, and to a lesser extent North Supported by NSF grants SBR-9209004 Africans and South Asians, are character- andBCS-9904401, and an NSF Graduate Intratooth variation in carbon and ox y- ized by size reduction and crown simplifi- Research Fellowship. gen stable isotope ratios of domestic goats cation. The Asian dichotomy of dental indicate marked seasonality in rainfall features, known as sinodonty and sunda- An unusual hypoplastic defect of the and plant cover at a Post-Pottery Neo- donty, is reevaluated in this study. It is maxillary lateral incisors in great lithic Period B (PPNB, 7,500-6,500 yr BP) likely, moreover, the sundadont dental apes. site located in modern Jordan. In con- pattern evolved out of the early- or proto- trast, modern Israeli goats record little sundadont dental pattern that character- D.L. Hannibal. Dept. of Anthropology, annual variation. The d13C values in four izes recent Australian crown features. In University of Oregon. modern goats show a range from -12.5‰ the present study, some minor differences to -11‰ with 1‰ range of intratooth between East/Northeast Asian sinodont This paper describes a diagonal defect variation. This shows significant input dental pattern and Arctic/New World of the permanent maxillary lateral inci- from C3 browse in diet and little annual dental feature are suggested. The metric sors (referred to here as DDMLI) not pr e- variation. Three PPNB goats have a d13C and nonmetric dental characteristics of viously reported in the literature despite range between -10‰ and -4‰ with intra- Arctic/New World populations may allow it being the second most common defect tooth ranges of 4 to 6‰. This indicates us to suppose that the dental features of observed in the sample. The goal of this greater overall dependence on graze with them may be regarded as proto-sinodont study is to describe and assess the fr e- marked annual variation. Some use of dental pattern. quency of DDMLI in the great apes, with browse occurred near the time of birth particular attention to sub-species and with a switch to graze (including C4 The effect of speed and gait changes geographic differences. Frequencies are grasses) after six months of age. The d18O on vertical peak forces in primates. reported, as well as analyses of DDMLI values complement the carbon data. association with taxon, locality and linear PPNB goats show an overall range from - J.B. Hanna, D. Schmitt, P. Lemelin. Dept. enamel hypoplasia (LEH). The study 1‰ to +4‰ with intratooth variation of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, sample consists of 136 great ape speci- around 4‰. The most positive values Duke University Medical Center. mens and includes 41 gorillas, 25 chim- occur near the time of birth when browse panzees and 70 orangutans from the is taken. Modern goats show a smaller Most mammals use the running trot, Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natu- overall range (-6‰ to -4‰) and intratooth which is intermediate in speed between ral History great ape collection. Analyses variation (1‰). This suggests that during walking and galloping. The running trot of frequencies show that 25.27% of indi- the early Holocene seasonal, year-round is characterized by contralateral pairs of viduals are bilaterally affected by rainfall with varying d18O occurred in this limbs moving synchronously, a whole- DDMLI. Overall, gorillas (5.88%) exhibit region, with a transition to modern Medi- body aerial phase, and relatively high lower frequencies of DDMLI than chim- terranean climate (with winter rains of stresses on the limbs compared to walking panzees (35.71%) and orangutans uniform d18O) sometime after 6,500 yr BP. and slow galloping. This latter character- (37.21%). Analysis of subspecies differ- They also suggest an open grassland sys- istic may explain why primates do not ences shows that among gorillas, only the tem during the PPNB. trot at intermediate speeds (Schmitt, lowland gorillas exhibit DDMLI. There is Supported by: Sigma Xi (KAH), Wenner 1995). Instead, primates “amble” at in- no difference, however, in DDMLI fr e- Gren (KAH and MJS), NSERC Canada termediate speeds, during which forelimb quencies between the Sumatran and Bor- (HPS) and the Wisconsin Alumni Re- and hindlimb contact alternates, there nean orangutans. Analysis by locality search Foundation (MJS) are forelimb and hindlimb aerial phases, shows no significant differences in fr e- and these aerial phases are never syn- quencies of affected individuals. DDMLI Metric and nonmetric dental varia- chronous so that the body is always sup- defects tend to occur bilaterally, suggest- tions of major human populations in ported by at least one limb. Primates ing physiological stress as the cause, but the world. may use ambling instead of trotting as a this defect does not tend to occur in asso- AAPA Abstracts 109

ciation with LEH (known to be caused by opmental Biology and Dept. of Anthropol- effects on individual behavior. Examples physiological stress) on either the same ogy, University College London. include several dopamine receptors, the tooth or in the same individual. The etiol- androgen receptor, the serotonin trans- ogy of DDMLI remains obscure, though There is considerable debate over the porter, and possibly luteinizing hormone. systemic stress and genetic factors are bipedal capability of late Pliocene We have proposed a model to explain unlikely to be the proximate causes. hominins. Analyses to date have relied on worldwide variation in dopamine D4 re- traditional measurements, such as inter- ceptor frequencies, and our model com- Taxonomic and feeding diversity in landmark distances, angles or indices to petes with a model by Chen and Burton. the Shungura Formation fauna quantify postcranial form. Advances in I will discuss our model, the Chen and (Ethiopia). geometric morphometrics now make it Burton model, and ways that these mod- possible to greatly increase analytical els can be tested. I will then discuss other C. Haradon. Hominid Paleobiology Doc- resolution. This study develops an inte- interesting loci and the ways in which toral Program, The George Washington grated approach to the interpretation of variation at them might be related to University. hominin tarsal morphology (OH 8, STW ecological histories of human populations. 573, and selected Hadar specimens) based Timing of major faunal speciation and on Generalized Procrustes Analysis using Where's the variation? Variance extinction events in Africa between 3.0 3D landmark configurations for the talus, components in the permanent denti- and 1.0 million years ago (mya) remains calcaneus, cuboid, navicular and medial tion. unclear, although testing for episodes of cuneiform. A number of tools are used to high turnover during this period is of investigate these data. Phenograms are E. F. Harris. University of Tennessee, widespread interest, particularly in re- employed to compare similarities and Memphis. sponse to the predictions of the turnover differences in shape between the fossils pulse hypothesis (Vrba 1980, 1995). Dif- and modern comparators (Pongo pyg- Despite numerous crown dim ensions fering views exist on the timing of signifi- maeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan pansicus, Pan that might be measured, there are few cant change in mammalian communities, troglodytes and Homo sapiens). Pairwise canonical axes of tooth crown variation in specific lineages, and the turnover pat- Procrustes distances are calculated be- the permanent dentition. This study used tern within single basins versus across tween all extant comparators to assess maximum likelihood components of vari- Africa (Behrensmeyer et al. 1997, Bishop the range of inter - and intra-specific ance analysis to quantify where the major 1999, Alemseged 2002, Bobe et al. 2002). variation in tarsal form. Fossil pairs are sources of statistical variation occur. The nature of associated adaptive change, tested against these data to assess Plio- Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown di- i.e. which adaptations arose, persisted, or cene morphological and inferred func- mensions were measured on all perma- declined, is even less well understood. tional diversity. Finally, a “meta- nent teeth (excluding M3s and averaging Examining changes in feeding adapta- analysis” combines the PC scores for all sides) in 100 American whites and 100 tions (e.g. grazing, browsing, and mixed tarsals within a single analysis, providing American blacks, evening divided by sex. feeding), and comparing these changes a set of results that reflect a number of A SAS program (varcomp) was used to with taxonomic turnover contributes to a functional complexes rather than the estimate the sources of variation across 7 broader understanding of the conse- morphology of the isolated pedal ele- aspects of the dentition, namely race, sex, quences of environmental change on fau- ments. This new integrated analytical arcade (maxillary, mandibular), tooth nal evolution. approach reveals two distinct morph o- (incisor, canine, premolar, molar), tooth This study, which analyzes taxonomic types in fossil pedal morphology, one position in a field (mesial, distal), dimen- and feeding turnover patterns in the characterizing A. africanus and H. habilis sion (MD, BL), and a residual term com- Shungura Formation, Ethiopia, has two and the other A. afarensis. posed of unique variation. Looking at just objectives: to determine if and when spe- the six components of the shared vari- cies turnovers occurred between 3.0 and Gene-culture co-evolution: The do- ance, most (82.8%) was due to tooth type 1.0 mya, and to compare feeding turnover pamine D4 receptor and other poly- (I, C, P, M). In contrast, only 4.9% was patterns with taxonomic turnover. Three morphisms that may reflect social due to the American black-white differ- peaks of high taxonomic turnover occur at evolution. ence—the preponderance of variation is 2.8, 1.8, and 1.2 mya. Turnover of feeding within groups, not among them. The MD- adaptations generally follows a similar H.C. Harpending. Dept. of Anthropology, BL component was 3.6%. Striking was pattern as taxonomic turnover, although University of Utah. the lack of variance between sexes (1.2%). a con servation of feeding types at 1.8 Also, only trivial variance (0.6%) was mya, a period of high taxonomic change, Tradition al anthropology en visioned a ascribable to tooth position; the "pole" suggests ecosystem stability. Establishing synthesis of social and biological sciences, tooth possesses about the same informa- mammalian taxonomic and feeding turn- but only scattered parts of this have ap- tion statistically as the "variable" tooth. over patterns provides a context for un- peared. Within the last decade, two de- Whether the tooth was maxillary or man- derstanding the evolutionary history of velopments provide grounds for optimism dibular accounted for 6.9% of shared vari- hominins and how taxa diversified in that the synthesis will proceed. First, ance, suggesting that crown size control response to environmental change. Sup- molecular genetic analysis of interesting between arcades is fairly weak. Overall, ported by a National Science Foundation loci can identify those that have been little (6%) of the shared variation distin- Graduate Research Fellowship. subject to selection. Criteria include the guished blacks and whites or males and frequency spectrum of SNPs in and near females. Instead, morphogenetic field, 3D morphometrics and the evolution the locus, the shape of the gene geneal- which reflects a tooth's position in the of bipedality. ogy, and extreme values of FST in world arch, accounted for the preponderance of samples. Second, psychologists working in variation. W.E.H. Harcourt-Smith, P. O’Higgins, behavior genetics have described loci L.C. Aiello. Dept. of Anatomy and Devel- where extant variation has substantial 110 AAPA Abstracts

Kanapoi: Fauna and paleoenviron- in the same set of behaviours across ape these surveys will be discussed as well as ments. species is required. constructive strategies used to investigate In the present study limb preference is human variation in a diverse college J.M. Harris1, M.G. Leakey 2. 1George C. examined in four ape species. Captive classroom. Page Museum, Los Angeles, 2National groups of bonobos (n=22), chimpanzees Museums of Kenya. (n=6), lowland gorillas (n=21) and orang Frequency of posterior femoral neck utans (n=20) were observed for a total of facets in the Tipu Maya. The early Pliocene locality of Kanapoi is 1000 hours with all aspects of their daily located to the southwest of Lake Turkana routine recorded by focal animal sam- K.M. Hartnett. Dept. of Anthropology, in northern Kenya The Kanapoi sites pling. Preliminary results suggest that no Arizona State University. were first collected in the mid 1960s species-level preferences are present. (1965-67) by expeditions from Harvard Some individual preferences are evident Facets on the posterior femor al neck University. Significant specimens col- but these are sporadic and do not elicit were discovered on 35 of 121 males (28.9 lected at that time include a hominid any effect at species level. These findings %) and eight of 77 females (10.4 %) exam- humerus that was tentatively identified support the suggestion that right limb ined from the Colonial Period Maya cem e- as Australopithecus sp. and several new preference evolved after the divergence of tery of Tipu, Belize. Posterior femoral species of non-hominin vertebrates. The the extant chimpanzee and hominid line- neck facets are also known as posterior site was subsequently recollected in the ages. Thus, using limb preference in apes cervical imprints, posterior acetabular mid 1990s by National Museums of Kenya to map the evolution of cognition in hu- imprints, and Wamsley’s facets. The fac- expeditions. The vertebrate fauna was mans may have to be re-evaluated. ets are bilateral, are not non-metric consider ably augmented and the hominin Supported by grants from the Wenner- traits, and are attributed to stress on the hypodigm was expanded to include cra- Gren Foundation for Anthropological hip joint when flexing the knee and ex- nial, dental and postcranial material of Research (Gr. 6581) and Leakey Trust tending the hip while squatting, standing, the earliest known australopithecine, (U.K.). or walking long distances. Australopithecus anamensis, The The distribution of femoral neck facets Kanapoi biota is tightly constrained in Changing student perceptions about among the Tipu males and females age to between 4.12-4.17 and it docu- human variation in an honors college strongly suggests a difference in activity ments a perilacustrine assemblage from program. patterns, which corroborates a previous an interval of time that is not well repr e- study by the author on their habitual sented elsewhere in the Lake Turkana D.L. Hart, P.C. Ashmore. Dept. of An- activity patterns utilizing musculoskele- Basin. Paleosols from the Kanapoi se- thropology and Pierre Laclede Honors tal stress markers (MSM). The facets quence have been interpreted to represent College, University of Missouri, St. Louis. found on the males may be linked to dissimilar habitats to those that occur today tance walking or running, as well as ca- in the vicinity of the Omo River delta at Students enrolled in an Honors College noeing, for the posture assumed by males the north end of Lake Turkana. That program at the University of Missouri – while canoeing likely contributed to the interpretation is not entirely supported by St. Louis are generally considered to be greater frequency of these facets. The the evidence from the Kanapoi fossil ver- exceptionally bright, high-achieving stu- facets found on the females may be linked tebrates. dents. The university exists in one of the to distance walking or running, but may most segregated cities in the country and, also be caused by maintaining a squatting A comparison of limb preference in to date, no class concerning human varia- or kneeling posture for long periods of captive bonobos, chimpanzees, low- tion had ever been offered at this urban time. land gorillas and orang utans. institution. Approximately forty honors The frequency of posterior femoral neck students enrolled in the Human Varia- facets is also examined in males and fe- R.M. Harrison, Dept. of Archaeology and tion: Concepts of Race seminar taught by males in relation to their burial locations Prehistory, University of Sheffield. two physical anthropologists. At the be- in and around the church. There appears ginning of the semester these students to be no difference in the distribution of Limb preferences in apes are examined were assessed to determine the range of facets among males relating to burial in order to further our understanding of perceptions they had about human varia- location, but there is a slight difference in when the species-level right limb prefer- tion. In particular we wanted to see if the patterning among the females. This ence found in modern humans evolved. their perceptions were representative of pattern, however, may be a product of Preferential limb use is associated with historical “race thinking,” including the small sample size. the increased complexity and compart- following ideas: 1) humans form concrete mentalisation of the brain that has been biological entities representative of races; Morphological and molecular impli- correlated with the development of lan- 2) physical characteristics can be linked cations for the ateline adaptive ra- guage and cognition. Consequently to behavior; 3) physical characteristics diation. studying limb preference has become can be linked to IQ; 4) so-called racial considered a means, albeit indirect, to characteristics are inherited as a genetic W.C. Hartwig1, A.L. Rosenberger 2. 1Dept. approach such topics as the evolution of “package.” The students were later as- of Basic Sciences, Touro University Col- cognition. Much work has been conducted sessed at the end of the semester to de- lege of Osteopathic Medicine, 2Dept. of on apes, yet the level of limb preference termine if and how their perceptions had Sociology and Anthropology, George Ma- remains unclear. Comparisons between changed during the course of the seminar. son University. studies and species are often difficult In addition students in this class had to because different methodologies are util- identify a study population and dissemi- The ateline New World monkeys consti- ised and behaviours of differing complex- nate a questionnaire aimed at identifying tute as certain a monophyletic group as ity are recorded. Consequently a compr e- perceptions of human variation in their there is among primates. The group is hensive study examining limb preference study group. The findings from all of intriguing because while their adaptive AAPA Abstracts 111

radiation is well understood and their tance of maize, a C4 plant, to their diet space, and reduced gonial angle. In this monophyly as a group is unquestioned, has been under debate by many Great paper we investigate the hypothesis that their phylogenetic inter-relationships Basin researchers (e.g., Berry 1974; heavy dental wear, seen in adult Nean- remain controversial. Our study ad- Jenning 1978; Madsen 1989). If a nonde- dertals, may provide a functional expla- dresses two aspects of ateline phylog e- structive technique, such as microwear, nation for mandibular morphological fea- netic history: 1) incongruity of the mo- can be applied to determine approximate tures used to characterize Neandertals, as lecular and morphological evidence; 2) amounts of C4 plant consumption, mu- well as features sometimes shared be- relevance of the fossil record. seum specimens can be preserved for tween Neandertals and modern humans. Traditional morphological comparisons future study. Thus, the effect of dental wear on tooth isolate Alouatta from the atelins, and High-resolution epoxy casts are taken position and mandibular shape provides a group Ateles and Brachyteles as a sister from first, second, and third mandibular means of testing evolutionary relation- group to the exclusion of Lagothrix. In and maxillary molars from ten prehistoric ships between these two populations. contrast, several recent molecular studies Fremont skeletons. Scanning electron point to a closer relationship between microscope images are collected at a mag- Death in a mill town: Mortality in Brachyteles and Lagothrix than between nification of 500X. Each image is ana- emergent industrial cities of New Brachyteles and Ateles. There is no obvi- lyzed using Microwear Version 4.02 (Un- England. ous resolution here. Rather, we apply gar 2002), which is currently the pr e- these opposing arguments to a new set of dominate software used to quantify mi- S.I. Hautaniemi1, A.C. Swedlund2. questions, such as the polarity of similari- crowear features. To test the accuracy of a 1Population Studies Center & ICPSR, ties between the nucleotide sequences of new imaging software, these results are University of Michigan, 2Dept. of Anthro- these taxa and the implications of posi- then compared to findings obtained using pology, University of Massachusetts, Am- tioning Ateles as the most morphologically Image-Pro Version 4.5 (Media Cybernet- herst. derived atelin. ics, Silver Spring, MD). The results of Resolving ateline phylogeny must con- these microwear analyses are graphed The Connecticut Valley Historical De- sider the fossil record, which in this case and correlated with the individual’s mography Project (CVHDP) has hypothe- doubles the number of taxa for study. known d13C‰ value (Coltrain 1993, 1999). sized that the widespread emergence of Molecular approaches can consider only New England mill towns and the stressful the four living genera, and in each pu b- The influence of dental wear on Ne- environments and economic uncertainties lished study only one individual per spe- andertal mandibular morphology. of such rapidly growing industrial com- cies is used. This is similar to the limita- munities may have contributed to persis- tion that attends the use of fossils in K. Hattman, J.L. Thompson. Dept. of tent high mortality during the 19th cen- cladistic reconstructions. Three ateline Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las tury. While conditions in these communi- fossils are especially pertinent here. We Vegas. ties may have elevated mortality, develop- interpret Paralouatta as a Quaternary ing infrastructures offered possible am e- alouattin, Caipora as an example of how Several mandibular morphological at- lioration. Using individual-level linked the Ateles lineage derives away from the tributes have been used to assess popula- census and death records from two emerg- atelin morphotype, and we evaluate the tional and/or species level relationships ing urban industrial towns in Massachu- likelihood that the remarkable anatomy between Neandertals and early modern setts, Holyoke and Northampton, we first of Protopithecus evidences the roots of humans. For example, a decreased gonial present the correlates of mortality, focus- both lineages. angle, shorter dental arcade, retromolar ing on the relationship of wealth and space, and mental foramen positioned community to infant and childhood mor- A comparison of microwear analysis below the posterior teeth, are features tality. With the addition of spatial data and stable carbon isotope ratios to used to differentiate between them. In for individuals and public health infr a- reconstruct Fremont subsistence. contrast, the presence of a mental emi- structure, the effects of developing infr a- nence in some Neandertal specimens and structure are then explored for one town. M. Hatch, S.A. Novak. Dept. of Anthro- modern humans has been used as ev i- Analyses of age and cause-specific mortal- pology, University of Utah. dence of a close phylogenetic tie between ity within neighborhoods, in conjunction them, as a symplesiomorphy, or the result with evolving sewer systems in North- Through scanning electron microscopy, of gene flow. ampton, demonstrate the mortality effects dental microwear patterns on the occlusal The dental and orthodontic literature of industry and open sewers and the miti- surface of molars are able to lend insight reveals that, over an individual’s life, the gation of these effects by subsequent into the subsistence strategies of prehis- mandible is capable of considerable mor- sewer improvements. Our findings sug- toric and modern animals and humans. phological change as a result of dental gest that perhaps neighborhood environ- Stable carbon isotope analysis is another wear. Occlusal wear is associated with mental effects could be one mechanism technique frequently used to help recon- continuous eruption of the tooth root from through which wealth affected mortality. struct diet. Whereas microwear tech- the alveolus. Bone resorption results in This work adds to a substantial and grow- niques are nondestructive, isotope analy- gracilization and possibly an incurvatio ing body of European and North Ameri- sis requires that a sample be destroyed. mandibulae at the anterior corpus. Inter- can historical case studies of public health This study compares intertooth mi- proximal wear is associated with lingual infrastructures in the cultural and physi- crowear patterns on individuals with tipping resulting in more vertical orienta- cal mortality environments of newly known carbon -13 isotope ratios. The Fre- tion of the anterior teeth and an accentu- emerging industrial communities of New mont Complex (2100-500 B.P.) of the ated projection of the inferior anterior England during its mortality plateau and Great Basin has exhibited varying levels corpus. It also causes mesial drift, result- eventual decline. of nomadic foraging and maize agricul- ing in reduced anterior arch length, ture depending upon the region and time alignment of the mental foramen with the period under scrutiny. The actual impor- posterior teeth, increased retromolar 112 AAPA Abstracts

Genotype-by-age effects on bone sponse to strain, presumably from masti- vantages to nocturnal animals by both mineral density in the spine and fore- cation. Russell (1986) suggested that improving image quality and image limb in baboons: Possible implica- strain was magnified in crania with a brightness in the field of binocular over- tions of mechanical usage. marked angulation between the face and lap. To date, although the nocturnal vis- frontal squama, and browridge size does ual predation hypothesis is the consensus L.M. Havill1, M.C. Mahaney 1, L. Almasy1, appear to be related to this angulation explanation for primate orbit conver- J. Rogers1,2. 1Department of Genetics, among both living and fossil samples. gence, it is not universally accepted. Southwest Foundation for Biomedical However, direct measurements of the This study re-examines the ecological Research, San Antonio, 2Southwest Na- forces created by mastication have shown factors that are associated with high orbit tional Primate Research Center, South- only a weak strain in the supraorbital convergence. Orbit orientation data were west Foundation for Biomedical Re- region, making hypotheses related to collected for over 250 extant taxa from search., San Antonio. chewing appear less likely. It has fr e- twelve orders of metatherian and euthe- quently been suggested, notably by Wei- rian mammals. These taxa were coded for Though it is well known that both genes denreich (1951) but also by others, that activity pattern, diet, and substrate pref- and advancing age contribute to risk of the system of cranial tori, including the erence. Nocturnal and cathemeral taxa low bone mass and osteoporosis, gen o- supraorbital torus, may protect the skull. have significantly more convergent orbits type-by-age (GÁ) effects on variation in For the supraorbital, it would seem likely than diurnal taxa (excluding anthro- this risk are little understood. We con- that the eyes were the primary object of poids), both within and across orders. ducted statistical genetic analyses of this protection. The appearance of cranial Arboreal and aerial (i.e., megachirop- DEXA-acquired areal bone mineral den- wounds accompanied by marked cranial teran) taxa also have significantly higher sity (aBMD) measures in the spine, ra- thickening in Lower Pleistocene Homo orbit convergence than terrestrial taxa. dius, and ulna in 692 pedigreed baboons would seem to substantiate this explana- Interestingly, faunivorous taxa (both noc- (Papio hamadryas) to identify GxA effects tion. However, an adaptive explanation turnal and diurnal) do not have signifi- in this nonhuman primate model for age- focusing on protection should also account cantly more convergent orbits than non- related changes and pathology in bone. for the reduced browridges of many recent predatory taxa. However, when consider- We modeled GÁ interaction for aBMD by human populations, and possibly for the ing nocturnal and arboreal taxa alone, defining the additive genetic component distribution of supraorbital morphology faunivores do have significantly higher of the variance as a function of age. We among other primates. orbit convergence. These results suggest also modeled the genetic correlation be- This study uses three-dimensional mor- that multiple advantages of high orbit tween relative pairs at different ages as phometric data to evaluate supraorbital convergence exist, and these are not lim- an exponential decay function across age form among fossil hominids and investi- ited to nocturnal visual predators. values. Through numerical maximization, gate possible protective mechanisms. This Funded by the L.S.B. Leakey Founda- we simultaneously estimated these GÁ work included three-dimensional simulation. interaction terms plus the mean effects of tion modeling of impacts of various sizes sex, body weight, crown-rump length, and of missiles and bludgeons upon the su- Mass migrations or mere movement spinal arthritis severity, on each measure praorbital region. It is found that the of morphemes? A dental morphology of aBMD. Likelihood ratio tests disclose supraorbital area provides minimal pr o- investigation of post-Neolithic south GÁ effects in the spine and ulna, but not tection to the superior face and eyes in Asian population history. in the radius. Genetic variance decreases the range of impact velocities and projec- with age in the spine (p=0.000783, ante- tile shapes available to early humans. B.E. Hemphill. Dept. of Sociology and An- rior-posterior projection; p=0.002432, This minimal protection is greatly im- thropology, California State University at lateral projection). Genetic correlation proved by the presence of a substantial Bakersfield. between aBMD at different ages differed supraorbital torus. In contrast, crania significantly from 1.0 in the spine with relatively more vertical frontal Recent assessment of DNA variation (p=0.028354, lateral projection) and in the squamae already provide substantial among members of various castes in mod- ulna (p=0.000194). These results imply protection to the upper face and eyes; ern India has rekindled controversies over that the magnitude of genetic effects these do not benefit markedly from ante- the appearance of Indo-Aryan languages changes with age, as do the genes or suite riorly projecting supraorbital develop- and spread of Vedic culture. Current of genes involved. Because the radius ment. theories include the Aryan Invasion The- bears more weight (load) during baboon ory, the Out of India Model, and the Early locomotion than either the spine or the The ecology of mammalian orbit ori- Intrusion Model. Unfortunately, studies ulna, we postulate that non-genetic ef- entation. based solely on living individuals cannot fects related to functional biomechanics distinguish between these models. This is may obscure/override GÁ interactions on C.P. Heesy. IDPAS/department of Ana- because they encompass different expec- BMD in the radius. tomical Sciences, Stony Brook University. tations for the timing and patterning of phenetic relationships among prehistoric The browridge: Pleistocene body ar- Primates are characterized by similarly and living ethnic groups in south Asia. mor? facing, or convergent, orbits and associ- Dental morphology provides a basis for ated binocular field overlap. Hypotheses comparison of phenetic variation among J. Hawks. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- explaining the adaptive significance of past and present populations. This study sity of Wisconsin-Madison. these traits often relate to ecological fac- compares 17 tooth-trait combinations tors, such as arboreality, nocturnal visual among 1451 individuals of 16 different Functional explanations for supraorbi- predation, or saltatory locomotion in a prehistoric and living populations from tal torus morphology in fossil hominids complex nocturnal, arboreal environment. central Asia, the Indus Valley (IV), and have been varied. Many approaches have Allman and Pettigrew suggested that peninsular India that span from 6000 considered the torus as a functional re- orbit convergence accrued functional ad- B.C. to the present. Samples are com- AAPA Abstracts 113

pared with Mahalanobis generalized dis- development of the orang-utan face. central polity far to the south, unified tance (d2) and patterns of phenetic affin- These age-group comparisons also allow groups along the length of the Nile and ity are assessed with cluster analysis, identification of potential trends in dy- even into the adjacent areas of the Near multidimensional scaling, and principal namic growth patterns in the craniofacial East. The collapse of the Meroitic king- coordinates analysis. complex and suggest future directions of dom resulted in the rise of local groups This analysis provides no support for research. that characterize the X-Group period. the Aryan Invasion Theory or the Out of The populations in the Wadi Halfa area India Model, but yields results consistent Magnetostratigraphy of the South were reunited under the Christianity, with the Early Intrusion Model. A sub- African hominid palaeocaves. whose cen tral authority was in Nubia. stantial biological break occurs among IV Previous studies using a number of stress populations between 6000 and 4500 B.C. A.I.R. Herries. PEARL: Palaeoanthropol- indicators reveal that the localized popu- This schism is echoed by the phenetic ogy, Evolution, Archaeology Research at lations during the X-Group period were separation between living western and Liverpool, Geomagnetism Laboratory, experiencing less stress than those of the central Indians, and inhabitants of south- University of Liverpool. Meroitic or Christian period. In this pa- east India. Hence, it appears likely that per, we examine the degree of sexual di- the introduction of Indo-Aryan languages Palaeomagnetic investigations have morphism as a measure of adaptation and Vedic culture was more a socially been undertaken at the South African during these periods of transition. Using grounded movement of morphemes and Australopithecine palaeocaves of Mak a- the maximum length of the femur, the ideas than a biologically grounded mass pansgat, Sterkfontein, Gondolin and percent of sexual dimorphism in Meroitic migration of Indo-Aryan speakers and Gladysvale. Other work was also under- is 5.0 % increasing to 6.9% in the X-Group Vedic proselytizers from outside the In- taken at the faunal locality of Buffalo population and decreasing to 4.5% in dian subcontinent. Cave and the archaic human site of the Christian period. Maximum femur length Cave of Hearths. Makapansgat is the of males increases about 1.3% from Mer o- Sexual dimorphism in the face and oldest locality dating between 4.29 and itic (N=57) to X-group (N=135) and de- palate of the orang-utan. 2.1 Ma. The A. africanus remains date to creases 6.1% in the Christian population between 2.58 and 3.04. Sterkfontein dates (N=45). There is a slight decrease (-.4%) S.M. Hens. Dept. of Anthropology, Cali- between 4.18 and 1.07 Ma with Stw 573 from the Meroitic to the X-group period fornia State University, Sacremento. dating to a period before 3.0 Ma, the main females with a greater decrease in the A. africanus assemblage dating to be- Christian females (-3.8%). The decrease The orang-utan is widely recognized as tween 2.15 to 2.58 Ma and the Sts 5 fossil in sexual dimorphism in the Christian a highly dimorphic species. An ontog e- represents the youngest of the A. afr i- population results from the greater reduc- netic approach to the study of sexual di- canus fossils at a date of 2.2-2.0 Ma. The tion in Christian males femur length. morphism assists in understanding both later deposits containing P. robustus and These results suggest that Christian where and when these differences de- early Homo date to somewhere between population was experiencing considerable velop. In this study, 357 orang-utans 1.07 and 1.77 Ma. The main fauna from stress that differentially affected the from Borneo are divided into five devel- Gondolin dates to between 1.77 and 2.14 sexes. opmental stages representing infancy to Ma with deposits as old as 2.58 Ma. Buf- mature adulthood. 3-D coordinate data falo Cave dates to between 1.77 and 0.78 Biological pattern changes in a from 19 landmarks representing the face Ma, the main faunal deposits dating be- French medieval population: Impli- and palate are analyzed using Euclidean tween 0.78 and 0.94 Ma and as such cations to reconstruct health status Distance Matrix Analysis, a quantitative represents a period when few faunal lo- and dietary behaviour. method for the comparison of forms. calities are known worldwide. Currently Results indicate that dimorphism in the the work at Gladysvale is ongoing and E. Herrscher1, F. Valentin2, H. face and palate can be localized in infancy dates of younger than 0.78 Ma and as old Bocherens3, R. Colardelle4. 1Institut de and traced throughout all age intervals. as 1.77 Ma are suggested for the upper Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, 2UMR Males and females are similar in facial stratigraphy. As such these sites, taken 7041, Équipe Ethnologie Préhistorique, dimensions related to the width of the together with other palaeocaves such as Maison René Ginouvès, Nanterre, orbits, face, nose and premaxilla and in Swartkrans, Coopers and Kromdraii rep- 3Institut de Science de l’évolution, UMR the projection of the snout. They main- resent a relatively uninterrupted se- 5554, Université de Montpellier II, Mon t- tain these similarities throughout devel- quence of Plio-Pleistocene faunal and pellier, 4Musée Archéologique Église opment. However, they differ in the hominid fossil localities in South Africa. Saint-Laurent, Grenoble. height of the cheek, nose and premaxilla from the earliest stages into adulthood. Sexual dimorphism in Meroitic, X- In order to evaluate the health status The face broadens and zygomatic bone Group and Christian populations and the dietary behaviour of the medieval flares dramatically in adult males. In the from Sudanese Nubia. population buried in the Saint-Laurent de palate, the sexes are similar in most di- Grenoble Church (France), a paleoepide- mensions representing width throughout C.W. Herrington, G.J. Armelagos. Dept. of miological analysis of osteological, dental all age intervals. Males exceed females in Anthropology, Emory University. and isotopic criteria is conducted. Prob- the length of the palate and tooth row in able links between the health status and infancy and maintain this distinction into The transition from Meroitic (0 CE- diet are appreciated according to the adulthood where they also exhibit a deep- 250CE), X-Group (350-550 CE) and Chris- three chronological phases of the studied ening naso/oropharynx and projecting tian Period (550–1350 CE) resulted from period (XIIIth c., XIVth c., XVth c.) and premaxilla in mature adult stages. political economic changes that signifi- the historical and environmental context. The method used here was especially cantly affected the adaptation of popula- The anthropological series consists of 252 helpful in identifying both global and tions inhabiting Nubian lands along the adults of equal proportion of males and local form differences throughout the Nile. The Meroitic Kingdom, with its females, young adults and old adults. 114 AAPA Abstracts

All results agree for a modification in (ka). This agrees well with the 23 ka the postcranial skeleton in aneuploid the biological pattern during the late me- Milankovitch precessional periodicity. individuals may be subject to differing dieval period. The pattern of degener a- Other data strongly suggest these cycles developmental constraints, compared to tive, traumatic and infectious lesions reflect global climatic change rather than euploid individuals. shows changes during the XIVth c. For local tectonics. Grant sponsor: Public Health Service; the same period, the linear enamel hy- Over 35 fossil sites, ranging between Grant numbers: 1F33DE/HD05706, poplasias frequencies argue for hard con- 2.89 Ma and 2.43 Ma, can be correlated HD34198, HD38384, HD24605 ditions of life probably due to the Plague into this section. Three localities incorpo- (1348 AD) in association with bad climatic rate hominins, including one with the Tooth size variation and dental re- conditions. The both decreasing tooth earliest known member of genus Homo. duction in Europe, the Middle East wear and increasing dental pathologies This situation provides an opportunity to and North Africa between 120,000 and nitrogen isotopic compositions (d15N) determine whether the climatic fluctua- and 5000 BP. from the XIIIth century to the XVth cen- tions demonstrated in this sequence have tury are interpreted as a modification of a significant evolutionary effect on the S. Hillson, C. Fitzgerald. Institute of Ar- the diet with a less important consump- late Pliocene fauna. chaeology, University College London. tion of vegetal and fish food and a more important consumption of sweetened Developmental instability and skel e- A reduction in tooth size is believed by and/or consistent food and animal pr o- tal phenotypes in Down syndrome. most researchers to have occurred teins. Therefore, the increase of stature C.A. Hill1, R.H. Reeves2, C.J. Epstein3, C. throughout the entire evolutionary his- and its degree of sexual dimorphism be- Valeri2, E.S. Lindsay1, L.A. Baxter4, T.M. tory of Homo, but it appears to have been tween the XIIIth and XVth c. could argue Cole5, J.T. Richtsmeier1. 1Dept. of An- particularly marked in Neandertals and for an improvement of living conditions at thropology, Pennsylvania State Univer- anatomically modern Homo sapiens. the end of the late medieval period. sity Most previous studies have used compari- This research was supported by Institut 2Johns Hopkins University School of sons of mean measurements to show this Danone. Medicine, 3University of California, San reduction, and little is known about the Francisco, 4National Human Genome variability of tooth measurements within Late Pliocene climatic change and Research Institute, 5University of Mis- groups of fossils because heavy tooth wear faunas in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. souri, Kansas City School of Medicine. greatly reduces the number of measurable specimens. The present study, which has A. Hill1, J. Kingston 2, A. Deino3, L. Two mouse models for Down syndrome been in progress for more than two years, Bishop4, R. Fisher5, J. Rossie1. 1Dept. of (DS), Ts1Cje and Ts65Dn, are trisomic for incorporates cervical measurements of Anthropology, Yale University, 2Dept. of segments of mouse chromosome 16, which tooth size which are taken at the neck of Anthropology, Emory University, correspond with portions of human chro- the tooth crown with specially constructed 3Berkeley Geochronology Center, 4School mosome 21. These segments share genes calipers. These measurements are much of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liver- so that 108 genes are at dosage imbalance less influenced by occlusal and approx i- pool John Moore University, 5Dept. of Cell in Ts65Dn, while Ts1Cje has 79 of those mal attrition, and have made it possible Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins genes at dosage imbalance. It is hypothe- to include a larger number of specimens University. sized that trisomy of multiple genes leads than has been possible before. to increased developmental instability In the most recent phase of the work, The Tugen Hills, in the Rift Valley of (DI), ultimately resulting in DS phen o- the total number of teeth measured has Kenya, preserve a relatively unbroken types. Evidence for this hypothesis comes been brought up to over 6000, from sites succession of vertebrate faunas ranging in from the observation of increased vari- in Portugal, France, Belgium, United age from around 16 million years (Ma) to ability for individual complex traits. Kingdom, Denmark, eastern Europe, Is- recent times. Morphological integration (MI) has been rael and North Africa. In general, most of One of several current interests of the proposed as a measure of DI, in which the results confirm that there is an over- Baringo Paleontological Research Project lower integration patterns indicate in- all trend through the period studied to- is the period between 3 Ma to 2 Ma, a creased DI. This study analyzes MI pat- wards reduction in average tooth size, but time range of considerable significance for terns of two mouse models for DS, in or- there is considerable variation within the origin and divergence of certain der to test the hypotheses of decreased MI groups of specimens, and their ranges of hominin lineages, such as Homo and as an explanation for the DS phenotype. variation overlap. There are also differ- Paranthropus. Global climate change, Twenty-two linear distances of the post- ences between teeth, between sites within linked to astronomical factors, has been cranial skeleton were collected from the regions of the world studied, and be- suggested as a possible element in faunal Ts65Dn euploid (N=22) and aneuploid tween the regions themselves. It is as evolutionary shifts, particularly in the (N=12), and Ts1Cje euploid (N=12) and important to explain this variation as it is origin of these hominin lineages. How- aneuploid (N=13) mice. Linear distances to explain the average trends in tooth ever, there have been scant empirical are analyzed using MANOVA and MI- size. data showing that astronomical forcing Boot, a bootstrap method for comparing has a significant effect, or is detectable, at MI patterns (Ó TM Cole III). Despite Foot kinematics of Hylobates lar, the equator in the interior of continents. increased variation of individual meas- Ateles geoffroyi, and Macaca fuscata Exposures of the Chemeron Formation urements in the aneuploid skeletons, during locomotion on arboreal and in the Barsemoi River, west of Lake Bar- comparison of aneuploid and euploid lit- terrestrial substrates. ingo, reveal a sequence of five major dia- termates indicates stronger MI in both tomites. Single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar determi- aneuploid samples. Our results indicate E. Hirasaki, H. Kumakura. Laboratory of nations show they occur between 2.66 Ma that increased variability of individual Biological Anthropology, Dept. of Human and 2.56 Ma, and reflect depositional traits is not necessarily a reliable meas- Sciences, Osaka University. cycles of 23, 24, 25 and 27 thousand years ure of developmental instability, and that AAPA Abstracts 115

Since the foot performs a pivotal role in distal loph angles within the same tooth possible signs of brucellosis. We found the interaction between body movements crown, between teeth on the same tooth that one female out of 19 individuals from and substrate condition during locom o- row, across the arch, and between arches the 25th dynastic Egyptian collection has tion, its form and motion should be closely via Pearson Correlation coefficients. The sacroilitis that could have been caused by related to the habitat in which the animal mesial and distal lophs correlate signifi- brucellar infection. This is a prevalence lives. In this study, we measured foot cantly on all teeth (p = 0.01), though the of about 5.2% of Egyptians in this 25th movements in detail in a gibbon (Hylo- maxillary correlation is higher than for dynasty site and is a rate close to what bates lar ), a spider monkey (Ateles geof- the mandible. The mesial and distal would be expected in a sample where the froyi), and two Japanese macaques lophs are correlated across the mandibu- disease is endemic. (Macaca fuscata) to obtain quantitative lar arch (mesial = 0.42, distal = 0.51, information about terrestrial or arboreal p=0.01). Only the mesial loph orientation Craniofacial remodeling during adaptation of foot kinematics in these is correlated between the maxillary and adulthood: The supraorbital region. species. Measurements were made using mandibular arches (0.23, p = 0.01). The a 3-D video-based motion analyzer correlations between loph angles and A. Hofbauer1, J.C.M. Ahern1, and S-H. (ELITE, BTS) while the subjects walked standard size metrics are low (< 0.24) or Lee2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, University on the ground or on a horizontal pole (di- insignificant. of Wyoming, 2Dept. of Anthropology, ameter: 9 cm). The features that charac- These results have important implica- University of California, Riverside. terized the foot kinematics of the gibbon tions for understanding the sources of and spider monkey were a relatively plan- variance underlying the cusp positioning Variation of the supraorbital region has tar-flexed tarsometatarsal joint, a small of molar crowns. The varying levels of been tied to sex, population, and child- range of motion of this joint, and an out- correlation potentially indicate different hood growth, but few studies have at- toed foot position. By contrast, the tar- levels of shared genetic and nongenetic tempted to document changes in this sometatarsal joint of the Japanese ma- effects in the patterning mechanism. region during adulthood. In this study, caques was dorsiflexed during terrestrial Evolutionary implications will be dis- we examined the pattern of supraorbital walking. This may be related to the digi- cussed. change throughout adulthood in a sample tigrade-like walking of this species. Dur- of 110 human crania. Forty-five of the ing arboreal walking, however, the foot The tale that tail bones tell about the crania were of known age at death and kinematics of the Japanese macaque were antiquity of the human disease sex. Age at death and sex were osteolog i- similar to those of the two arboreal spe- brucellosis. cally determined for the remainder of the cies. This supports the hypothesis that sample. Age at death in the sample the above-mentioned characteristics J. M. Hodgkins. Dept. of Anthropology, ranged from 16 to >70 years. After divid- (plantar-flexed position and small range University of Colorado at Boulder and the ing the sample into 11 age groups, we of motion at the tarsometatarsal joint, Dept. of Anthropology, National Museum employed an incremental resampling out-toed foot) are all related to branch of Natural History. method (modified from Lee and Wolpoff, grasping by the foot during arboreal lo- in press) to test the following hypotheses: comotion. The spider monkey and gibbon, Brucellosis, as a pathogen to humans, is 1) no portion of the supraorbital region which are highly adapted to arboreal life, a disease that is caused by three bacteria changes during adulthood, 2) supraorbital retain those characteristics when walking in the genus Brucella and is passed to change through adulthood is gradual and terrestrially, whereas the foot of the humans through a variety of intermediate is not characterized by any spurts, and 3) Japanese macaque seems to be designed hosts including many animals. Brucella males and females do not differ in their to deal with both terrestrial and arboreal melitensis is the species that primarily pattern of adulthood supraorbital change. substrates. affects goats, which are thought to be the Our results falsify the hypothesis of no second oldest domesticate (domesticated supraorbital change during adulthood. The relationship between size and ca. 9,000BP), and is passed to humans Lateral and midorbit supraorbital thick- shape in baboon molars. through the consumption of milk. Today ness increases significantly with age (p < brucellosis is endemic in many Middle 0.05). Our results also show that su- L.J. Hlusko, M.L. Maas. Dept. of Anthro- Eastern countries, but little is known praorbital change during adulthood is, for pology, University of Illinois, Urbana. about the origins of brucellosis as a the most part, not gradual. The most pathogen to humans or about the disper- significant changes occur between the For almost a century paleoanthropolo- sal patterns of brucellosis in the past. To twenties and thirties and between the gists have studied the complex relation- better understand these concepts we re- fifties and sixties. Finally, males and ship between size and shape, allometry. viewed clinical literature and observed females exhibit significantly different Recent developmental genetic experi- radiographs of modern cases of brucellosis patterns of adulthood supraorbital ments are making the first steps in its to determine the skeletal manifestations change. Females only exhibit significant clarification. We investigated the rela- of the disease. Next we evaluated 184 change during from the forties to the six- tionship between size and shape in ba- sacra and 288 innominates for signs of ties, while males exhibited significant boon molars (n > 230). The orientations sacroilitis (one manifestation of brucello- change only from the twenties to the thir- of the mesial and distal lophs were meas- sis) from five different Middle Eastern ties. ured as angles from the perpendicular human samples. These samples included: mesiodistal axis of the tooth for RM1, two from Egypt (Egypt 12th dynasty 1991- Fruits, fingers, and form: Functional

LM1, and RM1. The coefficient of varia- 1782 BCE, Egypt 25th dynasty significance of Meissner’s corpuscles. tion (CV) for these angles centers on 3 in 747-657 BCE), one from Jordan (Bab edh- this population. This is low compared to Dhra 3,150-3,000 BCE), and two from J.N. Hoffmann. Dept. of Anthropology, the CV for size measurements, which Bahrain island (Bahrain 2,300-2000 BCE, University of Chicago. range between 5 and 6. We then tested Bahrain 2000-1700 BCE). We then radio- for correlations between the mesial and graphed seven innominates that showed 116 AAPA Abstracts

Meissner’s corpuscles (MCs) are special- examined to understand growth patterns are observed on the occlusal surfaces of ized mechanoreceptors found exclusively in early euprimates. Radiographic tech- the prehistoric teeth of Japanese (e.g. in the papillae of glabrous skin. They are niques including CT scanning were ap- Hojo, 2002). confined largely to cutaneous pads of the plied to determine growth and develop- extremities and respond to transient, mental patterns in specimens of the mod- The effects of epiphyseal shape on phasic, or vibratory stimuli. Though ab- ern Malagasy strepsirhines Lemur and metacarpal diaphyseal proportions sent in most eutherian taxa, including Propithecus of known age. CT scans of in hominoids: Implications for long Tupaia, MCs are reported in all primates dentitions, crania, and postcrania of juve- bone growth. studied, being most developed in modern nile and adult notharctids were compared humans. The location of MCs between the with the control study. Evidence suggests A. Holden, C. Ward. Dept. of Anthropol- internal ridges of the epidermis indicates that Notharctus and Smilodectes follow ogy, University of Missouri, Columbia. that they are well situated to detect fric- divergent developmental patterns. A pr e- tion or deformation at the external sur- cocial pattern in Notharctus is indicated It has long been recognized that bone face. Accordingly, MCs are hypothesized by replacement of the milk dentition and tissue will adapt itself during its lifetime to provide primates generally with an complete fusion of the mandibular sym- to any mechanical loadings that have enhanced tactile perception. However, physis prior to symphysial fusion in the been placed upon it. For many years, despite the importance of increased som a- postcrania. Adult Smilodectes retains physical anthropologists have been recon- tosensory acuity during hominid evolu- such neotonous cranial characters as un- structing behavior in fossil animals by tion, surprisingly little attention has been fused dentaries, small adult canines, the modeling long bones as beams, using con- devoted to the functional and evolution- absence of a sagittal crest in males, and ventional beam theory while assuming ary ecology of primate MCs. the retention of a more juvenile pattern in that the distribution and amount of bone I report here on the comparative mor- the coronal suture. Smilodectes is charac- reflects patterns of stress and strain. phology and distribution of MCs meas- terized by a muted expression of sexually However, Ohman and Lovejoy (2001) have ured from primate specimens available at dimorphic characters while Notharctus argued that the morphological character- the University of Chicago (N = 32 indi- displays profound dimorphism. The di- istics of adult long bones are not a reflec- viduals of 28 species). For each animal I vergent developmental pathways seen in tion of those stresses. Instead, diaphyseal collected 4-5 mm of dermal tissue from these two fossil genera can be traced to form does not necessarily reflect one’s between the interphalangeal crease and precocial versus altricial character states activity pattern. This research tests Oh- distal tip of both the thumb and index in the newly described juvenile speci- man and Lovejoy’s hypothesis by analyz- finger. Tissue samples were paraffin mens. By comparing the physiology and ing a series of external measurements on blocked and mounted onto slides for social behavior of modern strepsirrhines the metacarpal. trichrome staining. to that of Eocene genera, it is hypothe- We hypothesized that shaft proportions Results show that MC density varies as sized that we can reconstruct behav- near the metacarpal growth plate would a function of diet. I discuss the impor- ioral/ecological patterns for the fossil reflect the shape of the metaphyses them- tance of these findings to our understand- taxa. selves rather than activity patterns, while ing of anthropoid evolution. Specifically, I the midshaft proportions would vary more evaluate how these findings contribute to Dental microwear of mandibular with intensity of activity. Data were colour reconstruction of Eocene diet, when molars of Japanese monkeys. lected on human, chimpanzee, and gorilla anthropoid perception of fruit edibility metacarpals (n = 102). Dorsopalmar and was likely based principally on texture. T. Hojo. Inst. Anthropology, Kitakyush mediolateral diameters of the proximal, City, Japan. middle, and distal portions of each meta- Computer tomographic analysis of carpal diaphysis were measured, and growth and development in juvenile Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) compared to the same dimensions of the adapiform primates from the Eocene analyses of dental microwear have re- distal end. of North America. vealed features on the occlusal surfaces of There is little correlation between the teeth (Hojo, 1989; 2000, 2002). In this shape of the distal end and the shape of R.T. Hogg1, J.P. Alexander 2, B.N. Del- study high resolution impressions were the midshaft. In addition, there is no man3, S. Márquez4. 1New York Consor- made molars of Japanese monkeys from correlation between the shape of the dis- tium in Evolutionary Primatology, AND, Takasakiyama, Western Japan. The spu t- tal and proximal diaphyses. These re- Dept. of Anthropology, Graduate School & ter-coated epoxy resin casts made from sults suggest that the shape of the distal University Center, City University of New the impressions were analyzed at the shaft is more greatly influenced by growth York, New York, NY 10016, USA, 2Burke magnification ranging from 7X to 500X. plate dimensions than are the middle and Museum of Natural History and Culture, Many microstriations on mandibular mo- proximal portions, which may be influ- University of Washington, Seattle, WA lars were measured using Microwear enced by other factors, such as activity 98105, USA, 3Dept. of Radiology, Mount Image Analyzing Software Version 2.2ß pattern. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (Ungar, 1996), and varieties of microstria- 10029, USA, 4Center for Anatomy & tions among various occlusal surfaces of The utility of the lateral meniscal Functional Morphology, Mount Sinai these molars were studied. The food of notch in distinguishing taxa of early School of Medicine. these Japanese monkeys mainly consisted hominins. of sweet potatoes and others, and dental Developmental data are rare in the microwear patterns of these samples were T.W. Holliday, J. Dugan. Tulane Univer- fossil record due to the relative scarcity of mainly thick about 5 to more than 10 sity. juvenile remains. Newly identified microns. Many microstriations might be subadult and juvenile specimens of the related with micrograins in mud with Senut and Tardieu (1985) explored the middle Eocene North American notharc- their sweet potatoes. These results indi- taxonomic utility of a proximal tibial tids Notharctus and Smilodectes were cate that many and thick microstriations notch representing the lateral meniscus’ AAPA Abstracts 117

posterior attachment. They pointed out and the first author regarded the LS as omomyid morphotype. L. sheai’s mor- that modern humans have two lateral not readily visible, while Schepers was phology is not consistent with derivation meniscal insertions, differentiating them convinced that it was in a posterior posi- of washakiins from anaptomorphines or from apes and many earlier hominins. As tion. Since the LS is the anterior bound- with a sister taxon relationship to either the attachment is visible on dry bone, ary of primate visual cortex (area 17 of anthropoids or tarsiids to the exclusion of they also used it to differentiate fossil Brodmann) , a posterior position would other omomyines. taxa, claiming two Plio-Pleistocene mean that there was a relative expansion hominin taxa can be delimited using this of posterior parietal association cortex, Digital imaging of the pubic symphy- feature – one fully modern (Homo), the often associated with complex cognitive sis: A comparison of 2-D and 3-D ap- second, more chimpanzee-like (Australo- behavior, and that Australopithecus afri- proaches to assessing age-related pithecus). We test this feature’s taxo- canus had a brain re-organized toward a changes. nomic utility using 57 human tibiae, rea- more human, rather than ape, pattern. soning that if some modern humans lack With the discovery of the Stw 505 cra- R.D. Hoppa, M. Sitchon. Dept. of Anthro- the notch, then its absence cannot be used nial remains from Sterkfontein, the con- pology, University of Manitoba. to exclude a fossil tibia from Homo. The troversy is thankfully at an end. There is notches were scored by each author as: 1) a strong, undeniable presence of a LS, The principal source of data for under- clearly pr esent, 2) possibly present, 3) and, yes Virginia, it is in a posterior posi- standing life expectancy in past popula- possibly absent, or 4) clearly absent. tion. The early hominid brain was indeed tions is mortality statistics derived from Twenty-one tibiae (36.8%) were scored reorganized prior to brain enlargement, skeletal remains. Most methods are based differently by each author. However, or, rather, to be a purist, at least this on gross morphological changes to the most of these differences were of degree, fossil had such a brain. skeleton. Inadequacies associated with not kind. Only in 2 (3.5%) cases did one visual scoring include the inability to author code a notch as clearly present New Loveina sheai (Primates: Omo- accurately distinguish discernible aging while the other coded it as clearly absent. myidae) and implications for features in older adults. Image analysis The majority (77.8%) of our sample washakiin relationships. techniques have the potential to identify clearly evince a meniscal notch. However, discernible morphological changes related a sizeable minority (8.3%) were judged by P. A. Holroyd. Museum of Paleontology, to age in more detail than is possible with both authors to lack it. Adding those University of California, Berkeley. the human eye alone. The increased cases in which there may be no notch comparative capability of image analysis increases the number of exceptions to ca. Washakiin omomyids, a group known software addresses the issues associated 19.4%. from the early to middle Eocene of North with estimating the age of older adults by These data demonstrate that some America, have been interpreted as de- recognizing age-progressive traits over- modern humans lack the meniscal notch. rived from anaptomorphine omomyids, as looked by visual scoring. The ability to Thus, the presence of the notch cannot be closely related to tarsiids, as a sister more precisely correlate such changes used to distinguish tibiae belonging to taxon to anthropoids, and as a mon o- with true age would greatly improve our members of the genus Homo from those of phyletic tribe within a monophyletic ability to accurately reconstruct dem o- Australopithecus (or, presumably, any Omomyinae. Most of these hypotheses graphic profiles from past populations, other hominin genus). have been based on the morphology of the and more readily address the known is- better known, later -occurring species. sues of older adult under-enumeration. The lunate sulcus and early hominid Knowledge of the oldest taxa assigned to This study compares methods of quantify- brain evolution: Toward the end of a the group, species of the genus Loveina, is ing age-related changes from 2-D versus controversy. very poor, and the alpha taxonomy of the 3-D imaging of the pubic symphysis. Im- earliest species has been muddled by fr e- plications for web-based training and R.L. Holloway1, D.C. Broadfield2, M.S. quent reassignment to other species and virtual reference collections are discussed. Yuan3, P.V. Tobias4. 1Dept. of Anthropol- genera. New material of the washakiin ogy, Columbia University, New York, NY, omomyine L. sheai from the early Eocene Behavioural differences in the early 10027, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Florida Wasatch Formation of the Green River to mid-Pleistocene: Were African and Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, basin in western Wyoming permits a re- Chinese Homo erectus really that 33431, 3Dept. of Anatomy, Columbia Uni- validation of this species and provides the different? versity, New York, NY, 10027, 4Medical first evidence of the phylogenetically im- School, University of Witwatersrand, portant premolar dentition. Analysis of D.E. Hopwood. Dept. of Anthropology, Johannesburg, South Africa. this material in a broader comparative SUNY-Binghamton. context permits the testing of several Ever since Dart's original 1925 claim hypotheses regarding the ancestral mor- When discussing differences between that the Taung brain cast showed a poste- photype of washakiins and character po- African and Asian Homo erectus, investi- riorly located lunate sulcus (LS) and larities associated with the hypothesized gators commonly focus their attention on thereby a reorganized brain, there has relationships of the group. anatomical characteristics. The anatomi- been controversy surrounding two as- Loveina sheai exhibits the most primi- cal variation between these groups has pects: (1) where exactly was the LS lo- tive premolar morphology of any known sparked a long debate over whether the cated, i.e., either in a pongid anterior washakiin, having less molarized and African and Asian populations should be position or in a more human-like posterior relatively smaller p3-p4 and lacking the assigned to separate species. This paper position, and (2) when in the course of enamel crenulation and stylar develop- serves to add more information to this human evolution did this occur relative to ment seen in later washakiins. In these intellectual puzzle, not from an anatomi- brain enlargement. Both Keith, and later features, it shows similarities to the cal perspective, but from a behavioural Falk, placed the LS in an anterior ma- slightly older omomyin Steinius vesper- one. caque-like position. LeGros Clark, Tobias, tinus and may approximate the primitive 118 AAPA Abstracts

I examined several early to mid- larities between the inhabitants of the Primate exploitation and bushmeat Pleistocene sites from Africa and China in Boisman II site and their Korean and marketing in Liberia, West Africa. order to understand the behavioural dif- Japanese contemporaries will be tested. ferences between these populations, in Additionally, population movements R.A. Hoyt, J.M. Frayne. Conservation & both a spatial and temporal context. In- within prehistoric Siberia, particularly Science, Philadelphia Zoo, Philadelphia, formation about stone tool type, raw ma- those involving the Koryaks, Itel’men and PA. terial, transportation distance from raw the Chukchi will be investigated. Further, material source, and site distribution these data will be used to address issues The bushmeat trade in Liberia has been were recorded for six time periods. These in New World prehistory, specifically the extensive for many decades, but the im- data, interpreted within a palaeoenvi- relationships between the Eskimo/Aleut pact upon non-human primate popula- ronmental context, were analysed to iden- peoples and the Siberian Chukchi, with tions is poorly known. Retaining nearly tify any statistically relevant behavioural whom the inhabitants of Boisman II have 40% of its original tropical lowland forest differences between the African and Chi- a morphological affinity. cover, Liberia may represent the best nese populations. The pattern that opportunity for preventing the extinction emerges is one of a higher degree and rate Forelimb forces during gouging and of many species unique to West Africa. of behavioural change, combined with other behaviors on vertical sub- However, a seven -year civil war, which closer group networking, in Africa. Al- strates in common marmosets. resulted in the death or displacement of though both regions underwent changes, 40% of the human population, has left the those in China were never as drastic as in P.E. Hourani, C.J. Vinyard, P. Lemelin. country in economic and social ruin. Africa. These differences potentially re- Duke University Medical Center. Since the war’s end, an over -dependency sult from the paleoenvironmental context on natural resources and a reduced man- of each region. In Africa there was a Claw-like nails distinguish callitrichids agement capacity have resulted in a rapid higher degree of competition for resources from other primates. Primatologists have expansion in the poorly regulated harvest because of the presence of large predators. suggested that claws allow these primates of both timber and wildlife resources. A Also the co-existence of up to three homi- to cling to relatively large tree trunks. growing network of logging roads through nid species in the same region resulted in Among callitrichids, marmosets have formally isolated forest blocks has created competition for similar resources. These more pointed, sharper claws (Hamrick, new hunting grounds and shorter market interactions, combined with a changing 1998) and may spend more time on large routes. In addition, a general lack of em- environment, would have forced popula- trunks. To better understand the func- ployment opportunities in urban centers tions of Homo erectus to find more effi- tional role of claws in marmosets, we has fueled an entrepreneurial surge in cient ways of exploiting resources, leading examined forelimb forces in Callithrix the bushmeat trade that was greatly re- to a more expanded tool kit, and greater jacchus during various behaviors on verti- duced through the war years. This paper social networks. cal substrates. will summarize off-take, market, and We measured forelimb forces from two species preference data collected from Preliminary molecular analyses of common marmosets during three behav- both rural villages and urban centers that individuals from a single multiple iors: clinging, licking, and gouging. We relates to the exploitation of non-human burial at the Neolithic Boisman II recorded forces from each behavior on primates such as the sooty mangabey site of the Russian Far East. three vertical substrates: a 9 cm diameter (Cercocebus atys), mona monkey (Cer- pole, a 35 cm diameter pole, and a flat copithecus mona), Diana monkey (Cer- K.A. Horsburgh. Dept. of Anthropology, board. Each was coated with sand and copithecus diana), and chimpanzee (Pan Indiana University, Bloomington. polyurethane to allow claws to engage. A troglodytes verus), among other species. small section of each substrate was at- General trends within the bushmeat The Neolithic Boisman II site (~5,300- tached to a force platform. Forelimb market of Liberia, and economic and so- 6,000BP), located south of Vladivostok, forces during behaviors were recorded cial factors that affect the harvest and represents the earliest evidence of a sig- and analyzed using Peak Motus 2000. consumption of non-human primates will nificant maritime adaptation in the Rus- Across substrates, average peak for e- be discussed. Conclusions about future sian Far East. Presented here are pr e- limb force during gouging (»3.6 N) was trends in bushmeat harvesting in Liberia, liminary findings of a long-term multi- significantly greater than average force and recommended actions to mediate the allelic genetic study of individuals found during clinging (»0.7 N) or licking (»1.5 crisis will also be addressed. at the site. Molecular markers amplified N). The direction of the resultant force in using ancient DNA techniques were util- each behavior was such that it could not Neandertals in Europe: The weight of ized to describe patterns of biological re- have been created only by volar friction. climate. latedness among seven individuals in- This result suggests the claws were en- terred together, adding an additional gaged during all behaviors, linking claws J-J. Hublin. Laboratory of Anthropology, dimension to a debate of long standing to behaviors on large tree trunks. Mor e- University of Bordeaux 1, France. among Russian scientists about the patri- over, the significantly higher forces dur- lineal or matrilineal structure of Far ing gouging suggest that claw shape in The evolutionary processes of the Mid- Eastern Neolithic societies. Additionally, marmosets evolved as part of a functional dle and early Late Pleistocene European molecular data are used to identify the complex specifically for tree gouging. populations resulted in the emergence of sex of the four juveniles, and confirm the Supported by NSF (BCS-0094666, BCS- the Neandertals, a group of archaic hu- results of morphological sexing on the 990441), Leakey Foundation, National mans that remains unknown outside of three adults in the burial. Ultimately this Geographic Society and a Dean’s Fellow- Western Eurasia. A series of derived cra- research program is designed to address ship from the Office of Undergraduate nio-mandibular features are operational questions of relatedness at each of several Research at Duke University. in distinguishing the Neandertal speci- hierarchical levels. On the regional scale, mens and their occurrences mark the hypotheses based on archaeological simi- milestones of the Neandertal emergence. AAPA Abstracts 119

An incipient but clearly Neandertal mor- half of this variation can be accounted for determine causality of the covariation of phology started to develop in the middle by mutation alone. An important implica- characters. Integration indicates one or of the Middle Pleistocene and was fol- tion of these studies is that only a small more developmental, functional and ge- lowed by a process of accretion leading to portion of phenotypic variation in life- netic mechanisms, each of which may the establishment of a fully Neandertal history traits is likely due to genetic result in a module of character integra- morphology at the beginning of the Upper polymorphism actively maintained by tion. However, modules of integration Pleistocene. This timing is now docu- natural selection. The remainder is ei- overlap, challenging the discernment of mented by a rich fossil record and is con- ther non -genetic, or due to non -adaptive causality. sistent with the first available paleog e- forces such as mutation and gene flow. Unfortunately, many such studies are netical data. The process results from an limited to adults of a single taxon, al- increase of the frequency of derived condi- Basicranial flexion and cranial vault though influences on morphology change tions. This statement clearly discards the architecture: Variation and struc- through development. If we seek to de- typological views on the Neandertals and tural relationships. termine causality of integration, a proper makes difficult the definition of sharply study of morphological integration ought defining grades. The spectacular climatic P. Hughes. Dept. of Anthropology, Colo- to take into consideration changes in the and geographic changes that Europe wit- rado State University. patterns of trait correlation through on- nessed during this period deeply influ- togeny, as well as the possibility that enced the physical evolution of humans, Basicranial flexion (BCF) has been used these patterns may differ by sex and by not only in terms of biological adaptation. to support hypotheses regarding en- species. More closely related taxa ought to They also strongly influenced the distri- cephalization and the evolution of speech exhibit more similar patterns of morph o- bution and size of the human groups. capabilities among the homininae. Meth- logical integration than distantly related Severe reductions of the populations and odologies employed to quantify BCF vary. taxa. possible resulting bottle-necks are sug- Traditionally, internal BCF has been Evolutionary changes in patterns of inte- gested by the paleontological, archaeo- measured with the use of lateral skull gration cannot be well understood unless logical and paleogenetical evidence, as radiographs while external BCF has been such differences are quantified. well as by the comparative animal mod- quantified via linear measurements taken This study explores patterns of morph o- els. The replacement of Neandertals by from the base of the exocranial vault. The logical integration in four species of pri- modern populations at the end of OIS3 degree to which these two areas are re- mates at five stages of ontogenetic devel- appears to be a complex process also lated requires further evaluation. opment. In over 500 crania of four pri- partly driven by environmental changes. The aim of the present study is three- mate species, Macaca mulatta, Hylobates fold. First, this research assesses the lar, Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens, 80 Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem and range of variation in BCF within a small homologous landmarks were captured the maintenance of genetic variation sample (n=40) of modern humans known using a 3D digitizer from fetus to adult. A in life history traits. to be phenotypically diverse. The sample variety of statistical tools are used to is comprised of adult males and females explore the similarities and differences in K.A. Hughes. Dept. of Animal Biology, recovered from burial sites in eastern patterns of morphological integration at School of Integrative Biology, University Uzbekistan spanning the late Bronze Age each ontogenetic stage for each sex and in of Illinois, Urbana. to the middle 16th Century. Second, it each species. The hypothesis that pat- examines the extent to which the two terns of morphological integration are Viability, fertility and other fitness- independent methods of quantifying BCF more similar for closely related taxa than related traits (life history traits) usually used in this study are statistically corre- distantly related taxa, or for sexes of the show substantial levels of genetic varia- lated. And third, this research evaluates same taxon than different taxa, is tested. tion of within animal populations. the capability of these measures to predict Fisher’s “Fundamental Theorem of Natu- a structural inter-relatedness between Humeral and femoral head diameters ral Selection” is often interpreted to mean BCF and cranial vault height, length, and in a contemporary ethnic Albanian that traits under strong selection ought to width. Preliminary analysis using Pear- population. have little or no heritable variation, son’s correlation coefficient and bivariate unless some form of "balancing" natural regressions indicate that only specific L.B. Hunter1, M.W. Warren 1,2. 1Centre for selection actively maintains it. However, aspects of internal and external BCF are International Forensic Assistance, Uni- results from recent quantitative-genetic correlated and that these correlated areas versity of Glasgow, 2Dept. of Anthropol- studies suggest that most genetic varia- equivalently predict other dimensions of ogy, University of Florida, Gainesville. tion within populations is probably due to the cranial vault. These results suggest a non-adaptive forces such as mutation. structural inter -relatedness of the cranial Evaluation of sexual dimorphism in Estimates of genetic variance for life- vault and basicranium in modern humans humeral and femoral head diameters history traits are remarkably similar in that may inform interpretations of ar- dates back to the late 19th century, when animals. For example, the average coeffi- chaic human cranial morphology. Dwight (1894), Dorsey (1897), and Pear- cient of additive genetic variation (CVA) son and Bell (1919) demonstrated the for life history traits in Drosophila A comparison of cranial integration utility of using articular head diameters melanogaster is about 10%, and in mam- through development in four primate to determine sex from the skeleton. Later mals is about 19% (18.9% in mice and species. work by Thieme and Schull (1957), Stew- 18.5% in humans). A recent study in olive art (1979) and others established stan- baboons provides an estimate of genetic J.H. Hunt. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale dards that are currently used by many variation for age at first reproduction in University. anthropologists working in prehistoric, this species: CVA=13.5%. Based on historic and forensic contexts. Humeral measures of genomic mutation rates in Morphological integration has been and femoral head diameters are especially humans and other organisms, at least examined commonly in an endeavor to useful in cases involving fragmentary 120 AAPA Abstracts

remains lacking more sexually diagnostic tion, resulting in relatively high levels of Chimpanzee ant-dipping tools from criteria — particularly pelvic morphology. symphyseal stress. Although BSDM West Cameroon: Geographical varia- Consequently, new standards are being recruitment and firing patterns are very tion. developed as anthropologists work with similar in the above two strepsirrhines, populations from which no data have been both of which have highly mobile sym- E.J. Ingmanson. Dept. of Anthropology, collected. physes, we test the hypothesis that those College of William and Mary. This preliminary study examines the living strepsirrhines with robust, par- range of variation found in the femoral tially-fused rigid symphyses (e.g., sifakas) The extent of diversity in chimpanzee and humeral heads of contemporary eth- have recruitment and firing patterns behavioral patterns is one of the most nic Albanian males. We compare these more similar to those of anthropoids. important findings to result from field data with those of Stewart’s (1979) to We analyzed EMG activity of the jaw- research on chimpanzees (Pan troglo- determine whether his conclusions may closing muscles in 2 adult male and 1 dytes) during the last two decades. Tools be applicable to human rights work cur- adult female sifakas (Propithecus ver- for ant-dipping, for example, have been rently underway in the Balkans. Data reauxi). Both the recruitment and firing found at some sites in both east and west were collected during fieldwork investi- patterns of the BSDM of sifakas are simi- Africa, but are conspicuously absent from gating possible war crimes in Kosovo. lar to those of anthropoids, and quite others. Where they are used, the size and Maximum femoral and vertical humeral unlike those of galagos and ring-tailed form varies. Possible explanations for head diameters are recorded for 50 indi- lemurs. These data provide additional this variation include ecological factors, viduals with sexually unambiguous support for the hypothesis that increasing such as the presence of raw materials, or pelves. symphyseal strength in primates is linked group traditions. During 1994, ant- For both the humerus and femur, the left to “wishboning.” Furthermore, as the dipping tools were found at a site near side was not significantly different from BSDM firing patterns of galagos and ring- Ntale, southeast of Nguti, in the South- the right; values for the right side were tailed lemurs likely represent the primi- west Province of Cameroon. Seven indi- used when the left was unavailable (n = tive mammalian condition, these data vidual tools were found at an active driver 48). Results for t-tests (paired two-sample provide compelling evidence for the inde- ant (Dorylus spp.) nest, with clear indica- for means) comparing Stewart’s data with pendent evolution of the “wishboning” tions of very recent use by a chimpanzee. the current study show no significant firing pattern in strepsirrhines. All had been left inserted into the nest, differences between the two samples for with four of them in a single hole. They both humeral and femoral head diameters Mycenaean mega -bones: A study of ranged in length from 41-80 cm, and were (humerus: t = -1.195 / femur: t = -1.370; excessively thick cortical bone from approximately 2.5 cm in circumference. critical rejection > 1.645). These prelimi- Late Bronze Age central Greece. The last 2-3 cm of each stick had been nary data suggest that Stewart’s “section- formed into a brush end. These meas- ing points” may be useful for determina- C.A. Iezzi. Dept. of Anthropology, State urements are similar to those from tion of males within this population when University of New York at Buffalo. Guinea but are considerably longer than humeral and femoral head diameters are reported for the Ivory Coast. Though this greater than 45 mm. A detailed bioarchaeological examina- is a single observation, it is the first re- tion of Late Bronze Age Mycenaean skele- port from this region and thus extends Convergence of the “wishboning” tons is in progress and represents the the known geographic range for this form jaw-muscle activity pattern in an- first large-scale sample of human remains of chimpanzee tool use. thropoids and strepsirrhines: The from this time period and geographic area This research was supported by a Fac- recruitment and firing of jaw mus- subject to analysis. The burials were de- ulty Research Grant from Dickinson Col- cles in Propithecus verreauxi. rived from twenty-nine rock-cut chamber lege. tombs in the East Locris region of Central W.L. Hylander1,2, C.J. Vinyard1, C.E. Greece and were recovered by the Greek Morphometric variation in African Wall1, S.H. Williams1, K.R. Johnson1. Archaeological Service during rescue ex- ape lumbar vertebrae. 1Dept. of Biological Anthropology & Anat- cavations. Osteological analyses indicate omy, Duke University Medical Center, that the remains represent a minimum of S. E. Inouye, Z. B. Nye, and A. M. Hitz. 2Duke University Primate Center. 244 individuals of all age ranges and both Midwestern University, Chicago College sexes. Health and disease levels within of Osteopathic Medicine. Symphyseal fusion in primates is likely each of the tombs are being assessed and to be a structural adaptation to analysis of pathological features within Understanding the range and pattern- strengthen the symphysis during chew- the collection is currently underway. This ing of lumbar morphological variation in ing. Support for this hypothesis comes poster describes and illustrates a skeletal living organisms is key to making in- from mandibular bone strain analyses anomaly that has been discovered among formed interpretations of function and and EMG analyses of jaw-muscle behav- tomb groups located near the coast, as phylogeny based on the shape of fossils, ior in several anthropoids, ring-tailed opposed to those located inland. The such as Morotopithecus. Pan and Gorilla lemurs and thick-tailed galagos (Hylander anomaly is excessively thick cortical bone, are two very closely related genera that et al., 1998, 2000, 2002; Vinyard et al., and is present in several adults and differ greatly in adult body size; thus, 2000). The EMG analyses demonstrate subadults. While environmental factors they are an ideal system for examining that anthropoids recruit relatively more are considered, all other indicators sug- the patterns of growth of lumbar verte- muscle force from the balancing-side deep gest that this trait was genetically inher- bral morphology and correlated function masseter (BSDM), and peak activity of ited and, thus, provides valuable direct across a broad size range. In this study, this muscle occurs late in the power evidence in support of Late Bronze Age we examined 1) how different parts of stroke. These recruitment and firing pat- Greek chamber tombs as family sepu l- lumbar vertebrae change with increasing terns cause the anthropoid mandibular chers. body size during growth in Pan and Go- symphysis to “wishbone” during mastica- rilla; and, 2) whether or not Pan and Go- AAPA Abstracts 121

rilla lumbar vertebrae share similar hominins, in their shared prevalence of Supported by the A. H. Schultz Founda- growth trajectories for their bony dimen- complex crown and root traits. The fact tion and the University of Zürich. sions. that the Africans express these plesio- A suite of linear measurements was morphic characters, along with evidence Environmental change and the ev o- taken from digital photographs of Pan of divergence from other modern groups, lution of gibbons. troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla intra-population heterogeneity, and a gorilla lumbar vertebrae. Ordinary least- world-wide dental cline emanating from N.G. Jablonski1, W.Y. Brockelman2. squares regression analysis was used to the sub-continent, provides more defini- 1Dept. of Anthropology, California Acad- describe growth trends, and analysis of tive support for an Out-of-Africa origins emy of Sciences, 2Center for Conservation covariance was used to test for differences model. Biology, Mahidol University. between Pan and Gorilla in growth pat- The first author’s comparative data terns. Results indicate that for both Pan were collected through funding by NSF Molecular evidence suggests that gib- and Gorilla, dimensions of the neural (BNS-9013942), the ASU Research Devel- bons originated sometime after the ances- canal do not correlate with increasing opment Program, and the American Mu- tors Homo and Pan diverged, or about 6-7 body size. In contrast, the remaining seum of Natural History. The second myr ago. This estimated date places their vertebral dimensions change with in- author’s hominin data were collected via origination after the height of the radia- creasing size, with most variables scaling funding by an OSU seed grant and the tion of the Asian hominoids, 10-13 myr isometrically. However, spinous process Leakey Foundation. ago, and at the end of a sustained period length increases with positive allometry of species turnover in south Asia between in both genera. For interspecific compari- Kinematics of vertical climbing in 10.7 and 5.7 myr ago (Barry et al. 2002; sons, Pan and Gorilla are not ontogeneti- hominoids: Which type is more Paleobiology 28 (Suppl. 2): 1-72). This cally scaled for most vertebral dimensions preadaptive for bipedalism? evidence suggests that gibbons evolved examined. Generally, the growth trajec- from a Late Miocene stock of Asian homi- tories of Gorilla are shifted downward K. Isler. Anthropological Institute, Uni- noids, and that their evolutionary success from the growth trajectories of Pan. The versity of Zürich. was due primarily to their smaller body biomechanical and functional correlates of mass and access to the resources of the behavior related to this variation will be Vertical climbing has been proposed as high forest canopy. discussed. being preadaptive for habitual bipedalism Apes were severely affected by the envi- in early hominids. The kinematics of ver- ronmental changes of the late Miocene Ancient teeth and modern humans: tical climbing in hominoids, however, and Pleistocene because of their pr o- Additional dental evidence for an have never been quantified previously. tracted reproductive schedules, require- African origin of Homo sapiens. This study presents 3D-kinematics of ments for higher quality foods (especially flexed-elbow vertical climbing in various ripe fruits), and large body sizes. Gibbons J.D. Irish1, D. Guatelli-Steinberg2. 1Dept captive hominoids (Pan paniscus, Gorilla were able to exploit tropical and more of Anthropology, University of Alaska gorilla gorilla, Pongo abelii and Hylobates seasonal subtropical forests in Southeast Fairbanks, 2Dept. of Anthropology, The gabriellae), including adult males, fe- Asia because of their smaller body size, Ohio State University, Newark. males and juveniles of each species. In energy-efficient mode of suspensory loc o- total, 474 climbing sequences containing motion, and social organization that al- Previous work by the first author sug- 3399 limb cycles have been analyzed. lowed more efficient foraging for plant gested that, relative to six modern com- Juvenile apes show more diverse gait resources in smaller territories. This ex- parative samples, sub-Saharan Africans patterns and a lower duty factor than plains why gibbons tend to occur at lower are least derived dentally from an ances- adults. The body center of gravity is kept densities in forests of higher altitude and tral hominin state and, hence, may have further away from the substrate in juve- increased seasonality. the greatest time depth of all living world niles and limb joint excursions are thus Siamangs, with their diet composed of populations. This conclusion, together less pronounced. Vertical climbing kine- somewhat more leaves and less fruit than with other dental evidence, was judged to matics of adult males and females are smaller gibbons, have evolved the most be supportive of an African origin for most distinct in species with a large sex- monkey -like gut adaptations of the homi- modern humans. In the present study, ual size dimorphism. Besides such intras- noids. Their larger body evolved pari we expand upon this research by using: 1) pecific variation, analyses reveal substan- passu, being related to lower food quality primary dental data from African Plio- tial interspecific differences in speed and the need for longer gut retention Pleistocene hominins, rather than pu b- modulation, footfall patterns and angular times. This may have been related to lished trait frequencies, 2) a single mor- excursions of the limb joints. Gorillas and their use of higher altitude forests. phological scoring system (ASU Dental bon obos climb similarly, although the Anthropology System) with consistent climbing of bonobos is more diverse in Male dominance and reproductive breakpoints, and 3) data from larger, speed and gait patterns. In orang-utans, success in white-faced capuchins more varied modern comparative sam- the range of motion of the major limb (Cebus capucinus). ples. The Mean Measure of Divergence joints is larger than in African apes. Gib- was again used to estimate phenetic af- bons abduct the arm more and the thigh K. Jack1, L. Fedigan2. 1Dept. of Anthro- finities among modern humans and fossil less during climbing than any of the great pology. Appalachian State University, hominins. Principal Components Analy- apes. The maximum degree of hip exten- 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of sis was also employed on trait frequencies sion, however, does not differ between the Calgary. across samples. Both methods yielded hominoid species studied. In an ancestral similar results that support and bolster hominid, flexibility in the performance of We investigate the relationship between the previous findings. Of 14 modern climbing such as that observed in extant dominance and reproductive success in samples, sub-Saharan Africans again bonobos could have led to new locomotor two groups of white-faced capuchins (Ce- exhibit the closest affinity to the habits. bus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National 122 AAPA Abstracts

Park, Costa Rica between October 1993 The AL 333w-39 first metacarpal from hormones. Supported by NIH grant and January 2000. Paternity was deter- Hadar, attributed to A. afarensis and not HL45740. mined using DNA extracted from non- associated with stone tools, shows no invasively obtained hair and fecal sam- muscle marking development and is A preliminary study of travel routes ples and amplified using PCR. 25 infants unique in multidimensional space from and spatial mapping in mantled were born into the two study groups dur- any modern comparative catarrhine. The howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). ing this period, although six of these in- SK 84 and SKX 5020 specimens from fants died or disappeared before samples Swartkrans, of less certain taxonomic P.E. Jelinek1, P.A. Garber 1, M.F. Bezan- were gathered and paternity exclusion affinity, both show a marked development son 2, A. DeLuycker3, T. O’Mara4. 1Dept. of was unsuccessful for an additional four of of the first dorsal interosseus marking Anthropology, University of Illinois, the infants. Of the19 infants sampled: we and fall within the range of human 2Dept. of Anthropolog y, University of could not exclude one or more possible specimens in a multidimensional analy- Arizona, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Wash- fathers for four infants in the sample sis. These specimens have been found in ington University, 4Dept. of Anthropology, (21%) (Note: the alpha male could not be deposits containing both bone and stone Grand Valley State University. excluded as a potential sire for all four of tools. these infants); three (16%) were sired by Studies of primate foraging and ranging subordinate males within the group (all The effects of age and ethnicity on behavior indicate evidence of goal- beta males in groups containing =3 adult daily stress hormone variation in directed travel and relatively straight-line males) and; 12 (63%) were sired by alpha employed women. movement between sequential feeding males. Within one of our long-term study sites. In the case of mantled howlers groups, the alpha male has experienced G.D. James. Binghamton University. (Alouatta palliata) on BCI, Panama, Mil- an unusually long tenure (1993 to pr e- ton (1980) has argued that group mem- sent) and he sired all of the infants (seven Women employed in urban settings bers center their feeding, resting, and of nine) that we were able to sample from must adapt to the stresses of changing ranging activities on a small set of pivotal this group during his tenure. Although daily microenvironments. The pattern trees that are visited several times daily. our sample size is small, these data and extent of stress hormone responses to The degree to which this pattern is clearly indicate that within our study these changes may depend upon age and adopted by mantled howlers at other sites groups there is a reproductive advantage ethnic background. The purpose of this remains unclear. to being alpha male. study is to evaluate the effects of age and In this study we present quantitative ethnicity on the daily variation of urinary data on travel routes taken by mantled Variation in morphology and muscu- norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone howlers and address questions concerning loskeletal stress marker expression and cortisol excretion across work, home howler goal-directed travel and spatial of the first dorsal interosseous mus- and sleep microenvironments in 95 mapping. Data were collected during July cle in catarrhines. women (38 European-American, and August of 2002 on a group of A. pal- age=35.4+7.4; 28 African-American, liata inhabiting a dry tropical forest on M.C. Jacofsky. Dept. of Anthropology and age=33.4+7.9; 12 Asian-American, Isla de Ometepe, Nicaragua. Over the Institute of Human Origins, Arizona age=36.7+9.3 and 17 Hispanic-American, course of 15 days and 104 hours of obser- State University. age=31.6+10.9) employed as secretaries, vation, all trees the howlers were ob- technicians and managers in New York served to travel, feed, and rest in were Variation in the morphology and skele- City using a repeated measures ANCOVA marked (N=299), and distances and an- tal marking of the first dorsal interosse- with age group (trichotomized) and eth- gles between trees were measured and ous muscle in catarrhines is examined to nicity as fixed factors and body fat and mapped. Travel routes were identified by build a framework for assessing this mass as covariates. The results show that following a focal individual for 6-8 hours marking on fossil hominin first metacar- for norepinephrine, work and home excre- per day. pals. Electromyographic (EMG) studies tion rates are substantially higher than During the course of our study, howlers have shown the first dorsal interosseus sleep rates (p<.001). Women in their 20’s traveled between 185.5 to 659.5 meters (D1) to be very active during experimen- have significantly lower excretion rates per day. An analysis indicates that tal stone tool manufacture and use. The that than women over 30 (p<.04). There whereas 5 paths were reused frequently muscle was measured during dissections are significant (p<.04) ethnic differences and accounted for 33% (37/111) of all and a system for measuring and scoring in norepinephrine output with Asian- travel route segments, 43% (48/111) of the skeletal marking was developed. The American women having the lowest and route segments were used only on one or pollical belly of D1 has a more distally African-American women having the two occasions. The results suggest that extensive origin in humans than in other highest rates. The rates of epinephrine travel in Nicaraguan mantled howlers is catarrhines. The difference in origin area and aldosternone excretion have a similar characterized by evidence of both route- is reflected in the skeletal marking, which pattern across the microenvironments as based travel and the use of varied path- is on average longer and more robust in norepinephrine excretion (p<.05), but ways to reach previously visited feeding human specimens. Correlations between there is no age effect. There are signifi- and resting sites. Additional relation- muscle origin length and D1 muscu- cant differences in the rates of aldoster- ships between mantled howler ranging, loskeletal stress marker (MSM) length one excretion by ethnicity, with Euro- activity patterns, and use of spatial in- facilitate inferences of muscle morphology pean-American women having the highest formation are discussed. from isolated skeletal and fossil samples. rates, and African-Amer ican and Asian- The development of a long and robust American women having the lowest attachment scar for the first dorsal in- (p<.05). There is no significant variation terosseus may be an indicator of strong in cortisol excretion with age or ethnicity. recruitment of the thumb in repetitive These results suggest that age and ethnic- and powerful grips. ity have varying effects on different stress AAPA Abstracts 123

An estimation of the heritability of rate is a major component of life history unprotected forests. Our results indicate cranial nonmetric traits in a tamarin models, measures of age-specific growth great variation in density both within and sample (Saguinus oedipus). were used to analyze variation in life among lemur taxa. The brown lemur history traits across social ranks. complex (E. fulvus, E. collaris, E. albocol- K.M. Jemmott, A.B Falsetti. Dept. of An- Weights of 42 immature baboons were laris, and hybrids) is the most abundant thropology, University of Florida. obtained without sedation or baiting from (up to 45.6 ± 10.9 per ha.); although this a troop of well habituated chacma ba- grou p varies markedly in density, it is While many of the differences observed boons in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. present in nearly every site. However, in an individual’s skull could be attrib- Through a combination of nonparametric one member of this group, E. albocollaris, uted to age, sex, and ancestry, much of lowess regression and piece-wise OLS is both sparse (7.2 ± 4.8 per ha.) and the remaining variation is idiosyncratic regression utilizing demographic and patchily distributed – as are V. variegata and manifested as accessory bones, weight data from this wild population, and H. aureus. Within the 0-1550 m grooves or foramina. The conventional five main findings emerged. 1) Weight for sampling range, altitude has inconsistent descriptor of these traits is “nonmetric”, age and growth rate of infant and juvenile effects on lemur abundance (although V. which implies that the characteristics are females is positively associated with ma- variegata density differs sharply accor d- difficult to measure on an interval scale. ternal rank. 2) Male growth is not influ- ing to elevational zone). Similarly, den- The differing frequencies of skeletal non- enced by maternal rank. 3) Female sity and distribution differ greatly among metric traits have been used to investi- growth shows smaller variation across taxa according to location on the north- gate familial relationships and biological feeding conditions than male growth. 4) south gradient. Forest fragmentation distances between populations. The un- Low ranking adult females continue in- (irrespective of legal protection status) derlying assumption of such studies is vestment in offspring until they reach a has the most consistent and significant that much of the nonmetric variation has weight comparable to that of high ranking impact, reducing the number of lemur a genetic etiology, but few extensive stud- infants. 5) The benefit of rank to repro- species and/or the densities of those pr e- ies have been conducted to test this as- ductive success, as a function of variation sent. sumption. This paper attempts to illumi- in immature growth rates, shown in this Funding was provided by the National nate the heritability of cranial nonmetric study is 0.83 additional offspring. Other Science Foundation (BNS-9910257), the traits using a sample of tamarin crania mediating factors such as birth seasonal- Wenner-Gren Foundation (6414), IIE (Saguinus oedipus) of known sex, age and ity are examined through a multivariate Fulbright, Primate Conservation, Inc., parentage. hazard analysis. UT-Austin IEFS, the Margot Marsh Bio- A sample of adult cotton top tamarin diversity Foundation, and crania were obtained from the Oak Ridge Natural and anthropogenic influ- UNF/UNESCO. Association Universities’ (ORAU) Marmo- ences on lemur population structure set Research Center collection, housed at in southeastern Madagascar. Twinning in relation to fertility and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. other reproductive outcomes in The presence or absence of 22 cranial S.E. Johnson 1, M.T. Irwin2, P.C. Wright3, Blackfeet women. nonmetric traits was recorded, although S. Arrigo-Nelson2, C. Grassi4, K.E. Sa- only four traits displayed sufficient varia- monds5, T.M. Smith2. 1Institute for the S.L. Johnston. West Chester University. tion for analysis. Heritability was esti- Conservation of Tropical Environments, mated using regression, in certain appr o- Stony Brook University, Rates of twinning and other multiple priate cases, and Falconer’s method of 2Inter departmental Doctoral Program in births vary among human populations. heritability of liability for dichotomous Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook From an evolutionary standpoint, multi- variables. The number of accessory foram- University, 3Dept. of Anthropology, Stony parous births may increase the fitness of ina present was not especially heritable, Brook University, 4Dept. of Anthropology, a given mother by increasing her total suggesting that some environmental co- University of Illinois, 5Dept. of Anatomi- reproductive performance. On the other variate is primarily responsible for their cal Sciences, Stony Brook University. hand, these births also carry higher risks manifestation. Incidence rates of 33.3 for fetal, infant, and maternal mortality, and 42 percent for the divided hypoglossal Efforts to preserve Madagascar’s rap- which may reduce reproductive fitness. canal trait produced heritability esti- idly dwindling endemic fauna are hin- This study explores twinning in relation mates of .494 and .839 respectively. dered by a shortage of data on population to fertility and other reproductive ou t- structure on a regional scale. Accor d- comes in one Native American population, Growth and life history in chacma ingly, we present a synthesis of primate the Blackfeet of northern Montana. baboons. censuses conducted in the southeastern As part of a larger study, complete re- rain forest region from 1995-2000. We productive histories were obtained by S.E. Johnson. Dept. of Anthropology, Cali- compare population densities in eight direct interview of a probability sample of fornia State University, Fullerton. day-active lemur species: Eulemur ful- 150 Blackfeet women, ages 18-93 years, vus, E. albocollaris, E. collaris, E. ru- living on a reservation in Montana in The social environment is a key feature briventer, Hapalemur aureus, H. griseus, 1995-1996. In the total sample, 10 of 132 influencing primate life histories. Propithecus diadema, and Varecia varie- women (7.6%) who ever had been preg- Chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursi- gata. In addition, we examine relation- nant reported a biparous pregnancy (none nus) are a female bonded species with a ships between lemur abundance and both reported higher multiples). Of the total strict linear dominance hierarchy. In this anthropogenic (e.g., fragmentation, pr o- 558 births, 20 (3.6%) were twins, with 18 species, the allocation of energy to com- tected status) and natural (e.g., altitude, of 549 (3.3%) livebirths. Mothers of twins peting demands of growth and reproduc- latitude gradient) site characteristics. had significantly higher total livebirths tion is hypothesized to vary as a function Censuses were conducted using standard (6.2) compared with mothers producing of competitive ability, which in turn inline-transect techniques in twenty loc a- only singletons (3.99), p=.01. Among creases with social rank. Since growth tions within five protected areas and eight women with completed fertility (women 124 AAPA Abstracts

50 yrs and older), 10 of 158 (6.3%) births documented – will be found to include setts, Amherst, 2Natural Science, Ham p- were twins, with 9 of 154 (5.8%) live- male philopatry, and perhaps male- shire College, 3Howard University, births. Mean maternal age at twin births female bonding behavior that reduces 4College of William and Mary. in this group was 30.9 yrs. sperm competition due to polyandry. Blackfeet women as represented in this Excavation of the 18th century New sample have a higher rate of twinning Locomotor character evolution in York African Burial Ground (NYABG) than some populations previously de- fossil and extant ateline primates. yielded skeletal remains of over 400 indi- scribed and evidence of differential fertil- viduals, including 26 adults with modified ity in mothers of twins versus mothers of A.L. Jones. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- dentitions. Multiple chemical methods singletons. Additional data concerning versity of California, Davis. are being used to address African versus rates of fetal and offspring mortality are Diasporan natality, including elemental presented. Implications for fitness are Current hypotheses propose that the signature analysis (ESA) with laser abla- discussed. ateline’s last common ancestor was either tion inductively coupled plasma-mass Supported by an American Lung Asso- an agile, quadrupedal climber like spectrometry (LA ICP -MS). ciation Grant. Lagothrix or a cautious quadruped like The purpose of this study is to test Alouatta, and that climbing ability im- Handler’s (1994) interpretation of 18th Testicular size, developmental trajec- proved in the lineage leading to the century ethnohistorical data: that dental tories and male life history strategies (Lagothrix, (Ateles, Brachyteles)) clade modification in the Americas indicates in four baboon taxa. with brachiation evolving in the common African birth and childhood. ESA was ancestor of Ateles and Brachyteles. In the applied to first molar crowns from 14 C.J. Jolly1, J.E. Phillips-Conroy2 1Dept. of last decade, several lines of evidence have modified NYABG adults, 19 non -modified Anthropology, New York University and emerged that challenge this interpreta- NYABG subadults, and two individuals NYCEP, 2Dept. of Anatomy and Neurosci- tion of ateline character evolution. For excavated near Elmina, Ghana. Third ence, Washington University Medical example, new ateline fossils possess an molars were also sampled from 4 modified School. unexpected combination of characters, NYABG adults. Since mature human such as Alouatta-like howling cranial dental enamel resists chemical adjust- Theoretical and empirical studies have adaptations paired with a brachiating ment, first molar crowns that calcify early related relative testicular size to social body in Protopithecus, suggesting that all in life should reflect natal environment, behavior and reproductive patterns, pr e- atelines, not just Ateles and Brachyteles, while third molars develop later as ev i- dicting greater relative testicular size in may have had a brachiating common an- dence of migration or occupational expo- adults with polyandry and consequent cestor. By examining the platyrrhine sure. sperm competition. Among baboons postcranial skeleton using new character Results support Handler’s hypothesis, (Papio sp.), previous work has shown reconstruction algorithms, fossils and as well as bioarchaeological adoption of adult testes to be relatively smaller in evolutionary trees, this study tests tradi- ESA. Modified and Ghanaian teeth differ hamadryas, which are predominantly tional hypotheses of the evolution of from non -modified teeth in non-essential monandrous, than in so-called “savanna” brachiation in atelines and generates new (i.e., not actively regulated physiolog i- forms that are polyandrous within single hypotheses. cally) trace element concentrations. High reproductive cycles. Here we report tes- Postcranial characters that may be lead concentration in particular may be a ticular size data for substantial samples correlated with brachiation, hindlimb specific signature of non -African natality. of juveniles and subadults as well as full suspension and prehensile tail function Hierarchical cluster analysis reveals in- adults of four of the recognizable “forms” were measured in over 350 platyrrhine tra- and inter-individual tooth variation, of extant Papio: yellow, anubis, Guinea, skeletons and fossils Cebupithecia, Pro- and with a few possible exceptions, sepa- and hamadryas baboons. Among wild- topithecus and Caipora. The evolution of rates presumably natal from non -natal caught Ethiopian animals, anubis have, these characters was reconstructed using Africans. Methodological refinement may as predicted, much larger testes and two recent platyrrhine phylogenies and further distinguish Caribbean natality. somewhat greater body mass as full maximum parsimony, maximum likeli- This study suggests Handler correctly adults than hamadryas, the consequence hood and generalized least squares algo- interprets dental modification as a cul- of a growth spurt immediately before rithms. This study will aid paleoanthro- tural expression of African birth among emigration. Among hamadryas, which are pologists who study the evolution of colonial-era enslaved Africans. both monandrous and male-philopatric, brachiation and forelimb suspension in little increase in body mass or testicular hominoids to understand the origins and Familiarity breeds disease: Human- size separates subadults from full adults. precursors of hominid bipedality by using macaque pathogen transmission in Juvenile hamadryas apparently tend to studies of atelines as a comparison. Asia. begin testicular enlargement earlier, per- Supported by the LSB Leakey Founda- haps a correlate of precocious sexual de- tion, Sigma Xi, the UC Davis Consortium L. Jones-Engel1, G.A. Engel2, M.A. Schil- velopment and “follower” behavior. Wild- for Women and Research, and the UC laci3, A. Rompis4, A. Putra4, U. Paputan- caught yellow baboons have a develop- Davis Center for Biosystematics. gan5, A. Wilbur6, J. Allan7, R. Grant8, R.C. mental trajectory similar to that of anu- Kyes1. 1Dept. of Psychology and National bis, with a late growth spurt, but at all Permanent molars and shifting land- Primate Research Center, University of ages testicular size is small relative to scapes: Elemental signature analysis Washington, 2Dept. of Family Practice, body mass. Our Guinea baboon data are of natality at the New York African Swedish Providence Medical Center, Se- fewer and derived from zoo animals, but Burial Ground. attle and National Primate Research Cen- suggest a hamadryas-like trajectory lack- ter, University of Washington, 3National ing a late growth spurt. This finding pr e- J.L. Jones1, A.H. Goodman2, J. Reid2, D. Primate Research Center, University of dicts that the social behavior of Guinea Amarasiriwardena2, M.E. Mack3, and Washington and Division of Family and baboons in the wild – still largely un- M.L. Blakey 4. 1University of Massachu- Community Medicine, Public Health Pro- AAPA Abstracts 125

gram, University of New Mexico, trait transmission is necessary for the panzees and bonobos can be described as 4Udayana Primate Center, Udayana Uni- proper application of the comparative sharing common principal components versity, Bali, Indonesia, 5Fakultas Peter- method. Many explanations for cultural (i.e., the eigenvectors are similar despite nakan, Sam Ratulangi University, Su- evolution assume vertical (phylogenetic) differing eigenvalues). Total variance in lawesi, Indonesia, 6Dept. of Anthropology, trait transmission, while others indicate a growth of the smaller -bodied bonobo is University of New Mexico, 7Southwest horizontal or reticulate mode of transmis- indeed smaller than that observed in the Foundation for Biomedical Research, sion. Few reports quantitatively investi- larger common chimpanzee, but patterns 8National Primate Research Center, Uni- gate which models best characterise par- of relative growth are sufficiently similar versity of Washington. ticular aspects of culture. Here we pr e- between the two to model the former as sent the results of a series of investiga- an ontogenetically scaled-down version of he global HIV pandemic, recognized as tions into mode of cultural transmission the latter, at least in the postcranium. an international public health and politi- in the Pacific, using ethnographic data cal issue, has focused attention on the role and linguistic phylogenies developed us- Primitive dento-gnathic morphology of nonhuman primates (NHPs) in the ing formal phylogenetic methods. Indi- of Javanese Homo erectus. transmission of emerging infectious dis- vidual traits are tested for associations eases. Perhaps less well recognized are with phylogenetic versus geographical Y. Kaifu1, H. Baba1, F. Aziz2, F. Schrenk3, the effects of endemic human pathogens nearest neighbour. Correspondence T. Jacob4, E. Indriati4, J. Arif5. 1National on naturally occurring NHP populations. analysis and Mantel tests are used to Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, Data characterizing pathogen exposures further identify appropriate models for 2Geological Research and Development among both human and NHP populations groups of cultural traits, and the results Centre, Indonesia, 3Research Institute in areas where the two come into contact are discussed in the context of Pacific Senckenberg, Germany, 4Gadjah Mada can be used to assess which pathogens prehistory, ethnography and environ- University, Indonesia, 5Bandung Institute pose the greatest risk to humans and ment. of Technology, Indonesia. NHPs and to develop hypotheses regarding the likely routes of transmission. In Common components of growth in The age of the oldest Javanese hominid parts of Southeast Asia humans and the postcranium of African apes. is debated hotly. The arguments so far, NHPs have lived commensally for hun- however, include little morphological dreds of years, presenting opportunities to W.L. Jungers. Anatomical Sciences, Stony basis of the fossils. The Early Pleistocene investigate cross-species pathogen trans- Brook University. hominid collection from Java is often re- mission in a variety of contexts including garded as a single population of H. erec- hunting and trapping, bushmeat con- This study examines “ontogenetic scal- tus, but its within-group variation has not sumption, NHP pet ownership, and ing” in the postcranial skeleton of African been examined through a sufficiently “monkey forests.” Our research group has apes. More specifically, it evaluates the large sample. Furthermore, only a limited studied bi-directional pathogen transmis- degree to which gorillas can be modeled number of specimens have been system- sion between humans and macaques in as ontogenetically scaled-up versions of atically compared with African fossil Indonesia using a multidisciplinary ap- the common chimpanzee and bonobos as hominids, and this particularly makes the proach that combines serological, molecu- ontogenetically scaled-down versions of phylogenetic position of the Javanese lar, epidemiological and ethnoprim a- the same. Flury’s hierarchical approach to hominid vague. tological data to describe both the patho- comparing the logged dispersion matrices Our analysis of a dento-gnathic sample gens involved and the mechanisms by is the statistical method employed in the from Sangiran, which includes most of the which they are transmitted. To date, our assessment of similarity between multi- existing mandibles and teeth from the work on Sulawesi and Bali has yielded variate growth patterns. Nine variables Lower Pleistocene of Java, shows that (1) evidence that infectious agents enzootic in (lengths of the humerus, radius, femur, there are distinct morphological differ- NHPs are being transmitted to humans tibia, clavicle, scapula, ilium, pubis and ences between chronologically older and who come into contact with macaques. We ischium) were measured in samples of younger subsamples, (2) the older sub- have also produced evidence that natural wild-collected, nonadult skeletons (goril- sample exhibits some features that are populations of NHPs are exposed to en- las, N=40; chimpanzees, N=48; bonobos, equally or even more primitive than the demic human pathogens such as measles N=26). earliest Pleistocene H. erectus of Africa virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite similarity in aspects of multi- (‘H. ergaster’), and (3) the younger sub- These data have important implications variate allometry, equality (and propor- sample shows affinities with the Middle for efforts to conserve NHP populations tionality) of the growth matrices was re- Pleistocene H. erectus from China as far and prevent the emergence of nonhuman jected for both gorilla-chimpanzee and as preserved portions are concerned. primate-borne zoonoses. chimpanzee-bonobo comparisons. How- The primitive morphology of the oldest ever, permutation tests of the significance Javanese dento-gnathic remains supports Neighbours or sisters? Testing mod- of matrix correlations between these same the view that the first dispersal of homi- els of cultural transmission in the var/cov matrices suggested significant nids into eastern Eurasia was close to the Pacific using phylogenetic methods. overall similarity. The chi-square test for time of emergence of H. erectus (sensu underlying common principal components lato), although the age of the Javanese F.M. Jordan. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- rejected this model for the gorilla- hominids themselves is yet to be resolved. versity College London. chimpanzee comparison but accepted it for the bonobo-chimpanzee contrast. The Increasingly, phylogenetic methodolo- Akaike Information Criterion (as well as gies from biology are being employed to the ratio of the chi-square to degrees of explore adaptive hypotheses of human freedom) suggested that the gorilla- biocultural and cultural evolution. Accu- chimpanzee growth matrices are best rate estimation of the mode of bio/cultural described as unrelated, whereas chim- 126 AAPA Abstracts

The relationship between sexual di- lates of this unique form of locomotion some. A set of 66 Y-SNPs and 10 Y-STRs morphism and male-female dietary relate to the interplay between the stance was genotyped in 551 Balinese and in niche separation in haplorhine pri- and swing phases of stride, where stance 1,041 males from several Southeast Asian mates. accounts for majority of the duration of and Pacific populations. The two most stride. The effect of stance means that frequent (76%) Y chromosome hap- J. Kamilar. Interdepartmental Doctoral the leg can be modeled as a weight- logroups in Bali, O-M95 and O-M119, are Program in Anthropological Sciences, bearing column under axial compression. both characteristic of mainland Southeast SUNY at Stony Brook. We provide here a detailed study of this Asia and Taiwan. Only a small fraction idea for the lower leg by using high- (2.2%) of the Balinese paternal heritage Body mass plays an important role in resolution X-ray CT (HRXCT) to quantify seems to be associated with the original shaping an individual’s ecology, especially the tibia’s cross-sectional shape and area Pleistocene settlers in Indon e- with respect to dietary composition. Lar- (both of which contribute to compressive sia/Melanesia. A notable fraction (9.6%) ger animals tend to consume higher quan- strength) and its degree of curvature in of Balinese Y chromosomes are common tities of low quality foods. In contrast, humans, and compare these results to in India. Moreover, these Indian signa- smaller individuals, with higher meta- similar measurements for quadrupeds ture haplogroups are absent from Island bolic rates require a high quality diet. including the baboon and chimpanzee. Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Prelimi- Therefore, species that exhibit high A comparative approach to this general nary network analyses of the Y-STR data amounts of sexual dimorphism in body question is found in an examination of the from Bali and India indicate close affini- mass should also display high levels of anatomical correlates seen in a second ties. Additional analyses using Y-STRs male-female dietary differentiation. This group of bipeds, the birds. Here, bipedal- will be carried out to estimate the timing study investigates the relationship be- ism is married to flight, but several dif- of gene flow from the Indian subcontinent tween body mass dimorphism and dietary ferent taxa from across a range of body to Bali. behavior dimorphism across several hap- sizes are committed terrestrial forms, Funded by NSF grants BCS-0083524 to lorhine species. with some exhibiting a striding rather JSL and OPP-9806759 to MFH Assuming that leaves are a low quality than a hopping gait. The roadrunner food item and invertebrates are a high (Geococcyx californianus) and several Rates of predation by diurnal raptors quality dietary resource, it is expected ratites including the ostrich and emu are on the lemur community of that male/female body mass should be examined with HRXCT and the results of Ranomafana National Park, Mada- positively correlated with 1) male/female this study are compared with those of gascar. percent of leaves in the diet, and 2) from the primates noted above. Together male/female time spent feeding, but neg a- this comparative approach provides a S.M. Karpanty. Dept. of Ecology and Evo- tively correlated with 3) male/female per- robust test of the idea that the leg acts as lution, SUNY Stony Brook. cent of invertebrates in the diet. To test a weight-bearing column during stance. these predictions, Pearson’s correlations Predation has been a major topic of were conducted using the phylogenetic Y-chromosome evidence on the ori- debate for anthropologists interested in independent contrasts calculated from the gins of the Balinese and the “Indiani- understanding the origins and mainte- male/female body mass and dietary raw zation” of Bali. nance of social behavior in primates. The data. most direct method to understand how Body mass dimorphism was significantly T.M. Karafet1, J.S. Lansing2, A. J. Redd1, predation structures primate groups, correlated with invertebrate feeding di- S.P.K. Surata3, J. Gulick2, M.H. Ham- populations, and communities and favors morphism (r 2= -.954, p< .01, n= 9) and mer1,2. 1Division of Biotechnology, particular patterns of social behavior is to leaf feeding dimorphism (r2= .790, p< .01, 2Anthropology Dept., University of Ari- conduct studies of the predators them- n= 11). Body mass dimorphism was not zona, Tucson, AZ 85721; 3Universitas selves. Continuous research since 1999 of significantly correlated with feeding time Mahasaraswati, Bali the nesting and feeding ecology of the (r2= .407, p= .149, n= 14). Madagascar Buzzard (10 nests, 647 hours These data suggest that more sexually For more than fifty years prehistorians observation), Madagascar Harrier-Hawk dimorphic species exhibit greater male- have debated whether the spread of In- (5 nests, 478 hrs.), and Henst’s Goshawk female dietary niche differentiation than dian culture influence to the islands of (5 nests, 943 hrs.) in Ranomafana Na- do mon omorphic taxa. Such information Java and Bali was associated with a tional Park, Madagascar have identified has important implications for aspects of movement of people or simply cultural the Harrier-Hawk and Goshawk as sig- primate ecology, primate conservation, diffusion. R.C. Majumdar postulated nificant lemur predators while Buzzards and extinct hominid behavioral ecology. wholesale colonization by Indian exiles, have never been observed to feed on le- while J.C. van Leur argued that "Indiani- murs. Both Harrier-Hawks and Gos- The structure of the tibia in bipeds. zation" was wholly initiated by Southeast hawks have been observed feeding on Asians who summoned Brahmins to visit Hapalemur griseus and Microcebus rufus J. Kappelman1, M. Maga1, L. Pyne1, T. their courts, creating merely a "thin and while Henst’s Goshawks have also fed Ryan2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, University flaking glaze" of Indic language and cus- frequently on Eulemur sp., Cheirogaleus of Texas at Austin, 2Duke University toms. But until now there has been no major, and Avahi laniger. Lemur kills Primate Center. evidence as to whether Indians actually are most frequent during the courtship visited the island. and pre-fledgling stages of the raptor Although a large number of primate Here we present Y-chromosome ev i- nesting cycle. A combination of raptor taxa engage in facultative bipedalism, dence that supports genetic ties between prey profiles, feeding rates, and density habitual bipedalism in primates is much India and Bali. We studied single nucleo- with lemur demographics has allowed a more unusual and is only witnessed in tide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and short quantification of the annual predation humans and our closely related hominid tandem repeats (Y-STRs) on the non- rate by diurnal raptors on lemurs in RNP. relatives. Many of the anatomical corre- recombining portion of human Y chrom o- These data demonstrating that the AAPA Abstracts 127

Henst’s Goshawk is the major raptorial The timing of the relationship between Wari empire’s capital near Ayacucho, predator of the lemur guild corresponds the SA platyrrhine radiation and Eo- researchers have surmised that the Nasca with playback experiments of predator cene/Oligocene anthropoids is debated. held a special, perhaps privileged, place vocalizations that show lemurs exhibit Platyrrhines first appear in the late Oli- in the Wari imperial sphere. the most intense anti-predator behaviors gocene in South America (~26 Ma). The Dental pathology has been shown as a to calls of the Goshawk. These predation catarrhine record is acknowledged to in- good indicator of the general health of a rates will be contrasted with other known clude Propliopithecidae from the African population. An analysis of linear enamel sources of lemur mortality to emphasize early Oligocene (<=34 Ma). But are there hypoplasia (LEH) and carious lesions in the potential significance of predation in earlier representatives of either group in the dentition of Nasca populations helps lemur life history evolution and behavior. Africa? Specifically, are any late Eocene determine what the health effects were of catarrhines, platyrrhines, or stem an- Wari imperial conquest in the Nasca re- Using fish to test the expensive-tissue thropoids? gion. Over 137 individuals from the Julio hypothesis. We review the cranial evidence for the C. Tello Nasca skeletal collection were phylogeny of Eocene and Oligocene an- examined for evidence of LEH and carious J.A. Kaufman. Dept. of Anthropology, thropoids in relation to extant catarrhines lesions. The imperial period population Washington University. and platyrrhines. We evaluated 85 cranial exhibits an individual LEH frequency of characters for 41 taxa of primates. Three 20.3%, while earlier Nasca time periods According to the expensive-tissue hy- extant catarrhine genera and 16 extant display a much lower rate of 12.1%. Indi- pothesis, dietary changes during hominin platyrrhine genera were included. We vidual frequencies of carious lesions are evolution led to a reduction in the size of examined the five oldest anthropoids for also higher (54%) during the imperial the GI tract which helped to accommodate which crania are known (Eo- occupation period than earlier periods the growing energy demands of a rela- cene/Oligocene Aegyptopithecus, Pro- (46%). These data on LEH and carious tively large brain. If this is true, and teopithecus, Catopithecus, Simonsius lesion rates in these Nasca populations physiology remains unchanged, then the (=Parapithecus) and Apidium) and three suggest that oral health deteriorated dur- coevolution of diet and brain size would of the oldest known platyrrhine crania ing imperial conquest, perhaps due to the imply reciprocal changes in the size of the (Miocene Dolichocebus, Tremacebus, and detrimental health effects of living in respective organ systems. In effect, any Homunculus). Fourteen outgroup taxa large, aggregated settlements. This indi- increase in relative brain size should be were examined including Eocene omomy- cates that the Nasca may not have held associated with a concomitant decrease in ids and adapids and extant lorises, le- such a vaunted place within the Wari relative GI size, or reduction in some murs, and Tarsius. empire as previously believed. other organ system. This co-hypothesis is Using PAUP, a parsimony analysis tested here by analyzing an exceptional program, we constrained the analyses Tackling (some of) the vagaries of teleostean fish, the elephantnose Gnatho- with a 'backbone' option based on molecu- ancient DNA work. nemus petersi. The elephantnose fish has lar data so as to produce platyrrhine mo- a relatively large brain for a teleost, ac- nophyly and to recognize an unresolved B.M. Kemp, D.G. Smith. Dept. of Anthro- counting for two percent of its body mass. cebid-pitheciid-atelid trichotomy. The pology, University of California-Davis. Moreover, the relatively large brain of relationships among other taxa, including this small fish is responsible for approx i- all fossils, were decided by parsimony. When extracting ancient DNA (aDN A) mately 60% of its total body O2 consump- Cranial evidence indicates that proplio- from skeletal remains, researchers are tion, compared with 20% for humans. In pithecids (represented by Aegyptopith- plagued with multiple complications that this study, the body composition of Gna- ecus) are the sister group to extant catar- make this type of research difficult. Two thonemus, a nocturnal carnivore, is com- rhines. Thus, the catarrhine-platyrrhine of the most prevalent complications are pared with that of two other nocturnal split had occurred by 34 Ma. However, contamination and PCR inhibition. Our teleosts: the algae-eater Plecostomus, and Catopithecus, Proteopithcus, Apidium, study provides protocols for tackling these the carnivorous Chitala - a close relative and Simonsius do not link with platyr- common problems. to Gnathonemus. As expected, the algae- rhines or catarrhines but instead are DNA originating from modern sources eating Plecostomus has a much larger stem anthropoids. Thus, we find no cra- can provide false positives and out- digestive tract than either of the two car- nial evidence for a platyrrhine-catarrhine compete the degraded aDNA in PCR am- nivorous species. The large-brained ele- split among late Eocene taxa. plification. It is of the utmost importance phantnose has a lower relative GI mass that researchers working with aDNA than the ecologically similar Chitala, a The health effects of Wari imperial provide evidence that the DNA extracted result that supports the expensive-tissue control: Rates of enamel hypoplasia from an ancient source is genuine, and, hypothesis. I conclude that tissue trade- and carious lesions in prehistoric therefore, free of modern contaminants. off, based on organ mass, is significantly Nasca populations. Many aDNA researchers have reported associated with encephalization in Gna- the use of bleach (in various diluted con- thonemus. These results provide the first C.M. Kellner. University of California, centrations) for decontaminating bone independent corroboration of the expen- Santa Barbara. surfaces, but it is unknown to us whether sive-tissue hypothesis. a systematic study has provided evidence During the beginning of the Middle of its effectiveness. We show that a 1:3 Cranial evidence for the timing of the Horizon (750-1000 AD), Nasca popula- dilution of bleach to water is an effective platyrrhine-catarrhine divergence. tions on the Peruvian south coast were decontaminating solution. conquered by the highland Wari empire. PCR inhibitors are often present in R.F. Kay, T.R.T. Mitchell. Duke Univer- The health effects of this imperial incur- ancient skeletal remains and are co- sity. sion on local populations are not well extracted during DNA extraction. These known. Based on shared characteristics in inhibitors can be visualized as a yellow to ceramic iconography and proximity to the brown coloring in the final solution con- 128 AAPA Abstracts

taining the extracted DNA. We present a ALFRED – the ALlele FREquency ky BP. The phylogenetic interpretation of protocol using PTB (N-phenacylthiazol- Database – an update. this fossil is problematic, but most au- ium bromide) during DNA extraction that thors maintain that it has a mix of char- is effective in avoiding the co-extraction of K. Kidd1, H. Rajeevan1, M.V. Osier1, K. acteristics that place it either intermedi- PCR inhibitors. Our protocol uses a modi- Cheung2, H. Deng1, L. Druskin2, R. ate between Homo erectus and later Homo fied incubation temperature and concen- Heinzen 1, J.R. Kidd1, S. Stein1, A.J. Pak- sapiens or within the range of the latter tration of PTB from those protocols re- stis1, N.P. Tosches2, C.C. Yeh1, (Wu 1959, 1981; Wu and You 1979; Zhang ported in the literature, which we found P.L.Miller 2. 1Dept. of Genetics, Yale Uni- et al. 1982; Brace et al. 1984; Wu and ineffective. We also report the use of versity School of Medicine, 2Center for Poirer, 1995). sodium hydroxide as an effective means of Medical Informatics, Yale University For this study, Mahalanobis distances PCR inhibitor removal following DNA School of Medicine. are generated to test the morphometric extraction. Our sodium hydroxide proto- position of the Dali cranium using 43 col is a modified version of one suggested ALFRED (http://alfred.med.yale.edu ) is archaic and early modern fossils as a for use in forensics. designed to be a resource to the genetic comparative sample. The Howells mod- anthropology and population genetics ern sample is used to calculate a stable Global population relationships communities by providing a central cu- covariance matrix. Mahalanobis dis- based upon multiple haplotype loci. rated resource for allele frequency data tances are computed for the fossil samples for DNA-based polymorphisms typed on after Jantz and Owsley (1999). Once these J.R. Kidd, A.J. Pakstis, K.K. Kidd. Dept. defined population samples. It is hoped distances are calculated, the fossil crania of Genetics, Yale University. that it will help the research community are compared to one another by the use of fill in the missing cells in the largely random expectation statistics. As part of an ongoing study to examine empty population-polymorphism matrix. The results suggest that the Dali cra- the patterns of linkage disequilibrium at Most of the effort during the past year nium exhibits a morphometric pattern multiple regions of the genome, we have was put towards increasing the quantity similar to the Zhoukoudian Homo erectus collected data on over 2000 individuals and quality of data in ALFRED. Cur- crania. These findings corroborate earlier from 38 populations distributed across all rently, fr equency tables (one population work by the current authors that indi- major regions of the globe. Data are typed for one site) involve 672 polymor- cates a potentially unique evolutionary available on all populations for more than phisms and 228 populations and have history for the Chinese hominid assem- 20 haplotyped loci involving three to increased from 3561 (September, 2001) to blage. seven single nucleotide polymorphisms 6301 (September, 2002). The staff are (SNPs); about half also contain a short now systematically extracting gene fr e- Surviving scarcity: Remarks on the tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP). In quency data from recent issues of major physical anthropology of a Neolithic addition, several independent SNPs are human genetics and physical anthropol- population from the Oman Penin- available for the same populations. Ge- ogy journals. Curatorial software tools to sula. netic distance analyses give an extremely ensure data accuracy and consistency robust framework for the global popula- were developed and we are in the final H. Kiesewette. Institute for Pre- and Pro- tion relationships. When compared to stages of migration of the existing AL- tohistory,Tuebingen University. geography-based "migrational" distances FRED data from a Microsoft Access data- between populations, there is a clear cor- base to a more robust and powerful Ora- Until recently little was known about relation between genetic similarity and cle database. An improved Web-based the Neolithic inhabitants of the Oman geographic proximity. However, com- search and retrieval system is being de- Peninsula living on the verge of the Rub pared to those "migrational" distances, veloped. As part of that effort a Docu- Al Khali (Empty Quarter). The graveyard the genetic data show greater variation ment Type Definition (DTD) has been discovered at Al-Buhais 18 is so far the among populations in the same geo- developed for importing and exporting first located in the interior of the United graphic region and less variation between ALFRED data in XML format. We are Arab Emirates to be dated in the early 5th geographic regions. The patterns of gene now beginning to accept data directly millennium BC. With over 400 individu- frequency variation and linkage disequi- from researchers. While XML data or a als recovered from the site, the skeletal librium both provide strong support for an spreadsheet are preferable, we can also material provides valuable information on out of Africa model with both increasing accept data in most any electronic form if the demography, health, and diet of the genetic distance and increasing linkage the descriptive information is submitted Neolithic population and contributes to disequilibrium as populations are further in parallel. the understanding of subsistence strate- from Africa, with some notable excep- (Ongoing support of ALFRED is pr o- gies in a barren environment. tions. For example, the Druze from Israel vided by NSF grant BCS-0096588) Archeological investigations suggest cluster genetically with other European that the people from Al-Buhais 18 were populations but tend to show more link- The Dali cranium in the context of living as nomads, depending on sheep, age disequilibrium. An African-American human evolution in China. goat, and cattle. It is remarkable that - in sample shows genetic distances clustering contrast to the Bronze Age and Iron Age with other African populations but dis- J.H. Kidder, A.C. Durband. Dept. of An- populations recorded from the Oman Pen- placed toward Europeans; the average thropology, University of Tennessee, insula – only few of the Neolithic skele- level of linkage disequilibrium, however, Knoxville. tons from Al-Buhais 18 show signs of is the same or less than that seen for most malnutrition. Even more interesting is sub-Saharan African populations and The Dali cranium, discovered in the relatively high number of individuals considerably less than that seen for Euro- Shaanxi Province in 1959 is central to exhibiting evidence of inter -personal vio- pean populations. Supported by the understanding of later hominid evolu- lence. Paleopathological analyses reveal GM57672, MH62495, and NSF BCS- tion in China. This find is mostly com- injuries caused by blunt force in 11.9 % of 9912028. plete and is dated to approximately 209 the examined skulls. Most of the indi- AAPA Abstracts 129

vidu als with violence-related unhealed Semi-automatic assembling of skull mya) of the Hadar Formation at Hadar, fractures were male and less than 40 fragments. Ethiopia. The specimen, A.L. 822-1, in- years of age. In comparison with other cludes a virtually complete mandible plus Neolithic populations from the Near East J. Kim1, A. Neumaier2, G.W. Weber1. much of the calvaria, maxilla, zygomatics, the demographic profile shows a reduced 1Institute for Anthropology, University of and most upper and lower teeth. Distor- percentage of survivalship among males Vienna, 2Dept. of Mathematics, Univer- tion and breakage necessitated consider- aged between 20 and 40. These results sity of Vienna. able reconstruction, the preliminary re- provide compelling evidence of interper- sults of which are described. sonal or intergroup aggression. The vio- When reassembling a fossil from frag- We assign the skull to A. afarensis lent behavior can be explained by the ments, one first typically finds the frag- based on apparent autapomorphies in the need to protect the herds on which the ments, then places them in rough align- supraorbital, zygomatic, and nasal re- population highly depended against for- ment (using cues such as surface curva- gions. It also evinces the prevailingly eign aggressors. ture, vessels, or textures) and finally de- primitive suite of characters known in A. cides what to glue and what to plaster. afarensis specimens such as the A.L. 417- The “Mysterious Cemetery” of Frank- This paper introduces an algorithm that 1 and A.L. 444-2 skulls and the A.L. 333 fort Kentucky: Letting the bones aids at this third stage, by changing to a material. Dentally, A.L. 822-1 is moder- speak! virtual setting where the fragments are ately large (in 8/20 postcanine metric given as CT-scans, and by optimally fit- comparisons it exceeds Hadar means), but P. E. Killoran1, D. Pollack2. 1Kentucky ting those fragment outlines. the small maxillary canine crown points Archaeological Survey, Dept. of Sociology, We present the following aspects of the to female status. This is supported by Anthropology and Philosophy, and the assembling problem: In order to find this delicate zygomatic arches, thin supraorbi- Institute for Freedom Studies, Northern optimal alignment, each fragment outline tals, and the absence of sagittal and com- Kentucky University, 2Kentucky Archaeo- is divided into segments. Then for each pound temporal/nuchal crests. Mandibu- logical Survey and Kentucky Heritage segment, a feature vector is computed, lar and maxillofacial size closely shadows Council. and the feature vectors are classified us- that of A.L. 417-1, diagnosed as female by ing a clustering algorithm. The resulting canine size. On March 11, 2002, Construction work- clusters correspond to ‘letters’. Thus the A.L. 822-1, the first complete female A. ers uncovered the first human remains of fragment outlines are translated to afarensis skull, permits systematic as- some 265 individuals at the future site of ‘words’, and the skull fragments are ad- sessment of morphological sexual dimor- a state office building in Frankfort, Ken- justed to optimize their alignment which phism in this species’ cranium. Females tucky. The Kentucky Archaeological Sur- is measured by a Hidden Markov Model of show consistent circumnasal, infraorbital, vey and the Kentucky Her itage Council this generalized string matching problem. palatal, and occipital morphology relative took charge of the recovery effort for the This is a familiar problem in the field of to males, irrespective of absolute size. Kentucky Finance Cabinet. Northern bioinformatics, where string matching Thus, A.L. 822-1 and A.L. 417-1 differ Kentucky University assisted with recov- tasks with insertions, deletions and muta- characteristically from the similar-size ery and the skeletal analysis. In the late tions are considered. In reassembling A.L. 333-1 male, which, in turn, resem- nineteenth century several buildings were fossil skulls, however, geometric informa- bles the much larger male A.L. 444-2. placed over the cemetery and it became tion can be incorporated, too, to help to These comparisons underscore the taxo- lost to history. Several hypotheses on the measure the error: in millimeters, not in nomic unity of the Hadar Australopith- origin of the cemetery have been put base pairs. ecus sample and raise questions about forth. These propositions include that the We show how the performance of the appropriate models for early hominin cemetery is associated with a State Pen i- algorithm depends on (simulated) abra- craniofacial sexual dimorphism. tentiary; the cemetery results from one or sion and present the results for two frag- Supported by NSF and NGS. more cholera epidemics; the cemetery is ments of a broken recent skull of a mod- affiliated with African Americans and the ern Homo sapiens specimen that was CT- A pilot study to assess paleodietary lower class of Frankfort; the cemetery is scanned twice, before and after the change in northeast Thailand using for the first settlers of Frankfort and fi- breakage. Further work on the rough stable isotopic analysis. nally the resting place of a Lieutenant alignment problem will be presented Governor of the State of Kentucky. Who is elsewhere. C.A. King. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- buried in the Frankfort Cemetery? This work was supported by the Aus- sity of Hawaii. Of the 265 individuals recovered 179 trian Science Foundation (PNo. P-14738). are adult individuals of which 80 are A pilot study of stable isotopic analysis complete. The remaining individuals are A new hominin skull from Hadar: on prehistoric human bone from the ar- sub-adults, most of which are incomplete. Implications for cranial sexual di- chaeological site of Ban Chiang, northeast A wide range of pathologies and occupa- morphism in Australopithecus Thailand (n=33) was conducted to deter- tional stress markers are observable in- afarensis. mine 1) whether isotopic data can be ob- cluding arthritis, osteoporosis, TB, Rick- tained from archaeological human re- ets and Paget’s disease. Basic demograph- W Kimbel1,2, Y. Rak 3, D. Johanson1. mains from mainland Southeast Asia, and ics of the first hundred individuals ana- 1Institute of Human Origins, Arizona 2) whether secular changes in diet could lyzed will be described as well as the dis- State University, 2Dept. of Anthropology, be detected using carbon and nitrogen tribution of the pathologies and occupa- Arizona State University, 3Dept. of Anat- isotopic analysis. Results of the pilot tion stresses will be presented. The dis- omy, Tel Aviv University. study confirmed the methodology was tributions and population characteristics viable and also suggest that dietary will be used to ev aluate the proposed In 2000 a fragmentary but well pr e- changes occurred. origins of this cemetery. served adult hominin skull was recovered The levels of d15N, d13Cco, d13Cca, and from the lower Kada Hadar member (~3.1 D13Cca-co found in the pilot study all sug- 130 AAPA Abstracts

gest the diets of these individuals were linked to factors such as differential dis- MHC diversity in captive western highly mixed, with both terrestrial and tribution of isotopes across microhabitats, lowland gorillas. aquatic proteins. The narrow range of biased transmission of biochemical mark- variation in carbon and nitrogen values ers through trophic levels, heterogeneity L.A. Knapp1, E. Wainwright1, T. over time suggests little dietary change. within plant assemblages and individual Eatherly2, O. Ryder3 and S.K. Lawrance4. Howev er, analyses of by sex differences plant components, seasonality or climatic 1Dept. of Biological Anthropology, Univer- within each time period are statistically shifts, migratory patterns, dietary shifts sity of Cambridge, 2Dept. of Biology, Uni- significant for each carbon and nitrogen related to life history patterns, and feed- versity of Kentucky, 3Center For Repr o- values. This may represent differential ing niche partitioning. Utilizing carbon duction of Endangered Species, San Diego access to food resources based on status, and oxygen isotopic analyses of modern Zoological Society, 4Dept. of Life & Earth sex, or both. Stratified wealth is well herbivore tooth enamel sampled in East Sciences, Otterbein College. documented in northeast Thailand but to Africa, this variability is mapped out and date no studies have tested differential assessed in the context of habitat and The major histocompatibility complex access to food resources. environmental heterogeneity. (MHC) is a tightly linked cluster of genes Additional research utilizing isotopic responsible for functions including im- values of plant and animal samples col- On the relationship between visual mune responsiveness and disease resis- lected in northeast Thailand and addi- specialization and encephalization – tance. MHC loci are highly polymorphic tional human archaeological samples will a comparative analysis of relative and this extensive diversity is important refine our interpretation of these dietary optic foramen size. for resistance to infectious disease and changes. From this it may be possible to reproductive success. Although a sub- make trophic level distinctions to assist in E. C. Kirk. Dept. of Biological Anthropol- stantial body of literature describing the explaining the subtle variations in iso- ogy and Anatomy, Duke University. MHC of the great apes has accumulated topic values found in mainland Southeast over the past decade, this information has Asia. Visual specialization has long been not been effectively applied to the conser- assumed to play an important role in vation of captive or wild gorillas. To as- Sources of variability in modern East primate brain evolution, but quantitative sess MHC diversity among captive west- African herbivore enamel: Implica- data to clarify the nature of this relation- ern lowland gorillas, MHC-DRB alleles tions for paleodietary and pa- ship have only recently been published. In were identified in 81 individuals using the leoecological reconstructions. 1998, Barton (Proc. Roy. Soc. B 265: 1933- polymerase chain reaction (PCR), den a- 1937) provided evidence that relative turing gradient gel electrophoresis J.D. Kingston. Dept. of Anthropology, brain size in 14 primate species is highly (DGGE) and direct sequencing. Subjects Emory University. correlated with the number of parvocellu- included 33 wild-born founders and 48 lar neurons in the LGN. These data sug- captive-bred animals. The analysis re- Characterization of biogeochemical gest that increases in neural "input" asso- vealed concordance with previous smaller- cycles that mediate the distribution and ciated with high-acuity vision have lead to scale studies of MHC-DRB genes in goril- pathways of light stable isotopes in the increases in relative brain size among las and captive management strategies biosphere have contributed substantially primates. appear to be successfully maintaining to reconstructions of ecological and cli- In order to test the hypothesis that much of the genetic diversity of founder matic parameters in the past. These ap- visual specialization has influenced en- gorillas. However, a high degree of simi- proaches have been important in docu- cephalization in primates and nonprimate larity between all gorillas in captivity, menting ecological shifts, habitat heter o- eutherians, data were collected on optic including unrelated and wild-caught indi- geneity in space and time, dietary re- foramen size and endocranial volume for viduals, was observed. Overall, wild-born gimes of fossil terrestrial communities, 101 primate, 72 carnivoran, 50 sciurid, founder gorillas possess more unique and the effect of climatic perturbations and 15 scandentian species. Optic for a- genotypes and exhibit a significantly and oscillations on terrestrial ecosystems. men area is highly correlated with the lower degree of allele sharing than cap- Application of stable isotopic approaches number of optic nerve fibers, and may tive-bred gorillas. Additionally, MHC- to paleoenvironmental and paleodietary thus be used to estimate the total number DRB variability was found to decrease reconstructions in East and South Africa of visual "input" channels to the brain. throughout successive captive gener a- utilizing fossil tooth apatite has provided Analyses using multiple regressions, tions. The loss of rare alleles and fixation valuable independent data relevant to partial correlations, and independent of common alleles was also observed. interpreting early hominin environments contrasts indicate that the relative quan- Integration of these results with genome and diets. Interpretations of these data, tity of estimated visual input (EVI) is not wide data will be critical in successfully however, have been limited by an incom- significantly correlated with relative monitoring and supporting viable popula- plete understanding of patterns of iso- brain size in carnivorans, sciurids, scan- tions of gorillas and other primates both topic variability in terrestrial ecosystems. dentians, or strepsirrhines. Among hap- in captivity and in the wild. (Supported Research focusing on mapping out this lorhine primates, relative EVI and rela- by Morris Animal Foundation and US variation, either empirically or theoreti- tive brain size are positively correlated, Fish & Wildlife Great Ape Conservation cally, has revealed extensive, analytically but EVI explains only a small proportion Fund.) significant intra- and inter-tooth variabil- of the total variation in relative brain ity related to isotopic variability of food size. These results suggest that total vis- items and water sources, and possibly ual input has little effect on relative brain developmental physiology, during enamel size among eutherian mammals, and that formation. In addition, significant varia- the high degree of encephalization shared tion between members of a population or by living anthropoids is primarily the between populations has been docu- result of non-visual factors. mented. This variability can ultimately be AAPA Abstracts 131

Integrating research and education Universidad Católica del Ecuador, 2Dept. differences in a series of expected skeletal for orangutan conservation in of Anthropology, New York University and dental pathologies. Expectations for Gunung Palung National Park, Indo- and the New York Consortium in Evolu- chronic alcoholics include 1) increased nesia. tionary Primatology. incidence of osteoporosis due to deficient diet, disturbances in nutrient absorption, C. Knott, E. Hill, A. Johnson, J. Harting. Yasuní National Park is a nearly one- and in rates of bone remodeling caused by Gunung Palung Orangutan Project, Dept. million hectare rainforest reserve located ethanol ingestion, 2) increased evidence of of Anthropology, Harvard University. in eastern Ecuador. Over the last decade, trauma due to violent as well as acciden- petroleum development has led to road- tal causes, 3) higher incidence of systemic Gunung Palung National Park is one of building and increased colonization in and localized infection related to a defi- the world’s last refuges for endangered portions of the park by two indigenous cient immune system and lack of medical wild orangutans. Here we report on tech- tribes. Even cursory examination reveals care, and 4) increased frequencies of den- niques and research findings from our that these colonists are having a signifi- tal pathologies including caries, ab- efforts to protect orangutans and their cant, detrimental impact on the forest and scesses, gingival infection, tooth loss, and habitat. Accurate estimation of orangutan its fauna, principally along the main road calculus accretion due to poor dental hy- density is generally accomplished through accessing the park. In this region, areas giene and lack of dental care. Preliminary nest surveys. We describe results from cleared for agriculture are steadily in- results indicate that alcoholism is associ- our long term monitoring of nest viability creasing, and faunal surveys hint at a ated with malnutrition (p=.039) as noted and present data on population -specific marked impact of subsistence hunting on at the time of autopsy, presence of perio- measures of mean nests built/day. A new the densities of large-bodied mammals, dontal disease (p=.011), and number method of nest transect recounts, greatly particularly primates. (p=.004) and location of fractures. The increasing accuracy, is presented. We have been involved in two major frequency of total fractures among alco- We describe GIS mapping to monitor efforts to mitigate some of these impacts. holics was 117% higher than among non- orangutan range movements, providing One began in 1994 as an expedient re- alcoholics including a significantly greater critical information on orangutan range sponse to a direct hunting threat. At that number of fractures located on the skull and habitat requirements. Habitat viabil- time, we started providing a small ec o- and thorax. Further analyses will con- ity and the effects of disturbance are as- nomic incentive to a set of indigenous firm or repudiate significant differences sessed through combining long-term fol- families in exchange for not hunting in a in rates of osteoporosis and infection. low data on orangutan dietary and nutri- portion of their territory where a site was tional requirements with GIS mapping, being established for studying compara- Paleodemography of the Averbuch pH soil testing, and density measure- tive primate socioecology. As the commu- Site (40DV60). ments of orangutan plant resources. nity has grown, the payoff per family has Orangutans reproduce at an extremely decreased, but community members con- L.W. Konigsberg1, S.R. Frankenberg1, slow rate, with fecundity closely linked to tinue to refrain from hunting in the site D.J. Holman2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, energy availability. Minimum caloric (where primate populations now thrive). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2Dept. requirements for successful conception, The second, more formal program began of Anthropology, University of Washing- obtained from measurement of urinary in 2001 and provides education and train- ton. hormones and nutritional analysis, are ing in vocational skills (e.g., sewing, car- presented. These data indicate that fe- pentry, auto mechanics) to several in- During the last decade paleodemogra- cundity is compromised and inter-birth digenous communities, with the goal of phy has undergone a resurgence fueled by intervals lengthened in degraded habi- making it possible for them to have other the development of new analytical meth- tats. sources of income so that they can rely ods. Where the field once included little Finally, we discuss and evaluate our less directly on the forest for their subsis- more than the calculation of life tables methods used to disseminate these re- tence. The success of these pr ograms is based on “age determinations,” modern search findings to the local population. made possible by – and is contingent upon paleodemography now incorporates the Education and awareness efforts include – continuing efforts to foster good rela- use of hazard models and aging methods study site field trips, teacher workshops, tionships between researchers and locals. that admit imprecision in age estimation. an environmental education center, lesson While these methodological developments plans, educational pamphlets, volunteer The effects of alcohol abuse on the have been fairly rapid, applications of the and ranger training, billboards, radio skeleton. new methods have been slow to material- programs, newspaper articles, films, pu p- ize, primarily because of the stringent pet shows and theatre presentations. S. Kohn. Dept. of Anthropology Univer- data requirements. In this paper we re- Principle supporters are: US Fish and sity of New Mexico. port on one of the first applications of Wildlife Great Ape Conservation Fund, these modern paleodemographic methods. National Geographic Society, Leakey Skeletal remains of thirty-five males The Averbuch Site is a late prehistoric Foundation, BOS-USA, Conservation, curated at the Maxwell Museum of An- Native American palisaded village with Food and Health Foundation, NSF, WCS, thropology, University of New Mexico, are associated cemeteries, from which more and Margot Marsh Biodiversity Fund. examined to identify the effects of chronic than 800 individuals were recovered. As alcohol abuse. Each is known to have a part of a routine inventory project, infor- Payoffs, community relations, and history of ethanol abuse and to have died mation on “age indicators” was collected vocational training: Implementing either directly from ethanol poisoning, or from all available skeletal remains. local conservation in Ecuador's Ya- from alcohol-related causes such as acci- Comparable indicator information was suní National Park. dental or violent trauma. The alcoholics collected from 792 known-age individuals (n=16) are compared to a sample of non- from the Terry Anatomical Collection and F. Koester1, A. Di Fiore2. 1Facultad de alcoholics (n=19) in a similar age range in 360 known-age males from the McKern Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia order to detect statistically significant and Stewart Korean War Dead data. The 132 AAPA Abstracts

known-age data are used to fit both a full nificant patterning between the coastal Felsõtárkány is a middle Miocene local- multivariate probit and an accelerated and continental populations of medieval ity described by Schreter in 1913. Subse- failure time model for ectocranial suture Croatia. quent researchers rec overed small sam- closure, pubic symphyseal development, ples of vertebrates, invertebrates and and auricular surface development. This Implications of dental arch form on plant fossils. Felsõtárkány was listed in a reference sample information is then used the maxillary sinus size in Macaca compendium of Hungarian Miocene fossil to estimate a stationary Gompertz- nemestrina. localities (Kretzoi, 1982). “Pliopithecus” Makeham model of mortality for indi- was included in the short faunal list, viduals fifteen years old or older at time- T. Koppe1, E. Schmidt1, T.C.Rae2, and without further detail. of-death. The results show that while D.R. Swindler3.1Institut für Anatomie, New excavations, faunal analysis, sur- early adult mortality was quite high, an Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität Greif- vey and analysis of the primate specimen appreciable proportion of the population swald, Germany, 2Evol. Anthrop. Re- provide the first glimpse of middle Mio- from the Averbuch Site did live to ex- search Group, Dept. of Anthropology, cene primate paleobiogeography in Hun- treme old age. Univ. of Durham, 3Dept. of Anthropology, gary. Older collections and new fossils Supported by NSF SBE-9307693 and Univ. of Washington. (Hír, et al. 2001) indicate a middle Mio- SBE-9727386 cene age, MN 7/8, or about 12 Ma by most The knowledge about the influence of estimates. Survey revealed a sequence of Craniometric variation among me- craniofacial growth on the paranasal si- fossiliferous and radiometrically datable dieval Croatian populations. nuses is still incomplete. It has been sug- sediments possibly also amenable to gested that in contrast to hominoids, max- magnetostratigraphic analysis, a rare D.V. Kopp. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- illary sinus size (MSS) of adult macaques combination in the region. Continued versity of Utah. is closely related with the form of the work should confirm the potential to es- palate (Koppe et al., 1999, Ann. Anat., tablish Felsõtárkány as an important tie- This study examines craniometric 181: 77-80). Therefore, this study explores point locality in the assessment of the variation among a series of medieval this relationship further by focusing on absolute age of MN 5-7/8, the middle Mio- Croatian skeletons to determine if the the association between the size of the cene terrestrial vertebrate sequence in populations inhabiting the coastal (Dal- maxillary dental arch and MSS in M. Europe and the focus of considerable de- matian) and continental (Pannionian) nemestrina. bate. The primate specimen is a complete regions are morphometrically dissimilar. Whereas maxillary sinus measurements proximal phalanx, probably from the foot. Differing historical population movements of 25 female and 25 male were obtained It is smaller and less robust in secondary in the regions provide possible evidence from lateral cephalograms, which wer e shaft characters and transverse dimen- for genetic, ethnic, and cultural dissimi- collected longitudinally over a period of sions than pliopithecoid phalanges from larity between the Dalmatian and Pan- eight years, maxillary dental arch meas- Rudabánya, (late Miocene, Hungary) nionian regions. Cranial measurements urements were achieved from dental casts (Anapithecus), and closer to those of from three coastal and three continental using sliding calipers. Reduced major axis Devínská Nová Ves (“Neudorf Spaltze”; medieval Croatian sites are subjected to analysis suggests that in both sexes max- middle Miocene, Slovakia) (Epipliopith- multivariate analyses to assess cra- illary sinus length grew postnatally faster ecus). Felsõtárkány is located between niometric variation among the groups. than the height. In addition, sexual di- Rudabánya and Devínská Nová Ves, but Canonical variates analysis and distance morphism in maxillary sinus length ap- relatively close to both. Other localities of matrix comparisons are completed for peared earlier than in height, and male middle to late Miocene age in the same male and female mean data separately. sinuses tended to grow over a longer pe- general region (Austria, Poland) suggest Plots of the first two canonical axes riod than females. The dental arch length an epicenter of pliopithecoid evolution in derived from the canonical variates grew in both sexes faster than the width. central Europe. Funded by NSERC and analysis reveal no clear distinction be- A significant sexual dimorphism in maxil- OTA. tween the coastal and continental sites for lary arch length was already observed in either sex. The plot of the male data does infant monkeys. Life history and folivory in primate indicate a distinction between the late Partial correlation coefficients revealed species: The importance of juveniles. medieval site of Nova Raca and the other for both sexes a close association between earlier Croatian sites. This dissimilarity MSS and dental arch length but not with M.M. Kowalewski, G.E. Blomquist, S.R. is likely a result of not only temporal dif- dental arch width. The finding, however, Leigh. Dept. of Anthropology University ferences, but also increased ethnic diver- that the maxillary dental arch length of of Illinois, Urbana. sity in the population of Nova Raca from both sexes developed postnatally faster intensified migrations of other central than the length of the maxillary sinus Correlations between diet and life his- European peoples into the region begin- may be related to the fact that in contrast tory in primates are poorly understood. ning in the twelfth century. to hominoids, the maxillary sinus of ma- Some elements of life history may bear a Matrix comparisons of biological dis- caques is restricted to the region of the relation to diet, but mortality, particu- tance with geographic and temporal dis- maxillary molars. larly infanticide, may impact life histo- tances indicate that there is no significant ries. This analysis investigates the rela- correlation between any of the matrix Felsõtárkány, a middle Miocene cations between diet and a range of life pairs for both male and female data. tarrhine locality in central Hungary. history variables, with the expectation

Fairly high Fst values estimated from R that diet and life history covary. matrices, however, indicate genetic het- L. Kordos1, D.R. Begun2 . 1The Geological Data regarding life history variables, erozygosity (differentiation) between the Museum of Hungary, 2University of To- degree of folivory and infanticide rates for populations. Based on these analyses it is ronto. anthropoid prim ates are derived from suggested that there is differentiation literature. These data are subjected to between the groups studied, but no sig- regression analyses. Partial correlations AAPA Abstracts 133

are applied to control body size and inde- tions to be raised and predictions formu- tinctive. Such developmental differences pendent contrasts provide phylogenetic lated with respect to generalized foraging may relate to unique robust australo- control. pattern (e.g., coastal vs. terrestrial, closed pithecine dietary adaptations. Correlations between folivory and life vs. open forest). Various tropi- history variables are apparent for the cal/subtropical subsistence regimes are Material and structural properties of entire sample, but infanticide rates are presented based on prehistoric case stud- human and African ape cortical and uncorrelated with life history variables. ies and the ethnographic literature and cancellous bone: Implications for the A more limited set of correlations is reinterpreted with respect to dietary evolution of bipedality. corded within anthropoid superfamilies. breadth and microhabitat utilization. The However, independent contrasts indicate early human remains and fauna recov- C.A. Kunos1,2, B. Latimer 2. 1Dept. of Ra- a lack of statistically significant correla- ered from Niah Cave provide important diation Oncology, Ireland Cancer Center, tions for all variables except growth rates. ecological correlates towards better un- University Hospitals of Cleveland, Furthermore, contrasts point to correla- derstanding the inferred subsistence pat- 2Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, tions between some measures of infanti- tern of the early modern humans that The Cleveland Museum of Natural His- cide and life history variables. peopled the region some 80-60 thousand tory. These results reveal a complex set of cor- years ago. relations between diet and life history in An upright, habitual striding form of anthropoids. Specifically, diet is uncorre- Modeling juvenile robust australo- bipedalism distinguishes modern humans lated with measures of life histories in pithecine faces. from all other extant terrestrial mam- adults, but correlations between life his- mals. A comparative analysis of Homo tory variables, growth, and infanticide G.E. Krovitz1, R.R. Ackermann2. 1Dept. of sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla go- rates may reflect diet and life history Anthropology, Pennsylvania State Uni- rilla distal tibiae indicates that humans correlations during the juvenile period. versity & R.R. Ackermann, 2Dept. of Ar- have adaptively altered the architecture Faster early growth rates could indicate chaeology, University of Cape Town. of cortical and cancellous bone within the riskier infant periods for folivores, possi- metaphysis (Kunos, 1997). Given that the bly in relation to higher rates of infanti- No complete juvenile facial remains muscular mechanisms responsible for cide (among other potential causes of have been found for robust australopith- load attenuation are severely compr o- juvenile mortality). These results also ecines. However, Euclidean Distance mised in erect bipeds, the unique archi- show that a focus on juveniles may be Matrix Analysis techniques can be used to tecture of human tibial metaphyses may important in explaining the evolution of create hypothetical juvenile forms that be related to impact attenuation espe- primate life histories. allow us to make predictions about what cially during heel strike. robust australopithecine juvenile fossils Human and African ape cortical and Paleodiet and the peopling of Sun- might have looked like, and to test hy- cancellous bone demonstrate no signifi- daland: Modeling early human sub- potheses about hominoid facial growth cant difference in mineralization or min- sistence using stable isotopes of car- patterns. eral ash density. Under compression, the bon. 3-D coordinate data were collected from elastic moduli of human and African ape 8 landmarks on the face and palate of bone within the tibia do not differ signifi- J.S. Krigbaum. Dept. of Anthropology, KNM-ER 406, OH 5, KNM-WT 17000, SK cantly. Similarly, there are no differences University of Florida. 48, Sts 5 and Taung, and from extant in apparent density or porosity of cortical comparative samples of juvenile and adult and cancellous bone. Structural differ- Excavations at Niah Cave’s West Mouth humans (N=21, 141), gorillas (N=11, 115), ences in the human tibial metaphysis (Sarawak, East Malaysia) provide a large common chimpanzees (N=13, 65), and allow structural dampening of applied sample (N=39+) of human skeletal re- bonobos (N=27, 23). A “reverse growth compressive loads. In African apes, peak mains that date to the terminal Pleisto- matrix” (consisting of the ratios of the strain amplitude coincides with peak cene/early Holocene period. Isotopic data, juvenile to adult comparison for all force amplitude. In humans, peak strain based on d13C values derived from tooth unique linear distances between land- amplitude occurs later than the registra- enamel apatite (structural carbonate) marks) was created for each extant spe- tion of peak force. A phase lag between demonstrate important patterns of sub- cies and for A. africanus. Hypothetical peak force and peak strain indicates load sistence. This paper builds on the growing juvenile forms were then created for each attenuation. isotopic database for Niah Cave remains extant species, A. africanus, and the ro- Given the anatomical specializations of and other penecontemporaneous faunal bust australopithecines by multiplying the modern human metaphysis, the un- and human skeletal material from the the mean adult form by the “reverse usual structural distribution of cortical Southeast Asian subcontinent of Sun- growth matrix” of different species. and cancellous bone likely serves as an daland. At Niah, early human burial Hypothetical robust juveniles are very additional mechanism by which humans, ‘types’ grouped together show d13C values similar to Taung and the hypothetical A. and our hominid ancestors, insulate that currently average –14.4 ‰, signifi- africanus juveniles when the zygomatic themselves from peak locomotor loads cantly more negative than later Neolithic arch is excluded from analysis. However, engendered during single limb support. individuals at the site. d13C values range when the zygomatic arch is included, the Kunos, CA. 1997. Distal Metaphysis of from –15.7 to –12.2 ‰, suggesting differ- hypothetical robust juveniles differed the Tibia: Implications for the Evolution ential foraging patterns for otherwise markedly from all other species, including of Bipedality. Amer J Phys Anthrop Suppl inferred “broad spectrum” foragers. A. africanus. These results suggest that 24: 147-148. Ongoing isotopic studies of modern robust australopithecines shared certain ecosystems in Sarawak allow more re- elements of facial growth with the extant fined partitioning of these data with re- species and with A. africanus, although spect to differential patterns of subsis- other elements of growth (particularly tence. Developed models will allow ques- relating to the zygomatic arch) were dis- 134 AAPA Abstracts

Tooth root morphology and mastica- adolescents enrolled in the Cebu Longitu- sion was used to examine interspecific tory muscle force pattern in humans dinal Health and Nutrition Survey, a one- scaling of various joint dimensions, as and nonhuman primates. year birth cohort study begun in 1982- well as their associated degrees of dimor- 1983 (Cebu City, the Philippines). We phism. A number of geometric mor- K. Kupczik, F. Spoor, M.C. Dean. Evolu- investigated the relationship between phometric techniques were used to test tionary Anatomy Unit, Department of leptin measured 15-16 years after birth the null hypothesis of shape similarity Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Uni- (1998-9) and 1) maternal third trimester between conspecific sexes and to examine versity College London. dietary fat intake (1983-4) and 2) birth any shape differences. weight, controlling for the child’s adipos- Although most cercopithecoid species The few studies that have investigated ity, current fat intake, and other potential exhibit joint size dimorphism beyond the root morphology in the primate dentition confounding factors. isometric expectation (for a given degree are based on linear measurements such Triceps SF is the strongest predictor of of BMD), the majority of sampled species as root height and mesio-distal diameters. leptin levels in both sexes (r= 0.63 and do not exhibit significant shape dimor- Here we present a three-dimensional (3D) 0.55 in males and females, respectively). phism. Nevertheless, several size- analysis of root morphology and surface BMI (mean 18.5+/- 0.15 and 18.8 +/-0.14) dimorphic taxa (i.e., Nasalis, Cercopith- area to explore the functional hypothesis and leptin levels (mean 0.78 +/- 0.05 and ecus, Papio) exhibit significant sex -based that root surface area varies along the 3.56 +/- 0.13) were low relative to US or shape differences that are reminiscent of tooth row according to the muscle force European adolescents. In multivariate interspecific scaling patterns and may distribution. models, the child’s and mother’s fat in- reasonably be linked to the biomechanics A high-resolution CT-scanner was used take during pregnancy were indepen d- of weight-bearing. The observance of sig- to make scans at 0.5mm intervals of 157 ently and positively related to leptin in nificant joint shape dimorphism within isolated teeth of modern Homo sapiens as females. In males there was a significant extant taxa must be considered when well as the complete dentitions of 2 Go- interaction between maternal and off- interpreting variation in the fossil record. rilla gorilla, 2 Homo sapiens, 2 Papio spring fat intake: Leptin increased with anubis, 4 Pan troglodytes and 2 Pongo increasing child fat intake, but only Communities of frugivores: the rela- pygmaeus. 3D-imaging software (VOXEL- among offspring of mothers with a higher tive role of anthropoids in seed dis- MAN) was used to reveal and examine fat intake during pregnancy (median persal. root morphology and conduct a metric split). In male offspring of lower fat in- study of the roots. take mothers, leptin levels decreased with J.E. Lambert. Dept. of Anthropology, When canines are excluded the root increasing fat intake in adolescence. University of Oregon. surface areas were found to peak at lower These relationships were independent of M1 and upper M2 in Homo, lower and the child’s birth weight, which was unre- Primates constitute the bulk of arboreal upper M2 in Gorilla, lower and upper lated to leptin in either sex. Our findings mammalian biomass in many tropical M1/M2 in Pongo, lower M2/M3 and upper suggest sex-specific effects of maternal forests. Because they also can be highly M2 in Papio, but in maxillary I1 and dietary composition during pregnancy on frugivorous, primates are increasingly mandibular P4/M1/M2 in Pan. leptin metabolism in offspring. recognized for their roles as seed dispers- The distribution of root surface areas ers. However, evaluations regarding the along the tooth row in humans, with a Comparison of patterns of shape di- impact of primate dispersers are com- peak at M1/M2 and both a decline in more morphism with interspecific scaling monly made without reference to the mesially and distally positioned teeth, trends in the elbow and knee of cer- wider frugivore community. This shortfall concurs with findings from theoretical copithecoids. hinders a full understanding of plant- and experimental studies on masticatory frugivore and forest regeneration dynam- muscle force activity along the tooth row. M.R. Lague. Dept. of Anthropology, ics. Although at present the experimental and George Washington University/ Here, I evaluate the relative role of biomechanical data are unavailable to An understanding of variation in the primates in fruit removal from three confirm this relationship for the remain- fossil record is potentially complicated by common tree species in Kibale National der of the sample, such a relationship the fact that intraspecific body mass dif- Park, Uganda. Focal trees of Ficus exas- could prove a good indicator of muscle ferences may incur shape differences in perata (n = 30), Uvariopsis congensis (n = activity pattern in fossil and other living the supporting skeleton as a means of 6) and Celtis durandii (n = 6) were ob- primates. maintaining comparable joint stress served for 12 days/month, June 2001 - among individuals. Cercopithecoids are June 2002. Data were collected on Prenatal influences on leptin levels well-suited for research into the effects of frugivore visitation (frequency, duration), in adolescent Filipinos. body mass on skeletal design because of feeding rates, fruit-processing and seed their uniformity in body plan and gait, as removal. In addition to non-primate C.W. Kuzawa1, L.S. Adair2. 1Dept. of An- well as frequent body mass dimorphism mammals and birds, particular attention thropology, Northwestern University, (BMD). Based on previous analysis, limb was paid to fruit-removal by anthropoids: Chicago, 2University of North Carolina, joint size increases allometrically both Pan troglodytes, Lophocebus albigena, Chapel Hill. interspecifically and intraspecifically. Cercopithecus ascanius, C. mitis, C. This study examines the extent to which l'hoesti, Procolobus badius, Colobus Fetal growth and maternal pregnancy conspecific sexes also differ in joint shape guereza. nutrition have been shown to predict and tests the hypothesis that patterns of Preliminary analysis of a sub-set of metabolic traits in offspring, yet little is shape dimorphism resemble interspecific 1,150h of observational data indicates known about the role of the fetal envi- scaling trends. that primates removed more fruit than ronment on the adipose-tissue derived Landmarks of the distal humerus and birds as a consequence of greater fr e- hormone leptin. This paper investigates distal femur were quantified for 14 taxa quency and duration of visitation and this problem in a sample of 600+ Filipino exhibiting a range of BMD. Linear regres- faster feeding rates. Cercopithecines AAPA Abstracts 135

were the most common visitors, followed standing of normal fetal development in elucidates the causal link between these by chimpanzees and colobines. C. as- response to environmental conditions. forms of signalling and suggests the pres- canius was the most reliable frugivore, in Fetal ultrasonographic data from forty- ence of other forms of Anthropoid colour part due to their high relative density. nine fetuses collected weekly during the signalling. These preliminary results have implica- second and third trimesters permit inten- tions for interpreting community struc- sive study of the growth patterns of the Limb compliance during walking: ture and forest-wide patterns of seed dis- heart, kidneys, torso, limb and head. Mul- Comparisons of elbow and knee yield persal. Moreover, given that primates are tivariate longitudinal analysis identifies across quadrupedal primates and in particularly vulnerable to population distinctive growth patterns by sex and in other mammals. decline, these findings have conservation the fetuses of smoking mothers. Body implications for forest regeneration in the growth patterns in the limbs and head E. Larney 1, S.G. Larson 2. face of declining seed dispersers. reflect fetal blood flow patterns, and 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in smoking alters the growth patterns of the Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook Severe enamel hypoplasia in a 19th heart and kidneys. These data suggest University, 2Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, century cemetery sample from North influences unique to fetal growth and the Stony Brook University. Carolina: Possible causes. timing differences between males and females may contribute to the observation It has been suggested that primates P. Lambert. Utah State University. that boys seem to be more sensitive to utilize a compliant gait to help reduce negative influences. These studies iden- peak locomotor stresses on their limbs Two individuals in a sample of 18 skele- tify the importance of longitudinal studies (Schmitt, 1994, 1998, 1999). However, tons from a small, 19th century cemetery of normal growth to the goals of biomedi- the components of such a gait, i.e., in- in North Carolina have disfiguring cal constructions of normal development. creased step length, prolonged contact enamel defects throughout the dentition. time, and substantial limb yield, have One is a child of seven, the other a young The phylogenetic co-variation of an- only been documented for a handful of adult male of 21 years. The lesions vari- thropoid colour signalling. primate species. In order to explore the ously appear as multiple, deeply incised generality of this claim, elbow and knee bands, notches, and malformed tooth K. Larkin, J.D. Paterson. University of angles during walking were documented crowns. The cause of these dental lesions Calgary. at touchdown, midstance and liftoff in a is not clear, although the two cases bear sample of primates, carnivores, marsupi- striking similarities that suggest a com- Co-variation of certain primate charac- als, rodents, and ungulates, all under 25 mon aetiology. Medially bowed fibulae teristics may indicate a causal evolution- kg. Limb yield was calculated as the and remodeled periosteal lesions of the ary relationship between one characteris- change in angle from touchdown to mid- tibiae in the older individual may provide tic and the development of retention of stance and re-extension as the change in clues concerning the cause(s) of childhood another characteristic. This is the case angle from midstance to liftoff for both morbidity that led to the formation of for three different forms of colour signal- forelimbs and hind limbs. defec tive tooth enamel in these individu- ling in the Anthropoids. We have demon- Use of a compliant gait (as reflected in als. The purpose of this paper is to explore strated co-variation in the development significant limb yield) in primates was possible causes of enamel hypoplasia in and retention of estrus colouration, male confirmed for both forelimbs and hind these and several other individuals from genital colouration, and natal coat colour- limbs. However, there was variability the Eatons Ferry Cemetery, and by proxy, ation. The correlations describe a bi- within primates with prosimians display- health conditions in rural North Carolina directional influence among all three ing the greatest amount of limb yield, and during the 19th century. characters, particularly between male catarrhines the least. Surprisingly, mar- genital colouration and natal coat colour- supials were found to exhibit almost as Fetus to infant in biomedical per- ation. These correlations suggest a causal much elbow yield and even greater knee spective. relationship and a possible evolutionary yield than primates. Carnivores and ro- ‘feedback loop’. Phylogenetic reconstruc- dents display a modest amount of limb M. Lampl. Dept. of Anthropology, Emory tion suggests the presence of contrasting yield during walking, while ungulates University. male genital colouration and natal coat display the stiffest gait. These data are colouration in the ancestral Anthropoid consistent with the suggestion that the One of the primary biomedical issues of species. The age of these characters and use of a compliant gait to attenuate peak our time is the nature of the developmen- the strength of the correlations between stresses may have facilitated the primate tal process during fetal life, and the chal- them suggest that the development of one invasion of a small-branch niche. How- lenges presented by the transition to the or both of these characters may have been ever, limb compliance (as reflected by postnatal environment. A central bioso- a key event in the later development of elbow or knee yield) does not appear to be cial concern is matching technological estrus colouration. Additionally, colour exclusive to the primate order. support with the maturational needs of changes indicating pregnancy have been Research supported by NSF grant BCS the gestational fetus. This is a challenge reported for a few primate species includ- 0109331 to SGL. to scientific interventional strategies at a ing Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) time when cultural values identify the and baboon species. Presence and corre- History of behavior and lifestyle in midgestational fetus as a viable infant. lational influence demonstrated between the Western Hemisphere: Os- Significant theoretical debate has en- other forms of colour signalling indicate teoarthritis and skeletal robusticity. gaged notions that physiology is pr o- that it is likely that other primate species grammed during fetal development and display colour pregnancy signals that C.S. Larsen, K.D. Williams. Dept. of An- biological destiny is determined in terms have gone unobserved. The demonstra- thropology, Ohio State University. of adult health profiles. Scant longitudi- tion of correlations between different nal data have contributed to our under- forms of Anthropoid colour signalling 136 AAPA Abstracts

Osteoarthritis and skeletal robusticity genetic diversity among animals in the baceae), Virola (Myristicaceae), and An- are strongly influenced by the mechanical population. Specifically, we use microsa- nona (Annonaceae). environment. Using these variables, the tellites and census data to obtain esti- Four other primate species were sym- purpose of this study is to assess and mates of genetic subdivision, non-random patric with the titi monkeys in the study interpret workload in particular and ac- mating, relatedness, and reproductive area, and sometimes found in apparent tivity in general, especially in addressing skew within and among social groups in association. Interspecies interaction hypotheses about lifestyle and major the population. We analyze different ranged from coordinated travel to appar- adaptive shifts in the past. classes of individuals (i.e., adults, off- ent avoidance. On one occasion, a Cebus Using the Health and Nutrition in the spring, males, females) separately in or- attacked and killed a female titi. Western Hemisphere database, this study der to discern which classes most strongly Supported by NSF DBI 9602234 and analyzes prevalence and pattern of os- influence aspects of population structure. the Department of Ecology, Evolution and teoarthritis and degree of skeletal robus- Together, these data reveal that offspring Environmental Biology, Columbia Uni- ticity of the adult Native American com- are consistently more heterozygous than versity. ponent of the database. We examined panmictic expectations and offspring co- frequency of osteoarthritis (marginal lip- horts within groups are more substruc- A new hominin calvaria from Ileret ping and articular surface erosion) and tured than adults. Female relatedness (Kenya). robusticity (femoral midshaft index, total within groups is positively correlated with subperiosteal diameter) for the following the degree of genetic divergence among M. G. Leakey 1, F. Spoor 2, F.H. Brown3, parameters: temporal period, age, sex, social groups. The ability of a resident P.N. Gathogo3 , L.N. Leakey 1. 1Dept of elevation, settlement pattern, subsistence male to sire an offspring in his group is Palaeontology, National Museums of mode, and proximity to coast. negatively related to adult sex ratio (fe- Kenya, 2Dept. of Anatomy & Developmen- The following primary findings were males/males) within groups, and offspring tal Biology, University College London, made: Osteoarthritis is more common in retain more heterozygosity as extra-group 3Dept of Geology & Geophysics, Univer- (1) older adults than in younger adults, sirings decrease. These data are inter- sity of Utah. regardless of habitat, subsistence mode, preted within the context of female philo- or location; (2) farming populations than patry, male dispersal, exogamy, and off- In 2000 the Turkana Basin Research in foraging populations (although the spring sex -ratio. Our analysis illustrates Project of the National Museums of difference is slight and nonsignificant; (3) the basic idea that where animals move Kenya resumed field work at sites in the mobile populations than in sedentary and with whom they mate will ultimately Koobi Fora Formation, east of Lake Tur- populations; and (4) in contact-era popu- influence gene dynamics and genetic di- kana. New hominin discoveries from Il- lations than in precontact or early contact versity in this lemur population. eret include a well preserved calvaria populations. Skeletal robusticity (espe- KNM-ER 42700. The specimen was found cially the midshaft index) is greater in (1) Preliminary report on the natural in situ, almost fully embedded in a matrix males than in females; (2) foragers than history of brown titi monkeys (Cal- of coarse sandstone and carbonates. Con- in farmers; and (3) mobile than in seden- licebus brunneus) at the Los Amigos sequently, it attained nearly no damage tary populations. This study reveals that Research Station, Madre de Dios, due to postdepositional erosion, and ex- variation in both osteoarthritis and robus- Peru. tensive preparation has now resulted in ticity is influenced by lifestyle, especially one of the best preserved hominin cranial with regard to age and mobility. J.M. Lawrence. Dept. of Ecology, Evolu- fossils from the east Turkana region. The Research supported by the National tion and Environmental Biology, Center specimen derives from strata 1.5-2 m Science Foundation. for Environmental Research and Conser- below a tuff which is compositionally very vation, Columbia University, New York similar to a tuff in the Koobi Fora Tuff Genetic population structure in a Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology. Complex in Area 103, so the age is most wild lemur population, the white likely between 1.5 and 1.6 Ma. sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi ver- The Los Amigos Conservation Area, The calvaria is complete, with the ex- reauxi): 1992-2002. created in July, 2001, protects approx i- ception of a small area of the vault around mately 140,000 hectares of Amazonian bregma. The frontal is slightly dislocated. Richard R. Lawler 1, Alison F. Richard1, lowland moist forest in the Los Amigos The spheno-occipital synchondrosis is Margaret A. Riley2. 1Dept. of Anthropol- watershed. This preliminary study is mostly fused suggesting that it concerns a ogy, Yale University, 2Dept. of Ecology based on a 30-day visit to the research subadult or young adult. Its overall vault and Evolutionary Biology, Yale Univer- station in July and August, 2002. shape, and characters such as frontal and sity. At least seven groups and one lone male parietal midline keeling are most similar were found within 200 meters of the re- to those seen in Homo erectus. However, Gene flow within and between social search station. Six of the groups con- the specimen differs from calvaria tradi- groups is contingent on behaviorally- sisted of one adult male, one adult female, tionally assigned to this species, by a mediated patterns of mating and disper- and zero to three juveniles. The seventh significantly smaller size, and by the ab- sal. To understand how these patterns group may have included a second adult- sence of both prominent supraorbital tori affect genetic structure of primate popula- sized male, who was observed performing and supratoral hollowing. It shares these tions, long-term data are required. In a long call to which the adult pair re- characteristics with the D2700 specimen this study, we analyze ten years of dem o- sponded. In 21 days, one group used an from Dmanisi (Vekua et al. Science 297, graphic and genetic data from a wild le- area of 1.4 hectares, considerably less 85-89, 2002). The morphology of KNM-ER mur population (Propithecus verreauxi than the home ranges of 6 to 12 hectares 42700 will be described and comparisons verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Re- reported for the species at Cocha Cashu. will be made with the African and Asian serve, Madagascar. Our goal is to specify Fruits eaten included Cecropia (Ce- Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossils. how patterns of mating and dispersal cropiaceae), Bellucia (Melastomataceae), determine the distribution of kinship and Inga (Fabaceae), Stryphnodendron (Fa- AAPA Abstracts 137

Ancestry determination using mesio- order to detect the presence of mycobacte- ure of divergence statistic was used to distal measurements of deciduous ria, Leishmaniasis, and sexually trans- assess biological distance. teeth. mitted diseases. Dried tissue samples All Caddo subareas exhibited local were obtained from the genital area of population continuity through time. The L.R. Lease. Dept. of Anthropology, The twelve naturally mummified adult human Caddo were more homogeneous between Ohio State University. remains housed at the American Museum subareas during the early (800-1200 AD) of Natural History. Archaeological find- and late periods (1600-1800 AD). The Until recently, ancestral patterns of ings and radiocarbon dating estimate that middle period (1200-1600 AD) had some metric variation in the deciduous denti- the mummies date before 1460 AD. The subareas possibly experiencing genetic tion has been neglected. Often it is con- tissue samples were in dried form from drift. Population interaction was not sidered that the pattern of variation in histologically confirmed skin samples in based on geographical proximity, with the deciduous dentition is the same as in the pelvic region. Positive controls for evidence of long distance travel. Among the permanent. The lack of first hand Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Neisseria the Caddo/non -Caddo comparisons, the information stems primarily from the gonorrhea, Mycobacterium leprae, Tre- Caddo were found to be closer to them- difficulty in gathering information from a ponema pallidum, Leishmaniasis, Herpes selves than to outgroups, with one excep- large variety or quantity of deciduous simplex virus, Human papillomavirus, tion. The Cooper Lake population was dentitions. and Human T-cell lymphotropic virus indistinguishable from the Caddo. This Using four different samples, measure- type 1 were used. PCR was carried out group was suspected to be a Caddoan ments of 20 deciduous teeth were taken and was repeated for some of the target population who adopted a Plains lifestyle. on dentitions from 187 historic English diseases. To confirm that DNA in mummy The Caddo were found not to have origi- and modern European Americans, and tissues is still intact after hundreds of nated from the Fourche Maline, or Mis- 211 historic and modern African Ameri- years and can be detected from the dried sissippians (Quapaw). Sites with possible cans. Mesiodistal and buccolingual samples, glyceraldehyde 3 – phosphate outside admixture were not located as measures were tested for normality and dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used expected on the Caddo frontier, but in equivalence of variances within and be- as a marker for DNA. densely populated central Caddo subar- tween samples. While both types of Our results show that DNA was effi- eas. measurements are univariate and multi- ciently isolated from mummy tissues and variate normal, buccolingual measure- was adequate for PCR amplification; The Late Pleistocene human species ments were found to have unequal cov ari- GAPDH DNAs were detected in all twelve of Levant. ance matrices among the samples. The specimens. In two specimens, both from data from the mesiodistal observations Charassani, one dating to 140 AD and the S-H. Lee1, M.H. Wolpoff2. 1Dept. of An- were thus used to develop two discrimi- other to 990 AD, DNA was detected by thropology, University of California at nant functions that can be used to esti- PCR, using primers specific for M. tuber- Riverside, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- mate the ancestry of an unknown indi- culosis. DNA from nonpathogenic myco- versity of Michigan. vidual. The discriminant function using bacteria was also detected. DNA from all of the samples pr oduced an error rate other organisms was not identified. The human remains from the Late of 14% using jackknifed evaluation. A Pleistocene Mousterian sites in modern discriminant function using only the Looking at the small picture: Using day Israel raised the issue of variation for modern European American and African cranial and dental nonmetric traits the first time in the history of paleoan- American samples has a similar error to determine the origins and sources thropology. Their current interpretation rate of 12%. The resulting discriminant of admixture for the Caddo, a fron- is still problematic, in that the sources of functions were subjected to a test, using tier Mississippian culture. their variation remain unresolved, and dentitions from individuals of known Af- attempts at resolution reflect the cur- rican American or European American C. Lee. Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona rently accepted philosophy of paleoan- ancestry yielding the correct allocation in State University. thropologists as strongly as they reflect 80% of 10 cases. the nature of the data. In this paper, we The Caddo are important to the under- examine the question of whether the ob- Detection of mycobacterial DNA in standing of Native American population served pattern of cranial variation reflects Andean mummies. history as they were located on the Mis- species differences in the remains from sissippian frontier, with the nomadic Amud, Qafzeh, Skhul, and Tabun. We try E. Lebwohl1, K. Mowbray2, I. Tattersall2, Plains cultures to the North and West. to refute a single-species hypothesis, and D. Zhang1. 1Dept. of Pathology, Mount The Caddo were a Mississippian based suggest new approaches for examining Sinai School of Medicine, 2Dept. of An- culture, but their language was related to this phylogenetic question. We report on thropology, American Museum of Natural Plains tribes (Arikara, Pawnee). The the distribution of a testing statistic History and NYCEP 10029 objectives of this study were to determine based on the standard error of the slope of the homogeneity of the Caddo through regressions relating large number of The identification of genetic material time, identify an originating culture, and measurements common to pairs of speci- from pathogenic organisms in ancient sources of outside genetic admixture. mens (standard error test, or STET). human tissues provides a tool for diagno- Cranial and dental nonmetric traits Previous studies have shown that this sis of infectious diseases in historic popu- were collected from 635 individuals. The method is powerful in rejecting the hy- lations. Several recent reports describe Caddo were divided into five archaeolog i- pothesis of single species for other ani- isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cal/geographical subgroups to test popula- mals. Using measurements taken on the ancient human remains. We performed tion homogeneity. For comparative pur- original specimens by the authors, we polymerase chain reaction using DNA poses, non-Caddo data were obtained show that this method has the power to from genital tissue samples of twelve from published sources. The mean meas- reject the null hypothesis for significant ancient mummies from South America in 138 AAPA Abstracts

hominid taxonomic differences, but does 1997 in Guyana. Geographic ranges were in baboons may entail extraordinary ma- not reject it for the Levant remains. estimated for each species using a GIS ternal metabolic costs. These costs may system. Geographic range size is a major be structured differently among papion- Tooth enamel remains a virtually determinant of the number of sightings of ins. Baboons partially offset these costs closed system for stable light isotope the eight primate species. Interfluvial by deferring dental, reproductive, and and trace element archives in fossils. area is the strongest correlate to primate body size maturation relative to other species diversity in Guyana. Geographic papionins. These results may reflect high J. Lee-Thorp1, M. Sponheimer2. 1Dept. of range size is positively correlated with investment in baboon offspring quality, Archaeology and Quaternary Research habitat breadth but not dietary breadth with substantial maternal investment Centre, University of Cape Town, 2Depts. for the eight primate species in Guyana. increasing an offspring’s chances of at- of Biology and Geology & Geophysics, Contrary to models of species-area rela- taining foraging proficiency at a very University of Utah. tionships, generalist species are more young age. The implications of these likely than specialist species to be found findings for primate life histories are dis- Studies based on a number of Pliocene in small, rare habitats such as swamp cussed. hominid sites have demonstrated that woodlands. Moreover, specialists may This research was supported by NSF stable carbon isotope signals from fossil require a more diverse diet than general- (SBR 9707361) Wenner -Gren, the Leakey enamel is very reliable, and that stable ists because Guyanese forests have: (1) Foundation, and the University of Illinois. oxygen isotope patterning in the carbon- low nutrient levels and (2) low levels of ate component from the same fossils is floral diversity and abundance of plant The effect of body mass variation on very promising. These conclusions are families that are valuable food resources the locomotor dynamics of Cheiro- drawn both from first principles, and from for primates. Although the species-area galeus medius: A natural experiment. extensive comparisons with isotopic pat- relationship is considered the closest terning in modern fauna. Furthermore, thing to a rule in ecology, researcher P. Lemelin1, D. Schmitt2. 1Division of predictable differences in strontium iso- should be wary of too readily applying Anatomy, University of Alberta, Edmon- tope and trace element values have been and accepting the model at all scales in ton, 2Dept. of Biological Anthropology and extracted from some fossil tooth enamel biogeographic studies. Anatomy, Duke University Medical Cen- samples, and in some cases from bone. It ter. seems clear, however, that the observed Ontogeny, life history, and maternal isotopic and perhaps trace element fidel- reproductive strategies in baboons. The fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheiro- ity exists in spite of crystallographic galeus medius) is unusual among pri- changes accumulated during the course of S.R. Leigh, R.M. Bernstein. Dept. of An- mates in storing large amounts of fat in fossilisation. Using examples drawn from thropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. its tail prior to hibernation (Hladik et al., the sites of Makapansgat and 1980). In doing so, this lemur augments Swartkrans, I suggest that this apparent Optimal foraging analyses of wild ba- its body mass by more than 50%. This contradiction is likely related to the na- boons (Papio) suggest that foraging profi- seasonal increase in mass provides a ture of fossilisation processes occurring in ciency early in the juvenile period is inex- unique opportunity to examine relation- karstic sites. Under these conditions, tricably tied to lifetime reproductive suc- ships between body mass variation and alkalinity and high calcium concentra- cess. Links between morphological devel- locomotor forces. As body mass increases, tions may buffer early chemical changes opment and acquisition of foraging skills it is expected that the limbs will be sub- and favour processes in which the chemi- may be important components of baboon jected to greater forces during quadru- cal signals are 'locked in' rather than life histories. Therefore, the present pedal walking. Since most of the weight changed through exchange or recrystalli- analysis conducts ontogenetic compara- gain is caudal to the pelvic girdle, it is sation or other mechanisms. tive analyses of baboons and other papi- also expected that the weight borne by the onin primates in order to evaluate corre- hindlimbs will be greater than that of the Ecogeography of primates in Guyana: lations between behavioral and morph o- forelimbs as body mass increases. Species -area relationships and ecological development. To test this hypothesis, we recorded logical specialization. Analyses investigate brain, dental, and substrate reaction forces on four adults of somatic development in baboons and C. medius walking quadrupedally on a 28- S.M. Lehman. Dept. of Anthropology, other papionins. Data are derived from mm pole attached to a force platform. University of Toronto. museum specimens and measurements of Peak vertical substrate reaction forces

captive specimens, focusing on compari- (Vpk) were analyzed using Peak Motus Compared to our understanding of pri- sons between Papio and Cercocebus atys 2000 and compared for a range of body mate social systems and diet, we know (sooty mangabeys). These data are sub- masses (180 g to 300 g) representing dif- relatively little about the ecological bio- jected to a variety of regression analyses. ferent stages of tail fatness. Forelimb and geography of primates. The effects of Brain development in papionins is hindlimb Vpk were positively correlated area and ecological specialization on spe- highly variable. Baboons reach relatively with body mass (P < 0.001), with cies richness are an integral part of bio- large adult brain sizes, but show high hindlimbs Vpk always higher than for e- geographic studies. It has been suggested fetal brain growth rates, and appear to limb Vpk. Also, the rate at which Vpk in- that species that exploit a wide range of cease brain growth very early in the post- creased relative to body mass was signifi- resources (generalists) are locally common natal period. Other papionins may devote cantly higher for the hindlimb than the and widely distributed whereas species substantial portions of the postnatal de- forelimb (P < 0.05). These relationships that exploit a narrow range of resources velopmental period to brain growth. between seasonal variation in body mass (specialists) have a limited distribution Comparisons of dental and somatic devel- and locomotor forces may explain the and are locally uncommon. To test this opment show distinctions in patterns of unusual variation in long bone strength hypothesis, I used data from 2108 km of maturation among taxa. Comparative parameters observed in cheirogaleids primate surveys conducted from 1994- analyses suggest that early brain growth AAPA Abstracts 139

compared to other prosimians (Demes and index shows that attrition rates are sig- males scent-mark to advertise their pres- Jungers, 1993). nificantly higher in the Wadi Makoch ence and mark their resources. Males Supported by NSF BCS-9904401. sample for the nonparametric Kolm o- could be divided into 2 groups (clean gorov-Smirnov test (p<0.05). Using the chests, stained chests). Clean-chested Comparative energetics of human nonparametric one-way Kruskal-Wallis males use scent-marks as between group and primate locomotion. test, no significant differences have been communication to advertise their pres- observed between the groups in the slope ence, whereas stained-chested males use W.R. Leonard, M.L. Robertson. Dept. of of the occlusal plane, suggesting similar scent-marks as a form of olfactory mate Anthropology, Northwestern University. chewing patterns. guarding. Scent-marking cannot be a Archaeological evidence points to sub- service that males provide to females There continues to be much discussion sistence based on mixed farming in both because overmarking limits female com- about the potential importance of energet- populations and does not indicate any munication rather than adding to the ics to the evolution of human and primate major adaptational differences between overall number of scent-marks. Scent- locom otion. Human bipedal walking is these geographical regions at that time. mark behavior is a crucial aspect of the relatively economical compared to the The increased dental attrition recorded mating conflict and for understanding locomotor costs for other animals of the for Wadi Makoch may have been caused intersexual relationships in sifaka. same size, whereas human running ap- by still unknown dietary differences, but pears to be relatively energetically expen- is more likely due to the arid and sandy Quantitative analysis of femoral neck sive. Based on re-analyses of data pr e- environmental conditions of the Judean shape and loading environment in sented by CR Taylor and colleagues, this desert. This hypothesis is supported by robust australopithecines. paper examines the relative locomotor recent epidemiological studies carried out economy of human bipedal walking and in Israel on living populations of known K. Lewton1, G.G. Eck2, P.A Kramer2. quadrupedal movement of non-human age which showed that despite similar 1Arizona State University, 2University of primates in comparison to other animals. dietary patterns attrition rates in Bedou- Washington. These analyses show that non-human ins from the Negev were significantly primate species, as a group, expend rela- higher than those of farmers dwelling in Robust australopithecines (Australo- tively more energy for movement than an non-desert areas. This study stresses the pithecus robustus and A. boisei) have been “average” animal of the same size. Of the importance of non-dietary factors in in- characterized as having anteroposterior- 8 primate species that have been studied, terpreting the significance of attrition ally compressed femoral necks when com- 7 have locomotor energy costs higher than scores, as well as the importance of as- pared to primates in general, and to other expected for an average animal of the signing population specific attrition scores hominids in particular. The degree of this same size, with the mean residual from for age assessment in adults. anteroposterior compression, however, the overall regression being between has never been quantified. To remedy +0.60 to +0.80 standard deviation (SD) Sex differences in scent-marking in this deficit, we determined the cross- units (P < 0.05). In contrast, human bi- sifaka: Mating conflict or males ser- sectional aspect ratios of the femoral pedal walking is relatively economical, vices? necks of fossil hominids, as well as those falling 1.4 SD units below the overall of eight extant human femora. Cross- regression. Non-human primates thus R.J. Lewis. Dept. of Biological Anthropol- sectional properties (such as area moment expend more energy on locomotion than ogy and Anatomy, Duke University. of inertia) are also evaluated and used an average animal, whereas human walk- with estimates of body mass in order to ing is quite economical. Differences in Male and female interests can either be examine the loading environments to ecology and body composition between in conflict or serve as a basis for ex- which these hominids were exposed. primates and other mammals are exam- change. Communication is thus an im- Cross-sectional properties can inform ined as potential correlates of the differ- portant aspect of intersexual relation- about the loading environment that the ences in energy costs of locomotion. ships. White sifaka (Propithecus ver- individual experienced, as well as the reauxi verreauxi), like many prosimians, typical environment seen by the species, Regional variation in dental attrition use chemical signals as one form of com- because bones respond to applied load (by rates of Chalcolithic populations in munication. The goals of this study were increasing bone concentration in areas of Israel. to determine (1) if males and females high load) and are shaped through natu- exhibit differences in their scent-marking ral selection. Our data show two trends N. Lev-Tov, P. Smith. Laboratory of Bio- behavior and (2) if scent-marking is an in hominid evolution: substantial anter o- Anthropology and Ancient DNA, Faculty example of mating conflict or cooperation. posterior compression of the femoral neck of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, All-occurrence of scent-marks, scent-mark and less intense loading environments in Jerusalem. context, and scent-mark style were col- the robust australopithecine lineage, and lected on 23 sifaka in the Kirindy Forest limited anteroposterior compression of the In this study we compare dental wear of western Madagascar for 7 months (Sep- femoral neck and more intense loading rate and pattern between two Chalcolithic tember 2001-March 2002). Scent-mark environments in A. afarensis and Homo. samples in Israel, one from the Judean rates were collected using continuous The results may indicate that the mor- desert (Wadi Makoch) and the other from focal animal sampling from November phology of the robust australopithecine the northern Galilee (Peqi’in). Dental 2000-March 2002. Home range data were femoral neck is a character with func- wear is scored for mandibular molars collected using monthly censuses and tional significance, and that additional using scales devised by Scott (1979), and instantaneous focal sampling throughout study of the proximal femur of robust standardized for age in each sample sepa- the 17 months. Socioecological pressures australopithecines is necessary to under- rately using subadult specimens in whom seem to have shaped scent-marking in stand the locomotor behavior of these age could be assessed from tooth devel- sifaka: the sexes exhibited significantly species. opment and eruption. The dental wear different scent-marking behavior. Fe- 140 AAPA Abstracts

Comparing Neanderthal and modern years were examined (plus 1918 and H-M. Lin, A.C. Stone. Dept. of Anthropol- human long bone loading history 1996). The frequency of the use of the ogy, University of New Mexico. from cross-sectional geometry. race concept by 50 percent or more of articles per year declined in three periods: In the South Pacific, modern popula- D.E. Lieberman1, J.D. Polk1, B. Demes2. 1918-1931: 88%; 1933-1963: 63%; 1965- tions are culturally, linguistically, and 1Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 1996: 24%. Also compared were the num- biologically variable. Many attribute this 2Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, SUNY at ber of papers using race as a percent of to the fact that more than one migration Stony Brook. the number of members in the American occurred during the colonization of Oce- Association of Physical Anthropology, ania. Archaeological, linguistic, morph o- We evaluate here efforts to compare indicating an even sharper decline. The logical, and molecular evidence have been archaic and modern human limb loading social and scientific context as well as used to suggest that Austronesian- from long bone cross sections. Recent alternative interpretations are discussed. speaking peoples originated from either studies find that cross sectional proper- Southeast Asian Islands, including Tai- ties (I, J, Z) calculated from second mo- Human social issues, disease, and wan, or further east; however, the ances- ments of area (SMA) are similar in Nean- sympatric apes in the Central African tral homeland of Austronesian-speaking derthals and early modern humans when Republic. populations still remains unknown. adjusted for body mass and limb length, To address this question, we are exam- but differ in cross-sectional shape (e.g., A.A. Lilly. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund In- ining ancient DNA (aDNA), specifically

Ix/Iy). These results suggest the two taxa ternational, Kigali, Rwanda. the 9 base-pair deletion and the Hae III had similar magnitudes but different restriction site of mitochondrial DNA, patterns of locomotor loading. Such in- The Central African Republic is a cou n- from skeletal remains from the prehis- terpretations, however, assume that long try of 3.5 million people in an area of toric Taiwanese archaeological site, San- bones are deformed like long, straight 650,00 square kilometers, making it one Pao-Chu (SPC), dated to the Late Neo- beams in pure bending, with neutral axes of the least populated countries in Africa. lithic period (2,500-3,000 BP). The SPC (NA) that run through the cross-sectional However, the fragmentation of the popu- site was chosen because it has a large area centroids. We test this assumption lation and the underdevelopment of the skeletal sample and it dates approx i- experimentally using exercised sheep infrastructure have led to isolated pockets mately to the time of the initial coloniza- with rosette strain gauges mounted at of dense human habitation and lack of tion of Oceania. three locations around the midshaft of the basic medical care. In 1997, a project was Preliminary results have been obtained tibia and metatarsal. Calculation of nor- started in the southwest region of the from nine human skeletal samples. Of mal strain distributions at the midshaft country to monitor intestinal parasites in nine samples tested for the 9-bp deletion, indicate that the NA does not run through the great apes and the local people. The seven (77.8%) amplified successfully and the area centroid, largely because of the southwest region includes part of the none has the deletion. Of four individuals combined effects of bending and compres- Dzanga-Ndoki National Park and the tested for the Hae III site, two were suc- sion. In addition, orientation of the cen- Dzanga-Sangha Reserve. Around the cessfully amplified and neither has the troidal axes around which maximum Reserve are several villages comprised of restriction site. This preliminary exami-

SMAs (Imax) are calculated are unrelated Bantu agriculturalists and Ba’Aka nation of remains from the archaeological to the planes in which the bones bend. hunter -gatherers and a logging conces- site of SPC suggests that DNA preserva- Because SMAs are fourth-power func- sion. Unemployment, malnutrition and tion is sufficient to conduct a larger aDNA tions, cross-sectional properties that as- disease, especially for the Ba’Aka, are analysis. The results of this research will sume the NA runs through the area cen- common. The Ba’Aka and Bantu villages considerably enhance the body of knowl- troid yield substantial errors in magni- are frequented by gorillas and chimpan- edge regarding the peopling of Oceania. tude (up to 100%) compared to cross- zees foraging for fruit and other commodi- It can also offer information to evaluate sectional properties calculated around ties. Data collected during the project the SPC within-site social organizations. experimentally-determined NAs. The suggest that the Ba’Aka are carrying Moreover, it may contribute data to esti- polar moment of area, J, is least subject to higher prevalences of intestinal parasite mate the population structure during the error. Applying these analyses to the species than the Bantu; gorillas and initial population expansion. hominid fossil record indicates that SMAs chimpanzees living deep within the neither support nor refute the hypothesis Dzanga-Ndoki National Park are carrying 3D data acquisition using Tuned- that Neanderthals and early modern hu- lower prevalences of intestinal parasite Aperture Computed Tomography, mans had different magnitudes or pat- species than the groups living in prox- TACT(r). terns of loading. imity to the human villages; and around one village in particular, gorillas, chim- N.I. Linnenbrügger1, D.E. Slice2, R. Web- Declining fitness of race in the panzees and Ba’Aka are infected with a ber 3. 1School of Computer Science, Aachen American Journal of Physical An- protozoal parasite in the invasive stage. University of Technology, Köln, Germany, thropology: 1918-1996. Potential reasons for these differences 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, will be discussed, as well as possible solu- Wake Forest University School of Medi- L. Lieberman. Central Michigan Univer- tions to the problems of: 1) cross- cine and University of Vienna, Institute sity. transmission of pathogens between hu- for Anthropology, 3Wake Forest Univer- mans and apes; and 2) lack of health care sity School of Medicine. Fitness, defined as the frequency of in local people living in proximity to en- papers using the race concept in succes- dangered species of apes. Tuned-aperture computed tomography, sive years of the American Journal of TACT(r), is a method for extracting 3D Physical Anthropology (AJPA), declines Ancient DNA study of the San-Pao- information from sets of 2D images. De- from 1918 to 1996. Criteria developed by Chu site, Tainan, Taiwan. veloped originally for use in radiographic Cartmill were modified and odd number imaging, TACT uses known geometric AAPA Abstracts 141

relationships between fiducial points in compared. Small differences were noted with consistent methods across homi- each image to co-register images to a in deciduous teeth, with some variation noids, results from morphological data are common view and synthesizes a stack of apparent in permanent teeth. Direct inconsistent with levels of differentiation slices that individually approximate a vestigation of ethnic differences between indicated by genetics. narrow focal plane at specific levels in the groups for permanent teeth was available Funded by the National Science Fou n- imaged volume. In practice, one can re- from six studies of clinical emergence and dation and ASU. cord x and y coordinates from the imaging five of tooth formation. Children of Afri- plane to which images are co-registered can ancestry were 3 to 6 months advanced Analysis of DNA sequences under and the z coordinate from the height in emergence. Root formation of late form- unequal evolutionary rates. above the plane at which a feature of ing teeth appears to differ relative to interest comes into focus in the synthe- other teeth between groups. This review J.C. Long1, K. Hunley1, R.A. Kittles2. sized slices. When applied to optical im- highlights the gaps in knowledge and 1University of Michigan, 2Howard Univer- ages, the method could be a flexible and suggests areas of future research. sity. cost-effective tool for 3D digitizing. Such a system would address many of Morphological differentiation among Genetic diversity is measurable by the the shortcomings associated with dedi- great ape subspecies, as indicated by probability that two randomly chosen cated 3D digitizing hardware. For in- geometric morphometric analysis of copies of a locus will differ, and the num- stance, TACT resolution is limited only by temporal bones. ber of nucleotide differences between the optical imaging system and the im- them. Many simple statistics for measur- ages provide an archive that admits fu- C.A. Lockwood1,2, W.H. Kimbel1,2, J.M. ing genetic diversity, such as Fst, are of ture data collection without access to the Lynch3. 1Institute of Human Origins, limited value because: (1) they confound original specimens. This poster provides a 2Dept. of Anthropology, 3Barrett Honors demographic and mutational processes by more detailed explanation of the geometry College, Arizona State University. ignoring the total number of mutational and mathematics underlying the tech- differences between two sequences, and nique and preliminary tests using skulls In recent years, systematic diversity (2) they are biased by invalid assump- of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicu- among great apes has been investigated tions, such as all populations have the laris ). The results show the precision of primarily from a genetic perspective, the same effective size and are evolutionarily landmarks digitized in 3D using TACT main conclusion being that subspecies independent. Following the work of Ex- are comparable to data collected by tradi- differentiation is pronounced. In some coffier (Genetics, 131:479) and Urbanek tional methods. With further develop- cases, these conclusions are consistent (MBE, 13: 943), this paper provides a ment, TACT-based software could provide with observed morph ological differences, linear statistical model and estimation a viable alternative to hardware solutions while in others, genetically distinct popu- procedure that unifies the probability that for 3D data acquisition and extend the lations do not appear to exhibit substan- two copies of the locus will differ with the opportunities for 3D morphometric analy- tial morphological differences. To evalu- number of differences between them. It sis to many more students and research- ate the fit between patterns of morph o- allows for differences in effective size and ers. logical and genetic differentiation, and to hierarchical structure. provide analogues for evaluating varia- The method is demonstrated by per- Worldwide variation in tooth formation in fossil hominoid samples, we stud- forming an analysis to reveal the relative tion and eruption. ied 3D landmark data from temporal importance of population hierarchy, un- bones of all commonly recognized great equal effective population sizes, and mu- H.M. Liversidge. Queen Mary’s School of ape subspecies. Principal components tational differences. A sample (N=1676) Medicine and Dentistry, University of analyses were conducted on residuals of mtDNA D-loop sequences drawn from London. from generalized procrustes analysis of 21 populations with worldwide distribu- The aim of this study was to review landmark data. These principal compo- tion was used. First, each morph was published reports of tooth formation and nents were subsequently examined by the treated as a unique allele and standard F- eruption (excluding M3). The criteria for use of canonical variates and cluster statistics were computed. This failed for inclusion was the use of cumulative sta- analyses. Males and females were stud- all population structure models because tistical methods. For clinical emergence ied separately, because of shape dimor- mtDNA morphs are too variable within this consisted of 27 studies of deciduous phism in most groups. groups to reveal patterns of variation teeth and 75 of permanent teeth. Com- Results for either sex reveal levels of between groups. Next, analyses were parisons were made between regions: differentiation among great ape popula- conducted by incorporating the number of Europe and descendants, Africa and de- tions that correlate closely with genetic nucleotide differences separating mtDNA scendants, Asia and the Americas, Indo- distances and allow near-perfect dis- morphs. These analyses demonstrate Mediterranean and Australia/ Pacific crimination of subspecies. The degree of important variability both within and Islanders. All results of deciduous teeth difference between gorilla and orangutan between groups. However, very different were less variable than permanent teeth. subspecies is similar to or greater than patterns of population relationships The median timing of emergence showed the difference between chimpanzees and emerge by making different assumptions some variation between groups, with a bonobos, a finding which contributes to about effective sizes within and between few outliers for individual teeth but no evidence that Gorilla and Pongo contain groups. clear pattern between regions. The timing multiple species. Differences among of alveolar eruption of permanent teeth chimpanzee subspecies are less pr o- Early Homo remains from Georgia from three studies was compared. Data nounced, with Pan troglodytes verus rep- (Southern Caucasus). from longitudinal studies were similar resenting the most distinct group. This and earlier than the cross-sectional study. study highlights the power of geometric D. Lordkipanidze. Georgian State Mu- Tooth formation data from two deciduous morphometrics in species-level taxonomy. seum,Tbilisi. and seven permanent tooth reports were Moreover, it shows that, when studied 142 AAPA Abstracts

The site of Dmanisi (Southern Cauca- served copulations and their patterns of Dental morphometrics of Early Holo- sus, Republic of Georgia) brings new ev i- aggression towards females. A majority cene India: A comparison of Indus dence and opportunities to address sev- of the males do not leave this population and Ganga Valley samples. eral critical questions concerning the at subadulthood resulting in a high num- earliest human dispersal out of Africa. ber of subadult and adult males (cur- J.R. Lukacs. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- The paleontological, archeological, geo- rently exceeding 15% of the overall popu- versity of Oregon. chronological, and paleomagnetic data lation) and increasing the frequency of from Dmanisi all indicate a Pleistocene male-male fighting. Adult males do shift The Indo-Gangetic Plains of India pr o- age of about 1.7 –1.8 MYA. The skeletal to neighboring groups, possibly to in- vide two early-mid Holocene samples: remains from Dmanisi thus represent the crease their access to contested resources Neolithic Mehrgarh (MR3; Baluchistan, oldest undisputed hominid remains ou t- and/or decrease their level of received Pakistan) in the Indus Valley and the side Africa. The hominid sample is now aggression. Over the five years, two adult Mesolithic Lake Culture Complex (MLC; represented by six cranial remains: three males died from wounds received and one Uttar Pradesh, India) in the middle crania and three mandibles, accompanied died of old age. Two adult males success- Ganga Valley. Dental morphometrics of by rich faunal collections and simple fully immigrated into the population and MLC sites (Damdama, Mahadaha, and stone tools. The Dmanisi fossils are the at least five emigrated out of it. Our Sarai Nahar Rai) in the middle Ganga first hominid remains discovered outside results suggest that in a semi-free rang- Valley are described and compared with of Africa to show clear affinities to Early ing environment male macaques exploit contemporary samples from Mehrgarh to African Homo rather than to a typical both philopatric and dispersal strategies answer questions of population affinity Asian H. erectus or any of the Lower- with varied results. and biological adaptation. Do the Indus Middle Pleistocene European hominids. and Ganga Valley samples represent dis- This is the first good physical evidence we Iron deficiency in infancy: A rhesus tinct genetically isolated populations? In have for the identity of the initial emi- monkey model. dental dimensions, how do the MR3 and grants out of Africa as the Dmanisi finds MLC samples compare? Standardized expand the known geographic range of G.R. Lubach, C.L. Coe. Harlow Primate protocols for classification of dental mor- the African Homo. Thus morphologically Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, phology (Turner et al., 1991) and meas- and temporally these fossils seem to rep- Madison. urement of crown dimensions (Kieser, resent the “missing link” connecting Af- 1990) were followed. rica, Asia and Europe. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is still Tooth size at Mehrgarh (1258 mm2) is prevalent in many parts of the world. IDA significantly smaller than the value for Dispersal, philopatry, or something continues to affect 30-80% of infants Lake Culture sites (1365 mm2). The 107 in-between? Behavioral patterns and worldwide, and low iron levels have been mm2 difference (7.8%) in total crown area dominance relationships amongst linked to cognitive deficits in older chil- may reflect differences in subsistence and males in a population of semi-free dren. Previously, we undertook a pilot food preparation. Apportionment of dental ranging long-tailed macaques study with iron-deficient and iron- size across tooth classes reveals greater (Macaca fascicularis) at the Padang- sufficient multiparous rhesus females, to differences in anterior (I-C) than in poste- tegal Wanara Wana in Ubud, Bali, investigate a possible cause of IDA. Iron rior teeth (P3-M3). MR3 and MLC sam- Indonesia. status was monitored during pregnancy, ples displayed similar trait frequencies and through 6 months post-partum. The for UI1 and UI2 shoveling, UI2 interrup- J.E. Loudon 1, A. Fuentes2, A. Rompis3. infants were similarly assessed through 6 tion groove, LM2 Y-groove pattern, acces- 1Balinese Macaque Project, Yakima, WA, months of age. At parturition, serum sory cusps (C-6, C-7), yet exhibited differ- 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of ferritin levels were significantly different ences in UC shovel, UM1 Carabelli trait, Notre Dame, 3Universitas Udayana Pri- (p<.0005) in the two groups of females. UM1 and UM2 metaconule, UI and UC mate Research Center, Bali, Indonesia. Infant ferritin and iron levels reflected tuberculum dentale, and five cusped LM2. the iron status of the mother. In addition, These variations are compared with other Over a five year period we recorded the hematologic status of the infants over prehistoric South Asian samples. adult male social behavior, dominance the first 6 months of life was a reflection hierarchies, and dispersal patterns in a of their iron stores at birth. We have “Give us your tired, your poor”… An population of semi-free ranging long- continued this research with additional analysis of postmortem medical use tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at subjects, some of which are now over one- of underprivileged individuals from the Padangtegal Wanara Wana in Ubud, year of age, and we have increased our the Albany County Almshouse skel e- Bali, Indonesia. This population is com- experimental measures. Birth ferritin tal sample. prised of three multi-male, multi-female levels are still predictive of the later iron groups and ranged in size from 139 to 204 status of the infants. Iron levels in cer e- K.A. Lusignan. Dept. of Anthropology, individuals. A total of 21 adult males brospinal fluid, as well as serum levels, University at Albany, SUNY. were followed, with eight being present, may reflect brain development. We are as adults, for the entire study period. assessing the infants with auditory and During the 19th and early 20th centu- Here we present data on adult male somatosensory evoked potentials to test ries, the socially and economically under- behavior patterns and the relationship this. In addition, cognitive studies are privileged were used as a source of medi- between status and access to contested being conducted when the infants are cal research. Preliminary skeletal analy- resources and activity budgets. Adult between 8-18 months of age. Our pr e- sis from the Albany Almshouse Cemetery males varied in their behavior patterns liminary data are in line with our prev i- (1826-1926) yielded individuals with cra- and activity budgets across rank and ous pilot study. The new measures, nial and post-cranial cutmarks, indicating group and within rank and group. Adult though still being analyzed, are providing postmortem medical procedures per- males in high rank positions also varied additional evidence for the importance of formed by the Albany Medical College. significantly in their frequencies of ob- adequate iron in early infancy. Analysis of these individuals provides AAPA Abstracts 143

insight into the social and historical as- Australopithecus or Paranthropus: in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste. pects of medical research on the poor. “Robust” australopithecine taxonomy Data were collected on two habituated Thirty-five individuals possess cuts based on analogy. groups of capuchins using a variety of either to the crania and/or to long bones, sampling techniques. comprising 7.7% of observable individuals P.J. Macaluso Jr. Dept. of Anthropology, Small juveniles spent approximately (n= 451). The skeletal ages of individuals Binghamton University (SUNY). 35% percent of their overall time budgets range from 8 to 50+ with the majority engaged in social behaviors, and up to (31.4%) in the 30-40 age group. Many The taxonomic status of the “robust” 10% of their time interacting with certain cranial cuts are V-shaped, running verti- australopithecines is evaluated by use of adult males. The vast majority of interac- cally through the frontal bone and hori- analogy. It is argued that if the australo- tions I observed between juveniles and zontally through the occipital, indicating pithecines, treated collectively, do not adult males were affiliative in nature. removal of the brain during autopsy. display significantly greater variation in The clear trend that emerges from the Postcranial cuts are varied, but commonly their morphology and ecology than do small juvenile and adult male interac- consist of transverse cuts of long bones. species of Macaca, then generic separa- tions in this study is that juveniles favor Twenty-three of 239 males (9.6%) exhibit tion of the “robust” species as Paranthro- strongly the alpha male. Within the adult postmortem cutmarks, with three having pus is not warranted. male age-class, several behaviors (e.g. cutmarks only on the postcrania. Ten of To assess the morphological variation “watch”) were performed exclusively to- 155 females (6.4%) exhibit cranial cut- present within the australopithecines and wards the alpha male when small juve- marks, three of which have additional modern monkeys, 24 craniofacial, man- niles were the actors during focal sam- cuts on the postcranial skeleton. dibular, and dental measurements are pling. Although the alpha male received Archaeological, osteological, and his- compared using Coefficient of Variation the majority of attention overall, individ- torical analyses on the individuals pr o- (CV). A Wilcoxon two-sample test is used ual variation will also be discussed. Play, vide an understanding of medical autopsy in conjunction with the CV to determine although infrequent, did occur between practices of that time. Analyses of sex, whether the null hypothesis is supported. juveniles and adult males, and agonistic age, ancestry, trauma, and infection on The modified FK weighted scores test is behaviors were rare. the skeletal collection yield no significant applied to determine if the degree of rela- Small juvenile interactions with adult reasons as to why these individuals were tive variation in the fossils is significantly males occur across a wide variety of con- chosen for autopsy, aside from the fact greater than in the reference sample. texts. Possible reasons for social interac- that they were from the underprivileged Also, four observations describing the tions between these age/sex classes are class of Albany County. formation of cranial suprastructures are plural and not mutually exclusive. Kin recorded and compared for the two sam- recognition is not the primary reason for Whose life is it anyway? Maternal ples. In addition to the morphological such interactions (i.e. genetic relatedness, investment and life history strategies evidence, the ecological or dietary adapta- or lack of it, doesn’t adequately explain in baboons. tions of both genera are considered. The certain behavioral patterns). Adult male evidence for “robust” australopithecine dominance rank and the juvenile’s famili- J.E. Lycett. L. Barrett. University of Liv- monophyly, which is essential for generic arity with certain adult males are likely erpool. status, is reviewed as well. more important in the formation of such Results of the Wilcoxon test, FK test, relationships. Female mammals’ reproductive success cranial observations, and ecological com- is primarily constrained by access to re- parison fail to reject the null hypothesis Patterns of surface shape in great sources, which limits both the rate at and demonstrate that modern species of ape endocasts. which offspring can be produced and the macaques, which are not separated at the level of investment that can be provided generic level, display an equivalent if not C.E. MacLeod1, D. Falk2, H. Mohlberg3, & to each offspring. Consequently, any fac- greater degree of variation in their mor- K. Zilles3.3 1Dept. of Anthropology, Lan- tors that affect a female’s ability to ac- phology and ecology than do the australo- gara College, Vancouver, BC, Canada, quire resources will have very significant pithecines. Therefore, even though mo- 2Florida State University, effects on reproductive behaviour and life nophyly is the most likely explanation for 3Forschungszentrum, Juelich, Germany. history patterns. In group-living species, the morphological similarities of the “ro- like baboons, these differences in female bust” species, generic distinction is not Virtual endocasts of chimpanzees, life-history parameters and maternal warranted. The “robust” australopith- orangutans, and bonobos were deformed investment patterns have significant ecines should be classified as Australo- to the shape of a modern human reference knock-on effects for the future dem o- pithecus. endocast and to each other using a voxel- graphic structure of the group and, conse- based elastic deformation procedure in quently, on the social behaviour dis- Behavioral interactions between order to detect the regions of the surface played. Here, we use data on maternal small juvenile and adult male white- of the brain that differ most markedly. investment levels, inter-birth intervals faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus All endocast volumes were normalized, and mortality rates from two populations capucinus) in Costa Rica. and regions that had to contract or ex- of chacma baboons living under different pand to meet the reference shape were ecological conditions to demonstrate how K.C. MacKinnon. Saint Louis University. colour coded according to degree of voxel differences in individual female quality deformation. can produce different life-history patterns This paper examines the broad range of In all three great ape endocasts the and behaviour even though females may behavioral interactions between small orbito-frontal cortex and the ventral para- be following the same overall reproductive juvenile and adult male white-faced capu- floccular lobules (tonsils) of the cerebel- strategy. chin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in lum must increase in order to conform to northwestern Costa Rica. I report find- the modern human shape. However, each ings from an 11-month study carried out genus shows a particular pattern when 144 AAPA Abstracts

warped to the modern human endocast, cultural study of dispensations indicates A.L. Magennis. Colorado State Univer- implying that each genus underwent its that the laws were not applied uniformly. sity. own brain shape evolution, however mod- The data indicate that local cultural prac- est. Chimpanzees and orangutans are tices were more important impacting the Burials exhumed from an unmarked more similarly patterned to each other in mating patterns of different Catholic cemetery associated with the original their warps to humans than are bonobos, communities than were Church- Colorado Insane Asylum in Pueblo, Colo- which appear closest to the modern hu- proclaimed guidelines. rado offer the opportunity to integrate man pattern of the three. The right and information from historic documents, left hemispheres show differences when Assessment of trabecular architec- archaeology, and human skeletal re- the three genera are compared, with parture parameters of catarrhine cal- mains. Excavations in 1992 yielded 135 ticular asymmetries in ape surface canei using high resolution microCT burials and an additional 31 individuals shapes. scanning. were exhumed in 2000. Historical docu- These deformation fields add the di- ments and artifacts indicate that the mension of shape to the understanding of M. Maga, J. Kappelman. Dept. of Anthro- cemetery was used between 1879 and the evolution of the brain in the great ape pology, University of Texas at Austin. 1898. Records summarizing patient ad- genera. The regions of the cerebral and mission -discharge beginning in 1879 until cerebellar surface that diverge from the Trabecular bone is a complex biomate- 1900 paint a picture of those nearly 2000 reference endocast can be correlated with rial with substantial heterogeneity and people sent to the asylum. Residents functional anatomical maps, and hy- anisotropy, consisting of meshwork of were poor laborers, miners, farmers, and potheses generated as to the meaning of plate and rodlike structures. Current domestics, a third of whom were immi- these shape differences. understanding suggests that the align- grants. They were admitted to the insti- ment of these structures and biomechani- tution for a variety of conditions includ- Across-cultural study of consanguin- cal parameters conform to the principle ing, among others, intemperance, ill- ity dispensations. mechanical loads acting on the bone. health, syphilis, or epilepsy. Most of the Coupled with ever -increasing computing listed conditions would leave no skeletal L. Madrigal1, B. Ware2. 1Anthropology power, microCT scanning provides new trace. Department, University of South Florida, opportunities for investigating trabecular Admission records indicate that 506 indi- 2Tampa Bay History Center. Tampa, FL. architecture. Here we undertake a com- viduals died at the institution during this parison of trabecular architecture in the time period. The majority were male The institution of marriage is of interest calcaneus of male chimpanzees, humans, (78%), although this is only a slightly to biological anthropology in part because and baboons, which encompass a wide higher proportion than the male popula- it impacts population structure. Marriage range of locomotor behaviors. tion of Colorado in 1880. The dem o- rules to some extent determine the level During the scanning process, the cal- graphic profile of the cemetery sample of consanguinity in a population. Here we caneus is coronally scanned along the mirrors that of the admission records test the hypothesis that Catholic Church long axis. From each specimen at least except in the oldest two decades. Of the marriage rules were applied in the same one stack of images from the posterior 31 individuals exhumed in 2000, contrary manner cross-culturally. We compare aspect of the calcaneus is acquired. In to expectation there is little skeletal ev i- data collected in Escazú Costa Rica (1800- addition to posterior, central and anterior dence of infectious disease, although 1900) with data from other Catholic com- stacks are also extracted from selected Hoffman (2002) reports that nearly 50% munities. The sources are not cited for specimens. The scans produced images of the sample excavated in 1992 does. space considerations. with slice thickness of 0.050 millimeters, Traumatic injury is common, and at least In Escazú from 1800-1900 there were and inline pixel resolution of 0.043 milli- partly reflects a life of manual labor as 2,071 marriages, of which 227 included a meters. The number of serial slices in well as interpersonal violence; however, dispensation. Of these 227, 167 involve each stack varied from 150 to 171 depen d- harsh treatment while at the asylum consanguinity. The types of consanguine- ing upon the length of the specimen. A cannot be ruled out. ous dispensations were: C12= 1 (0.006%), region of interest (ROI) is defined by C22=35 (0.21%), C33=34 (0.2%), C44=31 maximizing the overlapping area on the Ancient antibiotics: Tetracycline in (0.185%), C23=34 (0.2%) and C34=32 most posterior and anterior slice in each human and animal bone from the (0.19). Excluding the one uncle-niece stack. Then, the exact ROI is extracted Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. (C12) mating, the frequencies of the other from each slice within the stack. For the types were not significantly different, chimpanzee, these settings produced tra- C. Maggiano1, T. Dupras1, J. Biggerstaff2. indicating that no specific type of cousin becular cubes between 7.5-8.5 mm in each 1Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, marriage was favored (X2 =0.32, df=4, dimension. Trabecular parameters are University of Central Florida, 2Dept. of p>0.05). These frequencies contrast calculated using in-house software Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Uni- sharply with those reported in Spain dur- (QUANT3D), which employed the star versity of Central Florida. ing roughly the same time period, which volume distribution method. Initial re- show a preference for first cousin mating sults of the posterior cubes from male Two decades ago, archaeologists in and a high frequency of niece-niece mar- chimpanzees indicate a strong primary northern Africa discovered evidence that riages (Calderón et al., 1993). Other re- material orientation of trabeculae from an antibiotic was somehow included in ports in Spain collected during the latter superoposterior to inferoanterior direc- diet of ancient peoples, possibly affecting part of this time frame demonstrate a tion. the health of the population. In addition clear preference for C12 marriages. to its bacteriocidal effects, Tetracycline Although the Catholic Church passed Lives forgotten; Morbidity and mor- has been shown to limit bone formation in laws governing the levels of consanguinity tality in the late 19th Century Colo- utero and to hinder bone resorption due to that required dispensations, and these rado Insane Asylum. degenerative disease. It has been pr o- laws were in principle universal, a cross- posed that the causative organisms are AAPA Abstracts 145

Streptomyces aureofaciens – ubiquitous, larger dental pits, based on length (t (60) Fossil fauna recovered from Plio- mold-like, tetracycline-producing bacteria = -2.032, p = 0.047) and width (t (60) = - Pleistocene deposits at Gatarakwa in that could have contaminated grain prod- 2.502, p = 0.016) measurements. Dis- Central Kenya during preliminary field- ucts. Upon consumption, tetracyclines criminant Function Analyses also indi- work in April, 1999, offers new evidence are incorporated into developing or re- cated that the increasing frequency and of highland occupation by species like modeling bone, remaining observable width of dental scratches were important Nyanzachoerus cf. kanamensis, Gom- under ultraviolet light for thousands of predictors (x2 (2) = 14.577, p = 0.001) for photheriidae (Anancus cf. kenyensis), years. The current project focuses on an separating the agriculturalists from the Rhinocerotidae (Diceros sp.), Denotherii- analysis of Roman-Egyptian human and hunter -gatherers. The dental microwear dae, Rodentia, Bovidae and other large animal bone from the Dakhleh Oasis in pattern may indicate that the develop- mammals. The short tooth crowns in the southwestern Egypt (100 BC to AD 360). ment from a hunter-gatherer to an agri- proboscideans and Diceros sp. indicate Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy cultural economy in northern Israel led to browsing as opposed to grazing as a way (CLSM) is used to determine whether or an increase in the consumption of hard of food procurement. These findings sug- not the population had been exposed to and abrasive objects, and a corresponding gest the presence of a closed habitat, but antibiotics, taking advantage of tetracy- decrease in the amount of tooth-on-tooth not necessarily dense forest. cline’s natural fluorescent properties. wear during mastication. Gatarakwa is also the first site with Results show that, though nearly every Research supported by the A.H.R.B palaeontological significance known be- sample shows fluorescence as described in (UK). yond the Rift valley system in East Africa. previous literature, bone from the Kellis 1 The presence of Nyanzachoerus sp. sug- and Kellis 2 cemeteries display distinct Test for selection on ALDH2 in a gests an age of 5-2 Ma for the site. This differences in florescent patterning. Southeast Asian population. time period is known for high diversity of CLSM allows three-dimensional viewing hominin genera and species. Sites of simi- and high-resolution imaging, lending new R.S. Malhi, K. Hunley, J.C. Long. Univer- lar age range are known at Lothagam, perspective and increased accuracy to the sity of Michigan Medical School. Kanapoi, Chemeron, Kanam East, Omo analysis. Further investigation could Mursi Formation, lower Kaiso Formation have implications that overflow their Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and and the Sangatole Formation of the Mid- archaeological context due to the multiple alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) are dle Awash. All these sites have yielded uses modern science has for tetracycline involved in multiple biochemical path- similar fauna including hominids. therapy. ways in humans, including ethanol and The vertebrate fauna from Gatarakwa Vitamin A metabolism pathways. The points to a highland adaptation for sev- Human dental microwear during the ALDH2*2 and ADH1B*2 alleles are ab- eral species. This evidence makes it development from a hunter -gatherer sent in most populations worldwide, ex- likely that hominins were also present to an agricultural economy in north- cept in Southeast Asia, where populations outside the Rift valley and may support ern Israel. exhibit these alleles in unusually high the fact that our ancestors, like other frequencies (>30%). Researchers have mammals forming the Gatarakwa ecosys- P. Mahoney. Research School for Archaeo- attributed this peculiar distribution of tem were also closed habitat - highland logical Science, University of Sheffield. ADH1B and ALDH2 alleles to the effects dwellers, and not restricted to the more of natural selection. However, the effect open African savanna. A recently discov- The hunter -gatherer to agricultural of these alleles in the ethanol metabolism ered hominid from Chad, Central Africa development in Israel is arguably one of pathway is an increase in the concentra- also supports an extra-Rift valley distri- the most heavily researched prehistoric tion of acetaldehyde in the body. This bution of hominins. Gatarakwa may soon dietary developments. Yet, much that is increased concentration of acetaldehyde offer the first test for determining known about human diet during this pe- produces an unpleasant physiological whether hominins lived beyond the rift riod has been inferred from archaeological response and the evolutionary benefit of system even in East Africa. and environmental evidence. This ev i- such a high concentration of this chemical dence has provided insights into the food in the body is unclear. In addition, Geometric morphometric analysis of that was available for consumption, and ALDH2*2 is a recessive allele and should the human burial series from Niah not necessarily the food that was con- only be under selective pressure in the Cave, Borneo. sumed. This study investigated the mi- homozygous state. In this study, we se- croscopic marks on prehistoric human quenced over 5000 base pairs of ALDH1 J. Manser. New York University, NYCEP. dental tissue from the period of dietary and ALDH2 of two chimpanzees. We development. These marks are a perma- apply the HKA test for natural selection The human burial series from the West nent record of what was actually con- to Japanese and chimpanzee ALDH1 and Mouth of Niah Cave provides a unique sumed. Microwear analyses may ther e- ALDH2 DNA sequence data since these osteological sample from island Southeast fore contribute further insights into the sequences diverged from a common ances- Asia that spans the terminal Pleistocene dietary adaptation. tor. and Holocene. The biological affinities of Dental microwear was investigated in the inhabitants of this cave site, as well hunter -gatherers (Natufian) and agricul- The palaeoenvironmental interpreta- as of neighboring sites, are important to turalists (Neolithic) from northern Israel. tion of the Plio-Pleistocene locality of understanding later stage modern human Dental microwear at the bottom of facet 9 Gatarakwa, Central Kenya, and its population movements through this re- on the 2nd mandibular molar (n=60) was significance in understanding homi- gion. This study looks at coordinate data examined with a Scanning Electron Mi- nid evolution. in 3-dimensions for 350 specimens from croscope at 500x. Several significant 20 recent Asian, Melanesian, Micron e- differences were detected between the N.R. Malit1, J.E. Ngalla2. 1Dept. of An- sian, Polynesian and Australian human hunter -gatherers and agriculturalists. thropology, SUNY Binghamton, 2Kenya populations and the West Mouth sample. The agriculturalists had significantly National Museums. The 15 landmarks examined are standard 146 AAPA Abstracts

anatomical landmarks of the human cra- interpretation. The data demonstrate versity of St. Andrews, Scotland. Expand- nium with the facial skeleton as the pri- that a distinction between African speci- ing and extending it is an ongoing project. mary focus. Specimens are superimposed mens often assigned to H. ergaster and using the generalized least-squares Pro- the Far Eastern representatives of H. Stunting and obesity in the land of crustes superimposition method in GRF- erectus does exist and that Middle Pleis- plenty: Children of migrant laborers ND. The aligned coordinates of the re- tocene hominines from Africa and Europe, in New Jersey. sulting superimposed specimens are ana- attributed by some scholars to H. heidel- lyzed by PCA and ANOVA with Bon- bergensis, are actually phenetically dis- D.L. Markowitz1, S. Cosminsky2. ferroni adjustment in order to look at tinct. The possibility of the existence of 1Geography/Anthropology Dept., Rowan group distinctiveness. more than one single Afro-European spe- University, Preliminary results indicate group dif- cies during the late Early and Middle 2Sociology/Anthropology/Criminal Justice ferences on PC1 between the West Mouth Pleistocene is also considered. Dept., Rutgers University. sample and Australian, Polynesian, and Melanesian samples. The landmarks The Chimpanzee Cultures Website: To examine growth and development in loading most heavily on this PC are re- An online tool for research and a cross-sectional sample of the children of lated to facial height and upper facial teaching. migrant Hispanic agricultural workers in projection. The West Mouth sample is southern New Jersey (N=525), their separated from the Australian and Tas- L.F. Marchant1, W.C. McGrew1,2, S. BMI/age and height/age were compared manian groups on PC2 and PC3 with Smart3, A. Whiten 3. 1Dept. of Anthropol- with the NHANES III. Of the sample, lateral mid-facial and medial mid-facial ogy, Miami University, 2Dept. of Zoology, 10.5% were found to be stunted, 22.8% landmarks affecting each PC respectively. Miami University, 3Scottish Primate Re- were classified as “at risk of overweight,” These results demonstrate how geometric search Group, School of Psychology, Uni- and 22.3% were overweight, exceeding morphometrics can be used effectively to versity of St. Andrews. the frequency of these conditions both in study incomplete specimens, to describe the general U.S. population and among craniofacial shape variation and to ex- In 1999, Whiten et al. (Nature, 399:682- settled Mexican Americans. Additionally, plore the biological affinities of an ar- 685) published comparative analyses of 65 boys were more likely than girls to be chaeological sample with recent human behavioral patterns from 7 African field stunted (p>C2=0.0205). Over the 6 years populations. sites. In 2001, this database was ex- of the study, prevalence of overweight has panded to 9 sites (Whiten et al., Behav- climbed steadily while stunting has re- Europeans at the Early-to-Middle iour, 138: 1481-1516). These are the pu b- mained stubbornly the same. Pleistocene boundary and their role lished products of a research collabor a- Interviews with 52 families revealed in assembling a scenario for the sub- tion, the Chimpanzee Cultures Project, that children left alone or cared for by sequent evolution of the Genus which includes all long-term studies of several different caregivers were more Homo. wild chimpanzees as studied by African, likely to be stunted (p> C2=0.0004). Years American, Asian and European research- of mother’s education (mean: 6.0) were G. Manzi, Dept. of Animal and Human ers. However, the first stage of CCP negatively correlated with their children’s Biology, University of Rome “La Sapi- barely scratches the surface, as data from BMI for age (p<0.0380). The following enza” and Italian Institute of Human over 40 sites have been collected and need were positively correlated with the likeli- Paleontology, Italy. collating. The Chimpanzee Cultures Web- hood of overweight: having a private site seeks to do so, and is the only such kitchen (p>C2=0.0306), being cared for in The boundary between the Early and resource based on primary data. It can be parents’ absence by a grandmother or Middle Pleistocene (ca. 780 kyr BP) found at http://culture.st-and.ac.uk/chimp aunt (p> C2=0.0032) and eating at fast represents a frontier in contemporary The collective database is huge, and so food restaurants (p>C2 = 0.0049). As fami- paleoanthropology. Events and processes affords the potential for ethnological lies migrated less frequently and children occurring at this time are crucial to our analyses. Key aspects of the Chimpanzee were enrolled in local schools, high-calorie understanding of the evolution of the Cultures Website include: Behavior Defi- additions to the diet occurred while cook- genus Homo throughout the remainder of nition and Distribution (presence and ing methods remained the same, dramati- the Pleistocene. At the present time, the extent, by pattern and site), Behavior cally increasing children’s daily caloric best candidates to represent the ancestry Example (text and images, from drawings intake. Of note was that children between of subsequent Europeans, and more un- to video, by pattern). Study Location and the ages of 2 and 6 were as likely as older expectedly for Africans as well, are found Site Report (biotic and abiotic characteris- children to be overweight. This informa- in Europe. This fossil evidence derives tics, by site), Graphical Display (dynami- tion has important implications for from both Italy (Ceprano) and Spain cally generated matrix display of pattern planned interventions to diminish the (Atapuerca TD6), and independent distribution across Africa), Active Cross- incidence of overweight and the subse- sources of data indicate affinities between Referencing (interconnections of all the quent risk for type 2 diabetes. this material and African Middle Pleisto- above). Thus, one can ask such questions cene hominines and/or modern humans as: In how many populations is leaf Dynamics of molecular genetic diver- (H. sapiens). It is puzzling that these grooming customary? Are West African sity in the East Midlands, England. affinities are closer to the Africans than to chimpanzees culturally different from European Middle-to-Late Pleistocene East African ones? Is the grooming-hand- S. S. Mastana1, P.S.Gill2 D. Lee1, A. Pa- hominines (including Neandertals). This clasp similar in details of performance at cynko1, P.P Singh3, M. Singh3. paper examines cranial data from a Mahale (Tanzania) versus Kibale 1Loughborough University, UK, 2 Anthro- phenetic perspective with the goals of (Uganda)? pology /Neph&Hyp., University of Utah, recognizing affinities between individual The Chimpanzee Cultures Website is 3Human Biology Punjabi University, Pa- specimens, identifying possible taxa, and supported by the Centre for Social Learn- tiala, India. reconstructing a plausible phylogenetic ing and Cognitive Evolution at the Uni- AAPA Abstracts 147

The main aims of this investigation galagids) and monophyletic, wherein vir- shape. Function II further differentiates were 1) to establish the database of tually all conceivable relationships among the larger subspecies from each other by minisatellites (VNTRs), AMP-FLPs, mi- taxa have been proposed at some time. In variables related to facial height, facial crosatellites (STRs), and ALU Insertion this study we analyzed a morphological width, and neurocranial shape. Cluster allele frequencies for the region ally sub- data set comprising 36 craniodental char- analysis illustrates that C. c. capucinus divided populations of the East Midlands, acters as well as a molecular data set and C. c. imitator join first, and then are which is suitable for population genetic, made up of approximately 400 bp of the joined by C. c. limitaneus. forensic and evolutionary studies, 2) to 12S rRNA gene, both separately and in All analyses indicate C. c. limitaneus is determine if Caucasian sub-population combination. Outgroups included two the morphologically distinct subspecies. heterogeneity exits within the UK, galago taxa and the gray mouse lemur. These results, in conjunction with molecu- Europe and World Caucasian and racial The morphological and molecular data lar and morphological analyses examining populations at these loci and 3), whether sets proved to be significantly incompati- the relationships both within and among settlement patterns of various continental ble, indicating that combining them was the other capuchin species, support the European populations have left any de- not advisable. When they were combined, proposal that the taxonomy of Cebus tectable genetic imprints in the East Mid- they yielded the same result as did the needs some revision. lands populations. Blood samples (500) molecular data alone. Using the com- were collected at random from the five bined or molecular data sets and includ- Inventorying through the lens: an- Caucasian East Midlands populations. ing all three outgroups, the African thropometric photography and racial We analysed the variation at MS1, MS31, lorises grouped with the galagos to the categorization before 1945. YNH24, MS43a, D1S80, APO-B, and exclusion of the Asian lorises. When only YNZ22 VNTR; HUMTHO1, F13A, F13B, the galagos were included, a lorisid clade K. Matiasek, M. Teschler-Nicola. Natural FES, LPL, VWA31 and CSF1PO STRs; was recovered. The morphological result History Museum Vienna / Dept. of Ar- and ACE, TPA, D1, PV92, APO and was not dependent on the inclusion of chaeological Biology and Anthropology, FXIIIB Alu polymorphisms. While overall exclusion of the mouse lemurs. The cra- Vienna. pattern of allelic distribution was within niodental data defied geography, grouping the ranges observed for Caucasian popu- the robust-bodied and gracile forms, with Like anthropology, photography had its lations. We observed significant inter- the gracile clade being the first to diverge. origins in the 1840s and was viewed as a population/regional differences for a Both the molecular and morphological medium that would enable nature to number of loci. As expected the heterozy- data sets apparently contain high levels of spontaneously represent itself in a faith- gosity levels for DNA loci were much homoplasy. Molecular clock estimates ful record of reality. Thus suspending the higher than conventional blood groups. deriving from the 12S data set were com- responsibilities of an authorship, the ph o-

The FST values were also higher for DNA pletely at odds with the fossil record. tograph itself was readily taken as ev i- loci (average 0.018) compared to blood dence. With examples from the photo- groups and serum proteins (0.005). The Subspecific variation in the crania of graphic collection of the Vienna Natural implications of observed genetic diversity Cebus capucinus. History Museum, the practice of photog- in urban contemporary populations are raphy in physical anthropology is pr e- evaluated in the light of settlement pat- T.J. Masterson. School of Health Sciences, sented from its advent up to 1945, leading terns of continental European popula- Central Michigan University. from a merely optical to a complete and tions. The Caucasian population heter o- possibly remote numerical assessment of geneity and its implications for disease This study examines subspecific cranial individuals. Successive anthropometric mapping, forensic and paternity investi- variation among adult specimens of three image types - from the well known stan- gations are presented to evaluate the subspecies of Cebus capucinus (C. c. dardized mug shots to stereophotogram- effectiveness of these markers. capucinus [n = 43], C. c. imitator [n = 62], metric images that allow for a reconstruc- and C. c. limitaneus [n = 34]) by means of tion of three-dimensional body measures An analysis of lorisid phylogeny us- ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison from the flat photographic surface – are ing morphological and molecular test, multivariate discriminant function discussed in the light of racist construc- data. analysis, and multivariate cluster analy- tions and popularizations of the time. sis. The analyses are based on 23 linear They are perceived to consequently illus- J.C. Masters1, N. Anthony2, A. Mitchell3. variables. Each specimen is assigned to a trate a growing quest for a numerical 1Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, subspecies according to its location of inventory of man according to precon- Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa, capture. Geographic ranges for each sub- ceived racial categories: in a circular ar- 2School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, species are taken from published sources. gument, previously selected human types P.O. Box 915, Cardiff CF 10 3TL, United Results of the Analyses of Variance were photographed and then scientifically Kingdom, 3School of Molecular and Cellu- indicate that the subspecies are signifi- verified with these very images. This lar Biosciences, University of Natal - cantly different in nine of the 23 cranial trend of inventorying through the lens as Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, variables. Tukey's tests indicate that C. reflected in increasing numbers of both Scottsville, 3209, South Africa. c. capucinus and C. c. imitator possess photometric techniques applied and ac- significantly larger dental arcades, in- tual photographs taken, is shown to have Evolutionary relationships among the creased facial width, and larger cranial culminated in unequaled excesses of an- four or five lorisid genera have been the size compared to C. c. limitaneus. Dis- thropometric photography during the subject of contention for some time. The criminant function I differentiates the Nazi era. family has alternately been described as subspecies by overall size. The larger Financial support was kindly granted polyphyletic (whereby the African and subspecies (C. c. capucinus and C. c. im i- through the Referat Wissenschafts- und Asian taxa developed their shared spe- tator) are differentiated from C. c. limit a- Forschungsförderung des Magistrats der cializations independently, and one or neus by variables related to the dental Stadt Wien. other group is more closely related to the arcade, facial width, and neurocranial 148 AAPA Abstracts

The commensal model continues - groups occurred during the hour preced- ments have been taken for each crown, Rattus exulans mtDNA variation ing arrival at the sleep trees, and on a allowing the reconstruction of specific from Island Southeast Asia through further four occasions fusion occurred at profiles of variation. In both samples, to Polynesia – Implications for hu- the sleep trees. Whinnies were recorded remarkable differences have been de- man settlement of the Pacific. before and after arrival at the sleep trees. tected within each tooth-type and among Although subgroup size correlates signifi- all the teeth. In both upper and lower E.A. Matisoo-Smith, J.H. Robins. Dept. of cantly with whinny rate per hour both dentitions, thickening is shown in mesio- Anthropology, University of Auckland and before and after arrival at the sleep trees, distal direction. Fatina and SCR show Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecol- the correlation disappears when we con- overlapping patterns of size variation. No ogy and Evolution. trol for the number of individuals present. statistically significant sex -related differ- When comparing whinny rates per indi- ence has been recorded. Previously, we reported on mtDNA vidual per hour at the sleep trees we find variation in Rattus exulans in Polynesia that rates are higher when fusion occurs Longitudinal assessment of quantita- as a model for human settlement of the than when it does not. This difference is tive and qualitative age-related Polynesian triangle (Matisoo-Smith 1995, especially significant when only cases in change in the dental pulp chamber: 2001). Briefly, we have argued that be- which fusion occurred at the sleep trees An expert system approach using cause R. exulans were transported by are included in the analysis. This result dental radiographs. prehistoric peoples as they settled the may suggest that spider monkeys use Pacific, they are an ideal proxy for human whinnies to assess who is present at the D.G. McBride. Dept. of Anthropology, mobility in the region. We have extended sleep trees after a fusion event when ap- University of Missouri. the geographical range of our sampling proaching darkness reduces visibility. and now present evidence for mtDNA Pulp chamber measurements taken variation in R. exulans populations from Topographic variation of the enamel from dental radiographs provide a useful Island Southeast Asia and across the thickness in the human anterior de- and non-invasive alternative method of Pacific. Approximately 400 bp of mito- ciduous dentition. individual age estimation. To address chondrial DNA from over 100 archaeo- questions of individual variation, longitu- logical and museum bone samples of R. A. Mazurier 1, L. Bondioli2, S. Caropreso2, dinal data were collected from archival exulans was analysed. Our results R. Macchiarelli1. 1Lab. Géobiol., Biochron. dental radiographs of 37 individuals for strongly suggest: 1) multiple introduc- & Paléont. Hum., Univ. Poitiers, France; three time periods each, spanning an tions of R. exulans to the Pacific and 2) a 2Sect. Anthrop., Nat. Prehist. Ethnogr. “L. average of 13 years. Wallacea origin for Remote Oceanic R. Pigorini” Museum, Rome, Italy. Results show significant (p£0.05) cross- exulans populations. These results are sectional correlations of pulp dimensions discussed in relation to human molecular, Dental enamel thickness (ET) variation with age that range between -0.3 and -0.7. linguistic and archaeological evidence is used as an indicator of dietary habits The longitudinal data reveal considerable from the Pacific and suggest a complex and of (paleo)environmental/ecolological individual variation in pulp chamber size history for the human origins, settlement, conditions, and, more importantly, as a and rate of change. While pulp chamber and interaction in the Pacific. diagnostic feature for taxonomic assess- dimensions do tend to decrease for most ment and phylogenetic reconstructions. individuals, the most substantial age- Vocal communication at sleep trees Nonetheless, a purely qualitative esti- associated differences are qualitative, by spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi mate is usually given (“thin” vs. “thick” resulting from increased radiodensity, frontatus). enamel; at times, the term “intermediate” which obscures and reshapes the pulp is used). This typology bases on observa- chamber as secondary or tertiary dentin K. Matthews, F. Aureli. Biological and tions realized on permanent teeth only is formed. Size differences may be mini- Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores (mostly, on cheek teeth). In addition, cur- mal ov er time and measurements are University. rently available reference database for ET difficult to standardize due to image in primates (including Homo) do not in- variation in tooth size and shape from Spider monkey “whinny” vocalisations corporate information on the cross- different equipment and radiographers’ have acoustic characteristics enabling sectional (and sex-related) variation. techniques. By incorporating expert individual recognition. Whinnies are Our research project is designed to knowledge of qualitative criteria into a usually associated with coordination of quantitatively detail (by means of histo- deductive, rule-based system, some of subgroup movement and feeding episodes. logical and/or noninvasive µCTs tech- these problems are mitigated. The social organisation of spider mon- niques) patterns of ET topographic varia- Results of quantitative analyses are keys, whereby the community fissions tion of the primary and secondary denti- compared with a qualitatively phrased into smaller subgroups which may fuse tion in a number of extant primate taxa. expert system model using deductive de- together at feeding and sleep tree sites, The human anterior deciduous dentition cision rules. The process of building an means that individual recognition has been preliminarily considered. Two expert system resulted in a usable quali- through whinnies may be important in dental samples have been investigated: (i) tative method for age estimation and assessing who is present in the subgroup, the Fatina collection, representing 104 suggested how changes in the quantita- particularly after fission or fusion occurs. healthy individuals known for sex and tive models might lead to improved esti- This study was undertaken on a large clinical history, and (ii) the SCR collec- mation with them. community of spider monkeys in Santa tion, representing 94 individuals from the Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Sub- Imperial Roman cemetery of Isola Sacra. groups were followed from first encounter Distinctly for the labial and the lingual during the day until nightfall on 32 occa- aspect, ET has been measured on histo- sions between May 2000 and December logical sections at intervals of 200 µmm 2001. On four occasions fusion of sub- along the DEJ. On average, 80 measure- AAPA Abstracts 149

Phylogenetic implications of Miocene these divergent behaviors. In proportions Variability in bone microstructural hominoid premaxilla length, with gorillas have less massive forelimbs than features is examined on ground plane special reference to Dryopithecus orangutans, more massive hindlimbs, and parallel 100µm thick thin-sections from from Rudabánya. more overall muscle tissue. the midshaft femur. Primary bone tissue We analyzed the muscle weights of 6 types, vascularization, and growth arrest M.L. McCrossin. New Mexico State Uni- adult male gorillas and orangutans. We lines (LAGs) reflect variability in skeletal versity. found that within the limbs, proportions growth rates as individuals pass from one of flexor to extensor muscle groups show growth stage to the next, and as they Few craniodental complexes are as di- similarities in the distal segments (for e- experience seasonal variability in their agnostic of hominoid phylogenetic affinity arm, leg) between the two species, but environments. Features are assessed as the subnasal pattern. Fossil great apes marked differences in proximal ones with respect to traditional developmental are identified by their possession of a true (arm, thigh). Muscle proportions in the measures (known body weight, bone incisive canal. Cohesiveness of the Asian arm and thigh segments differ in opposite length, dental eruption) and mechanically great ape clade derives largely from the directions. In gorillas, the elbow flexors relevant changes in bone microstructure constricted incisive canal and convex na- (biceps brachii, brachialis ) are 1.4 times (e.g., remodeling). soalveolar clivus shared by Sivapithecus heavier than the extensors (triceps), Results show marked variability in and Pongo. The earliest evidence of an whereas in orangutans, the ratio is 2.2. bone microstructure through ontogeny. African subnasal pattern is seen in a In the thigh, gorilla quadriceps femoris Highly vascular less-ordered tissues are middle Miocene kenyapithecine, Na- are 1.6 times heavier than the ham- characteristic of infants, while increased cholapithecus (Kunimatsu et al. 1999). strings, whereas in orangutans, they are proportions of less vascular lamellar tis- Several authorities have noted that only 0.7 times as heavy. sues reflect declining growth rates during Dryopithecus from Rudabánya (RUD 12) Elbow and knee extensors are more later ontogeny. Sex and species differ- retains a primitive subnasal pattern, prominent in gorillas. In orangutans, ences are interpreted within the context unlike that of living great apes. In fact, heavier flexors in the arm segment facili- of life history. LAGs are observed in most the posterior pole of the subnasal alveolar tate elbow flexion and rotation in manipu- taxa, although individual and sex differ- process manifestly does not overlap the lating branches to forge pathways ences suggest their interpretation is more anterior pole of the palatal process of the through the trees. Orangutan hamstrings complicated than commonly proposed. maxilla. Nevertheless, Kordos and Begun function as knee rotators in clambering Our observations indicate the subtlety (2002) claim that Rudabánya Dryopith- through the canopy. In contrast, gorilla with which bone histology records aspects ecus exhibits an African subnasal pattern. hamstrings function for propulsion on the of primate life history. Despite the patent absence of an incisive ground. In limb proportions, relative mass Supported by NSF (DDIG#0202823; canal in RUD 12, they report that an in- segments, and in proportions of muscle NYCEP) and the Leakey Foundation. dex of premaxilla length demonstrates a groups, gorillas vary in the direction of Gorilla-like condition for Dryopithecus. humans, reflecting the terrestrial compo- Variations in stable isotope composi- I indexed premaxilla length (alveolare nent of their locomotion as well as their tion in Propithecus diadema ed- to incisive foramen) against the square closer shared ancestry with humans. wardsi from disturbed and undis- root of first maxillary molar area for a turbed rainforest habitats in large sample of anthropoids. Contrary to Bone histological features in catar- Ranomafana National Park, Mada- Kordos and Begun (2002), substantial rhines: implications for life history gascar. overlap exists between extant lesser apes and paleobiology. (especially H. syndactylus) and great apes E.M. McGee, S.E. Vaughn. Dept. of Bio- in terms of premaxilla length. Moreover, S.C. McFarlin1, C.J. Terranova2, A.L. logical Sciences, San Jose State Univer- many ceboids and cercopithecoids exhibit Zihlman3, T.G. Bromage1. 1Anthropology, sity. so-called “great ape” index values. Deter- CUNY Graduate Center; New York Con- mination of this index for Rudabánya sortium in Evolutionary Primatology, Approximately one third of Ranomafana Dryopithecus is rendered pr oblematic by 2Dept. of Anatomy, Howard University, National Park’s 43,000 hectares was af- the incomplete preservation of RUD 12 3Anthropology, University of California, fected in varying degrees by selective and RUD 44/47. The best estimate of Santa Cruz. logging prior to the formation of the park premaxilla length for Rudabánya in 1991. Habitat disturbance is predicted Dryopithecus falls within the ranges of Examinations of hard tissue “signa- to affect patterns of energy flow through ceboids, cercopithecoids, and hominoids. tures” of catarrhine life history have trophic levels in rainforest ecosystems as largely focused on anatomical features a result of changes to the canopy and Locomotor adaptations reflected in formed during dental development. How- understory vegetation. We compared the contrasting muscle proportions in ever, investigations of other vertebrates carbon stable isotope (d13C) and nitrogen gorillas and orangutans. demonstrate that microscopic features in stable isotope (d15N) composition of Pro- bone constitute another important source pithecus diadema edwardsi from three R.K. McFarland1, A.L. Zihlman2. 1Cabrillo of information about life history and or- sites in Ranomafana that vary in extent College, 2University of California Santa ganismal (paleo)biology. Here we exam- of human disturbance: 1) Talatakely Cruz. ine the potential of bone for such studies (heavily logged in the 1980s); 2) Vatoh a- in catarrhines, including ontogenetic se- ranana (selectively logged in 1986 and Gorillas and orangutans are the largest- ries of Cercopithecus aethiops, Hylobates 1987); and 3) Valohoaka (undisturbed). In bodied primates. Both live in forests, but lar, and Pan troglodytes. If confidence in 2000 and 2001, P. diadema edwardsi were gorillas frequently travel and feed on the this approach is established, we can build captured from these sites and hair sam- ground, whereas orangutans confine their upon the current foundation for extending ples collected and processed to determine activities almost exclusively to the trees. investigations to fossils. d13C and d15N values. Average d13C in P. The anatomy of the two species reflects diadema edwardsi from Talatakely was – 150 AAPA Abstracts

23.4‰ (± 0.2); average d15N was 2.1‰ (± errors may only partially account for the R. P. Mensforth. Dept. of Anthropology, 0.2). Average d13C in P. diadema ed- poor fit between jaw form and diet among Cleveland State University. wardsi from Vatoharanana was –23‰ (± closely related species. Supported by NSF 0.1); average d15N was 3.3‰ (± 0.2). Av- BCS-0096037. The skeletal deformities of rickets and erage d13C in P. diadema edwardsi from osteomalacia are regarded by many to be Valohoaka was –22.8‰ (± 0.2); average Geometric morphometric analysis of artifacts of the historic past where the d15N was 3.2‰ (± 0.2). P. diadema ed- palatal morphology in extant and condition was considered more a source of wardsi samples from Talatakely are the fossil hominoids. morbidity than mortality. However, re- least enriched in d13C, with Vatoharanana cent immunochemical and oncological and Valohoaka successively more en- K.P. McNulty. City University of New research has shown that vitamin D3 is riched. Vatoharanana and Valohoaka are York, New York Consortium in Evolu- manufactured in a variety of tissues both d15N enriched relative to Talatakely. tionary Primatology, American Museum where it plays important roles in modu- Previous analysis suggested approx i- of Natural History, Division of Paleontol- lating immune response, cell differentia- mately a half step difference in trophic ogy. tion, and cell proliferation. Specifically, level between P. diadema edwardsi from studies show that impaired immune re- Talatakely and Vatoharanana. New data Much of the known diversity among sponse and elevated risk of serious infec- from Valohoaka indicate an even greater Miocene hominoids is preserved in cra- tions (principally of the lower respiratory difference in trophic level between dis- niodental specimens, including a number tract) are an early consequence of hypov i- turbed and undisturbed rainforest habi- of palates, hemi-palates, and tooth row taminosis D in infants and young chil- tat. fragments. Here I present results of a dren. And, while hypovitaminosis D in three-dimensional geometric morphomet- adults is now recognized as a dominant Strain gradients in the colobine ric analysis of hominoid palatal morphol- and costly source of musculoskeletal mandibular symphysis: Assessment ogy. Included in the analysis were speci- morbidity among the elderly, recent re- of the reliability of morphometric mens from all extant hominoid genera search has established links between proxies for biomechanical strength plus several non -hominoid “outgroups.” vitamin D deficiency, cancer risk, and and rigidity. The fossil sample comprised three well- cancer survival rates. In particular, stud- preserved palatal specimens attributed to ies have linked vitamin D status to W.S. McGraw1, J.L. Hotzman2, D.J. Proconsul (KNM-RU 16000), Morotopith- breast, prostate, colon and rectal cancers. Daegling DJ2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, ecus (UMP 62-11), and Sivapithecus (GSP This study examines associations be- Ohio State University, 2Dept. of Anthro- 15000). The aim of this study was twofold: tween vitamin D deficiency and cause of pology, University of Florida. 1) to quantify and analyze patterns of death among Hamann-Todd Collection variation among extant hominoids, and 2) infants, children, and adults. The find- Comparative study of primate jaw mor- to use these extant models to determine ings are concordant with relationships phology has long sought to relate the me- the affinities of fossil specimens. described above where 83% of HTC chil- chanical demands of diet to size and The results generally confirm three dren with rickets died of an infection (72% shape of the mandible. In sympatric colo- distinct groups of anthropoids: ceboids, respiratory tract, and 61% bronchopneu- bines, predicted differences in mandibular cercopithecoids, and hominoids. Among monia/pneumonia specifically). Among morphology attributable to diet are not the apes, Gorilla and Hylobates are adults, 75% with breast/ovarian cancer observed; structurally weaker symphyses closely linked and cluster with the more and 67% with prostate cancer displayed are associated with more obdurate diets generalized cercopithecoids. Pan and one or more osteomalacia pseudofractures (Int. J. Primatol. 22:1033-1055), a finding Pongo are separately distinct from these, at time of death. No individuals with which undermines the premise of a func- with some similar features. Homo is colon/rectal cancers exhibited bony ev i- tional linkage between diet and morphol- nearly equidistant from Hylobates and dence of hypovitaminosis D. Results are ogy. Pan. The fossil specimens are all con- discussed as they relate to cultural behav- One explanation for these results is that firmed as hominoids, with Proconsul and iors which give rise to the nutrient defi- linear measures used to infer biomechani- Morotopithecus closest to Hylobates, while ciency in modern human societies. cal performance poorly estimate bone Sivapithecus is most similar to Pongo, but behavior. We explore this possibility by only slightly farther from Hylobates. Pro- Late Holocene archaeological re- comparing predicted levels of strain with jected onto a consensus phylogeny, these mains from chimpanzee and human those observed experimentally in 6 man- results suggest that the overall palatal sites in the rainforest of Côte dibles representing Colobus polykomos morphology of Gorilla is conservative— d’Ivoire. and Procolobus badius under lateral rather than derived—among hominoids. transverse bending loads, the major This generalized pattern is shared by the J. Mercader 1, M. Panger 1, L. Scott- source of masticatory stress in anthropoid early Miocene specimens. The Sivapith- Cummings2, C. Boesch3. 1Dept. of Anthro- symphyses. We treat the mandible as a ecus palate seems derived in the direction pology, George Washington University, curved elliptical beam and also directly of Pongo, but still retains much of the 2Paleo Research Institute, 3Max Planck section specimens to calculate area prop- conservative pattern. Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. erties. This research was partially funded by Our results depict differences in labial NSF grants to NYCEP (DBI 9602234) and We report sequential data obtained and lingual strains that are below the the NYCEP Morphometrics Group (ACI through archaeological excavation show- disparities predicted by mathematical 9982351). ing chimpanzee occupation levels super- formulae for curved beams, and labial imposed on prehistoric human settle- strain gradients vary in both steepness Vitamin D deficiency and mortality: ments in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. and direction. These observations indicate Impaired immune response in infants Archaeological excavation techniques that substantial errors are associated and elevated cancer risk in adults. have recently been used to recov er a with morphometric models, but these chimpanzee record of occupation at a AAPA Abstracts 151

Panda oleosa nut-cracking site known as vault, basioccipital size, chin height, and the larger native towns when the Span- ‘Panda 100'. Here we report the prelimi- dimensions of the primary dentition. Hu- iards arrived in 1516. However, by 1569 nary results of an excavation conducted at merus and femur cortical thicknesses the “town” of Boruca was composed of a Coula edulis chimpanzee nut-cracking from Afalou, Taforalt and Mistihalj (Mon- about 250 individuals. Apparently the site. The Coula site, named ‘Loukoum’, tenegro) show growth disruption relative population remained relatively stable focused on several anvil systems associ- to 20th C. children, indicating nutritional because by 1802 there were about 236 ated with two nearby Coula trees. The and/or disease stress during development. individuals residing in 41 households. By archaeological data retrieved indicate an There are no significant differences in 1883 the households had increased to 60 occupation sequence in which Stone Age strength. This result underscores the along with an increase in population to humans were followed by Iron Age people, difficulty in studying interpopulation 326. Today the area is comprised of three then chimpanzees into the present. The differences among subadults. The plastic main villages, Boruca (about 1,400 in- anthropogenic remains include stone arti- response of growing bones to environ- habitants), Rey Curre (about 400 people), facts, ceramics, iron, and charcoal. The mental perturbation may easily mask and Maiz (about 200 people). Approx i- chimpanzee behavioral remains comprise subtle differences in growth patterns mately 1,500 people live in the country- stone pieces interpreted as fragments of occurring during the evolution of modern side, making the total native population nut-cracking hammers. The evidence humans. of the area about 2,500 individuals. unearthed in the African rainforest dem- Historical records indicate that about onstrates that there is a buried record of Mitochondrial DNA variation in Af- twelve family names were present among chimpanzee nut-cracking activity, and ghanistan. the Boruca for at least two centuries, and that this record is detectable through probably longer. These twelve names conventional archaeological techniques. D.A. Merriwether. Dept. of Anthropology, continue until about the 1970s. Today the Moreover, the data support the need to University of Michigan. number of family names has been reduced look at rainforests as places where new to ten. These findings suggest the possi- clues of human and non-human primate We examined mtDNA D-loop sequence bility of high levels of endogamy and the ancestry could be found. variation in 131unrelated Pashtoon potential for high levels of inbreeding. speaking residents of Gawargin village in Most Boruca have traditionally married Subadult skeletons from the North the Helmand Valley of Southern Afghani- other Boruca, and levirate and sororate African Epipaleolithic: Clues to pat- stan. The samples were collected in 1971 were practiced in the past. Fieldwork terns of growth found in the before the Soviet invasion and occupation, began last summer by colleting extensive subadults from Afalou and Taforalt. the Taliban period of rule, and the US genealogies and tracing as many families invasion of Afghanistan. These villagers back to the 1880s as possible. Families J.D. Merriman. Binghamton University. migrated from Laghman Province East are large and complex entities with ties Afghanistan in the 1950s. This sample extending throughout the community. Cranial and postcranial dimensions represents a unique snapshot in the ge- Temporal changes in family types, compo- were recorded for subadult skeletons from netic history of the Afghan people. We sition, and sizes and other household the North African Epipaleolithic sites of sequenced spanning nts 16000-00430 measures and characteristics will be Afalou and Taforalt in order to compare encompassing HVS1 and HVS2 of the documented and discussed. development in these populations with human mtDNA genome. We observed 59 We also collected blood samples from a that of a modern (16th-17th C. Monten e- haplotypes among the 131 sequences. We few individuals for typing. Markers on the gro) group. There are no complete indi- compared the sequences to various Y chromosome were scored on male sam- viduals; crania and mandibles were aged worldwide populations of mtDNA se- ples in order to determine (1) evidence of according to dental eruption stage, and quences, and found many exact matches admixture with European and/or African postcranial elements were placed in de- with Europe and India, and only a few groups, and to detect how many male velopmental categories based on diaph y- with Asia. We present a Bandelt Median lineages are represented in the commu- seal lengths and state of unfused diaph y- Joining Network to show the relation- nity and if males with the same surname seal articular surfaces. Biplanar radio- ships and distributions of these mito- share identical, or very similar, Y haplo- graphic chondrial lineages and to estimate the types. Preliminary results after scoring views of the humerus and femur were ages of the haplogroups in this popula- seven males from the community for Y taken to assess cortical growth patterns tion. chromosome markers show that there are and load bearing and bending strength as different Y-haplotypes, with at least 3 calculated by Runestad et al (1993: Ra- Preliminary studies of the demogr a- alleles at locus DYS393 and 2 alleles at diographic estimation of long bone cross- phy and genetics of the Boruca of locus DYS392. These results do not sug- sectional geometric properties. Am J. Costa Rica. gest very close relationships and will be Phys. Anth.90:2;207-215). The North Afri- discussed as they relate to the limited can samples are fragmentary but yield J.H. Mielke1, O.E. Quiros2, R.J. Mitchell3. family names shared in the community. interesting hints as to variation in human 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of This research was supported, in part, by a development present just prior to the Kansas, 2Tropical Studies Institute, General Research Fund grant from the onset of the Neolithic in western North Golfito, Costa Rica, 3Dept. of Genetics and University of Kansas. Africa. Of particular interest are size Human Variation, La Trobe University. differences between the North Africans A new technique for reconstructing and the Montenegro group. North African Boruca is an indigenous reservation of the vocal anatomy of fossil humans. adults show a high degree of cranial ro- about 14,000 hectares. It is located in the busticity relative to more modern people, Zona Sur (Southern Zone) of Costa Rica. S.F. Miller1, T.R. Yokley2, S.E. Churchill2, and subadult craniodental dimensions are Historical evidence suggests that the R.G. Franciscus1, J.J. Hublin3, K.L. greater than those of the comparative town of Boruca has been inhabited for at Eaves-Johnson1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, sample, particularly in length of the mid- least 500 years. It was reportedly one of University of Iowa, 2Dept. of Biological 152 AAPA Abstracts

Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke Univer- skeletal sample analyzed. We consider P. Mitteroecker, P. Gunz, M. Bernhard, K. sity, 3Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Uni- here the influence of sample size on the Schaefer. Institute for Anthropology, Uni- versité Bordeaux. recognition of cannibalism using skeletal versity of Vienna, Austria. remains from the site of Navatu, Fiji. Previous reconstructions of fossil hu- This site was initially excavated by E. W. We collected a total of 96 traditional man vocal tract (VT) anatomy have pri- Gifford, and yielded a large sample (2,188 landmarks and semilandmarks on the marily been based on single skeletal indi- analyzed specimens) of human and non- face and cranial base of 268 adult and cators such as basicranial flexion or hyoid human skeletal remains. The subsequent sub-adult crania for a geometric mor- morphology. These studies have produced taphonomic analysis of these remains phometric analysis of five different homi- conflicting results. A few reconstructions provided strong support for the inference noid species—Homo sapiens, Pan panis- have used combinations of indicators to of cannibalism (DeGusta, 1999, AJPA cus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla and predict VT morphology, but these have 110:215). Recently, Clark initiated re- Pongo pygmaeus. employed relatively subjective methods. newed excavations at Navatu, which have The standard relative warp (RW) mor- In an attempt to better understand fossil so far yielded a much smaller skeletal phospace was sheared so that pooled human VT anatomy, we developed a new sample from the same midden. The ta- within-group size allometry, the axis as- predictive technique that uses relation- phonomic analysis of these materials is sumed to express the “common” ontog e- ships between VT landmarks and associ- compared here with the similar analysis netic shape change, lies horizontally. In ated skeletal landmarks of living humans of the Gifford sample to illustrate the the resulting analysis there are differ- as the basis for reconstruction. We be- ways in which sample size and sampling ences in size-adjusted mean forms—these lieve that the use of these landmarks is effects can influence the reconstruction of appear in sheared RW’s 2,3, …—and more likely to produce reliable results prehistoric behaviors, especially cannibal- there are also differences in the within- than any single indicator, and that our ism. taxon ontogenetic trajectories (which ap- method of analyzing relationships be- pear as within-group correlations of RW’s tween skeletal and soft-tissue anatomy is Social and spatial aspects of male that must, per definition, be uncorrelated less subjective than previous techniques. subgrouping in a community of wild in the pool). When visualized, both corre- Using the software package C2000cépha chimpanzees. spond to regionalized shape differences. v.2.1.B, we collected two large sets of The shape differences associated with the landmark data from a sample of human J.C. Mitani, S.J. Amsler. Dept. of Anthro- second sheared RW, which separates clinical CT scans provided by the Clinique pology, University of Michigan. Homo from Pongo and the African apes, Pasteur in Toulouse, France. The first are already manifest in the youngest consisted of skeletal landmarks located on Strong social bonds typically develop forms we have. These ape ontog enies the basicranium, vertebral column, denti- between dyadic pairs of male chimpan- seem parallel, but the vector for H. tion, mandible, nasopharynx, nasal cav- zees. These bonds are manifest in several sapiens is different (P=0.002). Shape fea- ity, and nasal aperture. The second con- contexts, including association, grooming, tures of the third component, which dis- sisted of soft-tissue landmarks located and proximity. Her e we demonstrate that tinguishes among the African apes, de- along the VT. Through the combined use bonds exist at a higher level of organiza- velop during postnatal ontogeny, and thus of generalized procrustes analysis, princi- tion among males living in an extremely express actual divergence of ontogenies. pal component analysis, and multiple large community at Ngogo, Kibale Na- Assuming that Hominoidea is mon o- regression, we derived multiple formulae tional Park, Uganda. An analysis of over phyletic, the average growth trajectory is that allow us to predict the position of 2,500 hours of observation of 35 individu- a reasonable estimate of the ancestral soft-tissue VT landmarks based on asso- als (22 adults, 13 adolescents) rev eals two ontogeny. This trajectory is closest to ciated skeletal landmarks. Preliminary distinct subgroups of male chimpanzees. those observed in our two samples of work indicates that this technique facili- Males that compose each subgroup can be chimps, particularly to that for bonobo. tates a working 3-D approximation of the identified on the basis of their tendency to In the second and third dimensions, fur- supralaryngeal VT from skeletal land- associate in temporary parties. Matrix thermore, the bonobos lie nearly at the marks, and that it holds promise for the permutation tests indicate that subgroup grand mean. We suggest therefore that reconstruction of VT soft-tissue anatomy membership affects patterns of spatial bonobo is a particularly good model spe- in Neandertal and other fossil specimens. proximity and participation in territorial cies for speculations about hominoid an- boundary patrols. Males in each sub- cestral ontogeny. Cannibalism and Sample Size: The group also tend to range in different ar- Research supported by the Austrian New Remains from Navatu, Fiji. eas. Despite this social and spatial segre- Science Foundation Project P14738 and a gation of males, community integrity Ph.D. grant of the University of Vienna. S. Minter 1, D. DeGusta1, G.R. Clark2. appears to remain intact with low levels 1Laboratory for Human Evolutionary of aggression between individuals of dif- Occlusal shape changes with wear: A Studies, University of California, Berke- ferent subgroups. After controlling for comparison of chimpanzee and go- ley, 2Dept. of Archaeology and Natural the effect of association, significantly rilla molars. History, Research School of Pacific and more aggression occurs within compared Asian Studies, Australian National Uni- to between subgroups. We compare our F.M’Kirera1, P.S. Ungar2. 1Environmental versity. findings with those from other study sites Dynamics Program, University of Arkan- and discuss their implications for under- sas, 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of The recognition of cannibalism in the standing the unusual demography of the Arkansas. osteoarchaeological record is an important Ngogo chimpanzee community. component of bioarchaeological research. Tooth shape is often used to infer diets One methodological aspect of such studies Is the bonobo growth trajectory the of fossil primates. Such studies depend that merits attention is the dependency of ancestral one for the Hominoidea? on associations of dental functional mor- these identifications on the size of the phology with diet in extant taxa. This AAPA Abstracts 153

project applied a 3D dental topographic of the investigation is placed on muscles NIH Image indicate there is an apparent approach to the functional analysis of associated with the mentioned activities. difference in the bone strength of indi- variably worn chimpanzee and gorilla Additionally, using straightforward de- viduals whose occupations are “active” teeth. High resolution lower M2 casts of scriptive statistics, comparisons are made (construction and manual labor) and wild-shot Gorilla gorilla gorilla (n = 48) between age groups, as well as males and “sedentary” (office work). and Pan troglodytes troglodytes (n = 56) females. Supported by funds from the University were scanned at 0.025mm resolution in Diverging patterns of habitual activity of New Mexico. 3D using a Surveyor 500 laser scanner in males and females as well as age- (Laser Design, Inc). ArcView 3.2 GIS related differences show that levels of The mineralization, preservation and software (ESRI Corp) was used to model activity, rather than specific activities can sampling of teeth: Strategies to opti- occlusal surfaces, and measure slopes and be traced. However, attachment sites for mise comparative study and mini- angularities of individual cusps. Wear muscles used in more specific (known) mise age-related change for lead and level for each cusp was scored using activities, as archery and kayaking, show strontium analysis. Scott’s (1979) method. Resulting data for no obvious signs to substantiate these each variable were ranked and analyzed activities. Assessment of prehistoric J. Montgomery1, J. Evans2, C.A. Roberts3. using 3-way ANOVAs with species, cusp, physical activity patterns by studying 1Dept. of Archaeological Sciences, Univer- and wear stage as the factors. muscle and ligament attachments as well sity of Bradford, 2NERC Isotope Geo- All three factors showed significant as other traces of activity, can be useful in sciences Laboratory, British Geological differences, and there were no interac- a broad sense to compare levels of activity Survey, 3Dept. of Archaeology, University tions for the slope study. Further, there between different populations and be- of Durham. were significant differences for cusp and tween groups. species but not wear stage for the angu- Increasingly, studies analyse concentra- larity study. Again, there were no signifi- Occupational activity level in relations and isotope ratios of lead and stron- cant interactions. Gorillas had steeper tion to bone strength. tium in archaeological tooth mineral to sloped cusps and more angular surfaces obtain dietary and mobility information. than chimpanzees regardless of wear M. Mondragón, O.M. Pearson. Dept. of Unfortunately, there is little data on the stage. Lingual cusps were significantly Anthropology, University of New Mexico. fundamental behaviour and homogeneity steeper and showed more angularity than of lead and strontium in teeth and how buccal cusps. While slope decreased with This study examines the differences in this impacts on sample selection and wear in both species, differences between torsional second moment of area (J) and preparation. This study uses core enamel taxa did not change through the wear cortical area (CA) of bone in the midshaft and co-genetic primary crown dentine, sequence. Species also differed in angu- of the humerus and femur of individuals neither of which model nor remodel in larity, despite no changes with wear. whose occupations required different lev- vivo, from modern and archaeological These results demonstrate significant els of activity. The sample studied con- teeth to investigate lead and strontium differences between chimpanzees and sists of 28 cadavars (15 females, 13 males) behaviour and so inform future sampling gorillas in the functional morphology of of individuals whose occupations, age, strategies. worn molars analyzed in 3D. stature and weight were known. The Results demonstrate that isotope ratios Supported by the LSB Leakey Founda- physical activities that may have been of modern enamel and co-genetic crown tion. pursued by these individuals outside of dentine remain indicative of childhood their occupations was not known. The origin with no evidence for post-eruptive Tracing prehistoric activities. occupations of the individuals in the sam- uptake. However, resorbing deciduous ple were divided into “active” (construc- roots are dynamic, facilitating lead and P. Molnar. Archaeoosteological Research tion and manual labor) and “sedentary” strontium incorporation and consequently Laboratory, Department of Archaeology. (office work) categories. Sections of the sensitive to post-formation residence Stockholm University. midshaft of the right humerus and femur change. Enamel samples from the same were collected from each individual and tooth, from antimeres and from co-genetic In this study, 41 adult individuals from photographed. The cross-sectional prop- teeth replicate extremely well in modern Ajvide, a Middle Neolithic (2750-2300 erties were calculated with Matt Warfel’s and archaeological teeth. In particular, B.C.) burial ground on the island of Got- moments macro for NIH Image. Values enam el strontium reproducibility can land in the Baltic Sea are analysed. The for CA were standardized for body mass, surpass that of the analytical standard. material culture of the site includes bone and values for J were standardized for Macromorphological tooth preservation arrowheads, fishhooks and harpoons. body mass and stature. is no guide to biogenic strontium or lead Intensive fishing and sealhunting strate- Humeral properties exhibited sex dif- isotope integrity. Mature, but not imma- gies suggest that both archery and the ferences, with males having 64% and 38% ture, enamel is resistant to diagenesis use of boats were every-day events at higher adjusted J and CA, respectively. whether well preserved or not. Dentine is Ajvide. The aim is to verify alleged activi- Among males, the active group (n=4) had highly susceptible to diagenesis irrespec- ties, such as archery and kayaking from significantly stronger humeri with 60% tive of preservation state. Formation, muscle attachment data as well as to and 35% higher adjusted J and CA, re- mineralization and subsequent ante- and investigate details concerning age and spectively. Femoral differences, although post-mortem behaviour of dentine and gender related consequences on skeletal higher in active males, were less pr o- enamel are very different; within each markers associated with physical activity. nounced and non-significant (38% and tissue there exists age and exposure- Altogether 64 muscle and ligament 33% higher adjusted J and CA, respec- dependent changes that, if sampled, may attachment (Musculoskeletal Stress tively). Although the division regarding invalidate comparisons between adults Markers, MSM) sites are scored on 13 levels of activity were relatively crude, and juveniles. Core enamel (all surfaces bone elements using Hawkey & Merbs the results from the calculations done and enamel-dentine-junction removed) (1995) method (with modifications). Focus with Matt Warfel’s moments macro for from the histologically simple tooth wall 154 AAPA Abstracts

of fully mineralised molars is recom- Several researchers have stated that and/or from the Mycenaean civilization mended as the standard archaeological Neandertals show extreme distal forelimb and eastern Europe in the north and sample. shortening relative to proximal limbs northwest. The present study specifically (Holliday 1995, 1997; Trinkaus 1981; and addresses questions about the variability Recent human mental foramen on- Porter 1999). This view of Neandertal in cranial morphology among Cypriot togeny: Its significance for craniofa- “hyperpolar” body proportions has sup- archaeological skeletal series from be- cial growth theory and phylogenetics ported the idea that Neandertals were an tween ca. 2,400-1,000 B.C.E. In contrast of Pleistocene Homo. unlikely candidate for a modern human to traditional uses of indices and strictly ancestor because their proportions were qualitative typological approaches, the S. Moore1, G.D. Richards1,2, M. Olson1. outside the modern human range of present study employs quantitative data 1Dept. of Anatomy, University of the Pa- variation. However, regression equations obtained directly from complete and cific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, derived from a modern human sample can fragmentary cranial samples representing 2Laboratory for Human Evolutionary predict Neandertal long bone lengths with Cypriot skeletal collections from several Studies, University of California, Berke- 95% confidence (Moore 2000). The pur- sites across the island. Up to 65 meas- ley pose of this paper is to test the hypothesis urements were recorded for each cranium that European Neandertals were “hyper- using traditional standards of Martin Mental foramen ontogeny plays a sig- polar” in their limb length proportions. (1956) and Howells (1970). Data on age, nificant role in the delineation of man- Long bone measurements (maximum sex and specific temporal and spatial dibulofacial growth theory. Phenotypic lengths of femur, tibia, humerus and ra- associations were also recorded. Pub- variation in foramen expression also fig- dius), both raw and logged, from samples lished cranial metric data from through- ures in taxonomic-phylogenetic analyses of geographically and climatically wide- out the eastern Mediterranean region of fossil Homo. Whereas the mental fo- spread adult modern humans (N = 939) were also assembled for the purpose of a ramen is considered significant, available and adult Neandertals (N = 5) are used in regional assessment of the relative affilia- ontogenetic studies lack sufficient resolu- bivariate plots of femur/tibia and hume- tion of the Cypriot cranial sample. Both tion. Therefore, we detail foramen ontog- rus/radius to initially examine upper to univariate and multivariate procedures eny in recent humans, discuss the impact lower limb ratios. Plots of an internally are applied to the cranial data to discern of these data on growth theory, and re- defined body size variable calculated by patterns of homogeneity and heterogen e- consider the foramen’s role in phylogenet- both Darroch and Mosimann’s method ity within and among skeletal series from ics. and Burnaby’s method are then plotted Cyprus and across the surrounding re- Our sample (N= 429) comprises mandi- against the logged lower limb segments gion. bles with ages from 6 months in utero to for all sample groups to examine limb to adult which are seriated in one-tenth year body size ratios. Using World War II and Baby’s first steps: The development intervals. We measured seven dimen- Arikara samples with “known” stature of cortical bone in the human femur. sions and tabulated both the foramen’s estimates, classic regression equations position relative to the developing denti- are calculated. Each Neandertal will then M.M. Moran. Dept. of Anthropology, tion and its direction of opening. have its long bone lengths estimated. Western Michigan University. We observed: 1) less change in regions Those estimates are tested using R, which inferior to the foramen than superior to it is an inconsistency diagnostic that meas- This study aims to improve our under- and low correspondence between these ures the departure from allometric scaling standing of the function and development regional changes; 2) the direction of for a- (Brown 1993, Konigsberg et al. 1998). of the hip in relation to bipedalism. men opening to vary and to rotate from Initial results indicate that Neandertals Rafferty (1997) has shown that cortical anterior to posterior during the first year are well within modern human ranges of thickening on the medial border of the as opposed to continuously throughout variation in limb proportions. femur is directly related to the loading of growth; 3) neither corpus height nor the hip in bipedal walking, and this breadth at the foramen to be correlated Cranial variation in a Bronze Age makes it the most diagnostic bipedal fea- with the direction of opening; and 4) fo- skeletal series from Cyprus: A study ture. Thus one would expect that the ramen position relative to the dentition to of population dynamics in the east- thickening of the medial border of the change abruptly during growth, especially ern Mediterranean. femoral neck during growth would corre- in the 2.0-4.0 year-old age range. We late with the development of bipedal gait found a disjunction between the timing of P.H. Moore-Jansen, N.K. Harper. Dept. of in children. This in turn would allow for change in direction of foramen opening Anthropology, Wichita State University. a new means to assess bipedal locomotion and its position relative to the dentition. in the fossil hominid remains. To test Opening direction appears related to Past investigations of temporal and this hypothesis femurs (n=91) from the early mandibulofacial relationships spatial variation among archaeological Dickson Mounds site housed at the Illi- whereas foramen position change is re- populations in Cyprus have yielded nois State Museum, were sorted into age lated to dental eruption timing. Given unique and som etimes conflicting results cohorts (neonatal to 60 years at time of these results, we clarify the foramen’s role concerning the origins, and composition of death), measured, x-rayed, and graphed in both models of mandibular growth and the island’s prehistoric people. Following for cortical bone thickness. Results re- phylogenetic studies of fossil Homo. its initial settlement, the island of Cyprus vealed that medial cortex of femoral necks experienced increasing trade through an become thicker during the years when Limb proportions, climatic adapta- expanding network of communication and most children begin to walk and continues tions and Neandertals. population movement in the region. Sev- long after this point through the age of eral studies point to traffic and population 10. This strongly supports the contention W.L. Moore. University of Tennessee, movement into the island of Cyprus espe- that bipedal gait is a major factor in the Knoxville. cially during the Bronze Age and later thickening of the medial border in chil- times, either from the Levant to the east dren ages 1-3. AAPA Abstracts 155

Genetic effects on brain neurotrans- The genetic relationship of hunting and ences in mass-specific metabolic rates mitter function and mood. gathering populations within East Africa across tissues. Currently there are few to one another and to surrounding popu- published data on muscularity in pri- F.A. Moreno1, D.C. Rowe2, B.Kaiser2, D. lations remains unknown. Within Tanza- mates, and no data are available on Chase2, T. Michaels1, J. Gelernter3, P.L. nia, two of these groups currently speak Malagasy strepsirhines or tarsiers. Delgado4. 1Dept. of Psychiatry, The Uni- languages belonging to the Khoisan lin- Here we present preliminary data on versity of Arizona Health Sciences Cen- guistic family (Sandawe and Hadzabe). relative muscularity in a variety of pri- ter, 2Family Studies Department, The The relationship of Khoisan-speakers to mates. All animals were collected from University of Arizona College of Agricul- other hunter -gatherers of different lin- the Duke Primate Center. Strepsirhines ture, 3Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University guistic affiliation (e.g. Dorobo and Akie) in our sample include African, Asian, and School of Medicine, 4Dept. of Psychiatry, remains unclear. It is likely that Khoisan Malagasy forms. Also included is Tarsius Case Western Reserve University School speakers were once spread throughout syrichta. Using captive weight records we of Medicine. much of eastern and southern Africa, document significant variation in ‘adult making these groups the original inhabi- body weight.’ We develop equations to Despite current advances in characteri- tants of the region. Anthropological and describe the relationship between overall zation and nosology, major depression linguistic data indicates successive waves body size (mass) and total muscle mass remains a symptom-based construct rep- of migration into Tanzania, first by within strepsirhines, and more generally, resenting a rate-limiting step in the iden- Cushitic-speaking people ~5000 ya, fol- within primates using a literature-based tification of susceptibility genes. Psychi- lowed later by migrations of Nilotic sample of metatherians and eutherians. atric geneticists have proposed an evolu- speakers, and Bantu speakers. Our results indicate a pervasive pattern tion from traditional syndromatic diagno- A large Tanzanian panel comprised of of isometry when scaling total muscle sis to the study of discrete entities such as ~300 individuals from populations that mass to body mass. However, we find consistent clinical or laboratory findings currently (or recently) practice hunting differences between the percent muscu- that would be more supportive of an etio- and gathering subsistence (Hadza, San- larity of arboreal and terrestrial species logical approach to classifications. Acute dawe, Dorobo, and Akie), in addition to within mammals. We discuss the implica- nutritional depletion of tryptophan (TRP), several hundred samples from neighbor- tions of this, and other findings, with lead to a decrease in brain serotonin (5- ing populations (Burunge, Gorowa, Iraqw, regard to current hypotheses of depressed HT) availability and the experience of Maasai, Datog), were analyzed for a set of metabolic rates in strepsirhines. transient depressive symptoms in certain genetically informative mitochondrial subgroups of depressive patients. We DNA and Y chromosome markers. The Evidence of subadult scurvy from investigated the relationship between primary goal of this work is to determine Kagamil and Shiprock Islands, these depressive symptoms and a func- the relationship of hunter-gatherer Alaska. tional polymorphism of the promoter re- groups to each other and to surrounding gion of the 5-HT transporter gene groups, in order to infer long-term popu- D.M. Mulhern, E.B. Jones. Dept. of An- (SLC6A4). Forty-three subjects in remis- lation size, levels of population substruc- thropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institu- sion from a major depressive episode who ture and degrees of admixture between tion. underwent TRP depletion were gen o- groups. These data help clarify existing typed. DNA was extracted from blood interpretation of patterns of migration The purpose of this study is to present lymphocytes or from cheek cells. The two within Tanzania and East Africa, as well evidence for subadult scurvy in skeletal common alleles are designated long (“l”) as having direct implication to current remains from Kagamil and Shiprock Is- and short (“s”). Depressive symptoms understanding of the evolutionary history lands, Alaska. Scurvy is a metabolic dis- were measured with the 25-item Hamil- of hunting and gathering societies within ease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Al- ton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). a dynamic population setting. Funded by though evidence for scurvy has been ob- There was a significant association be- NSF grant No. 9905396 to ST and NSF served in skeletons worldwide, no cases tween the “l” homozygous genotype and IGERT grant No. 9987590. have been described from the Aleutian the depressive response to TRP depletion, Islands. with a significant main effect of time (F= Scaling of muscle mass in primates. The study sample includes subadult re- 8.763, DF = 3, 38, p= <0.001), and time x mains from two burial caves, including 43 “l” homozygous allele interaction (F= M.N. Muchlinski1, J.J. Snodgrass2, C.J. individuals from Shiprock Island and 20 3.676, DF = 3, 38, p= 0.02). The use of Terranova3. 1University of Texas, Austin, from Kagamil Island, Alaska, between 0- trait markers such as TRP depletion in 2Northwestern University, 3Howard Uni- 19 years of age. These remains are combination with genetic approaches may versity. housed at the National Museum of Natu- help identify genetic markers by reducing ral History and were collected by Aleš the heterogeneity of the condition, ulti- Physiologists and evolutionary biolo- Hrdlicka from 1936-1937. The temporal mately facilitating our understanding, gists have erected a variety of equations context for the remains from both islands prediction and treatment of an important to describe and explain size-related and is likely post-Russian contact. subgroup of depressives. size-required aspects of biology. Surpris- Diagnostic skeletal changes attributed ingly, relatively little attention has been to scurvy include porous lesions of the Genetic history of hunting and gath- paid to the scaling of muscle mass with sphenoid, which are often accompanied by ering populations of Tanzania. body size, or how ecology and phylogeny other specific cranial lesions (Ortner and might confound such relationships. Body Ericksen, 1997 and Ortner et al., 1999). H.M. Mortensen1, K. Gonder1, J. Hirbo1, composition varies dramatically among Using these indicators, four probable K. Powell1, A. Knight2, J.Mountain2, S.A. mammals, even in closely related species. cases of scurvy were identified in the Ka- Tishkoff1. 1Dept. of Biology, University of Differences in body composition are im- gamil remains and five probable and four Maryland, 2Dept. of Anthropological. Sci- portant in influencing variation in meta- possible cases were identified from Shi- ences, Stanford University. bolic energy requirements, given differ- prock. All of the affected individuals were 156 AAPA Abstracts

under 6.0 years and the majority were fied several ADH1C alleles and a whether these faunal changes through under 2.5 years. The presence of scurvy in neighboring microsatellite marker that time were caused by tectonic, taphonomic, this young age range may indicate in- affected risk of alcohol dependence and or climatic factors. creased stress during nursing due to fr e- were also related to binge drinking. quent or prolonged periods of famine. These data strengthen the support for Morphology of the axial skeleton of These results suggest that the previous ADH as a candidate locus for alcohol de- Nacholapithecus from the Middle lack of data on scurvy in Aleutian re- pen dence and suggest further productive Miocene of Kenya. mains may be attributed to the relatively study. recent development of diagnostic criteria This research was supported in part by M. Nakatsukasa1, Y. Kunimatsu2, Y. Na- and not its rarity in Aleutian populations. NIH grant R03 AA12906. kano3, H. Ishida1. 1Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Kyoto University, 2Primate Allelic variation at alcohol metabo- Laetoli Pliocene environments revis- Research Institute, Kyoto University, lism genes and alcohol dependence in ited: Stratigraphic and taphonomic 3Dept. of Biological Anthropology, Osaka an American Indian population. context of Upper Laetolil Bed fauna University. at Localities 8 and 9. C.J. Mulligan1, M.V. Osier 2, N. Sam- We describe morphology of the axial buughin3, R.A. Kittles4, D. Goldman5, J.C. C.M. Musiba1, C.C. Magori2, S. Branting3, skeleton of Nacholapithecus from the Long6, 1Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of F. Ndunguru4, S. Killindo5, D.M.K. Ka- Middle Miocene of Kenya, based on the Florida, 2Dept. of Genetics, Yale Univer- mamba4, R.H. Tuttle6. 1Dept. of Sociology- KNM-BG 35250 skeleton and a few addi- sity School of Medicine, 3Barrow Neuro- Anthropology, North Dakota State Uni- tional specimens. Vertebral specimens of logical Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and versity, 2Dept. of Anatomy and Histology, KNM-BG 35250 are; fragmentary atlas Medical Center, Phoenix, 4Howard Uni- Muhimbili College of Health Sciences, and axis, a well preserved mid cervical versity, 5Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Tanzania, 3Dept. of Anthropology, SUNY vertebra, 10 thoracic vertebrae including NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, at Buffalo, 4Dept. of Antiquities, Ministry the transitional and a post-transitional 6Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Michi- of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tan- vertebra, and six lumbar vertebrae. Al- gan. zania, 5Archaeology Unit, University of most all specimens are badly deformed. Dar es Salaam, 6Dept. of Anthropology, Cervical vertebrae are generally large Investigation of allelic variation in the University of Chicago. relative to the presumed body weight (ca. alcohol metabolism pathway can improve 22kg), suggesting a heavy head with large our understanding of the mechanisms by The depositional environments, geolog i- jaws and developed neck muscles. The which alcohol dependence develops. Al- cal and stratigraphic interpretations of atlas retains the lateral and posterior cohol metabolism in humans is mediated Pliocene Upper Laetolil Beds have always bridges over the course of the vertebral by two gene families, alcohol dehydr o- been associated with dry, savanna-like artery, unlike living apes. Thoracolumbar genase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydr o- environments characterized by grassland, vertebrae are proportionally smaller (fe- genase (ALDH). Allelic variants have shrubs, and isolated trees. Revised male Papio size) although precise metric been identified that alter metabolic rates stratigraphy and taphonomy of Upper comparison was impossible due to the bad and influence disease risk. Specifically, Laetolil Bed at Localities 8 (NE of the preservation. On the other hand, their ADH1B*47His and ALDH2-2 have been hominid footprints), and 9 (NW of the zygapophyses and muscular processes are shown to confer protection against alco- waterfall) indicate an existence of com- very robust. Especially, one lower thoracic holism, presumably through accumula- plex depositional environments than that vertebra has an extremely thick spinous tion of acetaldehyde in the blood and a previously predicted for Laetoli. Fossil process with a very large dorsal tubercle. resultant ‘flushing response’ to alcohol faunal remains from Upper Laetolil Bed The lumbar vertebral body is craniocau- consumption. are represented by a highly variable dally long with a well-developed median In the current study, variants at number of skeletal parts dominated by ventral keel. Transverse processes arise ADH1B, ADH1C, and ALDH2 were as- heavily fractured and or modified distal, from the dorsal margin of the body. These sayed in DNA extracts from participants proximal and midshaft fragments of vary- lumbar features are common with Pro- belonging to a Southwest American In- ing sizes, cranial-dental fragments, and consul nyanzae. However, Nacholapith- dian tribe (N=490). This population was isolated teeth. The parentage of most ecus lumbar vertebrae are unique in their chosen because its members lack alleles abundant skeletal parts, bone modifica- more caudally positioned spinous process ADH1B*47His and ALDH2-2, yet have a tion and weathering conditions within the base relative to the postzygapophyses. high prevalence of alcoholism suggesting assemblage not only provides information Functional meaning of this feature is the existence of additional alleles that on the agencies responsible for bone ac- unclear. Similar morphology is observed affect disease risk. Each subject under- cumulation, but also furnish us with de- in lorisines and Pongo. We recently col- went a clinical interview for diagnosis of positional conditions that may be used in lected one specimen of the first coccyx of alcohol dependence, as well as evaluation environmental interpretations. Unlike Nacholapithecus. Its morphologies clearly of intermediate phenotypes such as binge marine fossil deposits, which furnish indicate that Nacholapithecus had not drinking and flushing response. Detailed thick sections with rich fossil accumula- external tail. Supported by Grant-in-Aid haplotypes were constructed and tested tions of invertebrates, Laetoli deposits are from the JSPS (#12440245). against alcohol dependence and related most commonly composed of low-density intermediate phenotypes using both asso- accumulations with terrestrial faunal The effects of epiphysis shape on ciation and linkage analysis. ADH and assemblage that differ significantly from femoral diaphyseal proportions in ALDH variants were also assayed in one its modern counterpart. Observed hominoids. African and three Asian populations (no changes in faunal compositions at Laetoli clinical data) to provide an evolutionary have been noted, especially between the T. Nalley, C.V. Ward. University of Mis- context for the haplotype data. Both Lower and Upper Units, but their cause souri-Columbia. linkage and association analysis identi- has not been established. It is unclear AAPA Abstracts 157

It has long been recognized that bone sex. All individuals were tested using ing which teeth are most affected. Good- adaptive tissue will react to mechanical both the Bruzek method and standard man and Armelagos (1985), Duray (1992), forces placed upon it. Knowing this, re- sexing techniques. The results of this Mack and Coppa (1992), and Al-Abbasi searchers have reconstructed behavior in study indicate that the Bruzek method (1997), among others, found the highest fossil animals by modeling long bones, produces results that are consistent with frequency of defects in the maxillary cen- especially femora, as beams using conven- other techniques in the majority of cases tral incisors, followed by the mandibular tional engineering beam theory They and provides few advantages over proc e- canines. Following this pattern, recent predict that the amount and distribution dures already in use. analyses of linear enamel hypoplasia of bone in the femoral midshaft reflects (LEH) in non -human primates have often patterns of strain to which that bone had Cranial base sexual dimorphism: Size focused on the maxillary incisors and been subjected. Recently however, Oh- and shape and their taxonomic sig- mandibular canines (e.g., Eckhardt 1992). man and Lovejoy (2001; AAPA Supple- nificance. The present research examines the ment 31; p. 115) challenged this view by suitability of this restricted focus for stud- stating while connective tissue cells are L. Nevell1, B. Wood1, S. Luboga2. ies of LEH in non-human primates. Data acutely sensitive to mechanical stimuli, 1Hominid Paleobiology Doctoral Program were collected from the full dentitions of the morphological characteristics of an and CASHP, The George Washington 3,375 wild-caught specimens derived from adult bone shaft are not a simple reflec- University, 2Makerere University, Kam- 117 taxa. LEH frequencies are calculated tion of those stresses as is often assumed. pala, Uganda. for each tooth, within each species. To Rather, they argue, long bone diaphyseal determine inter -tooth frequency differ- form merely reflects shape and size of the This study tested the null hypothesis ences between taxa, average frequencies closest physeal plate. If so, it would not that patterns of sexual dimorphism in the are calculated for each tooth in larger reflect an individual’s particular behavior. cranial base are consistent within the taxonomic groups. While these analyses If it is growth plate rather than activity living members of the Pan/Homo clade. indicate that the tooth classes most often pattern that determines diaphyseal ge- The sample comprised 329 adults from affected by LEH are distinct across non- ometry, than our ability to infer the ha- Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus and four human primate taxa, in contradistinction bitual activity of an individual from bone groups of modern humans from Africa, to humans, canines and premolars have diaphyseal geometry is compromised. China, Europe and Australia. Twenty the highest frequencies of LEH for the This hypothesis compares external meas- seven linear measurements and angles order. Of equal importance, at all taxo- urements of the middle femoral diaphyses were taken from radiographs or directly nomic levels, mandibular teeth have sig- to neck and distal metaphyseal dimen- from the specimens. The size of the indi- nificantly higher frequencies of LEH than sions in chimpanzees, gorillas and hu- vidual was based on the geometric mean maxillary dentition (p <.001). Because of mans. No significant correlations were of 54 linear variables from the base and the differential manifestations of LEH found for most comparisons, suggesting face. Within Pan troglodytes there was observed between teeth, between jaws, that midshaft diaphyseal shape is inde- significant sexual dimorphism in the and between taxa, this research includes pendent of femoral neck dimensions and overall size of the cranial base, and to an examination of the factors, both distal metaphyseal shape. Instead, the judge from the residuals of the individu- physiological (e.g., timing and duration of variation observed support the hypothesis als from the geometric mean, there were crown development) and structural (e.g., that other factors, such as mechanical also sexual differences in shape. This size and shape of crown), that may con- environment, are a stronger determinant contrasts with the effective lack of both tribute to an explanation of these dispari- of diaphyseal form in these hominoids. size and shape sexual dimorphism in the ties. cranial base of Pan paniscus. Within the Sex determination from the human sample of modern humans there was sig- Social and historical factors for clay hip bone: A response to Bruzek. nificant sexual dimorphism in size. Ap- pipe smoking among residents of a proximately half of the shape differences late nineteenth and early twentieth T.N. Nepstad-Thornberry, D.C. Whitelaw, were size related, the remainder being century almshouse. D.P. Van Gerven. Dept. of Anthropology, independent of size. University of Colorado. These preliminary results suggest that V. Newell. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- within the living representatives of the sity at Albany, SUNY. Volume 117, Issue 2 (February 2002) of Pan/Homo clade there is no single pattern the American Journal of Physical Anthro- of sexual dimorphism. If this finding is The Albany County Almshouse skeletal pology included a research contribution substantiated by further analysis it will sample is an invaluable source for deter- entitled A Method for Visual Determina- complicate attempts to interpret cranial mining the health and behavior of the tion of Sex, Using the Human Hip Bone by base variation in fossil hominins. Sup- poor during the late 19th and early 20th Jaroslav Bruzek. Although potentially ported by NSF IGERT Grant No. centuries. One common practice was clay very accurate, the technique is cumber- 9987590. pipe smoking, evident from semicircular some and shows similarities to methods wear facets on the dentition. This is a that are already commonly employed in Inter -tooth distribution of linear demographic and historical analysis of osteological research. This study evalu- enamel hypoplasia in non-human tobacco smoking habits among the under- ates the utility of Bruzek method and the primates. privileged residents of Albany County. degree of concordance between this new Out of 325 observable individuals, 39% method and standard techniques utilized E.A. Newell. Dept. of Sociology and An- exhibit pipe stem wear, with the majority by human osteologists. A sample of 110 thropology, Elizabethtown. College. of wear facets on the canines and prem o- individuals recovered from the Nubian lars. The minimum age that wear is ob- site of Kulubnarti were examined during Examinations of the inter -tooth distri- served is 18, with individuals 30-49 exhib- the study. Of these, ten individuals were bution of enamel hypoplasia in humans iting the most wear, followed by individu- of known sex and 100 were of unknown have provided consistent evidence regard- als over 50. The difference in the occur- 158 AAPA Abstracts

rence of wear between age groups is not today often enables students to better Human hand joints are difficult to ana- significant, but the degree of wear is pr o- distance themselves from those objections lyze because they have few natural land- portionally higher in older individuals. and criticisms and consider them more marks. A grid is projected onto Late There is no significant difference between objectively. This paper suggests some Pleistocene human (including Neandertal) the sexes, with 42% of males and 34% of examples of such historical case studies. and recent human carpometacarpal joint females exhibiting pipe stem wear. surfaces to provide identifiable landmarks Since the majority of the skeletons date The anterior pillar of Australopith- for digitizing. The 3D landmark coordi- between the 1870’s and the 1920’s, the ecus africanus - A mechanical sup- nates are used in the Morphologika soft- high rate of pipe smoking among females port? ware program (O'Higgins & Jones, 1998) is remarkable considering tobacco was for a Procrustes superposition of the generally disused by women in the later G. Niegl1, F.K. Fuss2, G.W. Weber 1, H. landmarks and a principal components part of the 19th century. Almshouse re- Seidler1. 1Institute of Anthropology, Uni- analysis of Kendall's tangent space coor- cords reveal that many residents were versity of Vienna, 2Nanyang Technolog i- dinates (Kendall, 1984). The principal immigrants from Europe, where pipe cal University, School of Mechanical and components scores are analyzed to test smoking was still common in the late 19th Production Engineering, Singapore. the null hypothesis of between-sample century. The high rate of pipe smoking in equivalence of joint shapes. Morphed 3D both sexes may also be attributed to pov- The anterior pillars are well developed Procrustes mean joint shapes identified erty- pipe tobacco was inexpensive com- bone columns on both sides of the nasal by the principal components analysis are pared to cigarettes, which were more aperture, described by (1) in Australopith- visualized with the Morphologika soft- fashionable. Pipe smoking may have been ecus africanus and Paranthropus robus- ware. The identification of functionally additionally facilitated by the Almshouse tus. It is commonly accepted that the an- significant between-sample differences in administration, which purchased large terior pillars support the anterior portion joint shapes and/or orientations can yield amounts of smoking tobacco yearly. of the palate during occlusal load. This important behavioral inferences (Nie- hypothesis is not supported by biom e- woehner, 2001). Using history to explore controver- chanical investigations. Based on CT- Modeling the range of possible Nean- sial topics in physical anthropology scans of Sts 5 (A. africanus), we deter- dertal finger and thumb movements re- courses. mined the maximal stress in maxillary quires 3D visualization. Laser scans of cross sections through the anterior pillar casts of the La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal M. Nickels. Anthropology Program, Illi- at different levels and angles. The maxi- right thumb (trapezium, metacarpal, and nois State University. mal stress corresponds to the sum of di- phalanges) and index finger (metacarpal rect compression and bending stress ex- and phalanges) are used in a 3D author- This paper focuses on the advantages of erted by maximal symmetrical bite and ing/animation computer program (Maya using historical case studies as a strategy muscle forces (medial pterygoid, (2)). In Unlimited). The scans are moved into for dealing with controversial topics in order to rate the mechanical purpose of their anatomical positions and a center of physical anthropology courses. Introduc- the anterior pillar, we compared it with rotation is assigned to each joint using tory-level and general education physical two simulations of reduced pillars (ante- the software’s animation tools. Assigning anthropology courses inevitably deal with riorly reduced, and hollow/posteriorly flexion/extension and abduction/adduction a variety of topics that are controversial reduced). The anteriorly reduced pillar values to each joint controls thumb and for at least some students. The idea that provides the highest stress (maximally 14 finger movements. Using conservative humans are animals, that humans are the MPa), 1.3-2 times as high as the intact values for joint range of motion results in evolutionary product of a variety of natu- pillar stress (5-7 MPa) during incisor bite. tip-to-tip contact of the thumb to the in- ral processes, that human natural history The stress reduction by a factor of two is dex finger, indicating Neandertals were spans millions of years, that the earth favouring the formation of a pillar; how- physically capable of modern human-like itself is unimaginably old, that more con- ever, the yield stress of cortical bone is precision grips. servative interpretations of religious writ- about ten times higher than the observed. This research is supported by the L.S.B. ings very familiar to most students are Thus, this safety factor is not used up by Leakey Foundation, the N.S.F., and CSU- contrary to modern scientific conclusions the simulated reduction of the bone. This SB. regarding the origin of the world and result questions the function of the ante- humans and that the biological race con- rior pillars as supportive structure during Arbovirus surveillance in free- cept is virtually impossible to apply to maximal load on the teeth. ranging howling monkeys, with a humans represent some of the more obvi- (1) Rak Y (1983) The Australopithecine case study of the seroepidemiology of ous topics that generate some degree of Face. New York: Academic Press, (2) Fuss vesicular stomatitis virus. negative student reaction in our courses. F. K., Niegl G. (2001) IFMBE Proceed- Incorporating the historical development ings, Vol. 1, Part 2, pp. 608- 611. Eds. R.A. Nisbett. Texas Tech University. of many of these controversial ideas into a Magjarevic R. et al. Croatian Medical and course has several advantages for dealing Biological Engineering Society, Zagreb. Virologists have hypothesized that “per- with ideas that can be both emotionally sistent” viral infections--those that have laden and intellectually challenging for 3D geometric morphometric analysis co-speciated with, are well-adapted to, students. Helping students understand of hand joint surfaces and visualiza- and asymptomatic in their reservoir host the historical context in which many of tion of Neandertal thumb and index species--represent potential emerging these ideas developed and some of the finger movements. infectious diseases (EIDs) in tangential controversy and criticism they generated hosts like humans. Recently, it has been in the past actually serves to deflate some W.A. Niewoehner. Dept. of Anthropology, suggested that field studies of nonhuman of the emotion associated with them. California State University – San Ber- primates can play an important role in Using historical case studies that mirror nardino. understanding cross-species transmis- objections and criticisms still being made sions. This paper reports on an arbovirus AAPA Abstracts 159

surveillance study of free-ranging howling ing in age from 40 to 144 months. While those of slaves was rejected by the nature monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Costa the literature suggests that T levels of the grave artifacts. Our skeletal analy- Rica. Immunoassays for mosquito-borne should increase briefly postnatally and sis rejected the hypothesis of a mass kill- flaviviruses (dengue fever serotypes, yel- then decline until puberty, the young saki ing, although we could not reject the hy- low fever, West Nile virus, St. Louis en- males showed a gradual increase in fT pothesis that the individuals died of cephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, west- levels (range: 1.5 to 80.4 ng/gm). Age and plague, which ravaged the area from A.D. ern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis fT levels were significantly correlated for 250 to 270. viruses), and a rhabdovirus (vesicular the three young males (Spearman rs = stomatitis virus: VSV) are employed to 0.34, p < 0.01, n = 125) and for all six Diagenetic alterations in archeologi- explore the genetic epidemiology and males (rs = 0.65, p < 0.01, n = 201), but not cal human skeletal remains via light immunology of concurrent arboviral infec- for the three older males > 30 months of microscopy and their implications. tions. age (rs = - 0.09, n = 76). We have yet to This paper reports preliminary data on correlate the development of the white F. Novotny1, M. Teschler-Nicola1, T. Pro- the seroepidemiology of VSV in a well- face with T levels, but these preliminary haska2, C. Latkoczy3, G. Stingeder2. studied howler population. Serologic and results suggest that progressive increases 1Dept. of Archaeological Biology and An- dem ographic data are utilized to examine in T may underlie both the process of thropology, Natural History Museum, risk factors and evaluate hypotheses, e.g., changing facial coloration and explain Vienna, 2Institute for Chemistry, Vienna that the New Jersey strain of VSV occu- individual variation in the development of University of Agricultural Sciences, pies an endemic ecological zone in ripar- the trait. 3Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Eid- ian forests. These data were collected in genössische Technische Hochschule ETH, 1992-3 and again in 2001 on many of the Human skeletal remains from a third Zürich. same individuals. Demographic and ec o- century Roman CAVE necropolis in logical parameters include: age, sex, par- Croatia. Compact bone is the preferred study ity, reproductive status for females, material for isotope and chemical analy- weight, forest type, and season of capture. S.A. Novak1, D.V. Kopp1, D.D. Kollmann2, ses to reconstruct paleodiet and paleoen- Like human populations in endemic VSV G. MacKinnon3, M. Šlaus4. 1Dept. of An- vironment. As discussed in the literature, areas, a high percentage of the monkeys thropology, University of Utah, 2Dept. of the results of such analyses can be hin- are infected. Interestingly, females are Anthropology, Towson University, 3Dept. dered due to diagenetic alterations caused more likely to be seropositive and to have of Conservation Sciences, University of by dissolving and recrystallization ph e- higher antibody titers. The value of such Bournemouth, 4Croatian Academy of Sci- nomena. Although post-mortem alter a- studies for understanding local human ences and Arts. tions of buried bone have been carefully disease incidence, the synecology of arbo- studied in these last few years, they are viral pathogens, and for addressing issues The cave site of Bubijeva Jama is lo- still not very well understood. The aim of in primate conservation will be discussed. cated near the town of Karlovac, in conti- the present study is the quantification of nental Croatia. The 1999 excavation microstructural features in light micro- Correlation of fecal testosterone lev- revealed scattered and commingled hu- scope images of histological cross sections els with age in white-faced saki man remains, coins, iron keys, a bronze of compact femur bone by using an image males (Pithecia pithecia). fibula, a silver pin, pottery sherds, and analysis software package (KS 300 faunal remains (Perkic 2001). The coins ZEISS). M.A. Norconk1. P.L. Whitten 2, K. Vacco3. indicated a minimum date of A.D. 259, The samples were taken from skeletal 1Dept. of Anthropology, Kent State Uni- corresponding to a time when this region remains buried in three different sites in versity, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Emory was part of the Roman province of Pan- eastern Austria. They are characterized University, 3Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG nonia Superior. During the Roman pe- by different repository materials and Aquarium, Pittsburgh. riod, cremation and inhumation were the originate from different culture periods primary mortuary practices, and thus the (loess in the Neolithic site Schletz; river Intraspecific variation in pelage color burial context of the Bubijeva remains gravel in the Early Bronze Age site follows two developmental patterns in was inconsistent with traditional Roman Franzhausen; humus in the Medieval site primates. Infants may exhibit a different funerary practices. The anomaly of the Gars). A total of 71 midshaft femur bone color than adults and attain the adult grave led to hypotheses of mass killings, samples were investigated. The histolog i- pattern after weaning or the sexes may plague, and disposal of slaves. cal cross sections were analyzed for their gradually diverge during development so Our subsequent analysis of sampled hu- collagen structures using polarized light that they are phenotypically distinct by man remains identified 477 and regions of putative microbial activi- adulthood. The proximate mechanism bones/fragments and 325 teeth from ties (appearing as dark spots with blurred leading to sexual dichromatism in males adults and subadults, for a MNI of 35. boundaries). The microstructure changes is presumably triggered by increasing The majority of the remains were from thus determined differ considerably de- levels of testosterone (T) during develop- young adults, followed by old adults, and pending on the repository material and ment, however male white-faced sakis finally subadults. The sex ratio was the bronze from grave goods (whenever exhibit the trait well before sexual matur- nearly equal, with only a slightly higher present). These identified collagen fea- ity. We report developmental fecal testos- number of males than females. Patho- tures have been chemically analyzed so as terone (fT) profiles and adult fT levels for logical analysis indicated no evidence of to quantitatively determine the histolog i- six white-faced saki males (Pithecia pithe- perimortem trauma or infectious disease, cal content. cia) housed at Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquar- and degenerative conditions were limited. Financial support was granted by the ium. Fecal samples were collected weekly There was a positive correlation with age Austrian Science Research Fund (P12840- for 10 months on three males < 13 months for the number of dental caries and ante- CHE). of age. Samples were also collected oppor- mortem tooth loss. Given these findings, tunistically from three adult males rang- the hypothesis that the remains were 160 AAPA Abstracts

Obstetrics and pelvic dimensions in To examine the role of disease in primate of the individuals suffered craniofacial prehistoric Inuits. mating and social systems, we tested the trauma, while an additional 8% displayed relative importance of four sets of host evidence of trepanation. The second site, R.L. Nuger. CUNY Graduate Center, traits that have been forwarded to explain the more recently discovered Laguna de NYCEP. differences in parasite community diver- los Cóndores, exhibits only an 8% cranio- sity: (1) social factors that influence the facial trauma rate, while trepanation Cephalo-pelvic disproportion is a major probability of transmission and infection, appears to be absent. These ‘warrior’ cause of complications during parturition, specifically population density, group size, populations are compared to roughly con- frequently leading to stillbirths and ma- and mating behavior, (2) host body mass temporaneous samples from the central ternal death. In traditional societies and life history, under the assumption highlands, which exhibit much higher where modern medical services are not that hosts are “island habitats” for para- frequencies of craniofacial fractures and available, such disproportions are consid- sites, (3) trophic transmission of para- trepanations. The results from this re- ered a strong selective agent against sites, particularly among primates that search are discussed in light of the ethno- women with small pelvic dimensions. The consume insects, and (4) habitat diversity, historical evidence, contributing to our obstetric literature suggests that cephalo- using data on host geographic range size, growing understanding of Chachapoyas pelvic disproportion affects short women home range size, and day journey length. bioarchaeology. more frequently than tall women. How- To test hypotheses, we compiled a data ever, attempts to link pelvic dimensions set on the parasites of primates that in- A preliminary investigation of wild- with osteological correlates of stature and cludes 941 host-parasite combinations life, domestic and human use of the body size do not necessarily yield high involving 231 parasite taxa and 101 pri- Sinya Mine Water Pools in Tanzania. correlations. mate species. Our analyses controlled for This study examines pelvic dimensions confounding variables, including sam- P. Nystrom1, P.C. Ashmore2. 1Archaeology and nonpelvic measures of body size in a pling effort and phylogeny. Parasite spe- & Prehistory, University of Sheffield, sample of 100 prehistoric Inuit skeletons. cies richness was associated with body 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of These Inuit remains, from Point Hope, mass, indicating that larger hosts provide Missouri-St. Louis. Alaska, are associated with the Ipiutak larger or more diverse habitats for para- and Tigara cultures. The earliest composite colonization. However, these results Presently, when protecting endangered nents of this collection date to approx i- were non-significant after controlling for species or habitats, humans and their mately 300 B.C., with later components host phylogeny. Among the other host domestic animals are usually excluded dating to the pre-contact period of Arctic traits, population density was signifi- despite the fact that humans and wildlife Alaska. cantly associated with overall parasite have lived along side each other for cen- Previous osteological studies have used species richness and the diversity of turies, but can wildlife exist along side several skeletal measurements as proxies helminths, protozoa, and viruses, and with humans? Between 1956 and 1980 for overall body size and mass in examin- these results remained significant after there was an active open -pit mining pr o- ing their relationships to female pelvic controlling for phylogeny. Our results ject in Sinya (northeastern Tanzania). dimensions. Comparative analyses in therefore demonstrate the essential role When the mining ended, the pits filled up this study used clavicular length as a of social contact in understanding disease with water due to the high water table of proxy for transverse chest diameter, and risk, as predicted from basic epidemiol- this region. The pools now serve as year femoral-head diameter cubed is used for ogical models. round water sources for wildlife and do- body mass. Preliminary results suggest mestic animals. Sinya, a semiarid acacia that there is a positive allometric rela- Warriors of the clouds? Inferences scrub habitat, is occupied by traditional tionship between transverse chest diam e- and interpretations of trauma from Maasai pastoralists, and is the site of a ter and the pelvic midplane in females, Chachapoyas, Perú. tourist concession that provides local but the relationship between these vari- Maasai with a significant tourist income. ables in males is not statistically signifi- K.C. Nystrom 1, J. W. Verano2. 1University A preliminary investigation of the mine cant. Additionally, in females there is a of New Mexico, 2Tulane University. pool habitat was conducted in June-July, strong correlation between femoral-head 2002. Five of nine pools were observed for diam eter cubed and the pelvic midplane, Characterized by their conquerors as 87 hours. The focus was to identify the but not in males. These results suggest strong and powerful, the Chachapoyas of use of the pools as a sustainable water that larger females had some obstetric northern Perú have come to us cast in the resource by both domestics and wildlife. advantage over smaller females in this role of fierce warriors. Assimilated into Seventeen wild mammalian species, 35 particular population. the Inka Empire 60 years before the arri- species of birds, and five domestic species val of the Spanish and the written word, used the pools regularly. We identified Sociality and infectious disease in the description of the relationship be- the drinking cycles of domestic and wild wild primate populations. tween the Inka and the Chachapoyas spec ies and the number of individuals comes from the victors, and as such, may observed drinking from the pools. These C.L. Nunn1, S.M. Altizer 2. 1Evolution and represent a tainted view. Are these his- novel fresh water sources sustain a large Ecology, University of California, Davis, torically applied appellations accurate, or number of individuals. Preliminary ob- 2Dept. of Environmental Studies, Emory do they represent the revisionist history servations and interviews of local Maasai University. of conquerors? In this study, we examine and tourist operators suggest that wildlife craniofacial trauma and trepanation rates populations are increasing (from both Natural populations of primates harbor from two different sites in the high fecundity rates and emigration into an amazing diversity of parasites and Chachapoyas region. The first site, Kue- the area) despite the presence of domestic infectious diseases, yet little is known lap, has a long history of archaeological animals. Pool use data indicate a complex, about host traits that influence the evolu- interest largely due to its impressive 'for- articulated and interactive pattern of tion and ecology of parasite communities. tifications'. Out of a sample of 104, 17% drinking activities. AAPA Abstracts 161

Evolution vs./and creation: Do stu- who exhibit a known behavior, that range of 1-8. Mode subgroup size was 2. dents have to choose? asymmetry is assumed, by invoking At least 1 adult female was observed in Wolff’s Law, to be the direct product of 76% of subgroups. Male-only subgroups B.H. O’Connell. Hamline University. the behavior. One example often cited as were observed 12% and solitary animals a demonstration of Wolff’s Law is that of 5% of total observations. Minimum popu- In a famous talk in 1959, C.P. Snow Jones, et al. (JBJS 59A: 204-208, 1977) lation size was 13 individuals. Population described the “two cultures” that divide who observed humeral asymmetry in a density estimated is at 13-18 individu- the sciences and the humanities. In a group of tennis players; that is, the play- als/km2. 1984 essay, John Maynard Smith argued ing arms of these tennis players were Initial results suggest deforestation in for the value of science and myth. In a somewhat more robust as a result of the greater than one-half of A. geoffroyi’s 1997 essay, Stephen J. Gould used the stresses placed upon them. Given the possible range has had little effect on concept of “nonoverlapping magisteria” to data provided by Jones, et al., the cross- their demography and ranging patterns. create a rapprochement between scientific sectional areas of the playing humeri are However, deforestation is only in its first and religious views of origins. Still close greater, but the additional bone appears stages and further logging may well im- to half the American public rejects evolu- to be almost equally distributed between pact Ateles survival. tion. In addition, students enter introduc- the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of tory courses in physical anthropology and the playing arm (in males, 25.7% greater Radiographic reconstruction of hu- human evolution with a dichotomous view periosteally versus 20.1% endosteally; in man long bone cross-sectional geo- of knowledge and misconceptions about females 18.3% periosteally versus 17.6% metric properties: A test of two non- the practice of science. Some science edu- endosteally). This does not conform to the invasive techniques. cators (Alters & Alters 2001) believe the Wolffian pr ediction of increased strength rejection of evolution is based on specific with economy of bone. For more than a M.C. O’Neill, C.B. Ruff. Center for Func- misconceptions about evolutionary sci- decade, our growing knowledge of evolu- tional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns ence. tionary developmental biology has con- Hopkins University School of Medicine. An introductory course on human evolu- tributed substantially to the virtual tion that fulfills the natural science gen- “demolition of the validity” of Wolff’s Law Cross-sectional geometric properties eral education requirement at a small (Currey, J.D., 2002, Bones; Princeton (areas, second moments of area) have liberal arts college is discussed. A series University Press; P. 159). We here explore been used extensively for reconstructing of laboratory and lecture assignments are alternative explanations of the “tennis the mechanical loading history of long described that introduce the scientific player phenomenon.” bone shafts. In absence of a fortuitous method by utilizing a survey, “Ideas break or available CT facilities, the en- About Humans,” that assesses general Forest degradation and demographic dosteal and/or periosteal boundaries of a knowledge about science, evolution and changes in Ateles geoffroyi at Es- bone may need to be approximated. The the nature of humans. Students develop tación Biológica La Suerte, Costa present study tests whether cross- hypotheses, collect survey data and test Rica. sectional geometric properties can be the relationship among various variables T. O’Mara. Dept. of Anthropology, Grand adequately estimated using two noninva- using chi-square tests. Students then Valley State University. sive techniques: biplanar radiography read and attempt native exegesis of crea- alone, using a simple elliptical model, and tion myths from various cultures. Fi- Ateles utilizes one of the largest com- molding of the subperiosteal contour in nally, an exercise of application is de- munity ranges in the Americas. Large combination with biplanar radiography, scribed that involves writing a position ranges are necessary due to Ateles’ high in which the medullary cavity is recon- statement regarding the teaching of ev o- frugivory and the patchy, unpredictable structed using a simple ellipse. The re- lution in the form of a letter to a school nature of fruiting. Elimination of half of a sults are analyzed against properties board or a legislator. The effective ou t- community’s range could be detrimental calculated from their digitized cross- come of these exercises is discussed with to Ateles’ survival. Such a situation exists sectional images. reference to student response to specific within the Large forest at Estación 50 individuals from the Pecos Pueblo, knowledge questions and student evalua- Biológica La Suerte, Costa Rica (EBLS). New Mexico site were selected from a tions. The EBLS forest (100 Ha) is divided into previously analyzed sample (Ruff, 1981). the 30 Ha Large Forest (LF), owned and Cortical areas (CA) and second moments

Asymmetry in the humeri of tennis managed by EBLS and the privately of area (Ix, Iy, and J) were calculated for players: ‘Wolff’s Law’ or not? owned 70 Ha German Forest (GF) which femoral midshaft and subtrochanteric is currently being logged intensively. This sections and at tibial midshaft using each J.C. Ohman1, C.O. Lovejoy2. 1School of study compares Pruetz’s (2000) baseline technique. Percent differences between Biological & Earth Sciences, Liverpool demographic data on A. geoffroyi with techniques were calculated, and paired t- John Moores University, 2Dept. of An- data collected since logging began. tests used to evaluate the significance of thropology and Biological Anthropology Line transect surveys were conducted technique differences. Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, over established trails within the LF and The biplanar radiographic technique Kent State University. GF on a community of Ateles geoffroyi. significantly overestimated the true cross- Data were collected on group size, compo- sectional geometric properties for all vari- Some degree of left/right asymmetry sition, diet, activity, and ranging, and ables (P<0.0001, t-tests), with differences should be expected between paired bones, then compared to Pruetz’s (2000) baseline averaging 20-26% for CA and 25-51% for but what is perhaps remarkable is that data. second moments of area. In contrast, the only minimal asymmetry is generally Results are comparable to Pruetz’s subperiosteal molding + radiography expressed given up to two decades of in- data, with slight increases in mean sub- technique produced much smaller differ- dependent development. When marked group size and overall population density. ences from true values, averaging 2-6%, asymmetry is noted among individuals Mean subgroup size was 3.18 with a with a majority non -significant (P>.05, t- 162 AAPA Abstracts

tests). Thus, while elliptical approxim a- Smithsonian Institution, 2Dept. of An- entering a food patch first in three tion of periosteal contours in irregular thropology, Smithsonian Institution. prosimian primates in southeastern sections such as those of the present sam- Madagascar (Propithecus diadema ed- ple is unwarranted, periosteal molding in Anthropologists have used Discriminant wardsi, Eulemur fulvus rufus, and Vare- conjunction with endosteal approximation Function Analysis (DFA) of craniometrics cia variegata). The influence of order on yields acceptable error magnitudes when to describe human variation and classify feeding rate was compared in all three compared to true values. remains for several decades. FORDISC species from January-June 2002. Of these demonstrates the utility of DFAs of con- three species, P. d. edwardsi and V. varie- Knuckle-walking anteaters? Testing ventional craniometrics to assess ancestry gata demonstrate clear female domi- the hypothesis of adaptation for pur- and sex in a forensic context. DFAs using nance; dominance patterns in E. f. rufus ported knuckle-walking features us- interlandmark distances (ILDs) contain are less clear. In P. d. edwardsi and V. ing a non-primate model. more information and perform better than variegata, the dominant adult female in conventional measurements, especially on each study group was observed to enter C. Orr. Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona fragmentary remains (Mann and Ousley food patches first more often than males. State University. 2001). Geometric morphometric analysis In contrast, an adult male and female E. (GMA) retains the most information from f. rufus entered food patches first equally; Appeals to features of the wrist shared three-dimensional landmark coordinates these male and females were also each by the African apes, early hominins and but has been used primarily to explore other’s preferred partners. There was a modern humans as evidence of a knuckle- shape variation among groups, ignoring trend that first arrival to a patch confers walking ancestry for the hominin lineage size. In forensic anthropology, the practi- some benefit in terms of higher feeding rely on accurate interpretations of those cal value of DFA is measured by the accurate in P. d. edwardsi and V. variegata (p features as adaptations to knuckle- racy of predicted classifications, rather < .06). This trend reached statistical walking locomotion. However, because than in assessing shape differences. This significance in E. f. rufus (p < .01). We Pan, Gorilla and Homo share a close study compares the value of conventional suggest that feeding priority can be facili- common ancestor, the interpretation of measurements, ILDs, GMA, and GMA tated either by female dominance (P. d. such features is confounded to a degree by with size (GMAsz) in DFA. edwardsi, V. variegata) or by preferred phylog eny. This study examines the ev o- Forty eight landmarks from 220 crania partners (E. f. rufus). Differ ences in lution of a similar locomotor regime in were digitized. Principal components strategies used may be related to body New World anteaters (Order Xenarthra, (PCs) were extracted from the common size, repr oductive differences between Family Myrmecophagidae) and assesses set of landmark data in all data sets. De- species, and/or degree of group cohesive- the feasibility of using it as a convergence viations from the mean form using GRF- ness. test of adaptation for purported knuckle- ND were used for GMA. Using the PCs We thank National Science Foundation walking features. that represent 95% of the total variation, and University of Texas-Austin. Although not identical to locomotion of the four-way DFAs for sex and ancestry the knuckle-walking apes, observations of were ranked GMAsz (77% correct jack- Dental anthropology of the prehis- the terrestrial giant anteater (Myrmeco- knifed), conventional (75%), GMA (73%), panic Canarian islandscape: Track- phaga tridactyla) suggest that loads in and ILDs (67%); stepwise selection of PCs ing population dynamics and life- stance phase are transmitted through were ranked GMAsz (82%), conventional style. flexed digits and vertical metacarpals, (80%), GMA (77%), and ILDs (75%); using with hyperextension occurring at the the original variables and stepwise selec- L.S. Owens. Institute of Archaeology, metacarpophalangeal joints of the weight tion, GMAsz (91%), GMA (86%), conven- University College London. bearing rays. This differs from locom o- tional (85%), and ILDs (83%). tion in smaller, arboreal anteaters, of the Data expressing both size and shape are Previous dental morphology studies genus Tamandua, that walk on the sides necessary for correct classifications. Each suggest both marked heterogeneity and of their hands with wrists extended. This of the data types has caveats in terms of marked homogeneity between Canary allows for interpretation of features in multicollinearity, multivariate normality, Island populations, while analyses of Myrmecophaga that may be analogous to noise, and recording size and shape dif- dental pathology indicate diversity in diet those of the apes thought to facilitate load ferences. within the archipelago. However, dental transmission or limit extension of the anthropology’s potential for addressing hand and wrist. These include a pr o- The influence of patch entry order on population history and lifestyle in ancient nounced dorsal ridge on the MC4 head, feeding priority in three prosimian Canarian human groups has been insuffi- volar slant of the distal radius resulting species in southeastern Madagascar. ciently explored, as these studies lack in a distally extended dorsal ridge and temporospatial depth, are often restricted expansion of the nonarticular surface of D. Overdorff 1, E. Erhart2, T. Mutschler1. to single islands, and are independent of the dorsal capitate. Although Myrmeco- 1Anthropology, University of Texas- cultural context. A combined population- phaga has a fused os centrale, this trait is Austin, 2Anthropology, Southwest Texas biology/life-history approach was ther e- common to all xenarthrans and is not University. fore developed in order to provide a more supported as an adaptation to knuckle- refined review of population dynamics walking in myrmecophagids. Erhart and Overdorff (1999) hypothe- and lifestyle across the islandscape. This sized that among Malagasy prosimian was contextualised within a temporal and A comparison of morphometric data primates, females may be able to estab- cultural framework, designed to permit and methods in classification. lish feeding priority over males by leading the testing of settlement hypotheses de- group movements and arriving to food rived from archaeological remains, and S.D. Ousley1, A. McKeown2. 1Office of patches first. Here, we present data on also to overcome the effects of time aver- Repatriation, Dept. of Anthropology, female dominance, group movements, and aging. 1134 jaws (MNI 625) were assessed the possible feeding advantages gained by using ASUDAS and the caries scoring AAPA Abstracts 163

system devised by Hillson (2001). This James Moore. Supported by Australian In intrageneric comparisons among analysis suggests that ancient Canarian Research Council funds. galagids, tarsiids, cheirogaleids, and loris- populations occupied a position interme- ids, Lemelin (1996:508) demonstrated diate between complete isolation and full The role of morbidity in the mortality that the more faunivorous taxa have rela- inter -island integration, that temporal decline of the 19th century: Evidence tively longer manual digit indices than variability in population biology was from the Gibraltar garrison. their “more frugivorous closely related caused by sporadic migration between the congeners.” Our study uses a similar islands and from Northern Africa, and J. Padiak. Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- approach by computing an index of ear that dental pathology and diet varied sity of Toronto. length to total head and body length for according to gender and island ecology. 140 primate taxa to determine if there are The study also indicates that traditional The 19th century decline of mortality relative differences among them in ear approaches to population history analysis has posed an intriguing problem for popu- length both taxonomically and dietarily. are not always appropriate for the study lation scientists since McKeown hypothe- Our results indicate that prosimians of islandscapes, and that it is unwise to sised that modern medicine played no have relatively longer ears (higher ear to apply specialist methodologies without part in increasing longevity. His thesis head and body length indices) than do considering historical, cultural and envi- was that industrialisation of the food anthropoids. However, faunivorous noc- ronmental context. supply, and the sequelae of lower prices turnal prosimians have the highest indi- and increased population nutrition, were ces among all taxa and exhibit in- Ghosts of the past: Temporal muscles, the driving forces for population growth. trageneric differences that appear to be fasciae and bones in some primates. McKeown, and those who disagreed with associated with the percentage of inverte- him, depended almost exclusively upon brate prey in their diet. For example, C.E. Oxnard1, R. Wealthall1,2. 1School of mortality figures to set out the logic of Galago senegalensis has a higher index Anatomy and Human Biology, University their conclusions. Evidence from the 19th than that of its more frugivorous congener of Western Australia, 2Dept. of Zoology, century garrison of Gibraltar looks at G. alleni. Because it has been previously University of Washington. morbidity, or the rates of admissions into demonstrated that allometry and latitude hospital, in addition to deaths, to investi- do not affect prosimian ear length Fasciae are hard to dissect and ther e- gate the behaviour of mortality during the (Palmer and McCrossin, 1996), the cur- fore poorly known. In 16 monkeys and decline. Throughout the 82 years, total rent study suggests that an auditory apes the temporal fascia attached above mortality and morbidity dropped, but at component to insect foraging may influ- to the superior temporal line and covered different rates. Furthermore, categories of ence external ear morphology in faunivo- a fleshy superficial temporalis muscle. In diseases did not fall in concert and, in rous nocturnal prosimians. 365 humans, however, the temporal fascia some categories, morbidity rose as mortal- was a multi-laminar structure arising ity dropped. Regression analysis high- ‘Friendship’ behavior as a reprodu c- from both temporal lines and the bone lights the categories of diseases that were tive strategy in savanna baboons: between, and covering the temporal mus- most influential in the decline of mortal- Intraspecific variation. cle and its fan-shaped tendon. It seems to ity. The data, coupled with analysis of be a compound structure comprising the reports by army medical officers, suggest R.A. Palombit. Dept. of Anthropology & sheets on each side of a non-existent su- that, in addition to sanitary impr ov e- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, perficial muscle and on the existing mus- ments, changes in medical practice were Rutgers University. cle. In 35 of 400 cadavers, anomalous effective in reducing the mortality of the muscles were found within this fascia men of the garrison of Gibraltar. A common feature of savanna baboon supporting the idea of superficial muscle social systems is the close affiliative rela- loss. When, in human history, did the Does hearing play a role in insect tionship between anoestrus females and superficial temporal muscle disappear? predation? An assessment of the rela- adult males, commonly known as ‘frien d- Since fossil muscles are rare this cannot tionship between external ear mor- ships.’ The adaptive significance of these be answered directly. However, fascial phology and foraging behaviors in relationships for females remains unclear. attachments are reflected in bone surface nocturnal prosimians. It has been suggested that friendships features. In non -humans the region be- enhance female reproductive success tween the temporal lines is similar to A.K. Palmer, M.N. Muchlinski. Dept. of through anti-infanticide protection in other regions where fleshy muscles arise. Anthropology, University of Texas at Aus- chacma baboons. Current data, however, In humans the vertical fibres in the fascia tin. reveal that risk of infanticide varies con- are bound down to the region between the siderably across baboon populations, sug- temporal lines. The bone therefore shows Various authors (e.g. Laskinsky, 1960; gesting alternative functions for frien d- fine vertical striae where a superficial Schultz, 1969; Ankel-Simons, 2000) have ships in other populations, such as dis- muscle is absent. noted differences in the external ear mor- couraging harassment from young adult If would be interesting to know if pres- phology of nocturnal prosimians in terms males or other female rivals. I present ervation of surface features is good of relative size and shape, mobility, pres- behavioral data from an ongoing com- enough to suggest which of australopithe- ence/absence of specific auricular struc- parative field study of the olive baboon (P. cine, habiline, erectus, Neanderthal, etc, tures (most notably cross-folds), and the hamadryas anubis) in central Kenya and fossils still retained or had lost the super- presence/absence of fur covering the ear the chacma baboon (P. h. ursinus) in ficial muscle. The timing of its loss might and/or the external auditory meatus. northern Botswana. In these two popula- relate to human developments in types of While hypotheses have been suggested, tions, the nature, temporal patterning, diet, mastication, food preparation, cook- no systematic assessment of the func- and mechanisms of this social relation- ing, and other functions of the jaws. tional significance of these differences ship differ. For example, friendships in Thanks are due to Kenneth Chan and have been undertaken. chacma baboons are generally more coh e- sive and arise through a greater invest- 164 AAPA Abstracts

ment of females in maintaining the rela- wealthy. Accordingly, we should be more In primates, sperm competition (Parker, tionship. The implications of interpopula- careful with identifying social structure 1970) is most commonly inferred from tion differences for evaluating alternative solely by burial goods. large testes size relative to body size functional hypotheses for female frien d- (Harvey and Harcourt, 1984). Among ship behavior will be discussed. Likewise, Franchthi Cave, Greece: The human strepsirhine taxa, ringtailed lemur (Le- the reproductive significance of frien d- population from the Upper Paleo- mur catta) males have the largest relative ships for male partners is unclear. The lithic to the Final Neolithic. testes (Kappeler, 1997), and additionally “Parental Effort” hypothesis suggests that have ejaculate which coagulates in the males are the fathers of their female A. Papathanasiou. Ephorate of Speleology female vaginal tract to form a copulatory friend’s young, while the competing “Mat- and Paleoanthropology, Athens. plug (Evans and Goy, 1968). Copulatory ing Effort” hypothesis argues that males plug formation and displacement (plug are unrelated to their current friend’s Franchthi Cave located on the coast of removal) by subsequently-mating males infant, but may sire her subsequent off- the Argolid peninsula in southern Greece has been hypothesized to function in spring through female choice. Prelimi- was investigated from 1967 to 1979. The sperm competition in L. catta (Sauther, nary genetic data addressing the pater- cave and the surrounding settlement were 1991; Sauther and Sussman, 1993; Sau- nity of females’ infants are presented in occupied from 25,000 to 5,000 B.P., ex- ther et al., 1999), although actual copula- order to address this question. tending from the Upper Paleolithic until tory plug displacement has heretofore not the Final Neolithic Age. The site yielded been witnessed in this species. Miners or mine owners- Do the Hall- well preserved but fragmentary human This study is the first to document and statt skeletons reflect occupation and osteological material dating from 10,000 describe copulatory plug displacement by social structure? to 5,000 B.P. The Franchthi population male ringtailed lemurs. Data were col- consists of formal burials and scattered lected during Oct.-Nov. 2000 and 2001 on D. Pany, M. Teschler -Nicola, H. Wilfing. bone yielding a minimum number of 60 two groups of free-ranging ringtailed le- Dept. of Archaeological Biology and An- individuals including two Paleolithic, murs on St. Catherine’s Island, USA. thropology, Natural History Museum, thirteen Mesolithic, 25 Early and Middle, Copulatory plug displacement was wit- Vienna. four Late, and fourteen Final Neolithic, as nessed nine times in twenty-two observed well as two recent individuals. Of these mating bouts; plugs were expelled by the Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM) individuals, 38 are subadults (seventeen mating male’s fully erect penis during can provide information about habitual are under one year of age), and 22 adults deep vaginal thrusting. In every case of activities of past populations. The MSM of which six have been identified as prob- plug displacement observed, the male result of occupational hyperactivity and able males and six as probable females. displacing a previous male’s plug mated appear as pittings on the bony cortex The mean adult age is 32.5 years. to ejaculation with the estrous female. where a muscle, tendon or ligament in- The observed pathological conditions Variation in displaced plug size indicates serts. They are also known as “stress include high incidence of cribra orbitalia inter -individual differences in male ejacu- lesions” or “enthesopathies”. MSM were (45%, 10/22), porotic hyperostosis (20%, late volume. Because coagulated ejacu- recorded on the skeletons from the Hall- 14/71), trauma (15%, 9/60), industrial late conforms to the dimensions of the statt (Austria) cemetery, dating 800-400 wear of the front teeth (12% 16/131), pr e- female vaginal tract (Dixson, 1998), varia- B.C., located on a mountain next to the mortem tooth loss and osteoarthritis, and tion in displaced plug shape suggests that salt mines. There is no proof whether the relatively low incidence of dental caries different males were intromitted at dif- people buried there with wealthy grave (2.4% 11/458), LEH (6.8% 31/458) and ferent depths upon ejaculation. Frequent goods also worked in the mines. 34 muscle infection. removal of copulatory plugs by subse- and ligament sites on the 99 skeletons (48 A paleodietary reconstruction has been quently-mating males calls into question male, 24 female, 27 unsexable adults) performed, using carbon and nitrogen the effectiveness of plugs as barriers to were examined for occupational stress stable isotope analysis of human bone future insemination. markers type and severity according to collagen and carbonate apatite on eight- Hawkey (1995). een individuals. The results point to a Getting beyond the warm fuzzies: The results show a specifically strong terrestrial, predominantly C3 diet focused Teaching the real reasons why there MSM score pattern in the Hallstatt skele- primarily on plant resources with only are no biological human races and tons, indicating a laborious lifestyle of the occasional or periodic exploitation of ani- why it’s so important. population examined. The ranked MSM mal and marine protein resources despite scores show, that the Hallstatt males proximity to the sea. Both analyses sug- M. Park. Dept. of Anthropology, Central used their triceps brachii, pectoralis ma- gest that the site was occupied by agricul- Connecticut State University. jor and latissimus dorsi heavily, muscles turalists with a land-based subsistence that are needed, for example, in wood and strenuous lifeways. That human subspecific groups do not chopping. This movement is likely to re- This study was supported by a research exist on a biological level would seem semble closely mining salt with a bronze assistantship from the Wiener Laboratory among the least controversial things we pick. Interestingly, the Hallstatt females of the American School of Classical Stud- teach, yet many students come away still showed higher scores in muscles impor- ies at Athens. thinking the reason for the nonexistence tant in lever arm movements, like the of biological races has less to do with ac- biceps brachii and the brachialis. This Copulatory plug displacement: Fur- tual biology than with its seeming sup- could indicate the women having carried ther evidence for sperm competition port for the philosophical premise of ra- heavy loads. A division of labour could in Lemur catta. cial equality. In other words, they accept possibly be interpreted here. This combi- the idea because it makes them feel good. nation of heavy working people and rich J.A. Parga. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- This way of thinking is also true of some grave goods is in contradiction to modern versity of Texas at Austin. colleagues who accept the concept un- conventional views that miners cannot be AAPA Abstracts 165

questioned because it seems to jibe with often used as a proxy for admixture. We The taphonomy of soft tissue preser- an important moral belief. have genotyped these samples for a panel vation in anaerobic conditions - the The problem with this thinking is two- of ancestry informative markers and we Queen Street Mission crypt, Hud- fold. First, it can bring about a misun- have estimated individual admixture dersfield, England. derstanding of the scientific data, espe- using the program STRUCTURE cially data that indicate differences (Pritchard, Stephens and Donelly, 2000). R.F. Pastor1, S.McShane1, M. Green2. among populations. Second, so powerful is We report the relationship of constitutive 1Dept. of Archaeological Sciences, Univer- our folk wisdom coupled with our drive to pigmentation and individual admixture, sity of Bradford, 2Dept. of Forensic Pa- create categories within sets of variables and discuss its implications for admixture thology, University of Sheffield. that, if we only accept the nonexistence of studies. A significant correlation is gener- biological races on a philosophical level, ally observed between skin pigmentation In 1970, a recovery and exhumation we may not have confidence in its literal and individual admixture (estimated with was conducted of 83 mummified bodies truth. After all, we still, despite sound the panel of informative genetic markers), interred in an early 19th century Victorian scientific data, commonly speak of human particularly in the samples in which there crypt cemetery in Huddersfield, England. variation as if it, indeed, must come as- is a high admixture level. Due to the high degree of soft tissue pres- sorted into discrete units. The paper dis- ervation, including skin and organs, fo- cusses these problems and suggests one Nutrition behavior change in Mali: A rensic pathologists were able to conduct approach to ensuring that the evidence biocultural model. complete autopsies documenting disease for the nonexistence of biological races is states and causes of death. Unique ta- accurately conveyed and understood. C.F. Parvanta. Centers for Disease Con- phonomic conditions of the sealed lead trol and Prevention. crypts had been produced by the com- Skin pigmentation and admixture in bined factors of: an anaerobic environ- five populations with Native Ameri- Between 1988 and 1995, the "Nutrition ment, cloth burial shrouds, and oak bark can ancestry. Communication Project (NCP)" was im- shavings. From a sample of 27 of the best plemented in 4 rural areas of the country preserved bodies, this study consists of a E. J. Parra1,2, LG. Moore3, T. Brutsaert4, where the Government of Mali and non- retrospective review and analysis of the G. Gutierrez2, J. Fernandez5, R. Ham- governmental organizations (NGOs) ran archived postmortem reports, notes and man6, C. Bonilla2, S. Dios2, M.D. Shriver2. "Child Survival" projects. Ethnographic photographs to document the degree and Dept. of Anthropology, University of To- research allowed us to focus on specific pattern of soft tissue preservation, includ- ronto at Mississauga, 2Dept. of Anthro- behaviors, including 'active' child feeding, ing adipocere and tanning and their asso- pology, Penn State University, 3Dept of and aggressive recuperative feeding tech- ciation with types of interment materials Anthropology, University of Colorado at niques. NCP used interpersonal commu- and structures. Denver, 4Dept. of Anthropology, State nication to teach new skills, and mass Results of the analysis indicated that University of New York at Albany, 5Dept. media to affect community norms. 70% of individuals were well preserved, of Nutrition, University of Alabama at The evaluation used a quasi- and adipocere was present on 60% of the Birmingham, 6Health Sciences Center, experimental design with random as- adults, 33% of children and 50% of the University of Colorado. signment of villages matched for wealth infants. The most common locations for and other factors to NCP (trial/high expo- this were the head and face as well as the We present data on constitutive and sure) or "routine child survival activities" extremities. The presence of adipocere facultative skin pigmentation in five (comparisons/low-no exposure) within and the degree of skin tanning were as- populations with Native American ances- NGO project sites. Baseline (1990), mid- sessed subjectively from the autopsy ph o- try. We measured pigmentation in the point (1993) and outcome (1995) surveys tographs and ranked on a 5-point scale. upper inner arm and the forehead using a collected parental knowledge, attitude, This analysis revealed that the presence narrow-band reflectometer (Dermaspec- reported behaviors and child anthropom- of oak shavings is positively associated trometer) in the following samples: a etric data. In 1995, sufficient data were with skin tanning, based on mean tan- sample of females primarily of Aymara collected on 712 women, 354 men and 845 ning scores of 0.77 for individuals without ancestry from Bolivia, a sample of males children for analyses. Weight/age < -2SD oak and 3.34 out of 5 for individuals with and females primarily of Quechua ances- was 29% in high NCP exposure villages oak, a highly significant result in a Wil- try from two locations in Peru (Lima and compared to 44% in no/low exposure vil- coxon ranked pairs test. Generally, tan- Cerro de Pasco), a sample of males and lages (p=.00001). When NCP media recall, ning better preserved the skin but not the females from the State of Guerrero in child survival project variables, and internal organs, while preservation of all Mexico, composed of individuals primarily wealth variables were included in logistic soft tissues was greater when less oak of Nahua, Tlapanec and Mixtec ancestry, regression analysis, only NCP exposure bark and adipocere were present but and a sample of Puerto Rican females was significant with an OR of 2.04, (1.52, when burial shrouds were used. from New York. We also present data on 2.57, p=.008). Height/age >-2SD showed a skin pigmentation in a sample of Hispanic stronger influence of NCP with an OR of Molecular systematics of lemurs. males and females from San Luis Valley 3.37 (2.8, 3.94, p=.0000). in Colorado. In this sample, pigmentation Nutrition communication can enhance J. Pastorini1,3, R.D. Martin2,3. 1CERC, was measured only in the upper inner growth outcomes in child survival pr o- Columbia University, 2The Field Museum, arm, using a Photovolt model 575 spec- grams. These effects can be obtained with Chicago, 3Anthropologisches Institut, trophotometer. inputs of staff training, simple visual Universität Zürich. We describe the observed distribution of materials and radio, which have minimal constitutive and facultative skin pigmen- recurrent costs compared to supplemen- This study examines the systematics of tation, and discuss sex -differences in tary feeding programs. the lemurs of Madagascar (suborder pigmentation. In numerous anthropolog i- Strepsirrhini). Evolutionary relationships cal studies, skin pigmentation has been within this prosimian group remain con- 166 AAPA Abstracts

troversial, despite a long history of prev i- Soft tissue dissections of diverse an- the Fuegans had very robust limb bones ous investigations. In a multi-level ap- thropoid taxa revealed the presence of an and relatively broad pelves in common proach, the study pr esented here uses OC in both New and Old World monkeys, with the most cold-adapted recent popula- sequence variation in mitochondrial genes and lesser apes. The ligament was absent tions. However, no significant differences to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in Pan and in all Atelines dissected. Ma- existed in matched-sex comparisons of among families, genera, species and sub- nipulation of the two forearm bones re- upper limb versus lower limb robusticity species of the extant lemurs. To attempt vealed that the OC becomes most taut in or in pilastric and platycnemic indices. this goal, ~2400 bp of the ND3, ND4L, pronation contrary to the human condi- The difference in ethnographically docu- ND4 genes and five tRNAs of a total of tion. Also, larger bodied and habitually mented activity and lack of its skeletal 131 lemurs from 12 genera, 25 species terrestrial primates have relatively larger manifestation argues for the use of cau- and 18 subspecies were sequenced. A OC areas when compared to total interos- tion in interpreting these traits. variety of taxa were used as outgroups. seous membrane area. Monophyly of the Malagasy lemurs, as Isolated radii were subsequently ana- STDs in prehistory: Why they mat- well as the family status and monophyly lyzed, and it was observed that OC size tered. of each of the five lemur families are and the point of OC insertion lack a sig- strongly supported by the molecular data. nificant relationship with bone curvature, R.L Pennington. Dept. of Anthropology, Daubentonia (family Daubentoniidae) thus contradicting the hypothesis of pr e- University of Utah. consistently groups as sister to a clade venting buckling failure. However, there containing the other four lemur families. is an association between the site of ra- Sexually transmitted disease (STD) can The sequencing data failed to reveal ph y- dial insertion and habitat preference. have high fitness costs for human popula- logenetic relationships among the four Thus, the form and function of the OC in tions. For example, antibiotics tripled the families Cheirogaleidae, Indridae, Le- non-human anthropoid primates differs fertility of Herero pastoralists of the Ka- muridae and Lepilemuridae. The genes from modern humans and experimental lahari over several decades, and I have clearly resolved phylogenetic relation- investigation is warranted before any argued that much of the low fertility of ships among subspecies, species and gen- evolutionary implications can be made. neighboring !Kung Bushman is due to era of most lemur taxa. Comparison of Research supported in part by NSF Grant endemic STDs. STDs have been impli- tree topology and genetic divergences BCS-0109331. cated as a cause of infertility throughout allowed verification of monophyly and the Africa and the Pacific. taxonomic hierarchy of most units inves- Postcranial reflections of climatic Theory predicts that STDs should in- tigated. However, some currently recog- adaptation and habitual activity in crease host sexual activity, cause low host nized taxa could not be confirmed by our Tierra del Fuego. mortality, and have long infectious peri- molecular data (e.g. Eulemur fulvus may- ods, and there is empirical support for ottensis, E.f. sanfordi, Hapalemur griseus O.M. Pearson, M. Millones. Dept. of An- these predictions in numerous plants and alaotrensis, Propithecus verreauxi corona- thropology, University of New Mexico. animals species including humans. tus, P.v. deckeni, P. tattersalli) and sev- Unlike other infectious diseases, STD eral new taxa have been tentatively iden- The people who lived on Tierra del epidemiology depends on numbers of sex- tified (Cheirogaleus medius ssp., E. fulvus Fuego at the time of European contact ual partners, not population size. Be- ssp., H. griseus ssp., Lepilemur sp., Micro- offer a remarkable opportunity to study cause of long infectious periods they can cebus sp., M. murinus ssp., Varecia varie- the effects on the skeleton of long-term persist indefinitely in small populations. gata ssp.). adaptation to climate and the short-term I discuss syphilis, gonorrhea, human adaptation to habitual activity. The is- papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, and The comparative morphology of the land provided one of the coldest habitats herpes in the context of this evolutionary oblique cord in non-human anthro- in South America. Two groups with dif- theory. poid primates. ferent subsistence strategies occupied the I also examine fitness consequences of island at contact: the Yamana (canoe- different mating strategies in the pres- B.A. Patel. Interdepartmental Doctoral using marine foragers) along the southern ence of endemic sterilizing STDs. Fitness Program in Anthropological Sciences, and western coast and the Selk’nam (ter- costs of promiscuity should decrease as Stony Brook University. restrial hunter -gatherers) in the interior. adult mortality increases, as fecundity The dissimilar subsistence patterns increases, and as the prevalence of steril- The oblique cord (OC), as observed in should predict that the two groups should izing pathogens increases. Both sexes humans, is a ligament connecting the have dissimilar robusticity and diaph y- benefit from promiscuity when the fr e- antero-lateral aspect of the ulna prox i- seal shapes of long bones in the upper and quency of sterile partners is high. Infer- mally to the postero-medial aspect of the lower limb. Due to climate, both groups ences about human population history radius distally, inserting just distal to the should show levels of limb and joint ro- typically rely on anthropological surveys radial tuberosity. Its functional signifi- busticity and body proportions similar to of human fertility that exclude popula- cance is uncertain, but it has been pr o- other cold adapted humans. tions affected by sterilizing STDs. But posed to either limit the degree of supina- Skeletons of either group are rare in STDs and their consequences on population and/or aid in resisting buckling fail- North America and Europe. Skeletons of tion and social evolution in our species ure in the curved radius. The OC in non- Selk’nam (11 males, 3 females) and Ya- are not recent. HPV, for example, pr e- human primates has not been thoroughly mana (7 males, 3 females) were measured dates the continental dispersal of humans investigated and there are no evolution- at Museums in Argentina and Chile and and may be several million years old. ary implications for its presence. The supplemented with published data. Ro- goal of this study was to investigate the busticity indices of the shafts and epiph y- distribution and form of the OC in non- ses of limb bones, relative bi-iliac breadth, human anthropoid primates and to ex- and AP/ML midshaft ratios were calcu- plore its possible functional significance. lated and compared. The results show AAPA Abstracts 167

The bioarchaeological evidence for examined comprises 88 adult crania from isolation and continuous gene flow (Pfaff, intra-site class differences in the the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology et al., 2001). Each population was sam- Roman Near East. documented (known age and sex) skeletal pled at generations 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 collection. The study examined the diag- following the initial admixture event. M.A. Perry. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- nostic utility of a combination of groove Each sample consisted of 300 individuals versity of New Mexico. border expression (presence or absence of with genotypes at 62 ancestry-informative an overhanging margin), width, depth, markers (i.e. ancestral allele frequency Textual and material cultural evidence and visibility from lateral aspect. Each differential of >30%). have provided the primary perspective on trait was scored in categories along a For the samples simulated using a hy- class-based differences in the Roman gradient from “strongly feminine” to brid isolation model of admixture, the Near East. Biological substantiation of “strongly masculine.” The method in- individual ancestry estimates obtained social stratification, on the other hand, is volves summing numerical scores for using the Bayesian method were both rarely included in historical and archaeo- categorical data on these variables. Ap- more accurate and more precise than the logical discourse. As data on health and proximately 95% of known-sex females ML estimates for each sample. However, quality of life can reflect within-group exhibit either “intermediate” or “femi- for the samples simulated using a con- differential access to resources, intra-site nine” total scores, and 70% of known tinuous gene flow model of admixture, the bioarchaeological analyses of two commu- males exhibit either “intermediate” or ML method was more accurate than the nities provide additional evidence of Ro- “masculine” total scores. In this study, Bayesian method for generations recently man Near Eastern political-economic 68% of the individuals with “feminine” following the initial admixture ev ent. For relations. total scores were known females, and 91% samples taken from later generations of Burials from each site were separated with “masculine” totals were known admixture, the Bayesian method per- based on historical observations and ma- males. In this sample, 31% had interme- formed better. These results show that, terial culture. Individuals from a village diate total scores. Fisher’s exact test indi- for accurate inference of ancestry, it is cemetery and church were compared at cated that the sex -assignments were sig- important to consider the specific admix- the agricultural village of Rehovot (n = nificantly better than random (p<0.01). ture history of each sample when choos- 96). In addition, burials containing Similar results are obtained when only ing which method to use to estimate indi- Greco-Roman artifacts were contrasted individuals with mastoid sizes in the vidual ancestry. with other burials of pastoral nomads “feminine” or “intermediate” range are from Zabayir (n = 73). examined, indicating independence of the Dividing the dead: Bioarchaeological Assessment of bioanthropological vari- other traits from mastoid size. It should differentiation of sub-populations ables such as non-specific indicators of be noted that “masculine” scores are more within the Albany County Almshouse stress, osteoarthritis, vertebral osteoph y- likely to identify correctly males than Cemetery. tosis, and skeletal trauma quantified “feminine” scores are to identify females. differences in health and activity between This criterion should not be used alone, M. Phillips, G. Hughes, M. Solano. An- community subgroups. Individuals con- but rather in conjunction with established thropology Dept. University at Albany, trolling local resources were expected to criteria to enhance cranium-based sex SUNY. have better health and lower evidence of diagnosis. activity than the rest of the community. The Albany Almshouse Cemetery (Al- Interestingly, expected differences be- Comparison of methods for estima- bany, New York), in use from 1826 to tween the subgroups did not emerge. No tion of individual ancestry. 1926, was the final resting place for differences in health existed between almshouse residents, indigent Albany Rehovot or Zabayir elites and the general C.L. Pfaff1, J.S. Barnholtz-Sloan2, J.C. County residents, inmates from the local population (Fisher’s Exact Mean Statistic, Long1. 1Dept. of Human Genetics, Univer- prison and Albany Medical College speci- p>0.05). Furthermore, individuals buried sity of Michigan, 2Internal Medicine and mens. An analysis of the relationship in the Rehovot church actually had Oncology, Wayne State University School between the biological and the cultural greater signs of activity than the general of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Insti- remains from this cemetery (N=681) was population (Fisher’s Exact Mean Statistic, tute. performed using chi-square tests, with p=0.0032). Community relations with the the goal of differentiating these subpopu- Roman administration likely had a Understanding an individual’s ancestry lations archaeologically and biologically. stronger impact on differential access to is important for genetic mapping and Archaeological variables include coffin resources and activity patterns than local association studies. The presence of ad- shape (hexagonal or rectangular) and socio-economic dynamics or subsistence mixed individuals or undetected mixtures artifact inclusion (clothing, etc.). Bio- strategies. These bioarchaeological inter- of subjects from genetically differentiated demographic variables including age, sex, pretations enhance historical narratives populations can violate key statistical ancestry and pathological conditions are on Classical Near Eastern class-based assumptions made by these analyses. One tested against these archaeological vari- differences. approach to control for mixed ancestry is ables. to estimate the contributions of ancestral This analysis shows significant varia- Digastric groove morphology: A po- populations to individuals using genetic tion between those interred in rectangu- tential new criterion for sex diagn o- marker data. Here we compare the accu- lar (n=210) versus hexagonal (n=471) sis. racy of individual admixture estimates coffins. Rectangular coffins exhibited a obtained using maximum likelihood (ML) higher frequency of clothing and other T.R. Petersen. University of New Mexico. and Bayesian methods for simulated data grave goods, while those in hexagonal in which each individual’s ancestry is coffins were frequently buried without This study proposes a new criterion for known. personal effects. Traumatic injuries (in- sex diagnosis: morphology of the digastric Data were simulated according to two cluding amputees) and autopsies were groove of the temporal bone. The sample models of population admixture, hybrid also more common among skeletons in 168 AAPA Abstracts

rectangular coffins. The age distribution V. C. Pilbrow. Dept. of Anthropology, New human evolution. However, attempts to in rectangular coffins favored those under York University and NYCEP. demonstrate general patterns of variation five years of age and those above 30 years across human populations often mask of age. Additionally, rectangular coffins Dental morphology is commonly used in more subtle patterns that exist at local or were more likely to contain those of Euro- differentiating fossil species. In this study regional scales. Studies of human mito- pean ancestry as compared to African the utility of dental morph ology in fossil chondrial variation typically focus on ancestry. species recognition is examined by using either a small number of individuals from Cultural aspects of the mortuary pr o- dental dimensions to study patterns of many populations or a large number of gram and the bio-demographic variables geographic variation in gorillas. 299 adult individuals from several focal popula- suggest various origins for those buried at dental specimens were sorted into 14 tions. Here we compare these two sam- the Albany Almshouse Cemetery. Based populations representing gorillas pling strategies using data from the cyto- on coffin form and artifact distribution, throughout their distribution in equato- chrome oxidase III locus of mtDNA in almshouse residents appear to be interred rial Africa. About 200 dental characters order to test the hypothesis that sampling in hexagonal coffins, while rectangular were measured quantitatively and 200 design may lead to differing conclusions coffins likely originated from the Albany characters were coded using discrete about human diversity. Currently we Medical College, the local penitentiary codes. The quantitative data were size have examined six populations of fifty and residents of Albany County that could adjusted using the Geometric Mean. Ma- individuals each (two in Africa, four ou t- not afford burial elsewhere. halanobis distance matrices and hierar- side of Africa). Observations reveal that chical clustering procedures were used to one African population (the Dogon of The meaning of impacts on bones study the affiliations of the 14 popula- Mali) has relatively few segregating sites from several skeletal samples. tions. and the lowest nucleotide diversity (p) of The results of the analyses indicate that the six populations studied. However, C.M. Pijoan, J. Mansilla. DAF/INAH, in dental morphology (1) the west African when the two Africa populations are Mexico. gorillas are clearly differentiated from the pooled, we observe greater diversity in east African gorillas (2) gorillas from the Africa, and less diversity outside of Af- The evidence of different rituals made Virunga mountains in Rwanda, commonly rica, congruent with results based on with the bodies of the sacrificed has been placed in the subspecies Gorilla gorilla global sampling strategies. One of our determined in several prehispanic popula- beringei lie at an intermediate position non-African populations (the Baining of tions of Mexico. These rituals have been between west African and other east Afri- New Britain) shows a positive Tajima’s D, interpreted from the analysis of the cul- can populations. (3) interpopulational consistent with stable population size. tural taphonomic alterations on the hu- distances between the Virunga gorillas However, when pooled with the non- man bones. When studying the skeletal and the Utu/ Mwenga-Fizi gorillas from Africans there is a statistically significant remains from burial No. 14 from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo negative Tajima’s D, compatible with Tlatelolco, D.F., we saw that almost all (commonly referred to as G. g. graueri) population expansion. These data indicate the long bones, as well as a number of are lower than that among other eastern the great importance of local sampling in vertebrae showed impacts or percussions populations. order to make inferences about growth on the epiphysis. This burial is consti- These results run contrary to that re- and diversity of individual populations. tuted by the remains of at least 153 dis- ported by Groves (1970) using craniomet- membered individuals. After analyzing ric dimensions. In Groves study, Virunga The appearance and dispersion of these alterations we suggested that they gorillas were the most distinctive of the the first farmers in Europe. A novel were left when introducing some instru- gorillas in mandibular and palatal fea- approach to an old debate. ment into the articular capsule to help the tures that reflected their dietary reliance dismemberment. on tough fibrous vegetation; the Utu/ R. Pinhasi. Dept. of Biological Anthropol- As these alterations had not been re- Mwenga-Fizi populations occupied an ogy, University of Cambridge. ported before, we studied several other intermediate position. The contrary re- populations to see if they also presented sults of this study have implications for The appearance and dispersion of the them. We analysed the skeletal samples the presumed correlation between dental first farmers in Europe has been the sub- from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Ver. morphology and diet, and are explained ject of heated debate among anthropolo- (1250-900 b.C.), Tlapacoya-Zohapilco, using arguments of phylogenetic inertia gists, archaeologists, and geneticists for Mex. (1250-700 b.C.), Tlatilco, Mex. (1100- and drift. over a century. While each discipline fo- 600 b.C.), Tetelpan, D.F. (600-300 b.C.) cused on different aspects of this grand and Electra S.L.P. (350-800 a.D.). Sampling bias and the cytochrome topic, the central point of contention is We found the presence of impacts on all oxidase III locus of mitochondrial what may be regarded as the dem o- of these samples. However, their expres- DNA. graphic nature of the proc ess. There is sion is somewhat different to those from lack of consensus regarding two main Tlatelolco. We also found that these M.M. Pilkington1, J. A. Wilder 2, Z. Mo- aspects (1) the extent to which the transi- marks are found on those bones whose basher2, B. Shassman3, J. Friedlaender4, tion to farming was an indigenous proc- integrity was desired. This study shows M.F. Hammer 1,2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, ess, involved some admixture between that the use of the technique of introduc- The University of Arizona, 2Division of incoming farmers and local hunters, or a ing an instrument into the articulation to Biotechnology, The University of Arizona, population replacement process; and (2) help in the dismembering of human bod- 3The University of Michigan, 4Temple the historical pattern in terms of the tim- ies is very old in Mexico. University. ing and tempo of the dispersion events. These issues are addressed through the Geo graphic variation in gorillas: Sequence variation of human mitochon- combined analysis of archaeological and graueri and beringei are dentally drial DNA (mtDNA) has provided exten- morphological data focusing on the follow- similar. sive insight into our understanding of ing aspects: 1. Cranial variability within AAPA Abstracts 169

and between past populations during the size corrected data using the Smith and group, is not significantly different. This Mesolithic, Early Neolithic and Mid- Cheverud (2002) phylogeny. Female ca- suggests a trade-off between kinetic en- dle/Late Neolithic periods, 2. An analysis nine size was adjusted for correlated re- ergy conservation during swing phase of of the exact pattern of expansion of popu- sponse to male canine size. Female canine locomotion coincident with distal limb lations in Europe during the Early Neo- size and female group size are negatively tapering and higher cartilage contact lithic Period. The expansion of these correlated, corroborating Janson and pressures incurred by less plastic joint populations is assessed against corre- Goldsmith's model. Male canine size is surfaces. sponding changes in the settlement pat- correlated with the sex ratio in multi- tern and demography of the European male, but not single-male species. Results Conditional independence modeling hunter -gatherer groups. identify single-male species as unusual in of neurocranial, facial, and mastica- A quantitative analysis of craniometric their expression of canine dimorphism tory integration in Pan, Gorilla and data was performed on an extensive sam- compared to other species, lending sup- recent Homo. ple of 1400 specimens from the Meso- port to Altmann's (2000) suggestion that lithic, Early Neolithic and Middle/Late male demographics may not accurately J. M. Polanski, R. G. Franciscus. Dept. of Neolithic periods from the Near East, reflect reproductive skew in these species. Anthropology, University of Iowa. Anatolia and Europe. Statistical methods Combining the results, canine dimor- were applied to a series of subsets from phism covaries predictably with the sex The possibility that hominin speciation the total sample in order to assess intra ratio and female group size. Supported by involved growth alterations among func- and inter -population variability in rela- NSF SBR 9616671 and BNS 8814060. tional matrices (F -sets) is widely action to archaeological cultures, location knowledged and is made more amenable and period. The effects of differential mechanical to testing by posing explicit hypotheses. Statistical results reveal a new and loading on articular surface area in Franciscus (1997) rejected the null hy- complex picture regarding morphological miniature swine. pothesis that neurocranial, facial and variability within and between popula- masticatory F-sets were significantly tions in the three periods. Moreover the J.H. Plochocki1, J. Organ2. 1Department of integrated in recent humans using partial results indicate regional and temporal Anthropology, University of Missouri- correlation analysis of Howell’s (1989) differences in the dispersion process and Columbia, 2Center for Functional Anat- craniometric database. This degree of corresponding degrees of admixture with omy & Evolution, Johns Hopkins Univer- cranial F-set “uncoupling” was unex- local hunting populations. Based on the sity School of Medicine. pected and speculatively linked to ana- results, a new detailed, region-specific, tomical modernity, but in the absence of a model was developed. This model explains It is well established that bone responds wider comparative baseline was difficult the spread of farming in Europe as a se- to mechanical loading during growth, to interpret. In the present study, we ries of varying dispersion processes, with however the specific role of mechanical have extended the sampling and analyti- the initial Neolithic population originat- factors in determining articular surface cal framework to explore further the ev o- ing from Central Anatolia. area (ASA) is still unclear. Articular sur- lutionary implications for this pattern. face growth must follow a trajectory that A sub-set of 32 measurements divided Group size, sex ratios, and the con- allows mechanical loads to be passed among neurocranial, facial and mastica- tribution of male and female canine through the surface without severe joint tory F-sets from Howells’ (1989) database size to dimorphism. wear. Contact pressures from loads that were collected on 31 gorillas and 23 chim- are too great due to insufficient articular panzees (all adult males). The same J.M. Plavcan. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- size can irreparably damage articular measurements were selected from How- versity of Arkansas cartilage, allowing subchondral wear to ell’s complete data set for 30 geograph i- occur. Clearly, the location and proper- cally representative adult male recent Recent studies emphasize that sexual ties of each joint influence the manner in humans. These measurements were used dimorphism is a function of variation in which loads are transmitted; hence the to calculate size and shape variables for male and female traits. A number of com- magnitude and direction of articular re- each F-set that were subjected to tests parative behavioral studies shed light on sponse may be joint dependent. Joints involving conditional independence as patterns of group size, sex ratios, and must be large enough to function under described by Magwene (2001) in his study competition in primates that should help the required levels of stress and oriented of integration levels in the Sewell Wright explain variation in dimorphism. Specifi- in a direction to withstand efficiently that fowl data set. cally, Janson and Goldsmith (1995) dem- stress. The size results indicate that humans onstrated that female resource competi- This study experimentally tests the have the lowest overall level of F-set inte- tion is negatively correlated with group hypothesis that a growth mechanism gration and gorillas have the highest. size in anthropoids. Others have demon- responsive to mechanical stresses allows However, comparison of the integration strated that male group size is negatively articular surface area to adapt to its me- levels between each functional unit di- allometric with female group size in chanical environment (Frost 1999; chotomizes human versus ape patterns. multi-male groups. If canine size covaries Hamrick, 1999). The hypothesis is tested In terms of overall F-set shape, gorillas with operational sex ratios in males, and through comparisons of exercised (n=28) are the least integrated, perhaps du e to with competition in females, then it and control (n=30) subadult pigs. These masticatory specialization. These results should parallel these findings. data support the hypothesis that ASA is are discussed further in terms of the Recent published data on male and responsive to differential loading during broader issue of operationalizing ana- female group sizes and sex ratios were growth. ASAs at the proximal femur and tomical modernity. gathered from the literature for 55 an- proximal tibia are significantly greater in thropoid species. Canine tooth size data the exercised pigs relative to controls (P < were taken from Plavcan (1990). Phylog e- 0.05). The distal articular surface of the netic contrast analysis was carried out on tibia, although larger in the exercised 170 AAPA Abstracts

Running in human evolution. sures shaping chimpanzee loc omotor food with infants. During observations in anatomy. This study tests the hypothesis 2002, nearest neighbor distances were J.D. Polk, S. Psutka, S. Cote, D. Lieber- that climbing adaptations in chimpan- collected using 5 minute focal animal man. Dept. of Anthropology, Harvard zees, though energetically costly during samples and all-occurance data were re- University. terrestrial locomotion, maximize overall corded of mating and aggression. In addi- energy efficiency by reducing the energy tion, group membership data were col- When did human ancestors first start to spent climbing. Locomotor behavior of lected during these studies and demon- run like modern humans? Carrier (1984) wild chimpanzees in Kibale National strate that groups change rapidly in size suggested that humans are well adapted Park, Uganda was measured to determine and replenish slowly when membership to endurance running, and that the mor- the amount of energy allocated daily to- diminishes. Together these data provide phology of early Homo erectus may have ward knuckle-walking and climbing. Day insights into the social organization of C. been shaped by the mechanical con- ranges were measured using 153 nest-to- goeldii and allow comparisons of C. straints imposed by a running gait. Two nest follows. Climbing was measured goeldii to other callitrichines. of these constraints are the high magni- during 19 days over two months. Daily tude impact force generated as the foot energy expenditure for knuckle-walking The evolution of lactase persistence contacts the ground with each step, and and climbing was estimated using pu b- in African populations. the energetic consequences of the large lished equations from the physiological vertical fluctuations in the body's center literature. These estimates were com- K.B. Powell, H. Mortensen, S.A. Tishkoff. of mass (COM) during running. Im pact pared with estimates of total daily energy Dept. of Biology, University of Maryland. forces frequently exceed four times body expenditure (TDEE). weight and repeated exposure to these Chimpanzees allocate approximately Adult lactase persistence is the geneti- impacts causes joint deterioration. Ther e- 13-percent of TDEE to knuckle-walking cally determined ability to derive energy fore, moderating these forces should be and only 1-percent to climbing. Such a from lactose, a major component of milk. advantageous for running-adapted low percentage of TDEE spent on clim b- Previous studies suggest that high fr e- hominins. Running animals should also ing suggests chimpanzee locomotor anat- quencies of lactase persistence are found reduce their energy expenditure by omy is selected for climbing safety, not in populations with strong traditions of smoothing the path of the COM. This energetic economy. Results of this study milk drinking and/or cattle herding. In study tests the hypothesis that trained suggest that climbing adaptations shared this sense, the trait is considered to be a human runners actively moderate impact by chimpanzees and australopithecines, rare example of culturally influenced forces through kinematic control of their though they support reconstructions of genetic adaptation in humans. Lactose vertical velocity at touchdown (in com- these hominins as adept climbers, do not tolerance tests (LTT and/or LTTE) were parison to untrained runners), and that indicate how much time australopith- performed on ~250 individuals represen t- trained runners exhibit energy saving ecines spent in trees, nor do they suggest ing 12 Tanzanian ethnic groups practicing running kinematics of the COM. To test a significant amount of energy spent on different methods of subsistence. They this hypothesis, 3D limb kinematics and climbing. These results are also relevant include pastoralists (Maasai, Iraqw, Bu- vertical ground reaction forces were ob- to energetics-based arguments for the runge, Gorowa), agriculturalists (Rangi, tained for trained and untrained human evolution of bipedalism in hominins. Mbugu, Mbugwe, and Pare) and hunter- runners moving at several speeds on a Finally, the effect of age on day range and gatherers (Sandawe, Hadza, Akie and treadmill with an embedded force plat- climbing rates suggests an unexplored Dorobo). Results indicate that patterns of form. While trained and untrained run- role for body size in determining ranging lactase persistence do not always corre- ners do not differ in their impact force behavior in all hominoids. spond to dietary tradition among East magnitudes, trained runners have less African groups. This is likely to reflect a vertical fluctuation in their body's center Social organization of wild groups of history of extensive gene flow in this re- of mass and stiffer limb spring coeffi- Callimico goeldii in northwestern gion. We are currently examining genetic cients. These limb movements allow Bolivia. variation among the tested individuals to trained runners to move more efficiently ascertain additional information regard- than untrained runners and to delay fa- L.M. Porter. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- ing the evolutionary history of lactase tigue. The lack of impact force damping versity of Washington. persistence and the genetic basis of adap- should influence joint shape, and the joint tation in humans. Funded by NSF grant surfaces of Homo may be enlarged to Although the social organization of No. 9905396 to ST and NSF IGERT grant moderate joint stress. many callitrichines has been well studied No. 9987590. in the wild, there have been few compara- Climbing behavior and locomotor ble data available for Callimico goeldii. Periosteal reactions as indices of energetics in wild chimpanzees: Im- In northwestern Bolivia, behavioral data health status. plications for hominin locomotor on wild groups of C. goeldii were collected evolution. from 1997-1998 and from 2001- 2002. M.L. Powell. University of Kentucky. Although C. goeldii groups with two H. Pontzer. Dept. of Anthropology, Har- breeding females were observed in the Paleopathological analyses of disease in vard University. research area, the study groups observed past populations often include observa- during these field seasons contained sin- tions of osteoblastic activity visible on What do anatomical comparisons of gle breeding females. These females gave long bone shafts (periosteal reactions) as chimpanzees and early hominins reveal birth twice a year to single offspring, at an indicator of population health. Using about the selection pressures shaping the end of the dry season and the end of the Health and Nutrition in the Western hominin locomotor anatomy? Little is the rainy season. Communal care of C. Hemisphere database (7500 YBP to the known about wild chimpanzee climbing goeldii infants was observed, with group early 20th Century), this study focuses on behavior or the specific selective pres- members helping to transport and share prevalence and pattern of periosteal reac- AAPA Abstracts 171

tions reported in Native Americans, Afri- crease the number of Australopithecus Investigation of stable Sr isotope can/Americans, and Euro-Americans in boisei specimens in West Turkana. The ratios in prehistoric human bones North America. The data are analyzed by presence of these hominids, may be asso- and teeth using laser ablation ICP- the following parameters: temporal pe- ciated (but not verified in Kokiselei 1) MS. riod, age, sex, elevation, settlement pat- with archeological remains, raises again tern, subsistence mode, and proximity to the issue of the identity of stone tools T. Prohaska1, C. Latkoczy 2, G. Schul- coast. In all three groups, periosteal reac- maker or makers. theis1, M. Teschler -Nicola3, G. Stingeder1. tions are significantly more common (p< 1Institute for Chemistry, Vienna Univer- .05) in adults than in subadults, regard- Using genomics to identify human sity of Agricultural Sciences, 2Institute for less of ecological or cultural variables, a brain specializations. Inorganic Chemistry, Eidgenössische pattern owing in part to “the osteological Technische Hochschule ETH, Zürich, paradox”. For Native Americans, seden- T.M. Preuss1, M. Cáceres2, J. Laucher2, 3Dept. of Archaeological Biology and An- tary farming populations show a higher M.A. Zapala2, J.C. Redmond1, L. Kudo3, thropology, Natural History Museum, prevalence than do foraging populations, D.J. Lockhart2, D.H. Geschwind3, C. Bar- Vienna. a trend also observed in the 20th Century low2. 1Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes in forcibly ‘settled’ hunting-gathering Primate Center, Emory University, The analysis of stable Sr isotope ratios groups in Africa and South America. 2Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Insti- in human skeletal remains has been Males and females show no significant tute for Biological Studies, 3Dept. of Neu- shown to be an appropriate method for difference in prevalence for non-trauma rology, UCLA School of Medicine. the reconstruction of paleodiets, paleoen- related periosteal reactions in any time vironments and human migrations of period, though the greatest differences Little is known about how human brain ancient populations. Although the techni- appear in the post-contact Native Ameri- organization differs from that of other cal and methodological prerequisites (in- can samples. For both African-Americans hominoids, in part because many widely strumental setup, precision, online Rb-Sr and Euro-Americans, rural population used neuroscientific techniques involve separation) could recently be optimized, samples exhibit more skeletal pathology invasive or terminal procedures and are the difficulties of possible post-mortem than their urban contemporaries, a reflec- therefore inappropriate for use with hu- influences on Sr isotope ratios due to pos- tion of lower rural socio-economic status mans and apes. Structural and functional sible diagenetic changes (such as dissolv- and unequal access to adequate medical differences should be reflected by differing and recrystallization phenomenona)), care. ences in gene expression, however, and remained heretofore unresolved, espe- Research supported by the National the latter can be identified in post- cially when the usual invasive techniques Science Foundation. mortem tissue samples using available (e.g., liquid nebulization ICP-MS) had genomic techniques. We used high- been used. New Australopithecus boisei speci- density oligonucleotide arrays, cDNA In the present study, we apply and test mens from the Kaitio Member, microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR to the potential of a novel Laser Ablation Nachukui Formation, Kenya. compare gene ex pression in different cor- ICP-MS (LA-ICP -MS) technique on trans- tical regions of five humans, four chim- versal cross sections of femur compact S. Prat. UPR 2147 du C.N.R.S., Paris. panzees and four rhesus macaques (all bone and longitudinal sections of tooth adults). Of 9700 genes interrogated by the samples, employing both its high lateral New specimens of Australopithecus arrays, ~50% were detected on average in resolution and isotope ratio capabilities. boisei are described from West Turkana human and chimpanzee cortex and 173 The Sr isotope ratio measurements were in northern Kenya. These specimens come showed clear differences in expression performed with an instrumental precision from two different sites: the new site of levels between both species. We confirmed of about 0.1 % RSD. Furthermore, the Naiyena Engol 9 and the archeological 36 of these expression differences by in- mineralized products (“Brushit”) showed site of Kokiselei 1. They belong to the dependent methods. When the rhesus a significantly increased amount of Rb, Kaitio Member (1.65-1.9 Myr) of the data is considered, ~60% of the changes indicating that they are exogenous. Teeth Nachukui Formation. The specimens from appear to be specific to humans and cor- were analyzed for their Sr isotope ratios Naiyena Engol 9 comprise a composite respond to a wide diversity of functional both in enamel and in dentine and reli- skull, a mandible fragment, a parietal classes, including genes involved in meta- able results could always be obtained. LA- fragment, a molar fragment and a right bolic pathways, signal transduction, RNA ICP-MS therefore is the method of choice femoral head (temporarily attributed to A. and protein synthesis, intracellular to analyze Sr isotope ratios in buried, boisei). The composite specimen consists transport, extracellular interactions, and diagenetically altered bone and teeth of eleven calvarial fragments. The mor- many genes with unknown function. tissue. Moreover, with this new method phology of these fragments (the sagittal These results indicate the human brain is only a small sample piece is needed; it can and temporonuchal crests for example) is not merely an enlarged ape brain: such be as small as one single tooth. very close to KNM-ER 406. In the archeo- marked differences in gene expression Financial support was granted by the logical site of Kokiselei 1, 526 stone tools suggest strongly that humans possess Austrian Science Research Fund (P12840- and 244 faunal remains have been discov- numerous specializations of the structure CHE). ered in situ and 6 hominid teeth on the and function of cerebral cortex. Knowing surface. These latter specimens are four the genes involved, these specializations Deformations of the Steinheim cra- complete teeth (upper left canine, first can be characterized more fully with nium revealed by electronic prepara- upper left premolar, third upper right standing immunocytochemical and in situ tion help reassess sex attribution, molar and third lower left molar) and two hybridization techniques. cranial volume, and circumorbital molar fragments. They are attributed to Support: James S. McDonnell Founda- form. Australopithecus boisei, on the basis of tion (TMP) and NIH (CB, DHG). morphology, general crown size/shape and H. Prossinger, H. Seidler. Institute for enamel thickness. These discoveries in- Anthropology, University of Vienna. 172 AAPA Abstracts

It has been difficult to assess much of a sample (N=20) of deciduous teeth from tainable harvest of a fruit species that is the morphological and taxonomic infor- modern Roman school children (average important to both humans and chimpan- mation the Steinheim cranium has to d18O = -5.1 ± 1.0‰). zees in the area. offer because of its extensive encrusta- Teeth of ancient Romans give values of tions and its considerable deformations. It -7.6 to -3.1‰ (1st molars) and -7.6 to -2.8‰ Mandibular corpora of Australopith- is possible, though difficult, to remove the (3rd molars). Compared to the modern ecus afarensis and Australopithecus encrustations electronically from a CT- Roman sample, about 27.5% of the indi- africanus: 3-D modeling and meas- scan, thus revealing many interesting viduals from the necropolis are greater urements. endocranial features, such as sella turcica than one standard deviation from the and crista galli, as well as deformations modern mean. The majority of individuals L.V. Pyne1, D. Liu2, M. Bae3. 1Dept. of that have implications for the interpreta- outside this range have lower d18O values Anthropology, University of Texas at Aus- tion of the external morphology. It ap- than modern Romans, suggesting that tin, 2PRISM, Arizona State University, pears that the facial complex of the cra- they came to Rome from northern Europe 3Dept. of Computer Science, Arizona State nium has been deformed in two different rather than from regions to the south of University. directions and that the frontal bone is Italy (e.g., North Africa). In all but one broken above the browridges, consider a- individual d18O of bone is greater than This project describes a systematic bly altering the cranium’s facial morphol- associated M1 values. methodology for taking height, breadth, ogy. When these deformations are ac- and cross-sectional area measurements counted for, the individual appears to Scrambling for a common resource: from 3-D models of Australopithecus have been male. An internal analysis Chimpanzees, humans, and Saba afarensis and Australopithecus africanus confirms the observation that the external senegalensis, in southeastern Sen e- mandibular casts. Many studies in 3-D vault is too low, because the basion is gal. models and data acquisition provide pushed inwards and upwards, resulting quantitative descriptions of characteris- in a ‘wrong’ inclination of the clivus. A J.D. Pruetz1, P. Knutsen2. 1Dept. of An- tics such as curvature, surface area, cross- rough quantification of the deformations thropology, Iowa State University, 2Dept. sectional area and other characteristics of the cleaned endocast of Steinheim im- of Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State useful in many areas of research ¾ but plies that its volume is about 1140 cm3. Of University. particularly in research describing and further interest is the comparison with assessing variation among fossil speci- the frontal sinuses of Petralona and Br o- Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at mens. ken Hill (Kabwe): the distinct differences the Fongoli study site in southeastern Using software packages such as in extent and morphology between the Senegal were hypothesized to compete “ARI_Project” (developed at ASU’s PRISM two European fossils and the African one over the fruit, Saba senegalensis, with lab) linear, 2-D data was collected from 3- suggest a re-examination of their neural- humans of the Bedik, Bassari, Malenke, D models of Australopithecus afarensis orbital disjunctions. and Diahanke groups based on prelimi- and Australopithecus africanus mandi- nary observations of extensive gathering bles. This project shows these measure- Isotopic evidence of migration at the of Saba by local people in May- June ments are directly comparable to tradi- imperial port of Portus Romae, Italy. 2001. Chimpanzees fed on both unripe tional measurem ents taken with calipers. and ripe Saba fruit from February-July In addition to developing two alternative T. Prowse1, H. Schwarcz1, R. Mac- and focused on this food resource during methods for taking height and breadth chiarelli2, L. Bondioli3. 1School of Geogra- the driest, hottest months (May-June). measurements, this project also presents phy and Geology, McMaster University, Saba seeds were found in most (>69%) cross-sectional area measurements in 2Laboratoire de Géobiologie, Biochronolo- chimpanzee feces collected from April order to illustrate the types of measure- gie, et Paleontologie Humaine, Université 2001-July 2002, with an average of 41 ments possible with 3-D analysis. de Poitiers, 3L. Pigorini National Museum seeds found per sample throughout the The results of this project indicate that of Prehistory and Ethnography, Rome. study period (N=117). Chimpanzees may there are extremely low amounts of inter- therefore be effective dispersal agents for observer error comparing the measure- O-18/O-16 ratios in teeth and bones this plant species. Given that S. sene- ments from the 3-D models with caliper reflect the source of water ingested by an galensis seems to be a keystone food measurements as well as extremely low individual. This ratio is mainly controlled source for chimpanzees here, an assess- amounts of intra-observer error present in by the d18O of local precipitation and var- ment of the role that the fruit played in the measurements of the 3-D models ies with geographical location. This study the local economy of people in the area themselves. The low intra- and inter- uses 138 1st and 3rd molars, as well as 43 and how this might affect both the S. observer errors indicate that the method- molar/femur pairs to look for immigrants senegalensis and chimpanzee populations ology generates reproducible measure- in the population from Portus Romae, at Fongoli was conducted from May- ment data that is consistent and compa- Italy. The site of Portus Romae was an August 2002. A key informant approach rable with published caliper measure- important economic center for the city of was used to determine the most signifi- ments. Rome during the first few centuries AD. cant participants in harvesting and mar- Epigraphic evidence from the nearby ne- keting Saba. Women and children have Age variation in isotopic and histo- cropolis (Isola Sacra) suggests that some recently begun to harvest wild Saba from logical profiles in the Kulubnarti R- of the people buried there were from the surrounding woodlands for export to mar- Group ( 1000CE – 1550 CE) from Su- eastern Mediterranean region, particu- kets in larger cities such as Dakar and danese Nubia. larly Greece; however, most individuals Bamako, Mali. The goal of this research were buried without any ‘biographical’ is to better understand the dynamics E.A. Quinn1, J. Kingston 1, G. J. Armela- information concerning place of birth. among the human, chimpanzee, and Saba gos1, D. Van Gerven 2. 1Dept. of Anthro- The results of isotopic analysis for this senegalensis populations in southeastern pology, Emory University, 2Dept. of An- skeletal series are compared to data from Senegal and to design a plan for the sus- AAPA Abstracts 173

thropology, University of Colorado, Bou l- tion. Variable Sr isotopic ratios sampled between primates and other mammals, der. from teeth with different eruption times and (3) accounting for rate variation are used to reconstruct movement across across nucleotide sites - variation across The Kulubnarti population provides a diverse geologic substrates. sites within a single locus and between unique opportunity to develop isotopic The utility of Sr isotopic analysis for loci produces substantial error if loci are profiles reflecting aspects of diet that can investigating mammalian movement de- concatenated. We have developed meth- assessed in a well established framework pends upon quantifying the Sr ratio vari- ods for the estimation of divergence dates of life history patterns. Much of the pr e- ability of the regional geology and map- from molecular data. We have evaluated vious work, however, has been limited to ping the Sr distribution on the paleosur- the precision and accuracy of these meth- the adult segment of the population. In face. Here we examine how Sr ratios vary ods. Reanalysis of recently published this paper, we have included subadults of throughout Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphic data following this methodology results in the R-group population in our analysis. sequences of primary volcanic tephra and date estimates more compatible with cur- As childhood represents a vulnerable paleosols from the East Turkana Basin. rent interpretations of the fossil record. stage in the human lifespan, and overall Based on our results we propose that Sr Supported by NIH_R01_GM60760 childhood health has been found reflective ratios in pedogenic calcite nodules are of population success, analysis of indi- precipitated from the parent material A strategy for the reduction of me- viduals that did not survive this critical during soil formation and therefore may chanical internal work in primates. period can aid in a biocultural reconstruc- be used as a proxy for paleosurface Sr tion of life histories. Collagen, isolated distribution. Differential paleosurface Sr D.A. Raichlen. Dept. of Anthropology, The from ribs, was analyzed isotopically for has the potential to be applied to the University of Texas at Austin. both carbon and nitrogen isotopes. In analysis of mammalian Sr ratio variabil- addition, a thin section was prepared at ity in tooth enamel to illuminate patterns Quadrupedal primates have limbs the site of the original cut on each rib, of ranging and migration in the past. shaped differently than most other and examined microscopically. The objec- Supported by Sigma Xi and the Center mammals. Primates have muscle mass tives were multi-facetted, to examine for Human Evolutionary Studies at Rut- distributed distally on their limbs to con- differences in isotopic ratios between age gers University. trol their grasping hands and feet. Most groups, and to examine isotopic differ- other quadrupeds have limb mass concen- ences matched with histological growth Molecular estimates of primate di- trated proximally, presumably to reduce profiles. With the exception of a change vergence dates. the energy needed to move those limbs in d13C and d15N values associated with (mechanical internal work). Primates the weaning transition, preliminary R.L. Raaum, K.N. Sterner, T.R. Disotell. would therefore be expected to use more analyses indicates that variation between New York University & NYCEP. energy during locomotion compared to age groups was statistically insignificant other mammals of similar body mass. from variation within age categories. The consensus view of fossil and mo- Surprisingly, though, primates have simi- Histological analysis allowed for an ex- lecular data places the human- lar energetic costs of locomotion compared amination of variation in bone growth, chimpanzee divergence at ~6 Ma and the to other mammals. This study examines which would then be examined with re- hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence at the possibility that primates adjust their spect to isotopic variation. Isotopic varia- ~25 Ma. Some recent molecular publica- gait in order to mitigate the energetic tion between diaphyseal and epiphyseal tions run counter to this consensus, sug- consequences of their distally heavy areas of the bone was also analyzed. gesting that these divergences occurred limbs. substantially earlier. If true, these ear- One possible determinant of energetic Plio-Pleistocene mammalian migra- lier dates would suggest a major reap- cost is stride frequency. Since primates tions in the East Turkana Basin, praisal of the fossil evidence and require a differ from most other mammals by using Kenya: Testing the utility of stable recontextualization of these events in lower stride frequencies at a given speed, strontium isotopes. substantially different paleoenviron- this difference may relieve the negative ments. Date estimation from molecular effects of their limb shapes. A model R.L. Quinn, C.S. Feibel. Dept. of Anthro- data poses significant methodological equation for the prediction of mechanical pology, Rutgers University. challenges that have not yet been fully internal work based on body mass distri- evaluated. Furthermore, there is no bution and gait characteristics was devel- The Plio-Pleistocene mammalian as- widely accepted methodology accounting oped by Minetti (1998). Using this equa- semblages of the East Turkana Basin in for these challenges. Unfortunately, some tion, the work done during walking was northern Kenya capture a critical period recent publications relevant to primate predicted for three groups: Papio, Canis, for the environmental context of early divergence times have methodological and Papio modeled with non-primate hominin ranging and dispersal behaviors. shortcomings. stride frequencies. Papio and Canis do Unraveling the past movement of coeval We performed extensive analyses of not differ in their predicted mechanical mammals may provide insight into simulated and real sequence alignments internal work when walking naturally, hominin land use and ranging and the to determine factors having the greatest but Papio walking with higher, non- impetus for dispersal from Africa by impact on primate divergence date esti- primate stride frequencies does signifi- Homo erectus. Recently stable strontium mates. Our results show that the best cantly more work than either Papio walk- isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) of bone and teeth have results derive from (1) choosing a local ing naturally or Canis. These results sug- been used to elucidate mammalian rang- calibration point - early primate diver- gest that primates’ lower stride frequen- ing and migratory behavior in extant and gence times incompatible with fossil find- cies counteract their distally distributed extinct species. Sr ratios reflect the geo- ings often result from calibration outside muscle mass and allow them to do similar logic substrate from which an animal the primates, (2) correction for rate varia- amounts of work compared to other obtained food and water and are incorpo- tion across lineages - there is considerable mammals, possibly accounting for their rated into skeletal tissues during forma- variation across primate lineages and similar energetic costs. 174 AAPA Abstracts

Neandertal facial morphology and Biomechanical stress and nutrition influ- regular physical activity, with maximal increased jaw gape. ence trabecular bone density and distri- heritability estimates ranging from 20 to bution, and therefore susceptibility to 50%. Evidence from molecular genetic Y. Rak1, W.L. Hylander 2. 1Dept. of Anat- non-traumatic fractures. However, the studies are scarce at the moment, but the omy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel role of biomechanical stress and nutrition first reports suggest that DNA sequence Aviv University, 2Dept. of Biological An- has yet to be fully investigated indepen d- variation in the CVD candidate genes, thropology & Anatomy, Duke University ent of genetics. The Chiribaya skeletal such as angiotensinogen, also modify Primate Center. population, comprised of three genetically blood pressure responses to endurance related groups with different subsistence training program. The current knowledge Neandertals exhibit a large number of strategies, provides an opportunity to regarding the role of genetic factors in the uniquely derived cranial and mandibular examine further this relationship. modification of CVD and type 2 diabetes traits. For example, in the mandible, the Histomorphometric analysis was con- risk factor responses to endurance train- tip of the coronoid process is substantially ducted on a sample from each of the three ing will be summarized and discussed. elevated relative to the condyle (Rak et Chiribaya subsistence groups. Iliac crest al., in press). Our data also suggest that wedge biopsies were removed from the Heterogeneous anisotropic elastic this configuration in Neandertals stems skeletal sample (n = 99) and histologically properties in a Macaca fascicularis not from an increased height of the coron- prepared. Cortical thickness, trabecular mandible. oid (the height relative to the occlusal bone density, and trabecular connectivity plane is the same in both Neandertals were measured for each sample. The data A.J. Rapoff1,2,R.G. Rinaldi,3, W.M. Joh n- and early Homo sapiens) but rather from were separated into decade age groups, as son 1,2, S. Venkataraman4, DJ Daegling5. the low position of the condyle. Whereas determined by gross skeletal indicators, 1Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engi- in H. sapiens the height of the condyle and the groups were compared to each neering, University of Florida, 2Dept. of constitutes about 104% of the height of other and to modern clinical and cadaver Biomedical Engineering, University of the coronoid process, that is, the condyle data. Florida, 3Dept. of Mechanical Engineer- is on average about 4% higher than the The Chiribaya groups with lower biom e- ing, Institut des Sciences et Techniques coronoid, these values are substantially chanical stress and higher general nutri- de l'Ingénieur de Lyon, 4Dept. of Aer o- lower in Neandertals, with a mean of tion were found to be more similar to space Engineering, San Diego State Uni- about 74%. Early H. sapiens specimens modern clinical/cadaver samples in trabe- versity, 5Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- such as Skhul IV and Tabun C2 resemble cular bone density and connectivity than sity of Florida. those of modern H. sapiens in that the those with higher biomechanical stress condyle is higher than the coronoid proc- and lower general nutrition. These find- This study characterizes the structure ess. ings indicate that more severe age- and heterogeneous anisotropic elastic The closer proximity of the condyle to associated osteopenia and its consequent properties of mandibular bon e in an adult the occlusal plane has an impact on the increase in susceptibility for non- female specimen of Macaca fascicularis. amount of maximum gape in Neandertals. traumatic fractures in modern popula- We determine properties in alveolar, mid- Other typical Neandertal morphologies, tions may be a result of decreasing biom e- corpus, and basal regions of buccolingual such as an extended and hypertrophied chanical stress and over nutrition, rela- cross sections taken from multiple corpus lateral pole of the condyle, an enlarged tive to paleopopulations. and ramus locations. Within sections, we retromolar space, anteriorly positioned determine properties from endosteal, premolars relative to the mental foramen, Gene-physical activity interactions midcortical, and periosteal regions. The increased prognathism, more posteriorly on cardiovascular and type 2 diab e- combined experimental techniques of positioned jaw muscles as indicated by tes risk factors. reflected light microscopy and Knoop postorbital bar morphology and the posi- microindentation are used within the tion of the anterior root of the zygoma, T. Rankinen. Pennington Biomedical Re- context of elasticity tensor transformation and the presence of a medial pterygoid search Center, Baton Rouge. equations. Reflected microscopy enables tubercle, are all arguably functionally the visualization of local principal mate- linked to a masticatory system designed The lack of regular physical activity has rial directions. Bone is sampled with a to increase maximum jaw gape. been recognized as a major risk factor for Knoop indenter, a diamond rhombohedral several chronic diseases, including car- pyramid that creates an indentation with Bone density differences in iliac diovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabe- major and minor axes. Elastic constants crest samples from a modern and an tes and obesity. Regular exercise training are determined by varying the orientation archaeological Peruvian population. has been shown to have beneficial effects of the indenter with respect to the mate- on several risk factors of CVD and diabe- rial directions and applying the transfor- H.L. Ramsay1, S.D. Stout2, J.E. Buikstra3. tes. However, it is also well documented mation equations. We find regional 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of that some people show more pronounced variations in bone structure, including Missouri-Columbia, 2Dept. of Anthropol- risk factor responses to endurance train- bands of orthotropic circumferential la- ogy, The Ohio State University, 3Dept. of ing than others, despite the identical mellar bone at the endosteal and perio- Anthropology, University of New Mexico. training programs and similar initial risk steal corpus base, angular region, and factor levels. This kind of variation is an ramus. Transversely isotropic osteonal Modern and archaeological skeletal example of normal biological diversity and bone characterizes the midcortices of al- populations exhibit similar age-associated originates most likely from interactions veolar and basal regions, with many re- bone loss patterns, yet in paleopopula- with genetic factors. Data from genetic sorption spaces in alveolar regions. Re- tions there is minimal evidence for non- epidemiology studies indicate that there gional variations in elasticity include traumatic bone fractures. Exploring this is a genetic component affecting inter- stiffer bone with greater orthotropy in the difference is key to understanding biom e- individual differences in both CVD and endosteal molar regions compared to the chanical incompetence in osteopenic bone. type 2 diabetes risk factor responses to periosteal angle region. Stiffness in- AAPA Abstracts 175

creases posteriorly within the midcortical The discipline of CAGD involves with postcrania of extant primates with molar region, and is less in alveolar com- mathematically modeling curves and known locomotor behavior and substrate pared to basal regions. Considerable surfaces for engineering and architecture utilization. Measurements used have variation exists in structure and material applications. CAGD algorithms are now been previously correlated with locomotor properties on a highly localized scale, and commonly being applied to biological and patterns, and a wide variety of extant such data provide for more realistic mod- anthropological 3D data. In this paper, we taxa were used for comparison in order to eling of stress in structural models. try to provide a brief overview of the cur- minimize possible phylogenetic effects. rent state-of-the-art of CAGD and its Principle components analyses were car- On morphological variation. various applications to other research ried out to explore patterns of morphology areas, such as physical anthropology. with locomotor and substrate preference M.J. Ravosa, B.T. Shea. Dept. of Cell & One of the recent developments in the in both the extant and fossil primates. Molecular Biology, Northwestern Univer- field is to fit spline and subdivision sur- The analyses distinguished between pri- sity Medical School. faces to large data (e.g., fitting surfaces to mates with terrestrial and more terres- point cloud data generated by 3D laser trial/arboreal behaviors. The fossil pri- The causes of, and constraints on, mor- scanners). Automatic fitting of surfaces to mate community at Hadar differs from phological variation remain central to such data, commonly referred to as Re- extant primate communities in similar systematic analyses of extant and extinct verse Engineering, continues to be an habitats. primates. The goal of our study is to inte- area of research. Another important grate ontogenetic, in vivo and genetic breakthrough involves the development of Allometry in the skulls of Papio sub- heritability data with theoretical evidence feature segmentation/extraction algo- species: Alternative visualization so as to discuss and dispute a recent at- rithms for polygonal mesh data. By vary- techniques. tempt to codify a series of generalizations ing certain parameters one can isolate regarding taxonomy and intra- and inter- local regions of interest on the generated D.P. Reddy1,2, J. Kim 1,2,3, S. Frost 2,5, F. specific variation in skeletal features surface. While data collection techniques Bookstein3,4, E. Delson 1,2,6. 1American (Wood & Lieberman, 2001, AJPA 116:13- and equipment are getting more sophisti- Museum of Natural History, 2New York 25). cated with time, geometric techniques and Consortium on Evolutionary Primatology, These authors posit that: (1) “variables analytical tools must also continue to 3Institute for Anthropology, University of with lower than average…levels of in- evolve to keep pace for researchers in Vienna, 4Institute for Gerontology, Uni- traspecific variation…are…more taxo- other disciplines working with 3D data. versity of Michigan, 5Anatomy, New York nomically valent than those with average Recent work at PRISM has focused on College of Osteopathic Medicine, or above average levels of intraspecific developing an intelligent archival system 6Anthropology, Lehman College, City variation”; (2) “variables…subject to high for 3D data such that a user can search University of New York. strains from mastication have much based on features. We will also discuss greater levels of intraspecific variation”; the geometric interface requirements for a Recent work by Frost et. al. (in prep) (3) variance in loading levels is the major 3D sketch based system for initiating 3D has shown that one of the largest compo- cause of intraspecific variation in masti- queries. nents of the shape variation of skulls in catory variables; (4) their data on vari- Papio is allometry. Landmarks and ridge ance comparisons across measures and Community perspectives on fossil curves (lines) were digitized on a large taxa are size-independent; (5) all vari- cercopithecoids from the Hadar lo- sample of baboon skulls using a Micro- ables are equally implicated in speciation; cality, Afar Region, Ethiopia. scribe 3D and were subjected to general- and (6) intraspecific variation is inversely ized Procrustes alignment. Principal related to heritability. A.L. Rector. Arizona State University. components of this alignment were corre- Analyses of cranial growth trajectories lated with scaling as represented by cen- and adult CVs for Alouatta, Macaca, Na- The fossil primate community recovered troid size, and the resultant vector taken salis, Gorilla, Pan and Pongo do not sup- from Hadar, Afar Region, Ethiopia, has to represent allometry. Traditional meth- port #1-4. In two cases (#1, 2) it is incor- been identified as representing between ods of visualizing the thin-plate spline rectly assumed that higher levels of four and seven species (e.g. Ciochon, between forms, as between larger and within-species variance (due to environ- 1993). The habitats across time at Hadar smaller baboons in this case, either sim- mental or allometric factors) necessarily are reconstructed as fluctuating open ply show the difference between the posi- swamp out between -species variation. We woodlands and bushlands, accompanied tions of the landmarks or use a projection further illustrate why ecological features by gallery forests as well as floodplains. of the thin-plate spline as represented by are differentially implicated in speciation Extant primate communities in these a deformed regular planar grid, which is events (contra #5). Lastly, heritability types of environments generally consist of movable along any (potentially oblique) data indicate no support for #6. Thus, we no more than two or three terrestrial or axis. These visualizations require user do not view their guidelines as methodo- terrestrial/arboreal primate species. The familiarity and may be less suitable to logical improvements or an increase in primate community at Hadar was consid- elucidating the deformation of surfaces as our understanding of morphological ered in terms of substrate use to explore versus landmarks, as the surfaces will variation. whether the division of ecological space at obscure portions of the projection. As an the substrate level of the fossil primate alternative, we present a method of sec- CAGD methods for physical anthro- community was similar to the pattern tioning the thin-plate spline by a laser- pology. seen in extant primate communities in scanned exemplar surface, allowing a similar habitats. much more compact and elegant display A. Razdan1, G. Farin2. 1PRISM, Arizona The proximal and distal humerus and of the non-linear transformation of the State University, 2Computer Sc. & Eng, proximal ulna were measured to predict spline. These visualizations are then Arizona State University. the locomotor and substrate repertoires of assessed by their ability to focus attention these fossil monkeys through comparison on regional features of papionin scaling. 176 AAPA Abstracts

This research was funded by NSF The size of certain skeletal elements, physiognomic vegetation model derived grants to NYCEP (DBI 9602234) and the such as the hamate hook, has often been from contemporaneous Landsat 7 ETM+ NYCEP Morphometrics Group (ACI assumed to correlate with the size of the data. Micromammals are found to be in- 9982351) moment arm of muscles originating off of formative about vegetation structure, the element. This study assesses the ac- including the density of woody and herba- Evolution in the human primary vis- curacy of such an assumption by directly ceous canopy cover, and to a lesser degree ual cortex: Modifications of layer 4a. measuring both the moment arms and the soil substrate density and type. Given skeletal elements associated with the their accuracy under known conditions a J.C. Redmond, S. Bartone, T.M. Preuss. attachment sites of ten muscles that cross method is presented for their use as pr e- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes Primate the fifth carpometacarpal and/or meta- dictive models against which to test hy- Center, Emory University. carpophalangeal joints. The sample con- potheses of habitat change over time, and sists of twelve human, eleven baboon methods for integrating micromammals The primary visual cortex (V1) receives (Papio anubis ), and three orangutan with other data types into spatially ex- inputs from two visual pathways, the (Pongo pygmaeus) forearms. The dynamic plicit paleolandscape models are pr e- magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) moment arm for each muscle was calcu- sented. streams. How these pathways are organ- lated using the slope of joint angle and ized within area V1 varies between an- tendon excursion. Shape ratios generated Faunal comparison between the thropoid groups. Previous studies dem- from a regional surrogate for body mass Middle Ledi and Hadar hominin onstrated the existence of human-specific were used to test for correlations using sites, Ethiopia: Time, landscape, and compartments in cortical layer 4A, which Spearman’s Rho. depositional environment. can be visualized by staining for non- For the hamate, both flexor digiti phosphorylated neurofilament (NPNF), minimi (FDM) and opponens digiti K.E. Reed1, C.A. Lockwood1, J.R. Ar- thought to be enriched in the M pathway. minimi (ODM) moment arms show a posi- rowsmith2. 1Dept. of Anthropology and Our recent analyses include a more de- tive correlation with the size of the ha- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona tailed examination of these compartmen- mate hook. The extrinsic flexors as well State University, Dept. of Geological Sci- tal tissue bands, staining with monoclonal as the common extensor show a positive ences, 2Arizona State University. antibody Cat-301 and with a plant lectin, correlation with the dorsopalmar depth of WFA, both of which are also thought to be the metacarpal head. However, the size Landscape paleoecology integrates in- specific M markers. Double-staining of the metacarpal head did not correlate formation about geographical variation in studies indicate that Cat-301 and WFA with the moment arms for other muscles depositional environments with ecological are localized in the same compartments that flex the metacarpophalangeal joint. inferences drawn from fossil animal and that stain strongly for NPNF. Cat-301 Although mixed, the results show some plant distributions. Such studies are and WFA stain similar populations of support for using the size of the skeletal necessary to determine how closely fossil pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells. element to predict the size of a muscle fauna represent the environments in Three-dimensional reconstructions of moment arm. The results warrant an which they lived, and also to shed light on compartments stained for NPNF reveal a expanded investigation that includes soft taphonomic processes and migration highly distinctive neural architecture, tissue measures such as the physiological events. Landscape differences can be which spans cortical layers 4B through cross sectional area of the muscles so that compared with temporal changes in spe- deep layer 3. Mound-like clusters of mul- potential torque can be calculated. cies diversity to clarify questions of local tipolar and pyramidal cells in layer 4B and global species turnover in the Plio- give off dendritic bands that arch through Ecological trends in the distribution Pleistocene. layer 4A, extending horizontally into of micromammals recovered from Recent field research in the Middle Ledi layer 3. These arches of stained tissue owl pellets in northern Tanzania: region allows study of local variation in form narrow, elongated territories in Using modern systems to calibrate mammalian communities and paleoenvi- layer 4A approximately 25-75 µm wide, paleoenvironmental analyses. ronment in the lower Awash basin. spaced at 100-250 µm intervals, with Fauna recovered from the youngest de- frequent bifurcations and abrupt endings. D.N. Reed. IDPAS, State Univ. of New posits (2.95-3.1 Ma) differ in taxonomic The compartmental geometry that char- York, Stony Brook. composition and/or species abundances acterizes human V1 is unique among from synchronous deposits at the nearby primates, and may represent a human- The search for ecological factors influ- Hadar locality. Analyses of ecological specific specialization related to visual encing hominid adaptation requires the diversity over 450 kyr at Hadar show motion perception. precise and accurate assessment of pa- alternating woodland type habitats ac- Support: James S. McDonnell Founda- leoenvironment and paleoclimatic condi- companied by minor species fluctuations tion (JSMF 20002029) and National Insti- tions under which our ancestors evolved. from > 3.4 – 3.18 Ma. The fluvially depos- tute of Aging Grant (AG-13854-01) to the Microfauna and especially micromammals ited Denen Dora Member (DD, 3.22 – 3.18 Northwestern University Alzheimer’s represent one component of a combined Ma) has yielded large numbers of redu n- Disease Center. evidence approach that is the most power- cine bovids that indicate the presence of ful means of paleoenvironmental recon- edaphic grasslands. These species decline Does size really matter? Investiga- struction, yet perilously little is known after their peak in the DD, and are not tions of moment arms in the fifth ray about the accuracy and precision of inter- present at Hadar after ~ 3.18 Ma. In of catarrhines. pretations derived from microfaunal data. fluvial deposits of the Middle Ledi that This paper reports on several large actu- are directly beneath a 2.95 Ma tuff, how- S. Reece. Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona alistic assemblages of micromammal re- ever, these same fauna are still abundant. State University. mains derived from owl pellets across a Thus, depositional environment and fau- diversity of habitats in northern Tanza- nal remains indicate both a localized nia. These data are compared against a landscape shift and species habitat pref- AAPA Abstracts 177

erences. Comparing these results with Chapel Hill, 4Dept. of Geology, U of Kan- led by Chief Blackbird. The skeletons similarity and cluster analyses of the sas, 5Dept. of Sociology & Anthropology, document the equestrian nature of the total fauna across both sites indicates Howard University, 6Dept. of Anthropol- tribe and its dietary dependence on the that a regional species turnover also oc- ogy, Syracuse University. buffalo. The analyses also show how lead curred between 3.18 and 2.95 Ma. and mercury poisoning affected the tribe We have analyzed 87Sr/86Sr in tooth at this time from paints provided by trad- A model for human canine crown enamel and dentine in 31 eighteenth cen- ers. The analysis shows that the Omaha growth in a medieval urban cemetery tury enslaved Africans buried in lower were biologically diverse. American Indi- sample. Manhattan, as well as in two burials and ans from other tribes and a caucasian local well water from near Elmina, Ghana woman were adopted into the tribe. After M. Reeves. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- a major slave shipment port serving NYC. 1800, there are distinct changes in the versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Since bedrock 87Sr/86Sr is very high in Omaha life style. There was a decline in ancient west African gneisses, 87Sr/86Sr heavy metal poisoning. The skeletons The aim of this study was to create a in tooth enamel may distinguish New show that the diets of men and wom en model of crown development based on York-born from African-born individuals. differentiated. They also show that thin sections of mandibular canines taken Some of the 408 burials display decor a- women had distinct roles in the produc- from 33 individuals from Sortebrødre tively filed teeth, an African custom gen- tion of trade goods and had more access to Torv (Black Friars Square), a medieval erally repressed in the New World. high-status artifacts. Men also had dis- (mid-13th to 16th century) urban friary Twelve individuals (most < 10 years old) tinctive activities, some of which left cemetery in Odense, Denmark. Given lacking decorative modification show skeletal markers. These observations, that published crown formation times are tightly clustered 87Sr/86Sr in dentine and and others, have been incorporated in varied and in some cases based modern enamel (avg: 0.71159 +/-0.00072). They efforts to control modern diabetes and clinical samples, a sample-specific ap- are apparently native New Yorkers. Nine- alcoholism by educating Omaha about proach to determining formation time was teen others with filed teeth show enamel their traditional lifestyles. The applica- most appropriate. 87Sr/86Sr ranging widely (0.7085 to tion of this “ancestral knowledge” for the Thirty-three thin sections measuring 0.7275). Their dentine 87Sr/86Sr lies benefit of the tribe is summarized. approximately 250-300µm in thickness closer than their enamel to the NYC (including adhesive) were examined for value. These dentines have crystallinity Hominoids, hindlimbs and Hox: Im- total number and distribution of lines indices (IR reflection spectra) of 2.7 to 2.8, plications for hominid evolution. marking the normal enamel growth front. suggesting that the isotopic differences Following Risnes (1986), cuspal thickness are not diagenetic but rather reflect “new” P.L. Reno1, M.A. Serrat1, R.S. Meindl1, in three unworn canines averaged 760 NYC diet. If so, life expectancy in NYC M.J. Cohn2, C.O. Lovejoy 1. 1School of mm, and the mean cuspal formation time may be estimated from the proximity of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State Univer- was estimated at 291days. Imbricational the dentine 87Sr/86Sr to 0.71159 relative sity, 2School of Animal and Microbial enamel striae counts in the teeth ranged to the enamel value, using estimated ages Sciences, University of Reading. from 148 to 188, resulting in imbrica- at death to define a rate constant. The life tional formation times ranging from 1036 expectancy of most African-born individu- Hox genes act as growth regulators that to 1316 days (assuming a periodicity of 7 als was < 10 years. At 0.7355, the Gha- contribute to the specification of appen- days between adjacent striae). nian well water is our highest measured dicular skeletal proportions. The posterior An important function of the growth 87Sr/86Sr. Ghanian dentines show (5') alleles of the HoxA and HoxD clusters model is in translating locations along the 87Sr/86Sr closer to 0.7355 than their are expressed in similar, although not external surface of the tooth into internal corresponding enamel, also suggesting identical, domains during forelimb and timing (to produce accurate external de- that these individuals were not native to hindlimb development. We have prev i- fect chronologies). A quadratic equation their place where they were buried. ously suggested that the lengths of the characterizes the relationship between hominoid distal forearm and manual dig- striae as they intersect with the dentin- Learning from the ancestors: The its II-V undergo co-evolution via up or enamel junction and the external surface value of skeletal study. down regulation of Hoxd11 expression or (after Simpson 1999). Interestingly, no its growth targets (Lovejoy et al., 2000, significant statistical difference was found K.J. Reinhard1, D. Hastings2. 1School of AJPA Suppl.30:214). Here we investigate between the function for medieval Danes Natural Resource Sciences, University of whether a similar relationship exists in and that derived from a sample of native Nebraska, 2Omaha Tribal Historical Re- the hindlimb. We measured the lengths of American mandibular canines from La search Project, Omaha Tribe of Nebraska. the proximal and distal femur and tibia Florida dating from AD 1 to AD 1704 by and the five metatarsals and proximal Simpson (1999). Given the differences in The Omaha Tribe of Nebraska and the two phalanges of each ray as in previous the groups in both time and space, the University of Nebraska worked together analyses. In contrast to the forelimb, the similarity of the equations is surprising. in defining an analysis program for femur and tibia show no evidence of co- Omaha ancestors who died between 1780 evolution with the pedal digits. Although Using 87Sr/86Sr in teeth as clues to and 1820. For the Omaha Tribe, this was Hoxd11 is expressed in the hindlimb the life histories of enslaved Africans an important historical period. It saw the autopod, evidence from loss-of-function buried in New York City. transition from the Omaha as the major analyses suggests that it has only limited political and military power in the region effect on tibial growth. In fact, evolution- J.B. Reid1, A.H. Goodman1, J. Jones2, D.S. to a lesser force that was dominated by ary changes in pedal digits more closely Coleman3, J. Walker 4, M. Blakey5, M. other tribes. The analysis of the skele- resemble those expressing Hoxd11 in the Mack5, C. DeCorse6. 1Natural Science, tons shows how lifestyles and health forelimb. This may support previous hy- Hampshire College, 2Dept of Anthropol- changed at the turn of the nineteenth potheses (Inouye & Lovejoy, 1998, AJPA ogy, UMass, 3Geological Sciences, UNC, century. Previous to 1800, the tribe was 26:125; Webb & Fabiny, 2001, AJPA 178 AAPA Abstracts

Suppl.32:161) that selection on either the J.L.Z. Rice. Dept. of Anthropology, Ohio retention. We made 11 measurements of hand or foot has pleiotropic effects on the State University. the frontofacial region, quantified the other. These data suggest that Plio- fusion sequence and sutural pattern, and Pleistocene elongation of the hominid This presentation reports on an analy- compared the fused to unfused condition. hindlimb may have occurred indepen d- sis of skeletal pathologies from 19 indi- We found the closure sequence to begin ently of digit reduction. Furthermore, viduals of the Jamaica Beach site (41GV5) endocranially in the mid-frontal region since both hindlimb elongation and digit in Galveston, Texas. For the purpose of with ossification spreading ectocranially reduction occurred after the attainment of this study, the skeletal remains were and then posterosuperiorly and anteroin- obligatory bipedality, neither is likely to analyzed in 1997, which were excavated feriorly. We recorded fusion in 55% of be a locomotor adaptation. in 1962. This presentation provides the infants aged as fetal-newborn with in- first complete osteological analysis of this creased frequencies in later age stages. The biomechanics of warrior activity: prehistoric hunter-gatherer group of the Loss of sutural function co-occurs with a Repetitive, strenuous unimanual Texas Gulf Coast. Information gathered frontal expanding equally at its maximum activity and its role in skeletal adap- from each individual includes age, sex, and minimum breadths. Sutural mor- tation. and pathological occurrence. The site is pholog y, in conjunction with curvature dated to AD 1200-1500. Currently, the characteristics, indicates separate func- J.A. Rhodes. Archaeological Sciences, skeletal collection is housed at the Hou s- tional units within the suture. We con- University of Bradford. ton Museum of Natural Science in Hou s- clude that: 1) normal fusion timing varies ton, Texas. but can begin at or near birth; 2) frontal Architectural adaptations to the hume- This aboriginal coastal population is curvature-cranial base relationships are rus have been identified in battlefield assumed to be Karankawa. However, important in the initial location and se- casualties from the Battle of Towton there are several groups that inhabited quence of fusion; 3) normal lateral expan- (UK), 1461 AD. These adaptations include the Texas Gulf Coast at this time and this sion appears unaffected by fusion timing; variation in humeral torsion and a lateral study reports that the remains could be and 4) the interaction of dural attach- deviation to the distal humerus with bow- that of the Akokisa, another group pr e- ments, sagittal sinus configuration, and ing to the shaft. The nature of these and sent along the Upper Texas Gulf Coast. cranial shape characteristics results in a other architectural modifications in the This was also a hunter-gatherer popula- biomechanical inductor of fibroblastic humerus is analysed as evidence of the tion who subsisted on hunting, fishing, growth factors and their product, sutural altered biomechanics observable within and food-gathering, just as the fusion. Given these results, we discuss habitual, strenuous unimanual activity. Karankawa. their impact on ontogenetic differences in External bone dimensions are compared The purpose of this study is to deter- Pleistocene-to-recent Homo. with CT images taken at 20%, 35%, 50%, mine presence and frequency of the fol- 65% and 80% to assess cortical bone depo- lowing pathological occurrences within Early hominin locomotion and the sition. Asymmetry is apparent both in the this population: dental pathologies, perio- ontogeny of phalangeal curvature in thickness of the cortical bone and in the steal infection, porotic hyperostosis, ar- primates. direction of deposition, demonstrating thritis, and trauma. Although the re- divergence between limbs in the forces of mains of each individual are not complete, B.G. Richmond. Dept Anthropology, mechanical loading. Preliminary investi- preservation is good. After reconstruction George Washington University. gation of external shaft measurements and analysis of the skeletal remains, re- demonstrates a distinctive pattern of sults show minimal pathological occur- Disagreements over how to interpret contralateral bone deposition within the rence within this skeletal population of locomotion in early hominins is based in Towton population. Some individuals Jamaica Beach. large part on the disagreement over how display thicker cortical bone deposition in to best interpret primitively retained the right proximal shaft, which then The sutura frontalis and frontofacial morphology, such as phalangeal curva- shifts focus to the left distal shaft. Addi- growth in Pleistocene to recent ture. In an effort to better understand tionally, some architectural anomalies Homo. this feature’s significance, this study tests occur at 20%, indicating the variations in G.D. Richards1,2, S. Nabipour2, L. Cobain2. the hypotheses that curvature changes biomechanical forces across the elbow 1Laboratory for Human Evolutionary during growth in a predictable manner region. Studies, University of California, Berke- relative to changes in locomotor behavior, Comparison is made between the Tow- ley, 2Dept. of Anatomy, University of the and that interspecific differences in ton population and a group of blade- Pacific, School of Dentistry. growth patterns relate to variation in injured males from the cemeteries of St. function rather than phylogeny. Andrew, Fishergate. These individuals Sutural morphology and obliteration Curvature was assessed by measuring are thought to have fought at either the timing directly impact cranial growth and the included angle of third manual Battle of Fulford or the Battle of Stamford shape change. We report on the life his- proximal phalanges in ontogenetic sam- Bridge, both dating to 1066 AD. Biom e- tory of the sutura frontalis, potential ples of the following taxa: Macaca mulatto chanical analysis is employed to identify mechanisms that induce or inhibit fusion, (n=169), Hylobates lar (n=81), Pongo any unique signature of architectural and and the impact of these on cranial shape pygmaeus (n=59), Gorilla gorilla (n=80), biomechanical accommodation to the up- in recent humans. Given this informa- Pan troglodytes (n=46), and Homo sapiens per limb typified in battle-injured con- tion, we investigate their impact on our (n=123). texts and to identify any change in com- understanding of the ontogeny of fronto- In the nonhuman taxa, curvature in- bat technique or other activity variants facial growth and shape change in Pleis- creases after birth, when the hands are during the medieval period. tocene-to-recent Homo. first used to grasp branches and the Our recent sample comprises 128 in- mothers’ fur. In Hylobates and Pongo, Paleopathology at Jamaica Beach in fants (fetal-newborn to 3.0 years-of-age) which remain primarily arboreal Galveston, Texas and 35 juveniles and adults with suture throughout ontogeny, curvature changes AAPA Abstracts 179

insignificantly from infancy to adulthood. Regional Primate Research Center, tine, length and area of root translucency, In contrast, Gorilla, Pan, and the ma- Emory University. root resorption, and count of annulations caques from Cayo Santiago practice less in acellular cementum. Age estimates arboreality as they grow to adulthood. Male sexual jealousy may have evolved from several histological methods were Included angle decreases significantly by natural selection due to its utility in compared with macroscopic estimates during postnatal growth in these taxa establishing paternity certainty by way of based on dental attrition, pelvic morphol- (but not in humans). These results sug- securing exclusive sexual access to female ogy, and other degenerative changes. The gest that curvature is partly a remodeling mates. In this study, we attempted to cementum annulation estimates resulted response to functional behavior during induce in dominant male rhesus monkeys in a high correlation with the mean mac- growth, or that curvature is a strongly a psychological state that may be homolo- roscopic estimates for young adults be- controlled adaptive trait, tightly linked to gous to sexual jealousy in human males, tween the ages of 16-29 (r = 0.69, p = 0.05) behaviors practiced at different times and we used Positron Emission Tomogra- however a significant, systematic, centrist during growth. Either alternative sug- phy (PET) to image the neural correlates tendency was noted in the results. The gests that curved phalanges of fossil taxa, of this state. cementum annulations tended to overes- such as pedal phalanges of Australopith- Nine groups of monkeys were formed, timate age at death in younger individu- ecus afarensis, reflect their use in an ar- each with two adult males and one adult als and underestimate age in younger boreal setting. female. In eight groups, one male individuals. A similar tendency was noted Supported by NSF SBR-9624726, emerged as clearly dominant and estab- in studies using this method on samples DPAS, and the Henry Luce Foundation. lished exclusive sexual access to the fe- of known age at death, studies that also male. Dominant males were placed alone obtained high correlation coefficients and “Whose woods are these?”: Ethno- in a cage, injected with 10 mCi 18F-FDG small margins of error. While work re- primatology and conservation in Su- intramuscularly, and then exposed to mains to be done on understanding the lawesi, Indonesia. each of two conditions: 1) a challenge biological basis of these annular struc- condition in which the subordinate male tures and thereby hopefully explaining E.P. Riley. University of Georgia. and female were together in a nearby pair their accumulation, this study provides cage and free to mate, 2) a control condi- some hope for including fragmentary In the changing contemporary world, tion with the female alone in the pair adult individuals in demographic and human and nonhuman primates are cage. After 45 minutes exposure to each biocultural research. forced to live in ever -increasing proximity, condition, both males were sedated with and thus, are more likely to experience ketamine (5 mg/kg), blood samples were Scaling effects on mental foramen conflict as each attempts to exploit com- collected, and a PET scan was acquired position in Gorilla gorilla. mon features of the environment. Human- from the dominant male. The challenge nonhuman primate conflict, such as over- condition provoked both aggressive re- C.A. Robinson1, F.L. Williams2. 1Dept. of lapping resource use (e.g., crop raiding), sponding and increases in plasma testos- Biology, Bronx College, City University of often occurs in protected areas where terone in dominant males. Comparison of New York, 2Dept. of Anthropology and villagers must comply with restricted images from the two conditions revealed Geography, Georgia State University. use/access policies, often perpetuating significant alterations in regional cerebral negative attitudes towards the protected glucose metabolism (rCMRglu) in response Building on recent literature concerning area (and the wildlife it hosts) and poten- to the challenge condition. Voxels were mental foramen position within the genus tially encouraging illegal land conversion also identified where alterations in Homo, our research expands the focus to and poaching. It is therefore critical that rCMRglu were significantly correlated with include other hominoid genera. Specifi- research, which occurs in the context of the changes in plasma testosterone con- cally, we explore the position of the men- these protected areas, address both sides centrations. Supported by NIH MH12736- tal foramen with respect to mandibular of the conflict. Ethnoprimatology is a new 01 and the Emory Center for PET. size in the three subspecies of Gorilla area of interest within anthropology that gorilla. Due to the large degree of sexual explicitly addresses the ecological and Cementum annulations and age es- dimorphism exhibited by gorillas, we sociocultural interconnections between timation in an early Holocene popu- investigate males and females separately. human and nonhuman primates as well lation. Our data consist of 3-D landmarks that as the implications these interconnections are converted to linear distances. We have for conservation. In this paper I will G. Robbins. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- compare the AP distance between the present some of the preliminary results of versity of Oregon. mental foramen and infradentale to den- my dissertation research project which, tal arcade length, our surrogate size using an integrated research design draw- Recent work has provided increasing measure, for 17 Gorilla gorilla beringei, ing from methods in both primatology and certainty that cementum annulation 52 Gorilla gorilla gorilla and 32 Gorilla cultural anthropolog y, seeks to elucidate counts are correlated with known age of gorilla graueri. The three subspecies of the interface of macaque ecology, human extraction or death (r = 0.98) with a mar- G. gorilla demonstrate a positive and ecology, and conservation in Lore Lindu gin of error of +/- 2.5 years. The aim of consistent relationship between mental National Park, Central Sulawesi Indon e- this Master's degree research was to ex- foramen position and dental arcade sia. plore the possibility of using cementum length, although it is weaker for G. g. annulations in an ancient archaeological gorilla. Moreover, males and females of Imaging the neural correlates of population from Damdama, a site in each subspecies scale in the same positive mate competition in dominant male Northern India (8000 BP). Cross-sections direction and with similar slopes. The rhesus monkeys. were prepared using a protocol designed positive scaling relationship between specifically for fossilized remains and the mental foramen position and mandibular J.K. Rilling1,2, C.D. Kilts1. 1Dept. of Psy- teeth were examined for the following age size suggests that nerve and vascular chiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2Yerkes related changes: attrition, secondary den- supply to the anterior portion of the man- 180 AAPA Abstracts

dible may be related to structural re- A.H. Ross1, D.H. Ubelaker2. 1William R. muscle was investigated to determine quirements and loading regimes within Maples Center for Forensic Medicine, how EMG data could be used to load a all hominoid genera. Deviations from this University of Florida, 2Dept. of Anthro- finite-element model of a macaque skull. pattern may indicate unique ontog enetic pology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution. In two experiments, EMG was measured and/or dietary adaptations. using bipolar electrodes placed bilaterally This work has been supported by the Human groups worldwide have prac- in the anterior temporalis; force was es- following grants: NSF DBI 9602234, NSF ticed artificial cranial modifications. Vari- timated unilaterally using rosette strain ACI 9982351 and the James Arthur Fel- ous types of cranial vault reshaping have gauges on the anterior temporal line. lowship. been identified by gross morphology and Relative timing of EMG and force were numerous classification systems have gathered at 31 points in the power stroke, A multivariate apportionment of been proposed based on the type of bind- 15 before and after peak EMG and strain. global diversity in contemporary ing apparatus utilized. Because of the Analysis of variance revealed that rela- humans based on craniometric traits. increased range of morphological varia- tive timing of force and EMG throughout tion produced by intentional reshaping, the power stroke was significantly af- C.C. Roseman, T.D. Weaver. Dept. of An- many of these skeletal series cannot be fected by inter -experiment variation and thropological Sciences, Stanford Univer- included in population analyses. In this food type. Controlling for these factors, sity. study, we present an analysis of craniofa- chewing side showed significant effects cial shape variation within and among throughout the power stroke. Average The apportionment of diversity within modified (N=5) and unmodified (N=25) (n=125) values by which EMG precedes and between human populations based on crania from a single skeletal series from bone strain at different times during classical genetic markers and molecular Ayalán, coastal Ecuador. power strokes of ipsilateral almond chew- polymorphism has shown that the major- Procrustes superimposition and thin- ing are: 25% of peak during loading, ity of diversity is found between individu- plate spline (tps) analysis were applied to 30ms; 50%, 31ms; 75%, 42ms; peak, 40ms; als within local populations. Previous investigate morphological variation be- 75% of peak unloading, 28ms; 50%, 24ms; assessments of quantitative genetic varia- tween modified and unmodified crania 25%, 22ms. Average (n=188) values for tion based on Howell’s (1973) craniomet- allowing us to detect subtle biological contralateral almond chewing are: 25% of ric data set result in estimates of within variation with respect to the precise posi- peak during loading, 11ms; 50%, 13ms; and between population diversity that are tion of specific landmarks. A Microscribe 75%, 13ms; peak, 12ms; 75% of peak similar to genetic data, suggesting a lim- 3-DX digitizer was used to collect Carte- unloading, 6ms; 50%, 4ms; 25%, 7ms. ited role for selection in producing human sian coordinates for 37 homologous cra- Temporal differences associated with cranial diversity. However, these analyses niofacial landmarks. The Procrustes su- chew side are similar to timing differ- were conducted on a pooled set of meas- perimposition and tps analysis were per- ences between working and balancing urements and therefore included informa- formed using Morpheus et al., written by superficial masseters, suggesting that the tion about size, shape, and random error. Dennis E. Slice and available for masseter may be ex erting force on the Additionally, all variables were treated as downloading from the SUNY-Stony Brook temporal line via the temporalis fascia. a single large metavariable without as- Morphometrics homepage. Sample co- This may compromise the utility of strain sessing intercorrelations between vari- variance structure was compared and a data from this region for estimating the ables. To address these issues, we convert non-parametric MANOVA was performed relative timing of EMG and force in the the original measurements in Howells' on the scaled, translated, and rotated anterior temporalis. data set into Mosimann shape variables coordinates to test for mean shape differ- and size (geometric mean of the original ences. Significant biological shape differ- Nasal and paranasal anatomy of Oli- measurements) and extract principal ences and patterns of variation are pr e- gocene and Miocene catarrhines. components that serve as new indepen d- sented using 2- and 3-D graph ical repr e- ent variables. Few reliable principal com- sentations. New insight into the local J.B. Rossie. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale ponents could be extracted. The first two shape change present between modified University. principal components principally dis- and unmodified crania would aid in fur- criminate between populations. Subse- ther understanding developmental and Neontological comparisons have indi- quent components discriminate poorly functional forces of craniofacial growth cated that paranasal sinus anatomy is between populations. Estimates of Fst and the possibility for "correcting" re- diagnostic of several catarrhine clades based on the first two principal compo- shaped crania that could facilitate the use such as Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea, nents are larger than previous estimates of previously unavailable skeletal series Homininae, and Ponginae. However, based on phenotypic variance pooled due to their reshaped nature. while the reduced paranasal anatomy of across all variables, suggesting that at cercopithecoids is generally recognized as least some differences in contemporary Temporal relationship of EMG and a derived condition, determining the po- human cranial shape may be the product muscle force in the anterior tempo- larity of character-state changes within of interregionally differing selection. The ralis muscle and its utility for finite- non-cercopithecoid catarrhines requires limited number of reliably extractable element modeling. knowledge of the primitive catarrhine principal components has implications for condition. To address this problem, the assessing the biological affinities of an- C.F. Ross1, B.A. Patel2. 1Dept. of Anatomi- paranasal sinus anatomy of several early cient samples. cal Sciences, Stony Brook University, catarrhine taxa was investigated. 2Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Two faces of Aegyptopithecus were com- Geomorphometric study of artifi- Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook puted tomography (CT) scanned at 1 mm. cially modified crania from coastal University. collimitation and reconstructed in 0.5 mm Ecuador. slice intervals with the CTi scanner at the The temporal relationship of EMG and Duke University Medical Center. These muscle force in the anterior temporalis data were compared with palatofacial AAPA Abstracts 181

specimens of Proconsul, Limnopithecus, Some of Frank Johnston’s earliest re- due to caries and number and type of Dendropithecus, and Kalepithecus in the search documented ontogenetic changes abscesses and antemortem losses. This National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, and in limb bone lengths in the Indian Knoll study utilized new scoring systems for to specimens of living taxa in the De- sample, and the study of limb bone overall periodontal disease and for endo- partment of Anthropology at Yale Univer- growth and development remained an cranial modeling. sity. important theme of his work throughout Dental disease parameters did not differ Results confirm that cercopithecoid his career. In this study I report on new significantly between cause-of-death paranasal anatomy is derived, and sug- longitudinal data collected from limb ra- groups when individuals were grouped gest that the sinus anatomy of stem ca- diographs taken of the Denver Growth into six age-at-death cohorts. Nonethe- tarrhines included a hominoid-like maxil- Study sample in the 1940’s through less, in the cohorts 35-49, 50-64, and 65- lary sinus as well as an ethmofrontal 1960’s. The sample includes 10 males 74 years at death, the average periodontal system like that of hominines. Accor d- and 10 females measured from near birth distress sum was higher among myocardi- ingly, these two features do not constitute through late adolescence at approx i- tis fatalities than among controls. Whites evidence for hominoid, hominid, or homin- mately 6 month intervals (average num- exhibited significantly more periodontal ine status of any fossil species. Con- ber of time points per individual = 34.5). disease and endocranial modeling than versely, the absence of the ethmofrontal Femoral and humeral bone lengths and blacks. Endocranial modeling was found sinus system in Sivapithecus and Pongo is cross-sectional diaphyseal dimensions to be significantly correlated with the synapomorphic. In addition, features of were measured on A-P radiographs using periodontal distress sum (r=0.198, n=415) the nasal cavity of Limnopithecus and a ruler and calipers, respectively, with and age-at-death (r=0.245, n=415). In Kalepithecus support previous sugges- diaphyseal breadths used to calculate particular, small pits in meningeal tions that these taxa are stem catarrhines section moduli (measures of ben d- grooves and deepening of meningeal rather than stem hominoids. ing/torsional strength). Body weight, grooves correlated significantly with the stature, and limb muscle breadths (also periodontal distress sum (r=0.329 and A longitudinal study of child growth, measured radiographically) were avail- 0.267, respectively, n=75). We suggest nutrition and health in five Rendille able from the study database. these small pits indicate a pathological communities of northern Kenya. Several clear trends are apparent in the condition, since they occurred signifi- study results. First, there is an “infancy cantly more frequently in myocarditis E.A. Roth1, E.M. Fratkin2, M. Nathan3. peak” in growth rate in femoral strength fatalities than controls (p=0.029). Indi- 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of between 1 and 2 years, combined with a viduals who died of myocarditis also ex- Victoria, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Smith sharp decrease in growth rate in humeral hibited significantly more smooth depres- College, 3Springfield Southwest Commu- strength between 1.5 and 3 years, corre- sions with diameters>1cm (p=0.024). nity Health Center, Springfield, MA. sponding to the initiation of walking and reduced use of the upper limb for locom o- A multi-site comparison of dietary Anthropometric, morbidity and dietary tor activities. The best predictor of bone preferences and seed dispersal by recall data were collected for on a bi- strength throughout later growth and spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) monthly basis over the period 1994-97 for development is body weight*bone length, samples of children in five Rendille com- except for the upper limb during adoles- S.E. Russo1, C.J. Campbell2, J.L. Dew3, munities of Marsabit District, northern cence, when muscle breadth is the best P.R. Stevenson4, M. McFarland5. Kenya. Four communities had recently predictor. Results such as these demon- 1Program in Ecology, Ethology, and Evo- undergone the transition from nomadism strate the value of ontogenetic studies, lution, University of Illinois, 2Dept. of to sedentism and one still practiced no- and in particular true longitudinal data, Anthropology, Pomona College, 3Dept. of madic pastoralism. The total sample con- in addressing questions of skeletal adap- Anthropology, University of California - sisted of 5,565 measurements represen t- tation. Davis, 4Program in Anthropological Sci- ing 488 children. Anthropometric data ences, State University of New York - were used to delineate and analyze longi- Dental disease: The root of all evil? Stony Brook, 5Symington, World Wildlife tudinal growth, nutrition and morbidity Fund. patterns. Analysis showed significant A.M. Runyan1, D.R. Hunt2. 1Texas Acad- Investigations of coevolutionary rela- differences in age-specific height and emy of Mathematics and Science, tionships between plants and the animals weight patterns between all sedentary 2National Museum of Natural History. that disperse their seeds suggest that communities and the nomadic sample, disperser-plant relationships are likely with nomadic children heavier and taller Epidemiological and clinical studies shaped by diffuse, rather than species-to- at all ages. Analysis by Generalized Esti- suggest that periodontal disease may be species, coevolution. We investigated the mating Equations showed that milk in- correlated with heart disease, acute myo- potential for diffuse coevolution in a take, seasonality, breastfeeding status cardial infarction, arteriosclerosis, stroke, tropical seed dispersal system by compar- were significant determinants of nutri- respiratory disease, and diabetes. Seldom ing fruit preferences and seed dispersal tional status throughout the study period. can these conditions be diagnosed in ar- by three species of spider monkeys (Ateles chaeological specimens, since they rarely spp.) at four neotropical sites in Colómbia, Ontogenetic changes in limb bone leave evidence on tissues that do not de- Ecuador, Panamá, and Suriname. At all structure: a longitudinal analysis of cay. However, if an association exists, sites, spider monkeys were highly the Denver Growth Study sample. evidence of dental disease could indicate frugivorous and preyed upon seeds of few probability of death due to systemic dis- species, relative to the number of species C.B. Ruff. Center for Functional Anatomy eases. In order to investigate whether dispersed. Few similarities in dietary and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University skeletal specimens corroborate the ob- preferences among sites were evident. Of School of Medicine. served associations and to investigate, the 52 genera that comprised the top 20 416 specimens from the Terry Collection most frequently consumed genera were scored for number of pulp exposures summed over all sites, only two, Cecropia 182 AAPA Abstracts

(Moraceae) and Virola (Myristicaceae), These seem reasonable for the leaping Schultz's Rule and dental develop- were ranked within the top 20 at every Galago, but too high for the quadrupedal ment in Malagasy lemurs: A caution- site. In contrast, 44 genera were within Loris. This suggests that bone in the ary tale. the top 20 most frequently consumed at Galago is functionally adapted, but that only one or two sites. Patterns in fruit in the Loris is over -dimensioned. A possi- K.E. Samonds1, L.R. Godfrey2. 1Dept. of preference at the family level were simi- ble explanation for this is that, since mass Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook Uni- lar. Moraceae and Myristicaceae ranked is less important for quadrupeds than for versity, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Univer- within the top ten families at every site, leaping animals, the former may have a sity of Massachusetts at Amherst. but most families were important only at higher safety factor against fracture. one or two sites. Among-site variation in Schultz's Rule states that there is a plant species composition and relative Computer tomography and calcula- relationship between the pattern of erup- abundances may partly explain these tion of bone biomechanics in cross- tion of molar vs. secondary (replacement) patterns. These results suggest that sections of long bones. teeth, and the overall pace of growth and variation in plant community structure maturation. Species with "fast" life histo- may strongly influence dietary prefer- R. Sailer 1, V. Sladek2, M. Berner 1, M. ries (rapid dental development, rapid ences, and hence, seed dispersal by spider Estl3. 1Dept. of Archaeological Biology growth, early sexual maturation, short monkeys. Thus, even diffuse coevolution and Anthropology, Natural History Mu- lifespans) are said to exhibit relatively in spider monkey-plant relationships may seum, Vienna, 2Dept. of Social and Cul- early eruption of the molars and late be limited to few taxa at the genus and tural Anthropology, University of West eruption of the secondary replacement family levels. Bohemia in Pilsen & Institute of Verte- teeth (premolars, canines, incisors), brate Biology, AS CR in Brno, Czech Re- whereas species with "slow" life histories Evaluation of the functional adapta- public, 3Wiener Straße 186, Wolfpassing– are said to exhibit relatively late eruption tion of femoral trabecular bone in Zeiselmauer, Austria. of the molars and early eruption of the Galago and Loris using microme- secondary dentition. In a recent review, chanical finite element models. Computer tomography offers a non- B.H. Smith noted that primates with invasive possibility to examine cross- toothcombs might violate this rule be- T. M. Ryan1,B. van Rietbergen2. 1Duke sectional geometry of long bones. We cause toothcombs tend to erupt early, University Primate Center, 2Dept. of tested different methods (Nagurka and regardless of the pace of life history. We Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven Uni- Hayes 1980, Corcacon et. al. 1995) for show that exceptions to Schultz's Rule versity of Technology, The Netherlands. calculating biomechanical parameters among lemurs are not limited to the rela- from CT images of long bone cross section tive timing of eruption of the toothcomb. Recent work on the interspecific varia- based on trigonometric and image analy- Rather, among lemurs: (1) some species tion of trabecular bone in the proximal sis approaches using archaeologic (75 with extremely accelerated dental devel- femur of extant strepsirrhines demon- adult bronze age individuals from 3 dif- opment exhibit a pattern of eruption of strates important architectural differ- ferent populations from Lower Austria) molars and of secondary teeth in direct ences between taxa with different locom o- and recent samples (anatomical collection opposition of the expectations of Schultz's tor behavior. It is generally assumed that from the Institute of Anatomy, University Rule; and (2) the pace of dental develop- these differences reflect differences in of Vienna) of long bones. Both approaches ment is not necessarily correlated with joint loading to which the bone is adapted. do not only lead to different problems the pace of growth or the timing of repr o- Recently introduced numerical techniques concerning computation but also to differ- ductive maturation. We focus particularly now enable a quantitative evaluation of ent biological meanings of the calculated on the pattern and pace of dental devel- this assumption. Using these new tech- biomechanical parameters. However, opment and eruption in Avahi and Le- niques, the purpose of this study is to image analysis of digital CT -images sug- pilemur – two relatively small nocturnal evaluate functional adaptation of femoral gests an easier and observer independent folivores with rapid dental development. trabecular bone in Galago senegalensis way of calculating the desired biom e- These taxa differ markedly in their erup- and Loris tardigradus, two animals with chanical parameters automatically and tion sequences (the premolars erupt in broadly differing locomotor behaviors and directly from standard medical image- Avahi but not Lepilemur prior to M2 and trabecular structures. files (DICOM). We have developed com- M3). We offer an explanation for the fail- One femoral head from each taxon was puter software that allows optional, in- ure of Schultz's Rule to predict these dif- scanned using a high-resolution X-ray teractive and automated data preparation ferences. computed tomography scanner with a for computation, depending on the state of resolution of 0.036 mm. Micro-finite ele- preservation of the bone samples and the Fauna, taphonomy and ecology of the ment models were created by converting method applied. Our software uses the CT Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo Beds, bone voxels to eight-noded brick elements, files directly and offers immediate compu- Northern Malawi. resulting in models with approximately tation of biomechanical parameters with 1.8 million elements. Several loading either approach and as a series of ana- O. Sandrock1, O. Kullmer2, F. Schrenk3, conditions, representing the takeoff phase tomical context. Therefore it is possible to Y.M. Juwayeyi4, T.G. Bromage4. 1Dept. of of a leap or those during climbing, were analyse larger series of long bones in a Geology & Paleontology, Hessisches Lan- applied to the model and the joint force convenient period of time. After computa- desmuseum, Germany, 2Dept. of magnitude and structural adaptation tion the results can be easily exported to Paleoanthropology, Forschungsinstitut were evaluated for each load case by com- other programs for further calculations Senckenberg, Germany, 3Dept. of Verte- paring trabecular bone tissue strains to like statistical analysis and 3D visualisa- brate Paleobiology, Johann Wolfgang physiological values. tion. Because of the modular design of the Goethe-University, Germany, 4Dept. of Very similar joint forces in the range of computer program new data processing Anthropology, Hunter College. 3.3´-8´ body-weight, depending on orien- units can be added in future. tation, were calculated for both taxa. AAPA Abstracts 183

The vertebrate fauna of the Chiwondo nogamous primate. However, it was found to affiliate more with females than were Beds in Northern Malawi is heavily bi- that Mentawai leaf monkeys are not exclu- males in larger groups. Results indicate ased towards the preservation of large sively monogamous but exhibit flexibility in that male ring-tailed lemurs may have a terrestrial mammals. A case study carried their social organization. Like simakobu number of reproductive strategies that out at the Late Pliocene hominid site at monkeys (Simias concolor) and Javan leaf vary depending on the number of males in Malema shows that twenty species are monkeys (Presbytis comata), the only other a group, as well as whether groups have recognized, eighteen of which are ungu- colobines known to live in monogamous stable or non -stable dominance relation- lates, known from other African Plio- groups in parts of their range, Mentawai ships. Pleistocene localities. Their diversity re- leaf monkeys also live in one-male and sembles an African open-adapted short multi-male groups. Female attractiveness — Physical grass plains assemblage. The taxonomic A habituated group of Mentawai leaf appearance as shape. diversity is nevertheless low, emphasizing monkeys on North Pagai Island was moni- an incomplete fossil record. Based on tored from June 2000 to October 2001. K. Schaefer1, P. Mitteroecker1, P. Gunz1, modern bovid abundances in African Three neighboring groups, one bachelor F.L. Bookstein1,2, K. Grammer 3. 1Institute game parks, statistical tests show that pair, and one lone male were also followed for Anthropology, University of Vienna, the bovid fauna consists of a mixture of on an opportunistic basis. Systematic data 2Dept. of Biostatistics, University of the Somali-Masai and the Zambezian eco- were collected on their general activity, Michigan. 3Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute zones. The occurrence of Paranthropus feeding and ranging behavior, social inter- for Urban Ethology, Vienna. boisei makes Malema the southernmost actions within and between groups, inter- locality in Eastern Africa yielding this specific interactions, and vocalizations. Facial and body attractiveness in hu- early hominid taxon. Its discovery at a Phenological data were collected to assess mans are proposed to be evidence of de- lake margin site corresponds to robust the general availability of their food re- velopmental and hormonal health. Attrac- australopithecine bearing localities along sources in the study area. tiveness ratings by males of female faces Lake Turkana, Kenya. and their nude bodies correlate positively, The death assemblage was subject to Potential patterns of male mate com- which underpins the notion that face and heavy modification after deposition. This petition among wild ring-tailed le- body comprise one single ornament and has effected the size distribution, the murs, Lemur catta. refute objections that facial attractiveness frequencies of skeletal elements, and thus in women is instead a deceptive signal the taxonomic composition. High-density M.L. Sauther 1, L. Gould2. 1Anthropology such as youth. Two questions arise: (1) skeletal elements such as molars and Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, which physical features drive these partial mandibles pr evail. The analysis of 2Anthropology Dept., University of Victo- judgements, and (2) can these features be the chemical composition of mammal and ria. associated with aspects of the women’s fish bones from Malema suggests a differ- actual developmental and hormonal ent site formation process than in other Ring-tailed lemurs do not exhibit body status? African localities such as Olduvai Bed I size dimorphism, but males do have ca- As image data we use photographs of despite the proximity of a paleolake. nine dimorphism. This suggests that 100 young American women in three While bovids also dominate at the Homo some form of male mate competition is standardized views: faces only, nude rudolfensis locality at Uraha, the faunal occurring, but the behavioral correlates fronts (faces covered) and nude backs. composition and preservation potentials remain unknown. Male dominance rela- Each image was rated for attractiveness at that site point to a different ta- tionships may be stable for long periods, by 60 males. Our morphometric data con- phonomic history. but can also become rapidly unstable. The sist of 50 cranial and 50 postcranial soft goal of this analysis was to determine how tissue landmarks, digitized as 2D- Social organization and ecology of male L. catta compete for mates, and the coordinates. We analyze the three image Mentawai leaf monkeys. effects of stable versus un-stable male sets separately, using relative warps hierarchies on such strategies. Behavioral analysis, shape regression (upon rated S. Sangchantr. Anthropology Dept., Colum- data collected at the Beza Mahafaly Spe- attractiveness) and Procrustes symmetry bia University, NYCEP. cial Reserve from 1987-88 and 1991-2 analysis. We then apply singular warps were analyzed. In stable, but not unstable analysis to consider explicitly the interre- Mentawai leaf monkeys (Presbytis poten- groups, top-ranking males exhibited more lations among the three different parts of ziani) are endemic to the Mentawai Islands, male-male agonism and engaged in more the same body. a small island chain about 100 kilometers bouts of agonistic scent-marking. Top- In all three views, we find the attrac- off the coast of West Sumatra, Indonesia. ranking males also spent more time near tiveness ratings significantly associated Mentawai leaf monkeys have been the sub- females than did all other males. In the with both (1) specific localized shape dif- ject of few studies, and there has been rela- non-stable groups, most males developed ferences in regions of known estrogen tively little documentation of the social preferred affiliative relationships with at sensitivity, and (2) the amount of fluctu- behavior or ecology of the species. Prior to least one female, but in stable male ating asymmetry. Interestingly, the grids this project, Mentawai leaf monkeys had groups, most males did not associate more of the first singular warp (all three sets) never been habituated nor been the subject with particular females. Males in both seem to concur with the shape changes of any study exceeding 200 hours of visual stable and non-stable groups also had that predict attractiveness. These results contact. preferred affiliative relationships with support the notion that the psychology by Previous studies suggest that Mentawai certain males that may be related to pat- which women’s physical attractiveness is leaf monkeys are the only Old World mon- terns of male migration. The number of rated may exploit indicators of their hor- keys to live exclusively in monogamous males in a group may be an important monal and developmental status. social groups throughout their range and variable affecting male strategies. For that they do not exhibit a behavioral and stable and non-stable groups, males living ecological pattern typical of any other mo- in groups with only two males were able 184 AAPA Abstracts

Is vitamin A status related to out- Osteomalacia is characterized by min- roots visualized from their point of bifur- comes in young children with sickle eral disturbances of bone tissue caused by cation just below the cemetoenamel junc- cell disease? lack of vitamin D due to inadequate expo- tion. Traditional methods use buccal- sure of sunlight and also by malnutrition. lingual radiographs to measure pulpal J.I. Schall1, D.A. Kawchak 1, K. Ohene- This disease manifests itself in mechani- dimensions of the mesial-distal plane. Frempong2, K.E. Temme1, B.S. Zemel1 , cally stressed regions in adults, substitut- Since, pulpal dimensions are measured V.A. Stallings1. Divisions of GI and Nu- ing regularly arranged bone formation of using only a single plane, this method trition 1 and Hematology2, The Children’s osseous tissue by unmineralized osteoid of thereby assumes that mesial-distal di- Hospital of Philadelphia. minor quality. mensions correspond to buccal-lingual Based on a recently done study on verte- dimensions. The objective of this analysis Both low serum levels of vitamin A and bral bodies with and without disturbed is to explore the limitations of conven- poor growth have been documented in mineralization from a medico-historical tional methods and examine pulpal di- children with SS type sickle cell disease collection of the 19th century (housed in mensions in both a mesial-distal and a (SCD-SS), however, the association of the Federal Museum for Pathological buccal-lingual plane. The study sample vitamin A status and growth status or Anatomy, Vienna) a late female skeleton consists of forty modern H. sapiens molars health outcome is unexplored. Based upon (estimated age of death 40-45years) from from a central Asian population dating to serum retinol, children with SCD-SS ages a Roman cemetery (1600 BP) from Linz, approximately 5,000 B.P. Radiographs 2.0 to 9.9 yrs. were divided into optimal Upper Austria, was investigated to obtain were taken of first and second mandibular (>30 µg/dL) and suboptimal (<30 µg/dL) a differential diagnosis. molars from a collection housed at the vitamin A groups. Intake of vitamin A Non-invasive radiological and invasive Archaeological Institute in Samarkand, and calories was assessed by 24 hr recall. histological techniques, which have been Uzbekistan. Metric measurements of the Z-scores were computed for height, tested in a previous study on trabecular pulpal chambers were taken using Sigma weight, and BMI using the US CDC 2000 bone using a documented historical skele- Scan Pro software. growth charts. Health outcome was as- tal collection (Schamall et al. 2002) were Preliminary results indicate that the di- sessed by hematologic status and by the applied to examine an archaeological mensions of the mesial-distal plane are number of hospitalizations over a one- specimen with severe pathological alter a- not an accurate representation of the year period. tions. An additional aim of the present dimensions of the buccal-lingual plane. Forty-four of 66 children (39 girls) had study was to proof the ability to distin- The inverse relationship between the suboptimal vitamin A status, although guish between disturbed mineralization of mesial-distal and buccal-lingual dimen- intake of vitamin A was adequate. Com- bone and alterations caused by postmor- sions of the pulp may reflect physiological pared to those with optimal levels, chil- tal influences. constraints related to pulpal dynamics. dren with suboptimal vitamin A had sig- X-ray-documentation could demonstrate Hence, the functional significance of nificantly lower BMI-Z (-0.66+1.0 vs. - a low mineral content in general and taurodontism may be questioned. Conse- 0.09+0.64) and hemoglobin levels (7.9+1.1 characteristic symmetrical dense zones quently, it is necessary to reevaluate pr e- vs. 8.5+1.1 g/dL). They also had signifi- representing the “Milkman-Syndrome” vious analyses and perhaps, evidence cantly more total hospitalizations (2.8+2.0 typical for osteomalacia. BSE-images supporting taurodontism as a distinguish- vs. 0.7+0.8), including pain (0.9+1.2 vs. confirmed this diagnosis by evidence of ing characteristic of Neandertals. 0.1+0.4) and fever episodes (1.1+1.2 vs. imperfectly mineralized bone structures, 0.2+0.4). Controlling for age and gender, enlarged osteocyte lacunae and extended A pilot study of Y chromosome analy- children with optimal levels had a signifi- resorptive borders. The presented case is sis on Melanesian populations. cantly reduced risk for hospitalization the first record of osteomalacia in an an- (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.09, 95% cient population in our country. The in- L. Scheinfeldt1,2, J. Lorenz2, R. Robledo2, confidence intervals (CI)=0.02-0.44) com- vestigations demonstrate, that the meth- A. Merriwether3, G. Koki4, C. Mgone4, J. pared to those with suboptimal levels. ods experienced on a medical historical Friedlaender 1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Suboptimal vitamin A status was prev a- collection, can be successfully applied for Temple University, 2The Coriell Institute lent in young children with SCD-SS and differential diagnostic purpose on earth- for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 3Dept. associated with poorer growth and hem a- stored fragmentary preserved skeletal of Anthropology, University of Michigan, tologic status and an increased risk for remains. 4Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, hospitalizations. Vitamin A requirements The basic study was financially sup- EHP, Papua New Guinea. may be increased in SCD-SS, and improv- ported by the Oesterreichische National- ing vitamin A status may improve overall bank (Project Nr. 7109). Recent and past anthropological liter a- health, growth and nutritional status in ture shows Island Melanesia to be an area these children. Taurodontism: Methodological limi- of extreme cultural and biological heter o- Supported by GCRC (M01RR00240), tations and pulpal dynamics. geneity. DNA analysis has uncovered Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center (NIH high levels of genetic variation both HL 38633) and the Nutrition Center of A.D. Schauber. Dept. of Anthropology, within and among islands in Melanesia. the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. This area, however, is poorly studied with regard to Y chromosome analysis. Bone structure and mineralization in Morphological characteristics of the We conducted preliminary Y chrom o- a late antique skeleton with osteo- molars are used to differentiate between some analysis on a linguistically diverse malacia. Neandertals and modern H. sapiens; it is panel of unrelated males. Specifically, we argued that taurodontism is a Neandertal chose 30 samples from the Kuot speaking D. Schamall, M. Kneissel, K. Wiltschke- autapomorphy. This trait is character- population residing in New Ireland, 30 Schrotta, M. Teschler -Nicola. Dept. of ized as one emphasizing superio-inferior samples from the Atta speaking popula- Archeological Biology and Anthropology, elongation of the pulp, the consequence of tion residing in New Britain, 30 samples Natural History Museum Vienna. which is a shortening of the length of the from an amalgam of Austronesian speak- AAPA Abstracts 185

ing populations residing in New Britain, levels. We conclude that blood lead can It is widely recognized that primates and 30 samples from an amalgam of Aus- impair weight growth in later infancy. walk and gallop, but rarely use trotting tronesian speaking populations residing Supported by NIEHS - ES05280. gaits with a whole-body aerial phase. in New Ireland. Using PCR and gel elec- Previous researchers have suggested that trophoresis methodology, we typed four Understanding and correcting molar at intermediate speeds, primates “amble”. markers: YAP, M9, M15, and 50f2/c. robustness index error. During an amble, forelimb and hindlimb Our data show statistically significant contacts alternate, as in the walk but the variation among the four sampled popula- C.W. Schmidt, M.K. Hill. Indiana Prehis- forelimbs and hindlimbs experience an tions at the 50f2/c locus. While the Kuot tory Laboratory, University of Indianapo- aerial phase, though not simultaneously. and both Austronesian sample sets were lis. This lack of a whole-body aerial phase negative for the deletion, the Atta sample ensures that the body is always supported included 10 out of 30 50f2/c deleted indi- The primary limitation of the Robust- by at least one limb during the gait cycle. viduals. This 33% occurrence of the mu- ness Index (MDxBL diameters) is that it We examined how common this mode of tation is the highest frequency docu- provides the area of a rectangle and, thus, locomotion is among primates using mented outside of Europe to date. Many overestimates molar occlusal area. Some videotapes of 14 prosimian, platyrrhine, population genetic studies have examined have argued that the error should be and catarrhine species. We found over the relationship between linguistic affilia- about the same on all molars. Still others 200 steps that could be categorized as an tion and the pattern and distribution of have decided that the error is simply too amble. In addition, we found that most genetic variation. Our pilot data on the much and that the method should be dis- primate gallops do not involve a whole NRY in combination with preliminary regarded. Given the intuitive and conven- body aerial phase, and thus could be clas- chromosome 22 typing suggest this rela- ient way in which the Robustness Index sified as a canter. Both the amble and tionship is relevant in New Britain and (RI) expresses occlusal area, it merits the canter allow primates to maintain a se- New Ireland. effort required to understand and improve cure hold on a substrate during locom o- its error before it is abandoned altogether. tion and potentially lower peak vertical Weight growth velocity from birth to The current study seeks to see if the RI forces compared to gaits with whole body 2 years of age in relation to lead bur- error differs significantly between molars aerial phases. This conclusion supports den. of different shape. A total of 144 maxil- Schmitt’s (1995) contention that primates lary and mandibular molars were sorted avoid trotting because of the high stresses L. Schell1, N. Cameron 2. 1Depts. of An- into six shapes defined by the relative size that have been observed for this gait in thropology and Epidemiology, University of their hypocone/hypoconulid (i.e., no, other mammals. Maintaining a secure at Albany., Albany, NY; 2N. Cameron, small, and large hypocone; no, small, and support and lowering substrate reaction Dept. of Human Sciences, Loughborough large hypoconulid). The “actual” occlusal forces may be important for locomotion on University. area was determined for each molar by arboreal supports, particularly on thin tracing the occlusal outline on a detailed and flexible supports. The regular use of To determine the impact of lead pollu- digital image using ScionImage software the amble and canter by primates may tion on human health and variation we (a derivative of NIHimage). Care was have evolved in early primates to meet examined growth from birth to 24 months taken to insure that all images were in mechanical requirements necessary for of age in relation to child’s blood lead. The the same plane and to a corresponding moving at intermediate speeds on thin sample consists of children enrolled in the scale. The RI error was then calculated supports. 1st phase of the APILS (Albany/Pregnancy for each of the six molar shapes. Analysis Supported by NSF SBR-9209004 and Infancy Lead Study). Mothers in APILS of Variance tests between the errors of BCS-9904401 and 0137930. were drawn primarily from urban disad- each shape suggest rejecting the hypothe- vantaged neighborhoods in Albany, NY. sis that RI errors are the same for all Evolution of the prefrontal cortex: A Children were measured for size and lead molars. Of the maxillary molars, those stereological analysis of primate level at birth, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months with large hypocones were statistically brain MRI scans. of age. The Jenss-Bailey model was fit to distinct from those with small or no hypo- all children with 6 or more weight meas- cones. Among the mandibular molars, P.T. Schoenemann, L.D. Glotzer. Dept. of urements out of 7 possible from birth to those with no hypoconulids were statisti- Anthropology, University of Pennsyl- 24 months (n=53). All fits were good (r > cally distinct from those with small or vania. 0.97). Controlling for birth weight, gesta- large hypoconulids. Regression -based tion length, sex, maternal smoking, formulae were then derived from the “ac- While it is well established that the race/ethnicity, parity, and the average tual” and RI areas. These formulae may human brain is ~3 times larger than ex- calories consumed from 3-12 months, we hold promise for the future use of this pected for a primate of our body size, found that an increase in lead levels from method. there is dispute over the extent to which the first to the second half of infancy is the prefrontal cortex (which mediates a significantly associated with lower weight Locomotor modes of primates at number of behaviors thought to be impor- velocity from age 6 to 12 months (r = - moderate speeds. I. The implications tant to human evolution) has increased 0.36, p=0.03), and from 9 to 12 months (r of the amble and the canter for pri- disproportionately. Semendeferi et al. = -0.39, p=0.02). There was no effect of mate locomotor evolution. (2002, 1997) have argued that the frontal lead level change during infancy on lobe (of which the prefrontal cortex is a weight velocity prior to 6 months of age (r D. Schmitt, P. Lemelin, J. B. Hanna. major subcomponent) is not relatively = 0.13, p=0.93), suggesting that change in Dept. of Biological Anthropology and larger in modern humans, in contrast to weight velocity follows the change in lead Anatomy, Duke University Medical Cen- earlier studies dating back to Brodmann rather than the countercausal explana- ter. (1912). tion that slow velocity is characteristic of However, Semendeferi et al. use esti- children who later develop higher lead mates of cortical volume, whereas the 186 AAPA Abstracts

earlier studies suggesting a dispropor- nant women with high levels of insulin do Bioarchaeology and sociobiology in tionate increase have used measures re- evidence ‘thrift’, enhancing their own the pre-Columbian Grasshopper lating to cortical surface area. The vol- nutritional status while simultaneously Pueblo, Arizona. ume/surface area distinction may be cru- nourishing a fetus. Unlike the situation cial because it appears that cortical sur- in mature individuals where hyperinsu- M. Schultz1, T.H. Schmidt-Schultz2. face area may be more behaviorally rele- linemia limits weight gain, high levels of 1Dept. of Anatomy, University of Göttin- vant than cortical volume. We measured insulin early in pregnancy increase ma- gen, 2Dept. of Biochemistry, University of both cortical surface area and volume ternal energy stores at the expense of Göttingen. using stereological techniques on a sam- subsequent overweight, obesity and dia- ple of primate MRI scans (obtained from betes. The skeletons of 246 children excavated the Yerkes Regional Primate Research at the Grasshopper Pueblo, a Mogollon Center; Rilling and Insel 1999) and a Terrestrial walking versus climbing pueblo community in the mountains of sample of modern humans. Both the en- in bonobos (Pan paniscus): Position east-central Arizona, were studied to cal- tire cortex and prefrontal only (operation- of the center of mass and conse- culate the causes and the frequencies of ally defined as all cortex anterior to the quences for the locomotor behavior. deficiency and infectious diseases in the corpus callosum) were analyzed. To avoid populations of three different large room missing cortical surface hidden deep K. Schoonaert, K. D’Août, P. Aerts. Dept. blocks. These blocks were used for ap- within sulci, surface area were estimated of Biology, University of Antwerp. proximately 60-90 years during the 14th using the grey -white interface. A full century. As a rule, the skeletons are very statistical analysis of the relative differ- Two major groups of theories exist on well preserved. They were investigated by ences in proportion of prefrontal cortex the precursor of habitual bipedalism in macroscopy and low power microscopy. across primates is presented, for both hominids, both primarily based on pale- Pathological changes of the skulls and volume and surface area. Preliminary ontological findings. On the one hand, the long bones were documented by meas- indications from a subsample of chimp “terrestrial theories” postulate that bi- urements, photographs and drawings. To and human scans suggest relative in- pedalism evolved from terrestrial quad- diagnose and to score the lesions, a new creases in the anterior portions of the rupedalism. On the other hand, the “arbo- morphologic pattern was used. For this prefrontal in humans. real theories” state that bipedalism origi- contribution, only the vestiges of diseases nated from climbing, the latter being an in the skull were examined. Insulin, gestational diabetes and ma- exaptation for (eventually habitual) bi- The results are striking and character- ternal thrift. pedalism. ize in limits different living conditions in In order to help evaluate current theo- the three room blocks of this pre- T.O. Scholl. University of Medicine and ries, we have recently started a project on Columbian community that elucidate Dentistry of New Jersey. the kinesiology of arboreal locomotion some aspects of pre-Columbian social life. versus terrestrial locomotion in bonobos There is evidence of different health pat- Hyperinsulinemia has been proposed as (Pan paniscus). Like all apes, bonobos tern dealing with the frequency of defi- an adaptation that increases the effi- are habitually arboreal, but they are also ciency diseases such as scurvy and ane- ciency of energy storage in an environ- adept terrestrial walkers, both quadru- mia but also of infectious diseases such as ment where there is feast or famine. pedally and bipedally. Together with inflammatory processes in the middle ear ‘Thrifty’ individuals may be predisposed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), they are region and the paranasal sinuses. The to gain weight, become overweight or the closest known relatives to hominids, expression and the frequency of the ves- obese and develop type 2 diabetes or other but bonobos likely resemble the common tiges of meningeal reactions (e.g., in- diseases related to hyperinsulinemia and ancestor better from a morphometrical flammatory-hemorrhagic meningitis, insulin resistance. However, research point of view. epidural hematoma, irritation of the ve- often does not support this hypothesis. For walking and climbing, two separate nous sinuses of the brain) show an inter- We examined the relationship of fasting set-ups were used, both allowing for syn- esting distribution within these three insulin at entry to care (15.2 ± 5.3 wks chronous recording of kinematics (50 Hz groups. On the other hand, there is, of gestation) in more than 800 women from video) and of substrate reaction forces. course, also conformity in many aspects. Camden without pre-gestational diabetes. These were measured by force platforms Thus, the disease profiles are, for in- After control for potential confounding for terrestrial walking, and by a 4-m long, stance, very similar and group the Grass- variables (age, parity, ethnicity, BMI, straight pole (12 cm diameter), partially hopper population to the well-known pat- smoking, week gestation at entry to care) instrumented with two 3D force trans- tern of other the pre-Columbian popula- gravidas in the highest quintile of fasting ducers for incline walking and climbing. tions from the Southwest. insulin had significantly increased sum of During terrestrial quadrupedalism, skinfolds and a more central fat distribu- weight is generally well distributed be- mtDNA variation in Central Siberi- tion (trunk/extremity ratio) than the oth- tween the front and hind limbs, although ans identifies West Eurasian and ers. They had a significantly higher rate this is variable and typically oblique to East Asian components of their gene of gestational weight gain and an in- the walking direction. When the slope pool. creased risk of excessive weight gain for increases, the load shifts towards the feet. BMI (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.56, At a slope of 30°, locom otor behavior re- T.G. Schurr1, R.I. Sukernik2, Y.B. Starik- 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.05-2.33), sembles terrestrial walking, although less ovskaya2, D.C. Wallace3. 1Dept. of An- nearly a threefold increase in the risk of oblique, including knuckle-walking and thropology, University of Pennsylvania, gestational diabetes mellitus (AOR=2.67, bipedalism. At 60°, bipedalism occasion- 2Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Sibe- 95% CI 1.19-5.99) as well as significantly ally occurs, but locomotion is typically rian Branch, Russian Academy of Sci- increased risks of new overweight quadrupedal with grasping hands. ences, 3Center for Molecular Medicine, (BMI>26) and new obesity (BMI>29) in Emory University School of Medicine. the postpartum (4-6 weeks). Thus, preg- AAPA Abstracts 187

Analyses of mtDNA diversity in indige- portions relate to changes in positional State University Dental Anthropology nous Siberian peoples have illuminated behavior during ontogeny in chimpanzees. System (ASU DAS). Plaques created by much about their population histories. Positional behavior data were collected K. Hanihara and A. A. Dalhberg, along Recent work has shown considerable ge- for thirty subjects between the ages of 6 with the ASU DAS, were used for the netic diversity in southeastern Siberians months and 13 years using instantaneous deciduous remains. A total of 104 teeth and the genetic influence of Turkic speak- focal animal sampling. Linear body seg- were identified in the subadult collection ing groups on them, while other studies ment data were collected for 73 subjects and over 200 teeth were used from the have elucidated the genetic prehistory of representing the same age range. All subadult collection. Chi-square comparisons northeastern Siberian groups. However, jects were housed at the Primate Founda- were insignificant for within group tests there are fewer genetic data for central tion of Arizona. Four limb proportion of the subadults. The tests were also Siberian populations such as the Kets, indices were calculated from the linear insignificant between the deciduous teeth Sel’kups, and Altayans, leaving their segment data: intermembral index, bra- and the adult permanent teeth, except for genetic histories and relationships to chial index, upper limb-to-trunk index, cusp 7 (p<0.05). However, this may be other Siberian populations to be clarified. and hindlimb-to-trunk index. Positional due to differing trait development and To address these issues, we reanalyzed behavior and limb proportion data were expression, or a variation in scoring the mtDNAs from several Central Sibe- plotted against age using locally-weighted methods. rian populations (Kets, Sel’kups, Altay- scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS). The virtual lack of significant difference ans) that did not belong to haplogroups A- Results for positional behavior indicate provides us with no evidence to suggest D to determine their possible affinities that as body size increases during ontog- that the adults and juveniles were from with East Asian and West Eurasian hap- eny, the frequency of climbing and sus- two distinct biological groups. When logroups. Overall, these populations pensory posture decreases. Following an combined with demographic and disease lacked most West Eurasian haplogroups, initial increase in frequency, suspensory patterns for the community, a circum- including I, J, K, T, V, W, and X. How- locomotion, brachiation, and leaping de- stantial case can be made for the theory ever, the Altayans, Kets and Sel’kups all crease with increasing body size. The that these children were from the sur- had haplogroup H and U mtDNAs at sig- intermembral index changes very little rounding community, buried near the nificant frequencies, with these hap- during ontogeny, while the brachial index bones of venerated individuals. logroups comprising 32.5%, 43.5%, and decreases during the first 48 months be- 65.0% of their mtDNAs, respectively. In fore leveling off during adolescence. Both Patterns of dental variation in extant fact, four different subclusters of hap- the upper limb-to-trunk and the hominids and species recognition in logroup U were present in these popula- hindlimb-to-trunk indices decrease the fossil record. tions, including U1, U2, U4 and U5, with slightly during ontogeny. These results the Kets having the greatest diversity of are consistent with other intraspecific J.E. Scott1, C.A. Lockwood1,2. 1Dept. of these haplotypes. Thus, central Siberian studies of positional behavior in apes and Anthropology, Arizona State University, populations appeared to have significant with functional consequences of body size 2Institute of Human Origins, Arizona frequencies of both West Eurasian and and limb proportions on behavior. State University. Asian mtDNAs as part of their overall genetic composition. Overall, West Eura- Dental morphology of subadult teeth It has been suggested that living homi- sian haplogroups appear in a decreasing from Byzantine St. Stephen’s Monas- nids (Gorilla, Homo, Pan, and Pongo) may west-to-east gradient in Siberian popula- tery, Jerusalem. possess a common pattern of craniodental tions, while East Asian haplogroups have variation that could aid in detecting taxo- the opposite distribution. The implica- J. Schwebach1, A. Holden 2, J. Ullinger3, nomically heterogeneous fossil hominid tions of this pattern of genetic diversity S.G. Sheridan4. 1Dept. of Anthropology, assemblages, i.e., the presence of a pat- for reconstructing the peopling of the New Mexico State University, 2Dept. of tern of variation in a fossil sample that Siberia are explored. Anthropology, University of Missouri, deviates from one shared among living 3Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona State hominids would be considered evidence of Body size, limb proportions, and po- University, 4Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- multiple taxa. Here, dental dimensions of sitional behavior during ontogeny in versity of Notre Dame. extant hominids are examined to deter- captive chimpanzees (Pan troglo- mine if such a pattern exists. dytes). Approximately one-third of the 15,000 Analyses are conducted on patterns of skeletal elements found in the burial variation in size (mesiodistal and buccol- M.L. Schwandt1, M.W. Marzke2. 1Primate crypts of the Byzantine monastery of St. ingual dimensions together, mesiodistal Foundation of Arizona, 2Dept. of Anthro- Stephen’s in Jerusalem represent dimensions only, buccolingual dimensions pology, Arizona State University. subadults. Who were these children and only, and tooth crown areas) and shape why were they buried within a monastic (tooth crown shape indices). The man- Associations between body size, limb compound? Although much appears in dibular and maxillary dentitions are con- proportions, and specific positional behav- the literature of the time about St. sidered both separately and together. iors in primates have been proposed Stephen's, no mention is made of the Degree of similarity for each pairwise based on both interspecific and intraspeci- presence of children. comparison is established using paramet- fic comparisons. In general, the results The current study examined five dental ric and nonparametric correlation meth- from intraspecific comparisons are not morphological traits of the deciduous and ods and randomization tests are employed consistent with those from interspecific permanent teeth of these individuals. to determine their statistical significance. comparisons, suggesting that relation- Frequencies of non-metric characters Patterns of size variation are also exam- ships between these variables are not were compared to those found for the ined without the canines and lower P3 to always clear-cut. This study considers adult dentition to determine possible ge- evaluate how these teeth affect the analy- how changes in body size and limb pro- netic relationships. The permanent den- ses. titions were scored using the Arizona 188 AAPA Abstracts

The results indicate that patterns of nearly the same time. These unique sib- and Wizard’s Beach also tie to Mississippi size variation in the dentition of extant ling pairs replay essential features of Valley and Glacial Kame Archaic period hominids are too variable to be of use for twinship, enabling sensitive tests of peoples, as well as recent Ossossone and evaluating variation in fossil assem- shared environmental influence on behav- Juntunen site collections from Ontario blages. In terms of shape variation, the ioral development. This pr oject has been and northern Michigan. The Kennewick hominines (Gorilla, Homo, and Pan) ongoing at California State University, individual ties to Polynesian and the Ainu share a pattern, which is most strongly Fullerton since1983. New analyses, based of Japan. These peoples’ biological affini- expressed in the mandibular dentition. on a sample of 90 pairs, yielded an IQ ties run to the Northern Plains as well as However, combined samples of different intraclass correlation of .26 (p< .01). This into the Old World with the prehistoric hominine species exhibit patterns of correlation, while statistically significant, Jomon, the ancestors of the Ainu of Ja- shape variation that are similar to those falls considerably below correlations of pan. Tierra del Fuego, and the Patago- of single taxa, indicating that, although a .86, .60 and .50 reported for monozygotic nians, the inhabitants of the southern- stable pattern is present, it is not useful (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins and full most edge of the South America, also link for recognizing taxonomically mixed pale- siblings, respectively. The VT IQ subtest to the prehistoric Jomon. These suggest ontological samples. profile correlation of .08 also falls below that the early inhabitants of the New corresponding MZ (.45) and DZ (.24) twin World were not related to the Chinese Twin research findings and methods correlations. These results are consistent core of mainland Asia, but rather the Late and their implications for human with ex planatory models of intelligence Pleistocene descendents of Northeast behavioral development. that include genetic factors, demonstrat- Asia. ing that shared environments have mod- N.L. Segal. Dept. of Psychology, Califor- est influence on intellectual development. Occlusal molar borings in Native nia State University, Fullerton. Future plans for this ongoing study in- American dentitions. clude comparing social relatedness across Twin studies are a vital tool for explor- a broad range of genetically and environ- J.C. Seidel. Central Connecticut State ing hypotheses generated by behavioral- mentally informative relationships. It University. genetic theory. They have, however, been will, for example, be important to include used less frequently from the perspectives VT pairs in studies of cooperation and During the archival documentation of of human ethology and evolutionary psy- competition for comparison with MZ and the dentitions of an 18th and 19th century chology. The ways in which twin research DZ twins, thus extending the body of skeletal collection from the Middle Co- methodology can be integrated into these twin-based research in this domain. lumbia River, alterations are identified on disciplines will be illuminated with refer- occlusal tooth surfaces of four individuals. ence to recent and ongoing studies. For New World Paleoindians in cra- Under direct light examination, the circu- example, the nature and bases of human niometric perspective: New looks at lar depressions of the dentin in molar social relationships have fascinated the old faces. teeth demonstrate striated walls. The scientific community for years. Using a size, striations and conically shaped pits "twins-as couples" approach, greater co- N. Seguchi1, A.R. Nelson 2, C.L. Brace3. are consistent with dental modifications operation and affiliation have been ob- 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of in the literature identified as therapeutic served within MZ than DZ twinships, Montana at Missoula, 2Dept. of Anthro- drillings (Schwartz et.al.1995, White underlining the contribution of the gen o- pology, University of Wyoming at Lara- et.al. 1997). The six borings, in two males types of the interactants to social ou t- mie, 3Museum of Anthropology, Univer- and two females, are all located on the comes and processes. This finding is ex- sity of Michigan. occlusal surfaces of maxillary first molars. emplified in a 1999 study of the Prisoner's This location has not been previously Dilemma in which more frequent cooper a- Prehistoric and recent human craniofa- documented in the North American skele- tive trials occurred between MZ than DZ cial metric comparative data were used to tal literature. One maxillary left molar of twin adolescents and adults. More com- assess the similarities and differences an adult male has two borings and nei- pelling, MZ twins reared apart have indi- between selected New World Paleoindian ther communicates with the pulp cham- cated greater closeness and familiarity and early Archaic crania. Affiliations of ber. Three of the six however, do open following reunion, relative to DZ twins groups and individuals were examined by into the dental pulp. On all of the teeth reared apart. These various findings are discriminant function analysis, canonical with borings, there is severe attrition consistent with Hamilton's theory of in- variates plots, and posterior probabilities including secondary dentin formation, clusive fitness. Studying twins whose and typicality probabilities. The 11,000 alveolar lucentcies at the root apicies and cotwins are deceased offers a different year old Brazilian Dos Coquieros individ- cortical fenestrations. A boring technique, approach to this same class of questions. ual, Nevada’s Spirit Cave and Wizard’s using a hafted chert point drill was repli- Recent work shows more severe bereave- Beach individuals at slightly under 9,500 cated on a recently extracted human moment response among surviving MZ than years, the Buhl, Idaho woman at ap- lar with exposed dentin. The SEM com- DZ twins. MZ twins also show a smaller proximately 10,700 years and the Kenne- parisons between the test and sample are reduction in grief over time, further dem- wick individual at 9,400 years were each favorable. The dental endodontic liter a- onstrating the greater intensity of their examined using these methodologies. ture indicates that severe attrition may reaction. Evolution ary reasoning suggests Preliminary results of this study have result in dental necrosis (Trowbridge that losing a close relative represents a suggested morphological similarities be- 2002). Pulpal death, periapical lesions loss in future genetic representation. tween the Dos Coquieros burial and the and cortical fenestrations are therapeuti- Studies of a novel "twin-like" research recent Ainu of Japan and Polynesia. Af- cally treated by establishing a path of design offer a more instructive alternative filiations for Spirit Cave lean toward Ar- fluid drainage and pressure release (Tor- to the ordinary adoption method. Virtual chaic American Indians in the Mississippi abinejad and Walton 1994). The presence twins (VTs) are unrelated siblings of the drainages, upstate New York, but as well of dental borings in the sample indicates same age adopted into the same family at the western Mongolian Bronze Age. Buhl that Native American healers of the re- AAPA Abstracts 189

gion used this therapy with success and differences in skeletal trait expression L.L. Shackelford. Dept. of Anthropology, frequency. (Lovejoy et al., 2002 AJPA suppl. 34: 104). Washington University. We found significant ontogenetic differ- Modules and locomotion in the evolu- ences in surface reticulation of the gluteal Tam Hang is a cave site located in the tion of the anthropoid hand. insertion of the femur in two modern hu- Southern Annamite mountain chain in man populations: Libben and Hamann- northern Laos along the Laos-Vietnam M. Selby, P. Reno, R. Meindl, M. Serrat, Todd. We attributed these differences to border. The site has been C-14 dated to C.O. Lovejoy. Dept. of Anthropology, Kent slight fluctuations in developmental pat- 15,740 ± 80 years BP. Based on cranial State University. tern formation, rather than to the classic remains and exploratory analysis of the inference that morphology reflects a his- postcrania, this sample represents a During terrestrial mammalian locom o- tory of strain transduction. This hypothe- population of five males and five females tion most propulsion is generated by the sis was challenged by the suggestion that of young adult and adult age. Six of these hindlimb, often resulting in metatarsal differences in activity level could have individuals (two males, four females) elongation in mammals employing meta- also produced these results. To address preserve nearly complete postcranial tarsifulcrimation or other forms of digiti- this criticism, we obtained additional data skeletons. grady. Force plate analysis demonstrates to examine the potential veracity of the The population of Tam Hang is small in that in some primates a significant por- strain history hypothesis. If robusticity in stature, currently estimated from long tion of propulsion is forelimb generated. the gluteal region is a response to activity bone lengths as ranging from approx i- Metacarpals may therefore undergo elon- level, then we should find commensurate mately 138 cm (4’6”) to 162 cm (5’4”). gation in terrestrial forms to increase and parallel changes in other portions of There are no congenital dysplasias and no their contribution to the power arm. We the skeleton. We chose the deltoid inser- trauma or pathology of any kind in the measured lengths in the third metacar- tion on the humerus for further examina- postcrania. These individuals have rela- pals (MC), intermediate (IP) and proximal tion. tively gracile upper limbs, but robust phalanges (PP) of several anthropoid pri- We seriated the deltoid tuberosity in 50 lower limbs. The femora have strong mates. When each element (IP, PP, MC) individuals using methods from our pr e- antero-posterior reinforcement that ap- is considered as a proportion of the total, vious analysis. We found no difference proaches a pilaster in several individuals. terrestrial monkeys demonstrate rela- between Libben and Todd individuals in Three complete pelves are preserved that tively elongated metacarpals. However, the morphology of the deltoid, even demonstrate broad bi-iliac breadths. This arboreal anthropoids display overall elon- though they differed substantially in their Late Pleistocene southeast Asian site is gation of the entire metacarpus, and gluteal regions. Furthermore, we found unique with respect to its time and place, thereby have longer metacarpals than only a weak correlation between femoral as it expands the geographic range from terrestrial forms relative to body size. and humeral seriations, which directly which Late Upper Paleolithic fossils are They also maintain more consistent pr o- contradicts the predictions of the “activity currently known. portions between metacarpals and ph a- level” premise. We therefore maintain langes. It has been shown that the poste- our original hypothesis that morpholog i- Locomotor development and the rior manual digits (metacarpals plus ph a- cal variation is more likely the result of uniqueness of primate quadrupedal- langes) behave as a single module in minor fluctuations in such factors as cis- ism. hominoids and arboreal monkeys (via regulation of gene expression, rather than modification of Hox expression or target direct responses to local strain as has long L.J. Shapiro, D.A. Raichlen. Dept. of An- genes). However, as expected, our data been advocated. thropology, University of Texas, Austin. also show that the metacarpals can evolve as a separate module from the phalanges. Survival and reproduction in chacma Primate quadrupedalism is unique Pearson correlation shows that IP3 and baboons. among mammals. Primates prefer diago- PP3 are more highly correlated (r=0.970) nal sequence walking, employ relatively than are PP3 and MC3, or IP3 and MC3 R.M. Seyfarth, T. Bergman, D.L. Cheney, large limb angular excursions, highly (r=0.723, and 0.685, respectively, all J. Beehner. Depts. of Biology and Psy- protracted forelimbs and humeri at p<0.01). These data show that additional chology, University of Pennsylvania. touchdown, relatively long strides and low “submodules” downstream of (but entirely stride frequencies. Although kinematic within) Hox domains also contribute to We review ten years' data on survival aspects of primate quadrupedalism have autopod evolution. Therefore, patterns of and reproduction in a troop of baboons been well delineated, it remains less clear mammalian morphological change may living in the Moremi Game Reserve, Bot- how aspects of body size and shape might help specify such subdomains in a man- swana. The population experiences high have led to this unique form of locom o- ner than can further guide identification rates of predation by leopards and lions, tion. Because of their developmental of additional modules with mor e re- as well as high rates of infanticide by changes in size and shape, infants provide stricted perimeters. immigrant males who have recently ac- an excellent "natural experiment" with quired alpha status. We use data on age which to test the influence of body struc- Developmental field fluctuation II: A at first birth, inter-birth intervals, and ture on the kinematics of quadrupedal- potential basis for skeletal morpho- infant survival to test hypotheses about ism. Although infants differ from adults logical variation. the effects of dominance rank, matriline in footfall sequence, it is unclear if they size, the presence of female kin, and in- differ from adults in other aspects of their M.A. Serrat, P.L. Reno, B.A. Rosenman, fanticide on lifetime reproductive success. locomotion. C.O. Lovejoy. Dept. of Anthropology and In this study, we present longitudinal School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State Late Pleistocene postcranial skeletal data on two infant baboons between the University. remains from Tam Hang (Laos). ages of one and seven months. Data on We previously proposed a “fluctuating limb shape and quadrupedal kinematics field” hypothesis to explain population were collected biweekly, and compared to 190 AAPA Abstracts

data known for adult primates. Infant indicators of stress rather than as direct Quantitative genetics of modern hu- baboons exhibit appreciable frequencies of measures of trauma or workload. man craniofacial variation: Implica- lateral sequence walking in combination tions for the interpretation of the with diagonal sequence gaits and walking Co-evolution of communication and hominin fossil record. trots. Unlike adults, infants lack humeral the brain in primates: New evidence protraction at touchdown, appear to have from the brainstem and motor cortex. R.J. Sherwood1, D.L. Duren 2, S.A. Czer- relatively small forelimb excursion angles winski2, B. Towne2. 1Dept of Anthropol- for their body size, relatively shorter C.C. Sherwood1,2,3, R.L. Holloway1,3, A. ogy, African Studies Program, University strides and higher stride frequencies at Schleicher 4, K. Zilles4, J.M. Erwin5, P.J. of Wisconsin, Madison, 2Dept. of Commu- certain dimensionless speeds. Infants Gannon 3,6, P.R. Hof2,3,5. 1Dept. of Anthro- nity Health, Wright State University clearly do not walk like adult primates pology, Columbia University, 2Center for School of Medicine. even when using diagonal sequence gait, Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of nor do they walk like nonprimate mam- Medicine, 3New York Consortium in Evo- The geometry of the craniofacial com- mals when using lateral sequence gait. lutionary Primatology, 4Institut für Neu- plex plays a central role in functional and The unique kinematics utilized by infants roanatomie und C. und O. Vogt Institut phylogenetic interpretations of the are likely associated with their distinct- für Hirnforschung, Heinrich-Heine- hominin fossil record. Implicit in such iveness in body shape from adult pri- Universität, 5Foundation for Comparative considerations, however, is the assump- mates and other mammals. and Conservation Biology, 6Dept. of Oto- tion that the genetic contribution to mor- Supported by the Leakey Foundation. laryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medi- phological variation is high and equiva- cine. lent across traits. We discuss here the Schmorl’s nodes at Orendorf: A test phyletic valence of craniofacial traits in of clinical etiologies and paleopa- The face is a focal point for primate the context of the genetic architecture of thological assumptions. communication. The production of com- modern human craniofacial variation. We municative signals relies on the coordi- have shown elsewhere (Duren et al., this K. Sheridan, D.W. Steadman. Bingham- nated action of orofacial muscles. A recent volume) that 12 of 13 craniometrics are ton University, SUNY, Binghamton. focus has been on the co-evolution of neu- significantly heritable in participants of ral specializations for orofacial motor the Fels Longitudinal Study. Several Schmorl’s nodes are depressions within control and human speech. To date, how- traits examined in that study are of par- the vertebra, typically in the middle or ever, little is known about the compara- ticular relevance for the assessment of posterior portion of the centrum, that tive neurobiology of orofacial movement early hominin evolution. For example, reflect herniation of the intervertebral in primates. The current study reports angular measures of basicranial flexion disk through a weakened cartilaginous results from a stereologic and mor- (basion -sella-nasion) and facial hafting endplate. While there is little dispute phometric analyses of brainstem orofacial (sella-nasion -subspinale) were shown to concerning the morphological identifica- motor nuclei (i.e., facial and hypoglossal) have high heritabilities (h2) of 0.54 and tion of the nodes, the underlying etiology and face area of primary motor cortex in 0.58, respectively. Other measures, in- of the lesions has provoked great debate representatives of all primate superfami- cluding linear metrics of the clivus in both the clinical and paleopathological lies. Results show that several structural (basion -sella) and cranial thickness, had literature. While some paleopathologists features of primate orofacial motor nuclei, somewhat lower heritabilities of 0.35 and purport to identify specific activity- or including nucleus volume, neuron num- 0.26, respectively. trauma-related causes of formation, much ber, neuron packing density, and subnu- The response (R) of a trait to selection (S) of the clinical literature cites multiple cleus differentiation are highly correlated is given by the equation R=h2S. Therefore, non-specific etiologies. Further, paleopa- with medulla volume. No anatomical dif- under the same selective pressures, a thologists often link differences in sex ferences were found that support the hy- more highly heritable trait will exhibit incidence to gender-based division of labor pothesis that the hypoglossal nucleus of (within certain boundaries) a more rapid though the frequency of Schmorl’s nodes humans is specialized for speech produc- change per unit time than a trait with a is fairly high in both sexes. tion. Compared to Old World monkeys, low heritability. Thus, given what is cur- The relatively large (N=326) skeletal the face area of motor cortex in great apes rently known of the genetic foundations of sample from Orendorf, a Mississippian and humans is characterized by increased craniofacial variation in modern humans, (~AD1150) cemetery site in the central thickness of superficial cortical layers, it may be possible to understand better Illinois valley, is used to test hypotheses decreased neuron packing density, in- the rapid acquisition of highly heritable concerning the etiology of Schmorl's nodes creased proportions of neurofilament pr o- traits such as a flexed cranial base in both as well as their value as indicators of tein-containing neurons signifying more Homo and A. boisei, or retention of traits activity-related stress. To do this, we ex- elaborate dendritic arborization, and with low heritability such as cranial amine the earliest age at which Schmorl’s greater numbers of particular inhibitory thickening in H. erectus. nodes occur in the sample as well as the interneuron subtypes. The results of this correlation between node formation and study help to elucidate the anatomical Traumatic injuries in the Archaic vertebral and extra-vertebral pathology substrate of the evolution of gestural Period: An example from Mulberry and arthritis. While correlations may be communication in primates and place the Creek, Alabama. high, they do not reflect causation and it neural mechanisms of human speech in a is our conclusion that the paleopathologist phylogenetic context. Supported by the B.M. Shields. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- will rarely be able to determine a specific Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren versity of Alabama. etiology for cases at the individual or Foundation, NSF BCS0121286, NIH population levels. Based on our work at AG14308, and NSF DBI9602234 (to NY- Mulberry Creek, an Archaic Period shell Orendorf, we encourage paleopathologists CEP). mound, was excavated under the auspices to accept Schmorl’s nodes as non -specific of the Works Progress Administration and Tennessee Valley Authority during their AAPA Abstracts 191

survey of the Pickwick Basin of northern characterizes these populations and is Geographical distribution of hot Alabama in 1936-1937. 134 human skele- detectable using other tests to identify flash frequencies: Considering cli- tons were excavated from the site, as were genetic structure. We have also applied matic influences. many other skeletal series along the two methods of Admixture Mapping to banks of the Tennessee River. In recent test for the effects of three candidate L.L. Sievert, E.K. Flanagan. Dept. of An- years, these collections have received genes. We show that TYR and OCA2 have thropology, University of Massachusetts increased attention in constructing evolu- measurable effects on skin pigmentation at Amherst. tionary models of prehistoric warfare and differences between the West African and raiding in this region of the Southeast. West European parental populations. The Previous studies have shown that The thus far observed patterns of skeletal implications and applications of ancestry menopausal hot flashes are more frequent injuries for Mississippian groups, in tan- estimates in biomedical research are dis- in warm ambient temperatures. Labor a- dem with ethnohistorical accounts, may cussed. tory studies suggest that hot flashes are indicate that warfare and raiding were a triggered by small elevations in core body primary concern to agriculturalists in this Primate social systems and predation temperature acting within a reduced area. This paper seeks to provide addi- risk: Factors influen cing prey selec- thermoneutral zone -- the temperature tional information on Archaic hunter- tion by crowned eagles in Taï Na- range in which a woman neither shivers foragers in the Southeast and addresses tional Park, Côte d’Ivoire. nor sweats. While the biological basis of methodological problems in how these hot flashes is becoming increasingly clear, injuries are used to construct models of S. Shultz1., W.S. McGraw2, R. Noë3. variation in hot flash frequencies across interpersonal violence. Despite a human 1Population and Evolutionary Biology cultures remains largely unexplained. skull bowl and individuals with embedded Research Group, University of Liverpool, The study presented here focuses on the projectile points, the overall injury pat- 2Dept. of Anthropology, The Ohio State influence of climate. It was hypothesized tern at Mulberry Creek emphasizes inju- University, 3Ethologie et Ecologie compor- that, as a result of physiological acclim a- ries that are more conducive to an acci- tementale des Primates, Université Louis tization, women in different populations dental etiology for the site. Pasteur. develop climate-specific thermoneutral zones. Consequently, correlations were Skin pigmentation, biogeographical Despite the numerous theories about predicted between hot flash frequencies ancestry and admixture mapping. the costs and benefits of group living in and latitude, mean annual temperature, terms of predation avoidance, there re- minimum annual temperature, or maxi- M.D. Shriver 1, E.J. Parra1, P. McKeigue2 , mains little documented evidence of how mum annual temperature. Studies of hot R. Kittles3. 1Penn State University, social system and group size actually flash frequencies were drawn from liter a- 2London School of Hygiene & Tropical affect predation risk. Taï National Park is ture reviews and from additional data Medicine, 3Howard University. an ideal site to test theories relating so- base searches. Latitude and temper a- cial systems and predation risk in pri- tures corresponding to the sites of hot Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) mates because the twelve primate species flash studies were collected from pu b- are genetic loci showing alleles with large present demonstrate a range of group lished sources. Due to methodological frequency differences between popula- size, body size, and habitat use character- inconsistence among hot flash studies, hot tions. AIMs can be used to estimate Bio- istics. If sociality is an effective adapta- flash frequencies were examined among Geographical Ancestry at the level of the tion against predation risk, we would women who reported hot flash experience population, subgroup (e.g. cases and con- expect social species to suffer lower pr e- within the past month (n=27 studies) and trols), and individual. Ancestry estimates dation rates than solitary species, and among women who reported whether or at both the subgroup and individual level species in larger groups to suffer lower not they had ever experienced a hot flash can be directly instructive regarding the predation rates than those in small (n= 38 studies). Although hot flash fr e- genetics of the phenotypes that are differ- groups. Here we present prey remain data quencies were positively correlated with ent qualitatively or in frequency between for twelve African crowned eagle latitude and negatively correlated with populations. We present details on a (Stephanoaetus coronatus) nests in the temperatures, the correlations were not panel of 34 AIMs and demonstrate how Taï National Park and relate various statistically significant. This presentation such studies can proceed, using skin pig- ecological aspects of the primate species details the findings and examines why mentation as a model phenotype. We have to their relative occurrence in the eagle climate may not play a role in determin- genotyped these markers in two popula- diet. To measure prey preference, we ing hot flash frequencies. In particular, tion samples with primarily African an- compared, for each species, the relative the confounding variables of BMI and cestry, African Americans from Washing- proportion of the eagles’ diet to their occupation are discussed. ton D.C. and an African Caribbean sam- overall proportion of the primate commu- ple from Britain, and in a sample of nity. Our results indicate that when all New discoveries on the middle ear European Americans from Pennsylvania. species are considered neither group-size anatomy of the Paromomyidae In the two African population samples we nor body-size alone correlate with prey (Mammalia, Primates) from ultra observed very strong correlations between preference. This is because the only ter- high resolution X-ray computed to- estimates of individual ancestry and skin restrial species, the sooty mangabey, is mography. pigmentation as measured by reflectom e- preferred despite occurring in large try (R2 = 0.21, p<0.0001 for the African- groups and having a relatively large body M.T. Silcox. Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- American sample and R2=0.16, p<0.0001 size. When only arboreal primates are versity of Winnipeg. for the British African-Caribbean sam- considered both group size and, to a lesser ple). These correlations confirm the valid- extent, body size are negatively correlated The study of the middle ear anatomy in ity of the ancestry estimates and also with prey preference. These characteris- plesiadapiforms has been central to de- indicate the high level of population tics are explained in terms of eagle "sit- bates about the pattern of relationships structure related to admixture, which and-wait" hunting behaviour. within Archonta. Analysis of a skull of 192 AAPA Abstracts

Ignacius graybullianus (USNM 421608) rearing streams of juvenile salmon, mi- populations, even though cardiovascular using ultra high resolution X-ray com- gratory birds, and elephant ivory. diseases are relatively common. The UK puted tomography yields new information In order to reconstruct the movement of populations showed higher allele fr e- about the prepared right ear and allows human individuals across landscapes or quency of *E4 allele that is compatible study of the unprepared left ear. These continents, various strategies have been with observed North-South cline. Overall, data confirm previous assertions that the proposed to compare juvenile calcification the observed variation at this locus in auditory bulla is formed by the entotym- and adult calcification (or adult calcifica- Indian and UK populations is comparable panic, not the petrosal, basioccipital, or tion reflecting various different times of to many Caucasian populations. A com- basisphenoid. Contrary to most previous life) from individual human skeletons. prehensive statistical analysis of world reconstructions of the middle ear anatomy These strategies include (i) comparison of populations showed that APOE is a useful in plesiadapiforms, this specimen exhibits whole cortical bone to dental enamel; (ii) genetic marker for population and an- a bony tube for the promontorial artery comparison of bone of various different thropological studies. The data presented and/or internal carotid nerves. The iden- densities—reflecting bone of different also suggests that authochthon groups tification of this structure is confirmed by age—from the same individual; and (iii) (like tribes) in India may throw better the presence of a lumen and its origina- micro-dissection of individual osteons of insight on the role of apolipopr oteins in tion at the posterior carotid foramen. varying maturity. disease. Remnants of this tube are pr esent bilat- The approach will be illustrated using erally in USNM 421608, running along hominid skeletons from the South African Functional shape variation in the the lateral extreme of the promontorium. Pleistocene site of Swartkrans. Compari- cercopithecine masticatory complex. The presence of bony tubes for branches son of dental enamel to bone suggests of the internal carotid artery and internal that one adult male robust Australopithe- M. Singleton. Dept. of Anatomy, CCOM, carotid nerves is a feature of scandentians cine individual, SK 876, had migrated to Midwestern University. and euprimates, missing in dermopterans the site from another region. Such results and chiropterans. The unusual lateral make it possible reconstruct previously Recent investigations of craniofacial route taken by the internal carotid nerves invisible aspects of early hominid behav- scaling in papionin primates document is a primitive euprimate feature, missing ior. shared patterns of ontogenetic allometry in scandentians, dermopterans, and chi- resulting in homoplastic similarities be- ropterans. As such, this evidence sup- APOE distribution in world popula- tween small- and large-bodied taxa, reports a close euprimate-paromomyid relations with new data from the Indian spectively. Such patterns are often asso- tionship, and the inclusion of paromomy- sub-continent and the British popu- ciated with functional allometry, and ids in the order Primates. This finding is lations. mechanical demands on the masticatory in line with recent studies of the dentition complex make biomechanical scaling a and postcranium. The history of revisions P.P. Singh1, M. Singh1, P.S.Gill2, S. S. likely contributor to facial homoplasy in to our understanding of paromomyid Mastana3; 1Human Biology, Punjabi Uni- papionins. Therefore, this study exam- middle ear anatomy suggests caution in versity, Patiala, INDIA, 2Anthropology ines scaling in the cercopithecine mastica- interpreting this complex region in dam- /Neph &Hyp., University of Utah, tory complex using geometric and tradi- aged fossils, and in overemphasizing the 3Loughborough University. tional analytic methods. The sample phylogenetic importance of such interpr e- encompasses all cercopithecine genera tations. Human apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a and selected colobine outgroups. Three- plasma glycoprotein that plays a major dimensional coordinates for 45 craniomet- Reconstructing individual life histo- role in lipoprotein metabolism. Three ric landmarks were recorded; centroid ries using the chemistry of the skel e- common variants (*E2, *E3, & *E4) of size was computed; and a subset of land- ton. APOE show interesting population ge- marks was selected to capture specific netic variation. Epidemiological studies functional aspects of the masticatory sys- A. Sillen. Dept. of Archaeology, University have found that the *E4 allele is associ- tem. Landmarks were aligned using gen- of Cape Town. ated with longevity, increased plasma eralized Procrustes analysis. Aligned cholesterol levels and increased prev a- coordinates were subjected to principal Environmental variables during growth lence for cardiovascular and Alzheimer components analysis, and principal axes affect not only skeletal morphology, but diseases. In this study (n=2100), we have of shape variation were explored statisti- also isotopic chemistry. In turn, analysis analysed the distribution of apolipopr o- cally and graphically. of the isotopic variation within skeletons tein E (apo E) polymorphism among 15 As expected, the first principal compo- makes it possible to reconstruct aspects of endogamous groups of India and 5 re- nent of shape variation shows strong posi- life-histories of historic and prehistoric gionally divided populations of the UK. tive allometry across all cercopithecines; individuals (as opposed to populations). Also, we examine the level and extent of it is likewise strongly correlated with One important isotopic tracer is the stron- genetic variation at this locus in world masseter lever arm length. The second tium isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr. Since this populations and its utility as a population principal component is strongly correlated ratio is not measurably fractionated by genetic marker using Principal Compo- with cranial size in cercopithecins but organisms, it represents in various skele- nent Analyses and spatial autocorrelation only weakly so in African papionins, im- tal tissues the 87Sr/86Sr available to an analysis. There are marked differences in plying geometric similarities among Afri- individual at the time of calcification. phenotype and allele frequency between can papionins (excluding Theropithecus) Because there is considerable natural the populations of England and India. largely independent of size. Papionins variation in 87Sr/86Sr, the index has been Indian populations showed extensive are distinguished from comparably sized useful in source-tracing various biological genetic diversity at caste, non-tribal and cercopithecins by relatively low zygomatic substances, including, wood and wine. tribal levels. The interesting feature of roots and posteriorly positioned molar Skeletal applications include tracing the this analysis is low incidence or absence bite points. Among African papionins, of *E4 allele in many caste and tribal Cercocebus and Lophocebus are distin- AAPA Abstracts 193

guished by posteriorly positioned molar inferring loading history in cortical liams College, 2RFK Science Research bite points relative to masseter lever arm bone. Institute, Flushing, NY, 3Institute of Pre- length. Phylogenetic, functional, and history, St. Petersburg, Russia. ecological implications of these results are J.G. Skedros1, B. Demes2, S. Judex3. discussed. 1Utah Bone and Joint Center, Mezmaiskaya Cave has yielded more This research was supported by NSF 2Interdepartmental Program in Anthropo- than 10,000 artefacts, thousands of very Research & Training Grant #BIR 9602234 logical Sciences, Dept. of Anatomical Sci- well preserved faunal remains, and homi- (NYCEP) and NSF Special Program ences, State University of New York, nid remains, found in eight Middle Paleo- Grant #ACI-9982351 (AMNH). Stony Brook, 3Dept. of Biomedical Engi- lithic (Mousterian) and three Upper Pa- neering, State University of New York, leolithic levels comprising silty sands Kinematics and EMG activation of Stony Brook. with éboulis. A post-cranial Neanderthal head-neck muscles during locomo- infant skeleton was preserved in ana- tion in Erythrocebus patas. Predominant collagen fiber orientation tomical juxtaposition lying on a large (CFO) is considered to be highly reliable limestone block, overlain by the earliest J.S Sipla, C.F. Ross, S.G. Larson. Dept. of for inferring loading history in bones Mousterian layer, Layer 3. No burial pit Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook Uni- where obtaining strain data is difficult or was observed. Twenty-four skull frag- versity. impossible. For example, predominant ments showing post-mortem deformation CFO has been used to indirectly establish from a 1-2 year-old infant occurred in a In quadrupedal primates, dorsal exten- putative differences in habitual strain pit originating in the Mousterian Layer 2 sor muscles of the neck are presumably mode (e.g., tension, compression) distribu- and penetrating into underlying layers. needed to hold up the head and counter- tion across the femoral necks of chimpan- The Middle Paleolithic industries have act gravitational torques at the atlanto- zees and humans (chimps: habitual ben d- high sidescraper, but variable bifacial occipital and cervico-thoracic joint inter- ing; humans: net compression) (Kalmey tool, percentages. Some bone tools were faces. During locomotion, additional de- and Lovejoy, 2002 Bone). However, few found in Layer 3. Excepting Ursus spe- mands are placed on these muscles to studies have examined the reliability of laeus, some bird, rodent, and carnivore reduce or eliminate head oscillations due using this characteristic in this context. remains, the majority of the bovids, cer- to body motion in order to maintain a The ulnae of rhesus macaques (n=4) and vids, caprids, and other ungulates repr e- reasonably stabile field of vision. To tarsometatarsi (TMT) of chickens (n=7) sent human kills hunted by selecting evaluate the muscular mechanisms for were obtained from mature animals. The prime adults. Bone from Layer 2A was head stabilization during locomotion, medial ulna and cranial TMT cortices dated by AMS 14C at 35.8-36.3 ± 0.5 kyr recruitment patterns for trapezius, ster- sustain net compression; the lateral ulna BP. Twelve ungulate teeth from Layers 2 nocleidomastoid, semispinalis capitis, and caudal TMT cortices sustain net ten- to 3 have been dated by standard and splenius capitis, rhomboid capitis, and sion during functional ambulation. Using isochron ESR. Low U concentrations in spinalis, and kinematic data on head and circularly polarized light, we quantified both the enamel and dentine ensure that neck posture were collected for two indi- predominant CFO in the cranial, caudal, ESR ages do not depend significantly on viduals of Erythrocebus patas. The EMG medial, and lateral cortices. ‘Control’ the U uptake model, but do depend data and kinematic measurements were bones included horse radii and deer cal- strongly on the sedimentary dose rates taken to assess patterns of intracycle canei (habitual bending), and sheep tibiae and water concentrations. Sedimentary variability in head attitude and muscle (torsional loading). Expected results in- dose rates range from 500 to 800 ± 100 use during a variety of locomotor tasks. clude CFO that is significantly more lon- mGy/yr, depending mainly on the éboulis The data reveal a stereotyped pattern of gitudinal in “tension” regions vs. oblique- concentrations in each layer. Assuming a head-neck movements in the sagittal to-transverse CFO in “compression” re- sedimentary water concentration equals plane during locomotion. Orbital inclina- gions, and no significant regional differ- 20 wt% (the modern concentration), pr e- tion, measured as the angle relative to the ences in torsional loading. The results liminary ESR ages for the layers range gravity vector of the line joining supraor- were unexpected: 1) TMTs: the cranial from 38.2 to 42.0 ± 0.5 ka for the Mou s- bitale and infraorbitale, was not observed (“compression”) cortex had more longitu- terian layers. to change significantly during the locom o- dinal CFO than the opposing “tension” tor cycle, despite large oscillatory mov e- cortex, 2) ulnae: the medial vs. lateral Age-related changes to the interver- ments of the body in the sagittal plane (“compression” vs. “tension”) differences tebral discs of the human sacrum. (mean orbital inclination = 6.98º, s = were insignificant. In two ulnae, there 3.44º). Judging from qualitative observa- was evidence of newly deposited bone, M. Skinner. Hominid Paleobiology Doc- tions of neck kinematics during walking suggesting that cortical maturity lags toral Program, The George Washington and galloping behaviors, we find that the behind growth plate fusion. But this ex- University. dorsal neck muscles act in synergy to planation is not parsimonious for the extend the head during forelimb support TMTs. These data suggest that signifi- While investigations into the phylogeny, phases. This suggests that quadrupedal cant limitations may exist when using ontogeny, and comparative external mor- primates stabilize the head in pitch axes predominant CFO for inferring strain phology of the modern human sacrum during locomotion, possibly to reduce the history. exist, similar studies of the internal mor- computational load of the vestibular ap- phology of the modern human sacrum are paratus in the neural control of head, ESR Dating at Mezmaiskaya Cave, few. This project investigates age-related neck, and eye movements. Russia. changes to the intervertebral discs sealed Research supported by NSF Grant BCS within the modern human sacrum. Spe- 0109331. A.R. Skinner 1, B.A.B. Blackwell1, S. Mar- cifically, it tests the hypothesis that, if tin1, S. Abouelleil2, A. Ortega2, J.I.B. sacral intervertebral discs are not func- Limitations in the use of predomi- Blickstein2, L.V. Golovanova3, V.B. tional, the results of disuse, such as poor nant collagen fiber orientation for Doronichev3. 1Dept. of Chemistry, Wil- nutrition, will result in resorptive remod- 194 AAPA Abstracts

eling leading to an age-related decrease in significant differences in percentage of (59.1%) had a specific disease diagnosis disc size. cortical area to total area (%CA) between within the six months preceding the Quantitative analyses of sacral in- both sexes. However, the opposite pattern study. Using a Chi Square test, we com- tervertebral disc size were performed on a appears when size adjusted data are em- pared villagers who had visual contact sample of sagittally-sectioned sacra (n = ployed. In size adjusted data, no signifi- with gorillas in the six months preceding 63) that was divided into two age classes: cant differences in cross-sectional areas the study (53.5%) to villagers who had no <80 years and = 80 years. Each sectioned (TA, CA and MA) have been found be- visual contact (46.5%). Men were 2.3 intervertebral disc (referred to as disc tween males and females. Surprisingly times more likely to have visual contact classes D1, D2, D3 and D4 moving cranio- given previous statements, females ex- with gorillas than women. In addition, caudally) was digitally photographed and hibit significantly larger values in relative individuals aged 41-59, those living in disc size was measured as cross-sectional bending and torsional strength (I and J). Buhoma or Bujengwe, or with the occupa- area using a digital image analysis pr o- Therefore, if robusticity is not confused tion of subsistence farmer or trader were gram. with body size differences, but defined as more likely to have had visual contact Results demonstrate a significant de- strengthening of bone tissues to higher with gorillas compared with other dem o- crease in the mean cross-sectional area of mechanical loading, females in Early graphic groups. In general, the frequency D2 individually and D2, D3, and D4 col- Bronze Age groups of Central Europe of disease history and symptoms was lectively between the two age classes exhibit significantly greater robusticity in similar for people with and without con- (p<0.05), but no similar change in the size femoral diaphysis than males. tact. The high prevalence of acute infec- of D1. The results of this preliminary tious diseases in the population surround- study support the hypothesis that there is Medical survey of the local human ing BIFNP and the high rate of contact both age-related resorption of inferior population to determine possible with gorillas creates the potential for sacral intervertebral discs, as well as the health risks to the mountain gorillas anthropozoonotic disease transmission. biomechanical maintenance of the supe- (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of Bwindi Interventions and educational efforts rior disc. The implications of these re- Impenetrable Forest National Park, should be directed at increasing the un- sults for understanding the phylogeny Uganda. derstanding of inter-species disease and intraspecific variation in the homi- transmission, and promoting behaviors noid sacrum will be discussed. J.M. Sleeman1, W. Guerrera2, J.B. Sse- designed to minimize risk such as burial bide3, L.B. Pace4, T.Y. Ichinose5, J.S. of wastes. Improvements in public health The pattern of robusticity among Reif6. 1Wildlife Center of Virginia, infrastructure would benefit the villagers early Bronze Age groups of Central 2Colorado State University, College of as well as the mountain gorillas. Europe: Sex differences. Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sci- ences, Fort Collins, 3Makerere University, The analysis of shape sequences. V. Sládek 1, M. Berner2, M., R. Sailer2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kampala, 1Dept. of Social and Cultural Anthropol- Uganda, 4Marathon Veterinary Clinic, D.E. Slice. Dept. of Biomedical Engineer- ogy, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Marathon, FL, 5Colorado State Univer- ing, Wake Forest University School of & Institute of Vertebrate Biology, AS CR sity, Department of Environmental Medicine, and Institute for Anthropology, in Brno, Czech Republic, 2Dept. of Ar- Health, Fort Collins, 6Colorado State University of Vienna. chaeological Biology and Anthropology, University, Department of Environmental Natural History Museum, Vienna. Health, Fort Collins. Some sets of morphometric data are best analyzed as sequences of related It has been argued that the males from Recently, there has been increasing shapes. Examples include data for geo- Early Bronze Age groups in Central contact between mountain gorillas (Go- metric motion analysis as described by Europe are generally more robust than rilla gorilla beringei) and the human Slice (1999) and the analysis of serially the females. This interpretation is diffi- population surrounding Bwindi Impen e- homologous structures such as vertebrae. cult to evaluate, since no clear definition trable Forest National Park (BIFNP) in Most current geometric morphometric of robusticity is present in the studies. To Uganda. Due to the close taxonomic rela- methods, however, treat all configurations assess sexual pattern of robusticity, a tionship between humans and gorillas, of landmarks as independent shapes. In sample of femora of 58 individuals from the potential for disease transmission this presentation, I will provide general three Early Bronze Age groups of Lower between the species exists. Preventing extensions of familiar geometric mor- Austria (Únetice, Unterwölbling and Wie- the introduction or spread of transmissi- phometric methods that allow for the selburg) have been selected. Nine biom e- ble diseases to the gorillas is essential for comparison of sequences of shapes as chanical parameters (TA, CA, MA, %CA, protecting this endangered species. We trajectories on the Procrustes hemisphere

Ix, Iy, Imax, Imin, J) have been computed by interviewed 301 villagers living in close (Slice, 2000, 2001). The extensions are semiautomatic approach using CT data proximity to BIFNP with a medical ques- applied to closed (periodic) sequences and newly developed software. Comparing tionnaire in July, 2000. We collected arising from the analysis of jumping and 80% and 50% cross-sections of the femoral information on demographics, vaccination open trajectories derived from modern diaphysis, a complex pattern of robustic- and health history, and human/gorilla human (thoracic) vertebral series. Elliptic ity among males and females of Early interaction. Our objectives were to esti- Fourier Analysis (Kuhl and Giardina, Bronze Age groups has been found. Part mate the prevalence of several diseases in 1982) provides a convenient parameteri- of described “robusticity” in the raw data the human population, and to evaluate zation for the former while various re- is primary related to body size, when the the risk for anthropozoonotic transmis- gression and interpolation procedures are larger body size of males is interpreted to sion (from humans to gorillas). We found available for the latter data types. be more robust. This is indicated by sig- a high prevalence of disease symptoms In addition, these new methods can be nificantly large values of areas (TA, CA such as coughing (72.1%) and fever made to retain select within-sequence and MA), second and polar moment of (56.1%) compatible with acute infectious variability while allowing overall be- areas (I and J) for male individuals but no diseases; over half of the respondents tween-sequence comparisons. This can be AAPA Abstracts 195

achieved by once-and-for-all superimposi- L.L. Smith, D.A. Merriwether. Dept. of mortem period and consistent with de- tion of shapes within each sequence fol- Anthropology, University of Michigan. capitation. lowed by the registration of entire se- British Neolithic mortuary practice has quences for subsequent analyses. Many The Bismarck Archipelago has been been discussed repeatedly in recent years, possible options are available for both of identified by archaeologists as the hom e- particularly regarding the kind of disar- these registration procedures. Again, land of the Lapita people, the first settlers ticulation seen at West Tump and its examples from jumping and thoracic ver- of remote Oceania, yet little genetic re- purported relationship to practices such tebrae are used to illustrate the principals search has been undertaken in these is- as collective ancestor veneration. Until involved. lands to test hypotheses of migration to very recently however, few such assem- Polynesia. We have analyzed a total of blages have been re-examined and much Using LINE-1 insertions to distin- 152 samples from Austronesian and non- of the data in use has derived from guish between closely related homi- Austronesian speaking populations of sources of considerable age and question- noid species. New Britain sequenced for over 1000 base able reliability. The selective removal of pairs of HVS 1 and 2, and we are cur- specific skeletal elements (particularly K. L. Smith1, L.M. Mathews2, S.Y. Chi2, N. rently sequencing additional samples skulls) frequently described, has often Greenberg2, I. Ovchinnikov2, G.D. Swer- from New Ireland, as well as from Papua been assumed to have taken place after gold2. 1Coriell Institute for Medical Re- New Guinea, Ontong Java, and Bougain- the soft tissues had decayed. This exam- search, Camden, New Jersey, 2Division of ville. Of the 15 haplogroups found in ple suggests that this may not always Molecular Medicine, Department of Medi- Melanesia by the Merriwether lab and have been the case and its potential sig- cine, Columbia University. from the literature, 11 have been recog- nificance is discussed in addition to a nized in the Bismarcks. Preliminary re- possible interpretation of the toolmarks The first step of any molecular study sults indicate potential gene flow between seen on the remaining specimens. should be to confirm the species of inter- Austronesian and non -Austronesian est, ruling out contamination and/or DNA speakers in New Britain, but this finding The relationship of skeletal and den- collection or extraction error. Despite a is not yet quantified. However, a transi- tal ages, with implications for the recent wealth of genetic and sequence tion at position 16468 of the Anderson, et adolescent growth of KNM-WT 15000. data on humans and great apes, few mo- al. sequence was identified which is com- lecular techniques are available for easily mon in New Britain populations and ob- S. Smith. Dept. of Sociology and Anthro- and efficiently distinguishing between served in remote Oceania but is absent pology, University of Texas at Arlington. hominoid species. We have developed a from all but one New Guinea sample and single-PCR assay for identifying hominoid not found in any sequences from South- In a forensic or paleoanthropological species using lineage-specific LINE-1 east Asia. This could provide a novel way context, an examination of skeletal cen- (Long Interspersed Element) insertions. to assess how much indigenous Melane- ters and dental calcification allows age LINE-1 (L1) elements belong to a family sians in the Bismarcks or elsewhere con- estimation. The skeletal and dental sys- of retrotransposons that have influenced tributed to the Lapita gene pool. tems, however, do not display perfect the evolution of eukaryotic species for concordance. For a fossil hominid, what over 600 million years. L1s that inserted Old versus new: Interpretation of degree of discordance indicates a non- into the genome of a species after its di- flint toolmarks observed on skeletal human-like maturational pattern? vergence from its Last Common Ancestor material from West Tump Long Bar- In this study, mean differences between are unique to that species. Thus, the row, Gloucestershire, England. skeletal and dental ages (SA-DA) for a presence of a species-specific L1 insertion longitudinal sample of Montreal children in a DNA sample positively identifies the M.J. Smith. Institute of Archaeology and aged 10-15 years (29 to 36 girls, 34 to 40 species origin of the sample. There are Antiquity, University of Birmingham. boys) are relatively small, with the great- 500,000 L1s in the human genome but est difference being 0.52 years for girls at virtually nothing is known about the L1s West Tump is a Neolithic chambered age 15. Individual differences, in con- in other primates. We developed a tech- tomb of Cotswold Sev ern type excavated trast, may be considerable; 25% of 12 year nique to construct “LOAF” libraries that in 1880. The mound was found to contain old girls and 12.5% of 14 year old boys contain recent L1 insertions from primate a mixed skeletal assemblage, the majority display SA-DA differences of > +/- 2 years, genomes. From LOAF libraries, we identi- of which was disarticulated. Between with a range of 5.8 years and 4.6 years, fied insertions that are unique to each of 2000 and 2001, this material was re- respectively. Furthermore, for individual the great ape species. For each species- examined, having otherwise received no girls and boys, skeletal age may exceed specific insertion, we developed a PCR further attention since, with a portion of dental age at one chronological age and assay capable of detecting both the pres- this project focusing on the taphonomic lag behind at another. A SA-DA discrep- ence (“occupied allele”) and the absence evidence the collection exhibited. ancy of up to about 3 years should not be (“empty allele”) of the L1 insertion. These Amongst the factors selected for investi- used to infer non-human-like develop- assays are capable of rapidly and unam- gation were deliberate toolmarks. In total mental timing. biguously identifying the species of origin 3 specimens were identified as exhibiting Some Montreal children can match of a DNA sample. We are currently ex- toolmarks, analysis of which showed all KNM-WT 15000 for dental age as as- tending this approach to develop assays the observed marks to be consistent with sessed by the Demirjian system. Non e- for distinguishing between Old and New the use of flint tools. However those on theless, full consideration of modern hu- World monkeys, and prosimians. two of the specimens were found to be man clinical data and previous research both post-mortem and recent. The multi- on primate growth and fossil hominid Patterns of mitochondrial variation ple cutmarks observed on the remaining development suggests that KNM-WT in Melanesia and implications for the specimen, a right clavicle, were identified 15000's growth was probably unusual by settling of the Pacific: as having been inflicted during the peri- modern human standards. While KNM- WT 15000 likely would have had a growth 196 AAPA Abstracts

spurt in both weight and leg length, the pology and Anatomical Sciences, Stony VNOs of 7 Otolemur crassicaudatus (4 timing of dental developmental events, Brook University, 5Dept. of Oral Biology, females, 3 males) and 9 O. garnettii (4 particularly canine development, may Dental School, University of Newcastle females, 5 males) were used to investigate have shifted relative to skeletal develop- upon Tyne, 6Dept. of Anthropology, VNO parameters in species with pr o- ment in the course of human evolution. Northern Illinois University. nounced sex differences in reproductive behavior. The rostrocaudal length of the An apparent case of treponematosis Several recent studies have reported on right VNO sensory epithelium (VSE) and in a human skeletal sample from the dental development in Miocene hominoids palate were measured. Cross-sectional Great Salt Lake, Utah. based on analyses of incremental features area of the VSE and density of receptor recorded in dental hard tissues. In this cells (per sq. mm) were quantified at the S. Smith1, B.G. Benson2, P.M. Lambert2. report, we present a preliminary synthe- 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile of VNO 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of sis of recent and on-going work, including length. Results were compared using a 2- Utah. 2Dept. of Anthropology, Utah State results on crown formation times, daily way (species by sex) ANOVA (significance University. secretion rates, and the periodicities of at p < 0.05). No significant differences long-period features of the enamel were found between the species for any In the fall of 2001, a small sample of (Retzius lines). These data are examined measure. The VSE was not significantly prehistoric human skeletal remains was with reference to relative enamel thick- different between sexes in absolute or recovered from Willard Bay as part of ness and estimated body mass in 15 Mio- proportionate length. ANOVA results ongoing salvage efforts on the Great Salt cene and four extant ape species. Correla- revealed significant main effects for sex in Lake, Utah. The sample included the tions between ranked pairs of variables VSE area (males > females) and receptor remains of nine adults and two children. are tested for significance. density (females > males). Post hoc com- Analysis of these remains revealed two Spearman’s coefficient of rank correla- parisons within species revealed that individuals, both older (40+) adult males, tion shows that, within hominoids, first males had larger VSE area in each spe- with fairly extensive periosteal lesions. In molar crown formation time is positively cies, whereas the receptor density was the first case, pronounced appositional correlated with both body mass and pe- only significantly different in O. crassi- bone was apparent on both tibiae and one riodicity, and periodicity is also positively caudatus. Although Otolemur spp. have fibula; less pronounced periosteal lesions correlated with body mass (p<0.05). No been reported to have sexually dimorphic were also present on nine other bones, association was found between relative body weight, both species showed dimor- including six long bones. In the second enamel thickness and either body mass, phism in the VSE but not palatal length. case, fully remodeled periosteal new bone periodicity, or crown formation time. Sev- Differences in VSE area are consistent was limited to the tibiae. Both the nature eral Miocene hominoids show a similar with predictions based on behavioral sex and distribution of the lesions, as well as pattern of cuspal enamel secretion rates, differences (e.g., parental investment, the age of affected individuals, suggests with higher initial rates than in extant home range) in Otolemur. Conflicting treponematosis as a possible cause of the apes and humans. Although rates may be results regarding VSE area versus recep- lesions in at least one and possibly both fairly similar, the duration of cuspal tor density may reflect differing cellular cases. These findings contrast sharply enamel secretion is highly variable, lead- organization and require immunohisto- with those reported in a previous study of ing to large differences in cuspal enamel chemical study. skeletons from the Great Salt Lake, thickness and crown formation times. where no tibial lesions were observed in a Intrageneric variation, most notably Implications of sex differences for sample of 20 individuals with at least one within Proconsul, and sampling biases aging of the vertebral column. tibia available for observation. One nota- preclude identification of clear regional or ble distinction between these two Great temporal associations. Studies in progress J.J. Snodgrass. Northwestern University. Salt Lake samples is chronological: the on large samples of extant apes, as well as larger sample is composed exclusively of on root development and age at M1 emer- Degenerative changes in the human Fremont individuals (pre-A.D. 1000), gence in extant and fossil hominoids, will skeleton have been recognized as useful whereas the Willard Bay sample clearly provide additional insight into patterns of for estimating the age at death of an indi- includes at least some skeletons from the variation within and between groups. vidual. In the vertebral column, the de- Late Prehistoric period (post-A.D. 1000). velopment of osteophytes has been shown The purpose of this paper is to present Sexual dimorphism in the vomerona- to be an indicator of age, although sub- osteological evidence for a disease prev i- sal organ of Otolemur. stantial variation has been documented. ously unreported in the Great Basin, and The system used for estimating age from to examine possible explanations for why T.D. Smith1, K.L. Shimp1, A.M. Burrows2, osteophyte development is based exclu- treponematosis might have been present M.A. Smith3, K.P. Bhatnagar4. 1School of sively on males and it is unknown in the Willard Bay population. Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock Univer- whether patterns of osteophyte develop- sity, Slippery Rock, PA, 16057, 2Dept. of ment are comparable between the sexes. Molar crown formation in Miocene Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Other anatomical regions, such as the hominoids: a preliminary synthesis. 3Dept. of Neural Science, New York Uni- pubic symphysis, have been shown to versity, 4Dept. of Anatomical Sciences and exhibit substantial sex differences in age- T.M. Smith1, M.C. Dean2, J. Kelley3, L.B. Neurobiology, University of Louisville. related changes. This study examines sex Martin4, D.J. Reid5, G.T. Schwartz6. differences in osteophyte development 1Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Recent studies have linked sexual di- and attempts to clarify the mechanisms Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook morphism of the vomeronasal organ associated with the production of osteo- University, 2Dept. of Anatomy and Devel- (VNO) to differing reproductive behaviors. phytes, thus refining methods used for opmental Biology, University College Primates have not been ex amined for sex estimating age at death from the verte- London, 3College of Dentistry, University differences in the vomeronasal organ bral column. of Illinois at Chicago, 4Depts. of Anthro- (VNO). In the present study, sectioned AAPA Abstracts 197

A random sample of 400 adults (200 dents. Additionally, the high number of Muscle function and temporoman- males and 200 females) was examined craniofacial and metacarpal (boxer’s) frac- dibular joint loading in humans. from the Terry Collection, housed at the tures among males is indicative of inter- National Museum of Natural History personal violence. Though most injuries M.A. Spencer1, D.E. Sherwood2. 1Dept. of (Smithsonian Institution) in Washington, were healed at the time of death, nearly Anthropology, University of Colorado, D.C. All individuals used in the study had half of all affected individuals (46%) pos- Denver, 2Dept. of Kinesiology and Applied information available on age, sex, ances- sessed debilitating injuries, including Physiology, University of Colorado, Bou l- try, and decade of birth. For each skele- poorly set fractures of the long bones, and der. ton, the thoracic and lumbar regions were four cases of amputation. These cases of scored for osteophyte development accor d- severe trauma and inadequate medical The forces experienced in the tempor o- ing to a five-stage system established by care are probably a contributing factor for mandibular joint (TMJ) have a crucial Stewart. While males and females show the subsequent admission of these indi- influence on the function and evolution of similar patterns of age-related changes in viduals to the Almshouse. the primate masticatory system. During osteophyte development in the thoracic normal mastication the mandibular and lumbar regions, females show signifi- Can differential mortality be inferred condyle is typically pressed against the cantly greater variability in osteophyte from post-cranial variability? A test articular eminence. However, it is un- stage for a given age. This suggests that from Medieval Scandinavia. known if the condyle may also be pulled larger confidence intervals in age ranges away from the eminence during portions should be used when assessing age from C.S. Sparks. Dept. of Anthropology and of the chewing cycle, or whether such the vertebral column in females. Population Research Institute, Pennsyl- distractive forces are avoided. The cur- Supported by the Forensic Sciences vania State University. rent study explores this issue. Foundation. Temporomandibular joint loads are Differential mortality between males determined by chewing muscle forces and Assessment of traumatic injuries in and females has been studied by numer- the configuration of the masticatory sys- an early industrial population: occu- ous researchers in the past. Often expla- tem. To estimate these forces we collected pational stress and interpersonal nations of differential mortality in pa- surface electromyographic (EMG) data violence among the Albany County leodemographic samples have focused on simultaneously from the working and Almshouse inmates, Albany, New approaches dealing with differences in balancing side superficial masseter and York (1826-1926). overall “health” in the sample. The data anterior temporalis muscles in human used to describe the differences in subjects eating various foods. Standard- M.C. Solano. University at Albany, State “health” between males and females usu- ized root-mean square EMG values and University of New York. ally come from dental and skeletal le- data on masticatory system configuration sions. Recent theoretical work has sug- were used to estimate TMJ forces at 2ms Osteological analyses of almshouse gested that this notion may not be well intervals for each chewing sequence. This cemeteries provide a critical view of founded. This paper focuses on a new running calculation allowed muscle and health and behavior among the under- data source, postcranial metric data, ap- joint forces to be explored throughout privileged social classes during the nine- plied to the study of differential mortality each chewing cycle. teenth and early twentieth centuries. The and selectivity in Medieval Scandinavia. Average and peak loads at the TMJ assessment of fractures and other trau- The data for the study consist of post- were estimated to slightly greater in the matic events in the Albany County Alms- cranial measurements on 581 adult indi- balancing side joint. However, these house skeletal collection serves as an viduals from sites in Denmark and Swe- loads change substantially during each indicator of the working and social envi- den, ranging in date from 1100 to chew. Distractive forces occur intermit- ronment for urban laborers during this 1500AD. In order to estimate effects of tently and at low magnitude in the work- time. postcranial variability on selective mor- ing side TMJ, typically at the beginning Fifty-six individuals possess traumatic tality, a series of parametric hazards or end of a chewing cycle when muscle injuries, comprising 8.6% of all observable models were fit to the data using the met- forces are low. These results support the skeletons (n=650). Fifteen affected indi- ric variables as covariates. Likewise con- proposal that the primate TMJ is not viduals are female, with one-third of their sidered are models testing effects of indi- regularly or forcefully distracted. Muscle injuries affecting the upper limb. The vidual variability within the samples. activity and masticatory system configu- majority of injuries among males are on These models address the notion of selec- ration appear to be structured to produce the long bones of the lower limb (17), fol- tion acting on individuals, thus making predominantly compressive forces at the lowed by fractures of the craniofacial re- more variable individuals exposed to a TMJ. Evolutionary changes in mastica- gion (11), ribs (4), and metacarpals (4). higher risk of death. tory form should maintain this basic The remaining cases are minor fractures Results indicate a higher early adult- structure. of the hand and foot phalanges, and ver- hood hazard for females compared to tebral spinous processes. males. Several of the models indicate A stable isotope and elemental study The cause of these injuries may be in- that for females, being extremely variable of South-African Plio-Pleistocene ferred from anatomical location and frac- tends to increase the probability of death hominins. ture type, though historic documents on earlier in life. No effects are seen in the Almshouse residents provide addi- males. The majority of covariate effects M. Sponheimer1, D. de Ruiter 2, J. Lee- tional information on the health and ac- are reversed between the sexes indicating Thorp3. 1Dept. of Biology, University of tivity patterns of these individuals. The slight selection acting on larger adult Utah, 2Palaeoanthropology Unit for Re- upper limb fractures among females are females, and smaller adult males, thus search and Exploration, Bernard Price likely due to falls, while the high propor- increasing their probability of death in Institute for Palaeontology, University of tion of lower limb fractures among males early adulthood. the Witwatersrand, 3Dept. of Archaeology, is suggestive of falls and industrial acci- University of Cape Town. 198 AAPA Abstracts

A spate of new data on early hominin correlation between forms of prog- obtained for all groups. The D2 values nutritional ecology has become available nathism. indicate that the distance between Terry in the past few years. Stable isotope data Angles were taken from lateral photo- and Hamann-Todd Black females is not suggest that Plio-Pleistocene hominins graphs of skulls with landmarks indi- significant. However, distances are sig- consumed large quantities of C4 foods cated. The sample includes modern hu- nificant between Black males, White (grasses, sedges, animals eating these mans and great apes, as well as a range of males and White females from the two foods), sometimes repr esenting more than other primates, the hominin skulls collections. Additionally, Fst values indi-

50% of their diets. Several possible C4 AL444-2 and KNM-WT 15000, and indicate that regional variation is present foods have received attention of late, yet vidual hominin crania and mandibles. between White males and White females. the degree to which these foods could Results show highly significant intras- have contributed to the hominid C4 signa- pecific correlations between the degree of Electric fences between farmers and ture remains uncertain. To address this facial, subnasal and mandibular prog- monkeys? Reconfiguring rural land problem, we undertook a modern stable nathism in modern humans, but not in use for wildlife conservation in Ja- isotope and elemental study of potential extant great apes. Interspecifically, only pan. hominin foods in Kruger National Park, facial and subnasal prognathism were South Africa. We also include new stable found to be well-correlated, and hominin D.S. Sprague. Nat. Inst. for Agro- isotope and elemental data from an ex- crania follow the regression trend. KNM- Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. panded dataset of hominin and non- WT 15000 also follows all intraspecific hominin fossils from the sites of modern human trends. In contrast, Electric fences are sprouting around Swartkrans and Sterkfontein. AL444-2 has a much more vertically- fields and orchards throughout Japan. Termites are an important potential oriented mandibular symphysis than The fences are a recent expression of the food resource for early hominins, most predicted by its facial or subnasal angles age-old conflict between farmers and recently highlighted by use-wear analysis on the basis of modern human regres- Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) lured of bone tools from Swartkrans. Most ter- sions. Thus, there is no comparative basis by the farm crops. The fences are just one mite taxa examined in this study were for correlating the degree of prognathism of many modern high-tech fixes Japanese about 50% C4, while several of the shown by the mandible and the cranium farmers have tried in searching for a deci- hominins were greater than 50% C4. This outside the genus Homo, and such an sive solution to a problem widely viewed suggests that termites alone do not ac- association cannot be used to link KNM- by them to be difficult and intractable. count for the high-C4 signature of early WT 40000 and KT12/H1. The technological fixes proposed range hominins. Several researchers have also from electric fences to radio-telemetry noted the potential importance of sedge Regional variation in late 19th and based early warning, birth control hor- USOs as hominin foods. However, our early 20th century anatomical collec- mone implants, hard-to-climb flexible data show that fewer sedges are C4 than tions. fencing, and mini-rocket launchers for had previously been thought. All told, elderly farmer ladies. Many rural com- these data suggest that Plio-Pleistocene M.K. Spradley, K.E. Weisensee, R.L. munities, however, resort to cages and hominins were most likely generalist Jantz. Dept. of Anthropology, University firearms. feeders, exploiting a variety of C3 and C4 of Tennessee. Technology is being mobilized in an food resources, including both plant and attempt to demarcate the boundaries of animal materials. Recent forensic crania exhibit consider- rural land use, and separate exclusively able variation when compared to ana- human from semi-human rural areas Correlation of prognathism in fossil tomical collections such as the Terry and where human land use alone cannot ex- hominin skulls. Hamann-Todd Collections, in large part clude wildlife. However, the effectiveness due to secular change (Jantz and Mead- of technology depends more on social fac- F. Spoor 1, T.M. Wright1 M.G. Leakey2. ows Jantz 2000). It has been suggested tors than mechanical specifications. Rural 1Dept. of Anatomy & Developmental Biol- that these two collections may not nation- communities are often unable or unwill- ogy, University College London, 2Division ally represent Blacks and Whites of this ing to organize technology to defend fields of Palaeontology, National Museums of time period (Jantz and Moore-Jansen from monkeys. The human rural popula- Kenya. 1988). While secular change may explain tion is aging, many are only part-time a large portion of the variation that exists farmers or foresters, and the more remote Modern human skulls show reduced between the anatomical collections and rural areas are becoming depopulated. prognathism of the mandibular symph y- modern for ensic collections, analysis of The quirks of government funding leave sis, the subnasal area, and the face in regional variation between anatomical critical needs unsupported, such as some general. This could suggest that these collections is important. Terry and Ha- maintenance costs. Rural communities forms of prognathism are correlated. In- mann-Todd Collections, representing the need to mobilize themselves as well as deed, the more vertically-oriented sym- St. Louis and Cleveland areas respec- governments and NGOs if field defense physis of the Australopithecus bahrel- tively, allow for the assessment of cranial technology is to be deployed effectively in ghazali mandible KT12/H1 has been said variation between two well-documented farming communities. to indicate a more orthognathic face samples from different geographic areas, (Brunet et al. C.R. Acad.Sc. IIa 322, 907- roughly during the same time period. Do wild chimpanzees and mountain 913, 1996). The contemporary Kenyan- Craniometric data from the Terry and gorillas compete for food ? thropus platyops cranium KNM-WT Hamann-Todd Collections are subjected 40000 does show such facial morphology, to a series of multivariate statistical C.B. Stanford1,3, J.B. Nkurunungi2,3. and this could be seen as evidence linking analyses to asses any regional variation 1Depts. of Anthropology and Biological the two fossils. To assess the possible between Black males, Black females, Sciences, University of Southern Califor- basis of this association we studied the White males and White females from each nia, Los Angeles, 2Dept. of Zoology, Mak- collection. Mahalanobis distance was AAPA Abstracts 199

erere University, Uganda, 3Bwindi Im- replacement therapy may increase inci- early pre-Columbian (>1500 yBP); late penetrable Great Ape Project, Uganda. dence of cardiovascular events, thrombo- pre-Columbian (450-1500 yBP); interme- sis, and breast cancer. This outcome has diate (250-450 yBP); and late post- The behavioral ecology of great apes in increased interest in alternative interven- Columbian (250-50 yBP). Our variable of sympatry may reveal aspects of the evolu- tions, including selective estrogen re- study is femur length, which is highly tionary forces shaping their social sys- sponse modulators (SERMs) in post- correlated with stature but also more tems, as well as important information menopausal women. Primarily estrogen sensitive to environmental conditions about the ecology of extinct sympatric analogues with antiestrogenic effects, than stature because leg length tends to hominoids. The Bwindi Impenetrable SERMs have prophylactic effects on bone, increase as a pr oportion of height as envi- Great Ape Project is an ongoing six year breast and uterus. However, SERMS and ronmental conditions improve. study of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes estrogens may both stimulate the hypo- Several interesting patterns emerge: schweinfurthii) and mountain gorillas thamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) (1) both men and women were distinctly (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Im- axis, and thus may share some pathogenic shorter in urban or village as opposed to penetrable National Park, Uganda. We effects. For example, chronic elevation of mobile societies; (2) Low as opposed to found that the two species had similar the HPA axis is associated with impair- high elevations were advantageous for diets. Bwindi gorilla diet was overall ment of immune and cognitive function, growth; (3) Stature was greater in pot- more folivorous than chimpanzee diet, but and suppressed reproduction. We here Columbian versus pre-Columbian time was markedly more frugivorous from that report the effects of a SERM (levor- periods; (4) Men but not women were of gorillas in the nearby Virunga Volca- meloxifene) and 17b-estradiol on serum systematically shorter if they consumed noes. During four months of the year cortisol levels in ovariectomized cynomol- domesticates as opposed to a diet lacking Bwindi gorilla diet included more food gus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Mon- domesticates species than that of the chimpanzees did. keys were divided into five conditions: 1) Research supported by the National Three factors in particular - seasonal 0.5 mg/kg levormeloxifene (L1, n=24); 2) 1 Science Foundation and Ohio State Uni- consumption of fibrous foods by gorillas, mg/kg levormeloxifene (L2, n=24); 3) 5 versity. interspecific differences in preferred fruit mg/kg levormeloxifene (L3, n=22); 4) species, and meat consumption by chim- 0.016 mg/kg 17b-estradiol (EST, n=26); Climate, racial category and body panzees - contributed to dietary diver- and 5) placebo (OVX, n=24). Cortisol con- proportions in the U.S. gence between the two species. Gorillas centrations were measured 3, 6, 9 12,15 ate Myrianthus holstii at much higher and 17 months following initiation of T. Steegmann, Jr. Dept. of Anthropology, rates than Bwindi chimpanzees did, while treatment. Repeated measures analysis University at Buffalo, chimpanzees included more figs in their revealed a significant interaction of time annual diet than gorillas did. and treatment on concentrations In 1955, Newman and Munro reported We observed two encounters between (p<0.001). Subsequent analyses demon- correlations between American physical Bwindi chimpanzees and gorillas. In strated that levormeloxifene-treated ani- characteristics and clim ate. For example, April 2002, the two species had an ag- mals had significantly higher cortisol the body weight/surface area ratio corre- gressive encounter over access to a concentrations than either placebo- or lation to January temperature was -.587. Chrysophyllum sp. Tree bearing ripe estradiol-treated animals (p<0.001) at all Since their sample of U.S. Army males fruit; the chimpanzees controlled access to time points. EST also significantly in- descended from relatively recent migrants the fruit and displayed when the gorillas creased cortisol concentrations (p < to North America, these physical clines attempted to enter the tree crown. In a 0.002), but this effect was neither as implicitly derived from differential life- second encounter in 2001, the two species strong nor as prolonged as that of time growth rather from natural selec- shared the crown of a large Ficus sp. levmormeloxifene. These data demon- tion. Consequently, both causation and Without aggression or interaction. We strate that SERMs may markedly elevate adaptive function of Bergmann’s and Al- conclude that contest competition for food cortisol concentrations in female mon- len’s Rules was called into question. exists between chimpanzees and gorillas, keys, providing the basis for pathologies Analysis of a sample of men and women although whether such occasional con- on processes influenced by hyperactivity from the 1988 U.S. Army anthropometric tests of ecologically important to either of the HPA axis. survey 1 updates and clarifies results of species is unknown. the 1955 study. One approach used state BIGAPE is funded by the National Geo- The ecological environment and means of anthropometric and climate graphic Society, the Wenner Gren Fou n- stature among Native Americans in variables, as did Newman and Munro. As dation, the Fulbright Foundation and the the Western Hemisphere. an example, correlation between relative University of Southern California. sitting height and mean annual temper a- R.H. Steckel, K.D.Williams. Ohio State ture was -.520 in both male and female Stimulation of the monkey HPA axis University, samples. However, further analysis of by SERMS: Elevated cortisol levels black and white sub-samples, and of per- after SERM treatment. For over a century physical anthropolo- centages of blacks or whites per state, gists have studied stature for insights suggest that the “physical-climatic” corre- R.C. Stavisky1, J. Nowak 2, M.R. Adams3, into health and nutrition during the grow- lations are not environmental. Rather, J.R. Kaplan3. 1Dept. of Neurobiology, ing years. Much research has been done they are due to proportions of racial cate- University of Texas, Austin, 2Novo Nor d- by human biologists on living populations, gories per state. Whites have relatively isk A/S, Aarhaus, Denmark, 3Section of however this paper contributes by using longer trunks and shorter legs than Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest Uni- the Western Hemisphere database to blacks. Consequently, high percentages versity of Medicine. investigate nutritional status among of whites in climatically colder states nearly 2,000 Native American adult indi- produces greater mean relative sitting Data from the Women’s Health Initia- viduals who lived in a variety of ecological heights in colder areas. By implication, tive suggest that traditional hormone environments over four time periods: environmental effects on growth have 200 AAPA Abstracts

little role in producing Bergmann’s and New sequence data collected by our body mass and %fat were determined Allen’s Rules. research groups includes that from mito- using du al-energy x-ray absorptiometry. 1Data graciously provided by Dr. Claire C. chondrial genomes, intron 1 of the IRBP ANCOVA with total VO2 at either Gordon, U.S. Army Natick Research De- gene, an intergenic region on the X chro- speed as the dependent variable and total velopment and Engineering Center, Na- mosome (Xq13.3), the lactalbumin gene, lean mass, %fat and hindlimb length as tick, MA. and the Y chromosome loci TSPY and covariates resulted in all three covariates SRY. Our studies include representatives having a significant positive effect on VO2 Population level DNA sequence di- of Colobus, Piliocolobus, Nasalis, at p < 0.01. Thus subjects with relatively versity at the alpha-2 globin locus in Trachypithecus, Semnopithecus, Presbytis, longer legs had lower locomotor costs. orangutans. and Pygathrix. Thus the short hindlimbs of AL 288-1 Analyses show that: (1) Groves’ hy- would have resulted in her locomotion M.E. Steiper, M. Ruvolo. Dept. of Anthro- pothesis of a basal divergence between being more costly than that of a similar pology, Harvard University. Nasalis and other colobine genera does sized biped of modern human limb pr o- not hold. There is a clear separation of portions. Hemoglobin is a crucial molecule for life the colobines into monophyletic African because it transports oxygen through the and Asian lineages. (2) It is currently not How does branch stability affect blood. Its two protein components are clear if Presbytis (sensu lato) is a mon o- prosimian arboreal quadrupedalism? alpha- and beta-globin. In humans, sev- phyletic group. (3) The inter- eral gen etic mutations at the loci encod- relationships of the Asian genera from the N.J. Stevens. IDPAS SUNY @ Stony ing alpha- and beta-globin have shown above loci are somewhat incongruent. Brook, Stony Brook NY 11794, Dept. of evidence of natural selection in response This suggests that the initial divergence Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University to malaria. Orangutans have long been of the Asian lineages was quite rapid, and College of Osteopathic Medicine. observed to have several different hem o- therefore may be difficult to resolve with globin variants segregating in both Bor- statistical certainty. Furthermore, our Current views on primate origins sug- nean and Sumatran populations. In this analyses suggest that this Asian diver- gest that the initial divergence of pri- study, a population of Bornean orangu- gence occurred about 9 Ma and that the mates was related to adaptations for for- tans was screened for DNA sequence di- African and Asian colobine lineages di- aging and feeding on small terminal versity at 1.4 kilobases of the alpha-2 verged approximately 10 Ma, about the branches. One of the challenges of such a globin locus. These data were tested same time as the cercopithecin-papionin habitat is that the supports are frequently against different expectations based on divergence. compliant and unstable. Thus an arboreal selective versus neutral DNA sequence Supported by NIH_ R01_GM60760 to C- quadruped must contend with the fact diversity. Some minor deviations from BS and TRD. that the supports on which it rests, feeds neutrality were observed. Interestingly, and travels may move beneath its feet. one highly derived allele is segregating in How energetically efficient were While researchers have commented on the population at a frequency of nearly early hominids? The effect of their effects of branch stability upon energy 10%. Comparative structural protein relatively short hindlimbs. costs, foraging strategies, and resting analyses suggest that this allele may be a postures, fewer studies have attempted to thalassemia-type allele. One implication K. Steudel-Numbers, M.C. Tilkens. Dept. identify the kinematic mechanisms pri- of these findings is that malaria may have of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, mates use to maintain balance while long been a selective force on hominoids Madison. walking on unstable supports (Stevens et and hence may have similarly acted on al. 1999). early hominids. The effect of the relatively short This study examined the effects of hindlimbs characteristic of AL 288-1 have branch stability in a sample of cheiro- Colobine molecular phylogeny. been widely discussed. Previous studies galeids, lemurids, and lorisids. All are of the effect of hindlimb length on the arboreal quadrupeds, but differ in body K.N. Sterner 1, R.L. Raaum1,2, A.J. Tosi1, energetic cost of locomotion have reported size and shape. Limb posture was re- C.M. Noviello1, J.E. Schienman3, R.V. no relationship, however, limb length corded during locomotion on fixed and Collura3, C. Stewart3, T.R. Disotell1,2. could have accounted for as much as 19% compliant supports, and joint angles and 1Dept. of Anthropology, New York Uni- of the variation in cost and gone unde- gait patterns were examined. versity, 2NYCEP, 3Dept. of Biological Sci- tected (Steudel & Beattie,1995; Steudel, The five species examined in this study ences, State University of New York at 1994, 1996). Kramer (1999) and Kramer all adopted a suite of accommodations to Albany. & Eck (2000) have recently modeled the unstable supports. These included bring- effect of the shorter hindlimbs of early ing the center of mass closer to the branch There are essentially no published stud- hominids, concluding that the shorter and using larger forelimb and hindlimb ies on the molecular phylogeny of the limbs may actually have been energeti- excursions. This was accomplished by genera in the subfamily Colobinae. Out- cally advantageous. more protracted forelimbs at touchdown standing issues in colobine phylogeny In the present study fifteen human and more retracted hindlimbs at lift-off. include: (1) What is the phylogenetic subjects, of varying limb lengths, walked In addition, hindlimbs maintained rela- position of Nasalis? Is it basal to all other on a treadmill at 2.8 and 3.0 mph, while tively longer contact times on unstable colobines, or a member of an Asian colo- their expired gases were collected and branches. Taken together, these consis- bine clade? (2) Do the members of the analyzed. The subjects walked for 12 tent patterns suggest that animals of former Presbytis (Trachypithecus, Semno- minutes at each speed and their rates of diverse body shapes may use markedly pithecus, and Presbytis) form a mon o- oxygen consumption (VO2) over the last similar strategies to cope with branch phyletic clade? (3) What are the inter- four minutes were averaged to estimate instability. relationships of Presbytis (sensu lato), VO2. We also measured each subject’s Nasalis, and Rhinopithecus-Pygathrix? height, weight and hindlimb length. Lean AAPA Abstracts 201

This work was supported by the Sigma Mammalogy, The American Museum of sexual dimorphism in this population Xi, L.S.B. Leakey, and National Science Natural History. resulted from childhood stress and im- Foundations. paired development. The tropical Distribution and elevation We address this by comparing mean Introduction: Challenges in behav- ranges of African ape taxa in light of cli- bucco-lingual (BL) dimensions of perma- ioral genetics. matological differences in their respective nent teeth (within sex groups) of indi- geographic ranges serves to help clarify viduals with no LEH to those of individu- J.C. Stevenson1, J. Gilger 2, E.R. Ma- Plio-Pleistocene hominoid/hominid fossil als with one or more LEH in a permanent honey3, 1Dept. of Anthropology, Western ecology, distribution, and systematics. maxillary central incisor or mandibular Washington University, 2Dept. of Child Gorilla habitats range in elevations canine. Females with 1+ LEH in either Development, California State University, from sea level to 4000m with rainfall usu- tooth had slightly smaller BL dimensions Los Angeles, 3Healthcare Improvement ally greater than 1800mm/year and dry than females with no LEH, and mean BL Division, PeaceHealth Corp., Bellevue, seasons of 3-4 months. Eastern gorillas dimensions are progressively smaller in WA. (G. berengei) can withstand relatively low groups of females with progressively more temperatures with occasional snowfall defects. Females with LEH have shorter One of the rapidly expanding scientific and very few fruiting trees. Common mean estimated stature than those with- frontiers concerns the relationship be- chimpanzees have a much lower elevation out. In contrast, among males some indi- tween genetics and human behavior. range and do not withstand yearly aver- viduals with LEH have the largest teeth. There are many new methods for identify- age temperatures as low as those of goril- The differing patterns are due at least in ing the genetic bases of phenotypically las, but appear to have a higher tolerance part to the higher average number of and etiologically complex diseases, and for longer dry seasons and lower rainfalls defects in females than in males. Among success partly reflects our greater appr e- than gorillas. Pan troglodytes, P.t. verus, those with hypoplasias, females have ciation of neurodevelopmental and bio- and P.t. schweinfurthii withstand rain- significantly more defects per individual chemical pathways that influence these falls as low as 1370mm/year, than males. This suggests that girls were phenotypes. To date, however, fields re- 1600mm/year, and 988mm/year respec- subject to more repeated stress, with cu- lated to neuroscience have had relatively tively with dry seasons up to 5 months. mulatively greater impairment of devel- little success at identifying any specific This tolerance allows for a much wider opment. “disease-causing” genes for mental or latitudinal distribution and a greater Reduced crown size in females who cognitive disorders. The objective here is eastern and western extension into drier experienced LEH -causing stress events in to briefly review the status of the current areas east of the western rift and west of childhood (14% and 25% of females have genetic or gene-search strategies used for African equatorial forests than seen from LEH in incisors and canines, respec- the study of complex human behaviors gorillas and pygmy chimpanzees (P. tively), increased the magnitude of sexual and how problems with phenotypic defini- paniscus). Consequently, fruit availability size dimorphism in this population. This tions complicated gene-search goals. We appears to limit common chimpanzee study expands our understanding of the will argue that “more tactics are better distribution, while yearly precipitation range of proximate, biocultural factors than fewer” and that interdisciplinary affects gorilla and pygmy chimp distribu- underlying the dynamics of dimorphism collaboration is the key to future progress. tion. in specific populations. We suggest the use of endophenotypes, Higher rainfall in Plio-Pleistocene times ideally physiological traits with a closer would have allowed gorilla and chimpan- Analysis of complete mtDNA se- association to gene action, as a promising zee ancestors to extend into South and quences in Pan. research strategy. A powerful aid to these East Africa respectively. There is no a efforts could be the Rasch analysis, until priori reason, therefore, to expect all Plio- A.C. Stone1, L.A. Salter 2, E.Trudeau1. now, used rarely in genetics. Rasch mod- Pleistocene fossil hominoid/hominid sites 1Dept. of Anthropology, University of New els are latent trait models that can assist in Africa to yield solely human ancestors. Mexico, 2Dept. of Mathematics and Statis- in identifying the existence of a latent Fluctuation of fruit availability in South tics, University of New Mexico. trait within the “chaos” of empirical ob- African sub-tropics could not, however, servations. The Rasch model allows one have supported a chimpanzee-like ape The analysis of Mitochondrial DNA to select only those observations consis- with year round fruit dependence. (MtDNA) sequences has been important tent with a specific physiological or be- for the understanding of primate evolu- havioral trait using fit statistics. Unlike Childhood stress and determinants of tionary history. In the last ten years, other stochastic measurement models adult sexual size dimorphism in late numerous complete mtDNA genomes used in the social sciences (e.g., item re- prehistoric skeletal assemblages have become available, including those sponse theory models), Rasch models do from Guam, Mariana Islands. from P. t. verus, P. paniscus, and other not automatically produce good fit of the Hominoids. Here, we report the sequence data to the model making them ideal for A.L.W. Stodder 1, M.T. Douglas2. 1Dept. of of the mitochondrial genome of three constructing measures with internal con- Anthropology, The Field Museum, Chi- chimpanzees: one Pan troglodytes troglo- sistency related to a biological trait. cago, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Univer sity dytes, one P. t. schweinfurthii, and one of Hawaii. individual with a hypervariable region Climatological differences in areas sequence consistent with those of the inhabited by African ape taxa and Skeletal assemblages from Latte Phase proposed fourth subspecies, P. t. vellero- Plio-Pleistocene hominoid/hominid (AD 1000-1521) villages on Guam were sus. These data were compared with pr e- fossil ecology and systematics. analyzed in the course of cultural re- viously published mtDNA genome se- sources management projects. Observing quences to provide finer resolution of the E. Stiner1, E. Sarmiento2. 1Dept. of Ecol- that some females with linear enamel timing of the divergence between the ogy, Evolution, and Environmental Biol- hypoplasias (LEH) had markedly small subspecies of chimpanzee and between ogy, Columbia University, 2Department of teeth, we hypothesized that some of the chimpanzees and bonobos. These results 202 AAPA Abstracts

were then compared to those generated MorFIdS: Morphometric Forensic another. Many parasite species have from Y chromosome and autosomal DNA Identification of Sub-adults evolved elaborate life cycles to accomplish data. Because the phylogenetic relation- this goal. Parasites may be viewed as ships between members of the Homi- U. Strand Vidarsdottir. Dept. of Anthro- members of a functional ecosystem in noidea are not in question, the ability of pology, University of Durham. which the monkey and the parasite are different mitochondrial genes to find the interrelated elements. Their life cycles true phylogenetic relationship between The identification of ancestry in human usually interface with the primate hosts' taxa is also examined. skeletal remains is an important factor in feeding or behavioral patterns in some This research is supported by the Na- narrowing down the potential identity of manner to enhance probability of trans- tional Science Foundation (BCS-0073871) individuals in a forensic context, and for mission. An understanding of the para- and the University of New Mexico. repatriation. Hitherto, this type of identi- sites’ perspective can provide clues about fication has been based on quantitative or host ecological and behavioral responses Finite element analysis applied to qualitative assessments of the morphol- to the environment. Feeding patterns, masticatory biomechanics. ogy of the adult cranio-facial skeleton. frequency of contact with intermediate However, due to large scale allometric hosts, host distribution patterns, and D.S. Strait1, P.C. Dechow2, B.G. Rich- changes that take place in the cranio- competitive interactions are among the mond3, C.F. Ross4, M.A. Spencer5. 1Dept. facial skeleton during ontogeny, it has many elements that may be influence by of Anatomy, New York College of Osteo- been difficult to use techniques developed parasites. Primatologists are in a unique pathic Medicine, 2Dept. of Biomedical using adult remains, to identify ancestry position to collect and utilize parasites as Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, in sub-adults. Recent work using geomet- “ecological indicator species” that provide 3Dept. of Anthropology, The George Wash- ric morphometric techniques (Strand insight into primate ecology. ington University, 4Dept. of Anatomical Vidarsdottir et al, 2002), presented at The complexity of parasite life cycles, Sciences, SUNY, Stony Brook, 5Dept. of these meetings 2000 & 2002, has shown however, has occasionally led to overgen- Anthropology, University of Colorado, that using this school of techniques, it is eralizations or acceptance of unsubstanti- Denver. possible to identify ancestral morpholo- ated conclusions. Outdated collection gies in the cranio-facial skeleton of in- methodology or extrapolations from hu- Attempts to test hypotheses pertaining fants as young as 1 year of age. MorFIdS man or livestock parasitic patterns to to facial biomechanics are confounded by (Morphometric Forensic Identification of different primate groups can confuse the the fact that the geometry of the facial Sub-adults) is a computer-based resource issues. It is important that primatolo- skeleton is extremely complex. One specifically developed from this research gists utilize all available resources to means of testing such hypotheses is to for the application of morphometric tech- understand parasitological concepts and employ finite element analysis (FEA). niques to the identification of sub-adult how to apply them in interpretation of FEA is a widely used engineering tech- skeletal remains. It aims to facilitate field parasite data. nique designed to examine how objects of identification of ancestry on the basis of complex geometry resist loads. Finite complete and partial cranio-facial skele- Body size estimation using cranial element models of primate skulls are used tons. Tests show that given large sample- predictors in large-brained hominids. to demonstrate the utility of FEA for test- data sets, in particular where ancestral ing functional hypotheses related to mas- populations can be narrowed down by P.R. Stubblefield. CA Pound Human Id tication, and the challenges involved with other means, sub-adults can be identified Lab, Dept. of Anthropology, University of creating realistic models. to racial group with up to 95% certainty. Florida. Several variables must be considered This is comparable to the success rate of when modeling the biomechanics of pri- ancestral identification in adults using Body weight is critical to understanding mate chewing: 1) the geometry of the established techniques. an organism's biology, but acquiring this skull must be captured with reasonable This research is supported by the Royal statistic for fossil hominids is hampered accuracy, 2) the relative magnitudes and Society by fragmentary preservation and by spe- orientations of the forces generated by the Strand Vidarsdottir U, O’Higgins P, and cies being defined from cranial remains muscles of mastication must be specified, Stringer C (2002). Journal of Anatomy, that frequently lack associated postcra- 3) the material properties of cranial bones 201:211-229. nia. Thus body size information is re- and sutures must be measured, 4) the stricted to that which can be extracted model must be constrained in such a way Community ecology and nonhuman from the skull. To address this issue, I that the applied forces simulate a realistic primate macroparasitology. examined cranial measurements as pr e- chew, 5) there must be an understanding dictors of body weight using modern hu- of the time lag between when a muscle is M.D. Stuart. Dept. of Biology, University mans as the reference sample. active and when its activity produces of North Carolina at Asheville. I proposed two hypotheses, that cranial measurable strain in a bone, 6) the bite measurements in modern humans covary point must be known or approximated, Primates exist and evolve within an with body weight, and that cranial thick- and 7) the relationship between two- ecological framework established by in- ness in modern humans is a function of dimensional experimental strains and teractions with both the abiotic and the skeletal robusticity as indicated by corti- three-dimensional modeled strains must intra- and interspecific relationships with cal thickness of a postcranial element. To be understood. These variables can be other living organisms. Parasites (mem- test these hypotheses I sampled 147 modeled using a combination of electro- bers of a different species that exist at the adults of recorded body weight (100 from myographic, strain gage, ultrasonic, expense of the host species) clearly influ- the Terry collection at the Smithsonian physiological, imaging, morphometric and ence host ecology in a variety of ways. National Museum of Natural History and mathematical analyses. Our methods for The parasites themselves are faced with 47 from recent autopsies) for nine ec- applying these analyses are described. serious ecological problems in getting tocranial and seven cranial vault thick- their offspring from one host “island” to ness measurements. Cortical thickness at AAPA Abstracts 203

four points at midshaft of the clavicle was selective during the peri-ovulatory period, H-H. Su. Dept. of Anthropology, Rutgers, also measured. The correlation coefficient (particularly against non -preferred the State University of New Jersey. was calculated for each cranial measure- males), and less selective outside of the ment versus body weight and the vault peri-ovulatory period, suggesting that Maternal rank inheritance and young- thickness measurements versus the clavi- females may follow a mixed reproductive est ascendancy have been argued to apply cle cortical measurements. strategy of both promiscuity and selectiv- to dominance acquirement in female ma- In contrast to published literature, cra- ity to achieve their reproductive ends. caques. Youngest ascendancy is observed nial measurements were not well corre- in some Japanese macaque groups and in lated with body weight and either had low Faunal differences in the sequence at one rhesus monkey group. However, it correlation coefficients (< 0.6) or lacked Laetoli: Implications for taphonomy has not been observed in Barbary ma- significant correlation. There was also no and paleoecology. caques. My studies of one group of Tai- pattern of correlation between vault wanese macaques at Fushan show that thickness and clavicular cortical bone D.F. Su, T. Harrison. Dept. of Anthropol- females acquire social ranks below and thickness. The lack of engagement be- ogy, New York University and NYCEP. adjacent to their mothers. Younger sis- tween body size and many cranial meas- ters in two of three sister pairs studied urements in modern humans warrants Paleoecological investigations of the are dominant to their older sisters. caution in applying cranial predictors to hominid-bearing upper Laetolil Beds I conducted the field observations on other hominid species subject to cranial (~3.4-3.8 Ma) at Laetoli, Tanzania, have the macaque group from July of 1998 expansion. previously been based on analyses of the through July of 2000 as well as in October composite fauna from different localities of 2001 and July of 2002. Social ranks of Female mate preference in chimpan- that span the entire stratigraphic se- females in the study group are deter- zees of the Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire quence. This study re-examines the pa- mined by direction of aggression and dis- leoecology at Laetoli using finer-grained placement displayed during their dyadic R.M. Stumpf 1, 2 and C. Boesch2. 1Doctoral stratigraphic control (the sequence is agonistic interactions. During the study Program in Anthropological Sciences, divided into four main temporal zones) five daughters turned sexually mature State University of New York at Stony and faunas from 26 individual collecting and acquired social ranks just below their Brook. 2Max Planck Institute for Evolu- localities. Preliminary analyses focus on mothers, and no outrankings have been tionary Anthropology. the artiodactyls, the best represented observed. group of mammals at Laetoli. Three pairs of sisters in the group were According to the assumptions of sexual Paleoecological reconstruction based on studied from 7/16/02 through 7/26/02 to selection theory, females should exhibit the overall composition of the artiodactyl determine their dominance relationships. mate selectivity for mates. Yet, chimpan- community indicates a mosaic habitat of During a total of 79.5-hr observation of zee females are known to mate promiscu- savanna, bushland, and woodland. Com- the entire group, 37, 31 and 38 focal sam- ously. Although there is substantial ra- parisons of faunal lists for each locality ples of 10 minutes were collected from the tionale for a promiscuous mating strat- and time zone show that the general pa- three sister pairs. Data on aggression and egy, the question arises as to whether leocommunity structure is relatively uni- submission that occurred in each pair females are really so indiscriminate as to form regardless of space and time. The were collected to calculate the dominance risk leaving paternity to chance. Females seven most common taxa, comprising over index. Based on the index, two of three should carefully select high quality sires 90% of the artiodactyls, are found at all younger sisters are dominant to their to enhance the survival of their offspring localities that have relatively large sam- older sisters. Effects of the presence or and maximize their reproductive success. ples. Rarer taxa are absent from certain absence of their mothers in the group on The aim of this study is to examine if localities, but simulations indicate that social ranks of the younger sisters are female chimpanzees exhibit mate prefer- their frequency of occurrence is directly presented here. ences for particular males, and if so, to related to the size of the sample available determine how and when these prefer- and the rarity of the taxon. In other Route choice in spider monkeys: A ences are expressed. Over 2600 hours of words, differences in the faunas between spatially explicit model using GIS. focal observation were collected on 14 localities are primarily a consequence of estrous females from two communities. sampling. However, the proportion of S.A. Suarez. Interdepartmental Doctoral Non-periovulatory and peri-ovulatory each taxon does vary significantly be- Program in Physical Anthropology, Stony phases were sampled. Female mate pref- tween different localities and time zones, Brook University. erences were measured by quantifying implying that there are subtle pa- female proceptive and refusal behaviors leoecological differences that are not re- Researchers have observed that pri- toward males, independent of whether a vealed through comparisons of faunal mates frequently re-use particular travel copulation occurred or not. Results sug- lists. We infer from these data that the routes, sometimes referring to these as gest that all females express both meas- paleoecology at Laetoli remained gener- “arboreal highways” (Sigg & Stolba, 1983; ures of preference, and interfemale varia- ally unchanged throughout the sequence, MacKinnon, 1974; Milton, 2000). These tion in the expression of these measures but that differences in the frequency of highways are not always the shortest did not covary with age or rank of the artiodactyl taxa reflect subtle shifts in the connection between two locations. female or male. Females generally pr e- proportions of savanna and woodlands. Euclidean distance will not accurately ferred the same males. Male dominance reflect energy expenditure during travel rank was not a clear predictor of female Acquirement of social ranks of fe- where terrain is not flat. GIS analysis, mate preference. Females may prefer up- males in one group of Taiwanese ma- however, permits both the evaluation of and-coming dominant males. However, caques (Macaca cyclopis) at Fushan cost in three dimensions, and the assign- females showed increased mate prefer- Experimental Forest, Taiwan. ment of cost to environmental character- ence for the dominant male during the istics. This project incorporates both GIS periovulatory period. Females were more analysis and the ranging behavior of wild 204 AAPA Abstracts

spider monkeys to investigate the ques- performance did not qualitatively differ tionary timescale. This finding has sig- tion: Which environmental features influ- from that of monkeys. These results fur- nificant implications for current prox i- ence route choice in spider monkeys? ther confirm our previous conclusions mate theories of human drug use and Four hypotheses for predicting travel that (1) different neural and cognitive addiction. routes are used to generate least-cost structures may underlie the copying of shortest-distance paths from a starting cognitive information and the copying of Female reproductive strategies in point to a primary feeding patch. In the motor actions, (2) once motor and tool hamadryas baboons: Paternity cer- models, routes preferentially: H1) pass in confounds are adequately controlled, non- tainty, infanticide avoidance, and close proximity to known feeding trees; human and human performance on a copulation calls. H2) are at the highest altitude; H3) avoid copying task do no qualitatively differ, steep slopes; or H4) avoid secondary for- and (3) the ability to copy abstract infor- L. Swedell1, J. Saunders2. 1Dept. of An- ests. mation may be a shared-derived catar- thropology, Queens College, City Univer- ArcMap 8.1 and ERDAS Imagine 8.5 rhine trait. sity of New York, 2School of Psychology, are used to evaluate travel costs and gen- University of Natal, South Africa. erate model routes. Daily travel routes Human genetic polymorphisms of used to test models come from 1273 hours hepatic enzymes: Physiological evi- In addition to ensuring her own sur- of observation of white-bellied spider dence of human dietary patterns and vival, ensuring the survival of her off- monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth), exposure to psychoactive substances spring is the primary determinant of a collected between March 1999 and May in prehistory. female’s reproductive success. Infanticide 2000 at the Proyecto Primates Research and aggression towards infants are risks Site in the Yasuní National Forest, East- R.J. Sullivan. Global Health Studies Pro- for female primates and have conse- ern Ecuador [75o28’E, 0o42’S]. Prelimi- gram, The University of Iowa. quently been suggested to play a primary nary results indicate that for Yasuní spi- role in shaping female primate sociality. der monkeys, indirect routes are often The physiological processes employed One way that females may guard against less energetically costly than direct by the body to neutralize and dispose of such threats is by increasing paternity routes, and that model routes reflecting ingested toxins reveals much about the uncertainty through promiscuity and the the need to travel at highest local alti- foods and substances consumed by our incitement of male contest and sperm tudes show the smallest maximum devia- distant ancestors. One such mechanism is competition. Most baboon societies are tions from actual routes (100 meters). the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme characterized by some degree of infanti- system (CYP). The CYP enzymes groups cide risk and, correspondingly, both fe- A re-evaluation of human and ma- CYP 1, CYP2A-E, and CYP 3 have male promiscuity and male competition. caque “imitation:” Human children evolved with specificity for the detoxifica- Female copulation calling in particular and rhesus macaques do not qualita- tion of phytochemicals, or plant toxins, has been suggested as a mechanism tively differ in a copying task. many of which are still recognizable today whereby females may incite male compe- as commonly used drugs. tition at both the pre- and post-copulatory F. Subiaul, J. Cantlon, H. Lurie, R. Hol- A meta-analysis of the biomedical lit- levels, thereby increasing paternity un- loway, H. Terrace. Columbia University. erature shows considerable ethnic varia- certainty and lowering their risk of infan- tion in the expression of the hepatic en- ticide. Another, alternate route to ensure Meltzoff and his colleagues have pr e- zymes CYP1A2 (interacts with caffeine), protection against infanticide is associa- sented evidence, which strongly suggests CYP2A6 (nicotine), CYP2C9 (cannabi- tion, and exclusive copulation, with a that humans are endowed with an innate noids), and CYP2D6 (amphetamines and single protective male. Here we present ability to copy the actions of others. How- opiates), and associated population level evidence suggesting that the latter strat- ever, this has not been the case for pri- differences in the ability to metabolize egy – one of paternity concentration mates in general. An extensive review of specific substances. For example, a poly- rather than paternity confusion – is used the non-human primate literature sug- morphic multiple expression of the gene by female hamadryas baboons. Paternity gests that non-human primates learn coding for the CYP2D6 enzyme is present certainty is probably quite high among from models via simple perceptual in ~12%, 21% and 29% of people originat- hamadryas leader males, and protective mechanisms like stimulus and/or local ing from Turkey, Saudi Arabia and behavior towards infants has probably enhancement (Tomasello and Call, 1997). Ethiopia, respectively. The CYP2D6 been selected for during the evolution of But human children succeed in similar polymorphism occurs at rates far higher hamadryas social organization. Female tasks because they seem to have an un- than can be accounted for by random hamadryas are consequently less promis- derstanding of the intention and goals of evolutionary processes, and must reflect cuous, do not frequently initiate copula- the model (Nagell, Oguin, & Tomasello, selection pressures resulting from dietary tion, and rarely engage in behaviors that 1993). However, Subiaul et al (2002) us- exposure to phytochemicals in the past. would incite male-male competition, such ing a new imitation paradigm previously Although each polymorphic human CYP as copulation calling. When hamadryas demonstrated that when motor confounds enzyme metabolizes several different females do give copulation calls, the calls are eliminated from the task, adult phytochemicals, it is notable that are shorter and quieter compared to those rhesus macaques can successfully learn a CYP2D6 is a form with specificity for of more promiscuous baboon subspecies 3 and 4-item list of pictures from an ex- plant toxins targeting the central nervous that rely more on paternity confusion as a perienced model. Here we present new system. reproductive strategy. evidence, comparing the performance of Whether or not past human exposure to rhesus macaques with that of human psychoactive phytochemicals was inten- children (ages 3.5 to 5.3). Despite the tional or incidental, hepatic enzyme superior memory and attentional abilities polymorphisms indicate that human of humans, as well as, the unique ability populations have been variably exposed to to linguistically encode information, their psychoactive substances over an evolu- AAPA Abstracts 205

Population growth and decline in a confirm results obtained by more tradi- vic size is the default for the species. multiagent model of the Prehistoric tional methods, namely that a deep patel- Male pelvic size results from modulation Anasazi of Long House Valley, Ari- lar groove with a prominent lateral lip is in growth of the default type by testicular zona. typical of bipeds. But the results obtained androgens. Interspecific differences in here raise questions about traditional AMVs of pelvic dimorphism are due to A.C. Swedlund1, G.J. Gumerman2, J.S. functional interpretations and expose corresponding differences in responsive- Dean2, J.M. Epstein3. 1University of Mas- important methodological issues that ness of the pelvis to androgens. sachusetts, Amherst, 2University of Ari- need to be addressed. zona, 3Brookings Institution. Many of these methodological issues are New aotine fossil from the middle common to 2D and 3D analyses (e.g., how Miocene of La Venta, Colombia. Long House Valley in the Black Mesa to standardize the orientation of bones), area of northeastern Arizona was inhab- but seem particularly pressing in the 3D M. Takai1, T. Setoguchi2, N. Shigehara1. ited by the Kayenta Anasazi from about context. Others are exclusive to 3D tech- 1Primate Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., Japan, 1800 BC to about AD 1300. These people niques (e.g., interpreting the biological 2Dept. of Geology, Kyoto Univ., Japan. were the prehistoric ancestors of the mod- meaning of curvature values). Because ern Pueblo cultures of the Colorado Pla- the final interpretation of any result is Since the 1940s many platyrrhine fos- teau. Paleoenvironmental research based dependent on the robustness of the meth- sils have been recovered from the middle on alluvial geomorphology, palynology ods used and because 3D techniques are Miocene sediments of La Venta, the Tata- and dendrochronology permits accurate relatively new to physical anthropology, a coa desert, Southern Colombia: such as quantitative reconstruction of annual significant portion of this paper is devoted Stirtonia tatacoensis and S. victoriae, fluctuations in potential agricultural pr o- to a discussion of methodology. Neosaimiri fieldsi (including “Laven- duction (kg. of maize per hectare). The tiana”), Cebupithecia sarmientoi, Micodon archaeological record of Anasazi farming Big males are responsible for our kiotensis, Mahanamico hershkovitzi, Ao- groups from AD 200-1300 provides infor- recognition that females have big tus dindensis, Lagonimico conclutatus, mation on a millennium of sociocultural pelves. Patasola magdalenae, Nuciruptor rubicae, stasis, variability, change and adaptation. and Miocallicebus villaviejai. Most of We report on a multiagent computational R.G. Tague. Dept. of Geography and An- these fossil taxa have been associated model of this society that closely repr o- thropology, Louisiana State University. with the living platyrrhine groups. Espe- duces the main features of its actual his- cially Aotus dindensis has been regarded tory, including population growth, chang- Most primate species are sexually di- the middle Miocene species of extant ing spatial settlement patterns, and even- morphic in size; males are larger than platyrrhine genus, Aotus (owl monkey), tual population collapse. The agents in females. Females, however, are larger because of its morphological resemblance the model are monoagriculturists, who than males for some pelvic dimensions. to extant forms in lower dentition and decide both where to situate their fields Females have big pelves because they mandibular corpus (Setoguchi & Rosen- as well as the location of their settle- give birth to big babies. However, not all berger, 1987). ments. Nutritional needs constrain fertil- pelvic dimorphisms are obstetrically rele- In 1998 a new fossil specimen of aotine ity. Agent heterogeneity, difficult to vant. Schultz (1949, Am. J. Phys. An- platyrrhine was discovered from the La model mathematically, is demonstrated to thropol. 7:401-424) reported that females Venta fauna. It was collected from the be crucial to the high fidelity of the model. have relatively wider pelvic inlets than lowermost part of the “Upper Red Bed”, males in gorillas and orang-utans, though which is about 100 m higher than the Three-dimensional analysis of the females give birth to small babies. He type horizon of Aotus dindensis. The knee: Testing old assumptions with concluded that some pelvic dimorphisms, specimen consists of isolated right C1, P4, new techniques. with females larger than males, are a M2-3, left I2, C1, P2, P3, fragmentary sym-

developmental adjunct to general secon- physis preserving right I2, right mandibu-

W.D. Sweitzer. Dept. of Anthropology, dary sexual differentiation, with males lar fragment preserving M1, isolated left

Arizona State University. larger than females. Conversely, species P4, and left mandibular fragment preserv-

with little secondary sexual differentia- ing M1-3. All these specimens most proba- Several features of the hominin knee tion have little pelvic dimorphism. This bly belong to the same individual, because joint have been considered diagnostic of study evaluates Schultz's conclusions. they were collected from a very small spot habitual bipedality. Most anthropological The hypothesis is that species will have and appear almost the same in dental size approaches to the study of this region high variability [average median varia- without overlap of tooth class. The lower have relied on two-dimensional analyses. tion (AMV)] in the index of pelvic dimor- dentition of this new material is nearly Although often informative, these studies phism [ln(female mean/male mean)] if identical to that of A. dindensis except in neglect a large proportion of the available males are significantly larger than fe- its much larger size, so it could be re- data, a major concern when three- males in nonpelvic size. Conversely, spe- ferred to a new fossil species of Aotinae. dimensional (3D) shape is the object of cies monomorphic in nonpelvic size will study. This inadequate capture of 3D have low variability in the index of pelvic Functional morphology of the Na- shape information leaves ample room for dimorphism. cholapithecus forelimb long bones. conflicting interpretations. Twelve anthropoid species were studied. This study applies current 3D tech- Twelve pelvic and two femoral measure- T. Takano1, M. Nakatsukasa1, Y. Kuni- niques to the analysis of the distal femur ments were taken. The results support matsu2, Y. Nakano3, H. Ishida1. in modern humans, fossil hominins, and Schultz. Species dimorphic in femoral 1Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, other non-human primates. Specifically, size have significantly higher AMVs of Kyoto University, 2Primate Research the shape of the patellar groove is as- pelvic dimorphism than those monomor- Institute, Kyoto University, 3Laboratory sessed with traditional 2D and novel 3D phic in femoral size (Kruskal-Wallis test). of Biological Anthropology, Osaka Uni- measures. The new approaches largely The proposed etiology is that female pel- versity. 206 AAPA Abstracts

Postcranial bones of Nacholapithecus port a diet almost entirely of leaves dur- courses at both the introductory and ad- kerioi from the middle Miocene of Kenya ing fruit scarcity. vanced levels. had been known largely from a single This study tests the hypothesis that skeleton of adult male (KNM-BG 35250). food is selected on physico-chemical con- Patterns of mandibular variation in Regrettably, many elements of KNM-BG tents that reflect the digestive flexibility Pan and Gorilla. 35250 are suffered from plastic deforma- of the species. Food selection data are tion and surface erosion. A number of presented on the nutritional content A.B. Taylor1, C.P. Groves2. 1Depts. of additional specimens were excavated in (crude fibre, protein and carbohydrates), Community & Family Medicine and Bio- situ in the 1999 field season at the same texture (toughness) and colour (reflec- logical Anthropology & Anatomy, Duke site as KNM-BG 35250 (BG-K) had been tance) basis. It was found that food selec- University Medical Center, 2School of recovered. These specimens provide more tion could not be predicted just by nutri- Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian accurate information about N. kerioi post- tional factors as first expected. However, National University. cranial morphology. We report morpholo- toughness was found to be an additional gies of the humerus, ulna, and radius. factor of importance for food selection. Pan and Gorilla taxonomy are currently The distal humerus, as was reported for These results support the hypothesis that in a state of flux, with the number of ex- KNM-BG 35250, exhibits some similarity digestive efficiency modulates food choice isting species and subspecies of common with Kenyapithecus wickeri (KNM-FT and suggest that food toughness must chimpanzee and gorilla having been re- 2751), such as an articular expansion on also be considered as a good predictor of cently challenged. While Pan and Gorilla the lateral wall of the olecranon fossa. food choice in wild primates. systematics have been evaluated on the However, N. kerioi differs in a larger, Financial Support: Brazilian National basis of craniometric data, only a handful globular, and distally expanded capitu- Research Council (grant 20025699-8); of studies have evaluated craniometric lum, a deep gutter of zona conoidea, and a Downing College, University of Cam- variation within P. troglodytes, and none proximodistally taller anterior trochlear bridge - UK; Margot Marsh Biodiversity have evaluated in detail mandibular surface. The humeral shaft is moderately Foundation; Dept. of Anatomy, University variation in either P. troglodytes or Go- retroflexed and has a large flat deltoid of Hong Kong, China (all to Mauricio rilla gorilla. Using canonical variates plane. The strongly developed lateral Talebi); NSF -US grant 9582998, Clay- analysis, we assess the patterning and supracondylar ridge of the humerus and borne Art Ortenberg Found. & Chicago degree of mandibular distinction within the deeply excavated insertion of M. Zool. Soc.(all to KB Strier). Pan and Gorilla using raw and allometri- brachialis suggest developed ability of cally size-adjusted data. Morphological climbing. The radial head is rounded. The Bones and burials: Issues and strate- differentiation in Pan and Gorilla varies, radial notch of the ulna faces laterally. gies for teaching about issues related both with respect to cranial and dental Together with the distal humeral mor- to human skeletal remains. morphology, and in terms of the applica- phology, these elbow features indicate tion and manner of size adjustment. that pronation -supination of the forearm N.E. Tatarek. Ohio University. Mandibular differentiation supports the throughout the range of elbow extension conventional separation of bonobos from and flexion was predominated. Physical anthropology is most often chimpanzees regardless of size adjust- Current evidences generally confirm the associated with the controversial topics of ment. P.t. verus is the most distinctive “forelimb-dominated arboreal positional evolution and race, both as a practicing among common chimpanzees but still behavior” of N. kerioi as has been sug- discipline and with regard to questions of shows a considerable degree of overlap gested previously. a pedagogical nature. Potentially equally with P. troglodytes, and size adjustment charged are issues surrounding teaching alters the relative positioning of verus to Dietary strategies and digestive effi- with and about human skeletal remains. the other two chimpanzee subspecies. We ciency of the southern muriqui First and foremost of these issues are the find no differentiation of the Nigerian (Brachyteles arachnoides). emotional aspects encompassing human gorillas, and degree of differentiation and cultural viewpoints on death, dying and relative alignment of taxa in Gorilla al- M. Talebi. Dept. of Biological Anthropol- human remains. Students may bring a ters depending on the manner of size ogy, University of Cambridge. broad spectrum of these cultural values correction and whether cranial or man- with them to the classroom, from the dibular characters are used. Results are Studies have show that wild primates emotion of a recently deceased loved one discussed in terms of the recent sugges- have marked preferences in their food to group level cultural issues such as tion that P.t. verus may represent a sepa- choice. However, there is a lack of infor- NAGPRA to feelings of a national tragedy rate species of Pan, the recent recognition mation on the nature of their choices; such as September 11 or civil rights viola- of Nigerian gorillas as a separate subspe- whether they occur based upon nutri- tions. Additionally, in the United States, cies of western lowland gorilla (G.g. tional, physical, or, chemical factors and cultural attitudes shaped by widened diehli), and the concomitant separation of whether digestive efficiency is related to media attention on crime, criminals, and western and eastern gorillas into two these choices. Brachyteles arachnoides, in particular, crime investigators, also separate species. (Southern Muriquis), despite being con- shape student viewpoints on human re- sidered one of the most folivorous species mains. This ‘glamorization’ of death, and Mechanical properties of molar of Neotropical primates, have notable human remains can impede student enamel in Homo sapiens and Alouatta adaptations of the digestive tract (e.g. learning through perpetuating an unreal- palliate. dentition traits and large cecous for fer- istic mythology about the science of study- mentative digestion) compatible with both ing human remains. This presentation M.F. Teaford1, M. Weiner 1, L. Darnell2, folivory and frugivory. Although muri- aims to discuss these issues and offer for T.P. Weihs1. 1Johns Hopkins University, quis rely preferentially on fruits when discussion some strategies for treating 2University of Pennsylvania. they are available, they are able to sup- these issues in physical anthropology AAPA Abstracts 207

Dental enamel has traditionally been The most likely diagnosis for these polyspecific associations between these viewed as a rather homogeneous material. exostoses are hereditary multiple cartilagi- taxa. However, enamel is still a complex com- nous exostoses. This is a genetically hetero- posite, made up of crystals and prisms geneous autosomal dominant disorder. Anthropology during National Social- spun together in a complicated fashion. Males are more affected than females (2- ism times: Projects done in the An- As a result, one might expect summary- 3:1). Its prevalence today is at least one in thropologische Abteilung, Natural type measurements of properties such as 50,000 (Schmale et al. 1994). Therefore, History Museum Vienna, 1938–1945. hardness to be of limited value in func- hereditary exostoses are a rare find in pre- tional interpretations. The purpose of historic and historic populations. Only a M. Teschler-Nicola1, K. Stuhlpfarrer2, M. this study was to use nanoindentation- few cases have been published up to now Berner 1, V. Pawlowsky1, C. Spring1. testing to compare the properties of molar (e.g., Gladykowska-Rzeczycka & Ur- 1Dept. of Archaeological Biology and An- enamel in two species of modern pri- banowicz 1970). The young man from Niens thropology, Natural History Museum, mates: Homo sapiens and Alouatta pal- was disabled in many ways. People, possi- Vienna, 2Institute for Contemporary His- liata. bly his relatives have had to care for him tory, University Klagenfurt, Austria. Three isolated upper molars from each for many years. This case is an impressive taxon were embedded in epoxy and then example for sympathy and social care in the This interdisciplinary research project sectioned across the mesial cusps using a very rough environment of the coastal area deals with the tradition of how physical diamond saw. The exposed surfaces were of the North Sea during the early Middle anthropology was done in Austria from finely polished, and microscopic indenta- Ages. 1938 to 1945 and the links of the Anthro- tions were made in the enamel (“Nanoin- pologische Abteilung of the Natural His- denter,” MTS Systems Corp.) at regular With whom, when, & why: Primate tory Museum (NHM) in Vienna with intervals between the occlusal surface polyspecific associations at Ngogo, other, similarly directed institutions as it and the dentin-enamel junction. Kibale National Park, Uganda. became increasingly involved in “racial Results indicate that (1) the enamel of studies”. These studies were carried out the monkey teeth is generally softer and S. Teelen. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale on human beings: prisoners of war (1940– more elastic than that of the human University. 1943), 440 male eastern Jews of Polish teeth, and (2) the enamel of the monkey origin who were detained immediately teeth exhibits a more limited range of Colobus monkeys often associate with after the outbreak of the war for three hardness and stiffness values than does cercopithecines at various African sites. weeks in the Vienna Stadium and then that of the human teeth. Since the Such polyspecific associations presumably deported to the Buchenwald concentra- enamel on the monkey molars is signifi- have an anti-predation function. For tion camp, and the material collected in cantly thinner than that on the human example, observations from Tai National racial surveys — some of which is still molars, and since the monkeys have a Park, Ivory Coast, indicate that red preserved in the museum (data sheets, more abrasive diet than we do, these re- colobus monkeys (Procolobus badius) seek photographs, hair samples, plaster cast sults raise interesting questions about the the company of diana monkeys (Cer- masks, “race expertises”). These racial evolution of dental function in these pri- copithecus diana) when threatened by surveys have never been addressed in mates. Supported by NSF grant predators. relevant literature. Included in this pr o- #9601766. The chimpanzee community at Ngogo, ject are our evaluations of the more than Kibale Forest National Park, Uganda, is 100 “race expertises” carried out by an- Hereditary multiple cartilaginous the largest known in the wild, with about thropologists at the NHM. exostoses in a young adult male from 150 members. Its members prey heavily We first investigated these activities early medieval coastal Germany. on red colobus monkeys: chimpanzee initiated by members of the NHM staff in hunting success rate is extremely high, order to assess the extent to which an- W.R. Teegen1, M. Schultz2. Institute of and they kill many individuals per suc- thropology could be exploited by anthro- Prehistory, University of Leipzig, Dept. of cessful hunt. Red colobus at Ngogo spend pologists under National Socialism who Anatomy, University of Göttingen. much time in association with redtail could take advantage of the new political monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). How- situation for pursuing their research in- During excavations in the early medieval ever, despite the high chimpanzee hunt- terests and the war for acquiring “new terp settlement of Niens (Germany), which ing pressure on red colobus monkeys and material”. Then we traced the life histo- is located near the ancient coastal line of much lower hunting pressure on redtail ries of the Polish Jews detained in the the North Sea, the skeleton of a 20-24 year- monkeys, these associations seem to be Vienna Stadium in the context of Na- old male has been discovered in the barn of initiated, maintained, and terminated by tional Socialist deportation policy. Third, a longhouse. During the anthropological redtail monkeys. we deal with the question of racist theory and paleopathological investigation macro- I report on playback experiments simu- constructs and its approach to the meas- scopic, radiological and light microscopic lating the presence of chimpanzees that urement of the human body. techniques were used. There are more than show that red colobus monkeys do not Financial support was granted through 100 exostoses of various size located all over approach groups of other monkeys in the the Austrian Science Research Fund (P the postcranium but mainly on the long vicinity in response to the threat of chim- 13779-HIS). bones. Furthermore, some ribs showed panzee predation. This con tradicts find- exostoses on their internal surfaces. The ings from Tai and suggests that red Fueling infant growth: A longitudinal bones of the forearms are characteristically colobus at Ngogo do not benefit from asso- study of body composition and bent and the distal part of both femurs are ciations with redtail monkeys by im- length. enlarged. Several joints suffered from pre- proved protection against predation. mature degenerative changes and both Instead, predation pressure on redtail A.L. Thompson, L. Harris, M. Lampl. femur heads show large lesions caused by monkeys by avian predators may lead to Dept. of Anthropology, Emory University. osteochondrosis dissecans. 208 AAPA Abstracts

While there is significant debate con- construction, in profile following Rhine, transient excess heterozygosity due to cerning the health consequences of infant Preg, Krogman and Iscan, which is then bottlenecks and comparisons of the rela- growth rates, with the assumption that compared to sculptural representations tive effect of demography on diploid ver- body composition and physiology interact and epigraphic record of identified female sus haploid compartments of the genome in a programmatic manner, longitudinal dignitaries from the site. Support in the during colonization of the North Atlantic. investigations of infant body composition detection of the woman’s identity comes Research supported by NIGMS are rare and correlations between weight, from macroscopic skeletal morphology GM53566-06 to MH. body fat distribution, and linear growth and results obtained from histological are not well understood. Given recent sections that focus on the woman’s age Evidence of treponematosis from a histological findings that the stem cell for and her advanced osteopenia. Results are historic paupers’ cemetery in Dallas, both bone and fat is the same (Pittenger discussed in terms of the associated ar- Texas. et al., 1999), and directed towards its final chaeological information and the impor- morphology by specific differentiation and tance of this personnage in Palenque’s A.L. Tiné1, M.D. Wurtz1, J.H. Cooper2. proliferation factors (Ahdjhoudj et al., society 1Geo-Marine, Inc., Dallas, 2C Dimensions, 2001), the temporal relationship between linear growth and fat acquisition is a Evidence of founder effects in North Prior to the development of effective central theoretical issue in the study of Atlantic island populations. antibiotic treatment, venereal syphilis normal infant growth processes. This plagued the United States, particularly study addresses the timing of growth in C.R. Tillquist1, E. Arnason 2, H. Sigurgis- urban centers. Of fourteen human skele- weight, body composition, and linear lason2, M.F. Hammer 3. 1Dept. of Anthro- tons (nine adults, five subadults), exca- growth with a focus on how the body uses pology, University of Louisville, 2Institute vated from a historic (1878-ca. 1911) energy, reflected in adipose tissue stores, of Biology, University of Iceland, 3Genome white paupers’ cemetery, in Dallas, Texas, as a resource for growth. Technology and Analysis Core, University three (one adult male, two adult females) In this analysis, thirty-four infants were of Arizona. exhibit skeletal indications of treponem a- followed weekly during the first year of tosis. The time period and geographic life. Anthropometric measurements in- This study documents the genetic im- location further suggest that venereal clude total body length, weight, circum- pact of historical population movements syphilis is the most probable form of the ferential measurements of the upper arm, occurring at the periphery of northwest- disorder. All three skeletons are of fair thigh, chest, and abdomen and skinfold ern Eurasia. Genetic data from three preservation, and all three demonstrate thickness of the limbs and torso. Growth different compartments of the human bilateral expression of proliferative pe- velocities were calculated for all param e- genome were collected to test for reduc- riosteal lesions on the tibiae. Two of ters. Multivariate and logistic regression tions in genetic diversity associated with these individuals also exhibit similar were used to analyze the relationships putative founder effects associated with lesions on additional lower limb elements. between the timing of growth in total the settlement of Iceland and Shetland. One possesses a stellate lesion on the body length and growth in body weight Theory predicts that a population that frontal as well as two healed depressions, and specific skinfold measures. has recently undergone a reduction in one each, on the frontal and left parietal. Body weight and the sum of all meas- effective population size will exhibit tran- These data, combined with evidence of ured skinfolds increase significantly in sient excess heterozygosity when com- congenital syphilis from a larger, contem- the interval preceding significant incre- pared to the observed number of alleles. poraneous burial sample in Dallas, indi- mental growth in total body length. The Given that Iceland and Shetland were cate that syphilis was a problem for at relative importance of weight versus spe- very recently colonized by Vikings, these least some populations in the city near cific skinfold sites differs by sex. The ef- historical founder effects should be de- the turn of the twentieth century and fects of feeding mode, illness and activity tectable. A set of 60 Y-chromosomal bial- corroborate historical assertions of the patterns on these relationships were also lelic polymorphisms, 11 Y-chromosomal widespread nature of the disease. Fur- explored. microsatellites, 12 autosomal microsatel- thermore, the proportion of individuals lites from the Combined DNA Index Sys- (33 percent of recovered adults) from the Identity and living conditions of the tem (CODIS) database were typed, and paupers’ cemetery with skeletal evidence ‘Red Queen’: A bioarchaeological the mitochondrial control region was se- of syphilis is high. The small sample size study of the sarcophagus tomb of quenced in individuals from island popu- is a contributor to this statistic; however, Temple XIII at Palenque, Mexico. lations and likely source populations from several cultural factors must also be con- northern Europe. Complete Y- sidered because these findings raise many V.G. Tiesler Blos1, A. Cucina1, M. chromosomal and mitochondrial data issues about the social treatment of those Streeter2, A. Romano Pacheco3. 1Facultad provide evidence for founder effect. When with the disease, as well as the overall de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Norway is considered the parent popula- plight of the poor in Dallas and likely Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, 2Dept. of tion for Iceland, there was 15.1% loss of elsewhere during this time period. Anthropology, University of Mis- SNP-corrected Y-chromosomal STR diver- souri,Columbia, 3Instituto Nacional de sity, and no loss of rate-corrected mito- The genetic history of linguistically Antropología e Historia, México. chondrial diversity, while for Shetland, diverse Tanzanian populations: A there was 8.6% loss of Y-STR diversity multilocus analysis. The present study aims at contributing and 30% loss of mitochondrial diversity. to the detection of the personal identity of When Ireland is considered the parent S.A. Tishkoff1, K. Gonder1, J. Hirbo1, H. the “Red Queen”, the dynastic occupant population for Iceland, there was 1.5% Mortensen 1, K. Powell1, A. Knight2, J. whose remains were recovered in the loss of Y-STR diversity, and 6% loss of Mountain2. 1Dept. of Biology, University sarcophagus tomb of Temple XIII at mitochondrial diversity. Statistical of Maryland, 2Dept. of Anthropological. Palenque, Mexico. The investigation fo- analyses of the unlinked autosomal Sciences, Stanford University. cuses on a gross facial morphological re- CODIS markers will permit assessment of AAPA Abstracts 209

Eastern Africa represents one of the Each author separately measured the form two distinctively human grips. The most culturally and linguistically diverse bicondylar length and the anterior- presence of some key morphological dif- regions in the world and is the likely ori- posterior midshaft diameter of 20 human ferences from humans highlighted and gin of the migration of modern humans femora. The femora were then scanned quantified by our research indicates out of Africa within the past 100,000Kyr. by each author separately at Arizona marked differences in the functional ca- Over 100 languages are spoken in Tanza- State University’s Partnership for Re- pabilities of the O.H.7 trapezium, particu- nia, representing the four major language search in Stereo Modeling (PRISM) labo- larly in those that facilitate modern hu- families present in Africa: Afro-Asiatic, ratory with a Cyberware Model 3030 laser man tool manufacture and tool use. If the Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Khoisan. scanner that captures high resolution O.H.7 trapezium represents part of the Migration events into and out of Tanzania surface data. These data were then mod- hand responsible for manufacturing and have likely played an important role in eled as a triangle mesh, creating a digital using the stone tools found at Olduvai, shaping the history of eastern Africa and 3D replica of the original. Each author our results suggest that the hand ma- other African regions (e.g., the ancestors observed the same two measurements on nipulated the stones in a way for which of Khoisan- speaking Hazda and Sandawe the virtual femora. Finally, to evaluate we have no modern analog. populations in Tanzania may have mi- interobserver error, one author (DT) re- grated into Southern Africa). However, measured the virtual femora using the Intra-site variation at the middle the genetic history of these peoples re- other author’s (WS) virtual bone models. valley site of Estuquiña in southern mains largely unknown. Preliminary results suggest that meas- Peru: Isotopic evidence. Here, we present a large sample of urements taken from the virtual bone are mtDNA, Y-chromosome, and autosomal comparable to those taken by hand from P.D. Tomczak. Vanderbilt University. genetic data obtained from a linguistically the actual bone, and interobserver error and culturally diverse panel of >600 Tan- of virtual bone measurements is minimal. Isotopic analysis is used to assess diet zanians. These include Nilotic-speaking Though the scanning process proved to be and intra-site variation within the site of Maasai and Datog, Cushitic-speaking somewhat subjective, measurements Estuquiña, located within the Osmore Mbugu, Gorowaa, Burunge, and Iraqw, taken from different models of the same valley of Southern Peru. Estuquiña cul- Bantu-speaking Pare, Gogo, Turu, Rangi, bone were comparable. These results tural presence has been archaeologically Mbugwe, and Sukuma, and Khoisan- suggest that 3D data acquisition and identified throughout the valley during speaking Sandawe and Hadza. These analysis can be used with confidence in the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1000- genetic data were compared to a world- future research designs. 1476). The culture type site, Estuquiña, wide sample available in public genetic is located in the upper middle valley databases. Several phylogenetic and Functional capabilities of modern (~1500 m ASL) and contains three defined population genetic methods were applied and fossil hominid hands: a 3D com- cemeteries and a distinct domestic area. to these data to: 1) characterize genetic parative analysis of the trapezium. A minimum of 411 individuals was exca- variation between these linguistically- vated from the various areas. In general, diverse groups; 2) to reconstruct past M.W. Tocheri1,2, M.W. Marzke1,2, D. Liu2, Estuquiña sites are located in geograph i- relationships of these East African popu- M. Bae2, G.P. Jones1,2, R.C. Williams1, A. cally inaccessible locations and are often lations to one another and to other Afri- Razdan2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona fortified, suggesting the importance of can populations; and 3) to reconstruct State University, 2Partnership for Re- defense. modern human origins. These analyses search In Spatial Modeling (PRISM), Mortuary analysis at Estuquiña indi- suggest that the peoples of eastern Africa Arizona State University. cates that numerous grave goods were have played a pivotal role in the origin of evenly distributed throughout the site. modern humans and in shaping the mod- Three-dimensional trapezium models However, grave goods were relatively ern history of Africans. Funded by NSF from Homo sapiens, Gorilla gorilla, Pan simple in design and often consisted of grant No. 9905396 to ST. troglodytes, Australopithecus afarensis utilitarian items. Using patterns of dif- (A.L.333-80), and Homo habilis (O.H.7) ferentiation in mortuary attributes, it has Are virtual bones as good as the real are acquired through laser digitizing. been argued that Estuquiña social struc- thing? A test of measurement error. Least-square planes are generated for ture was relatively homogeneous, thus each articular surface and the angles indicating little status distinction. D. To, W. Sweitzer. Dept. of Anthropol- between the planes are compared. Each In this study, a total of 30 adults were ogy, Arizona State University. extant species displays an overall pattern examined for carbon and nitrogen colla- that distinguishes it from the others. The gen ratios and carbon carbonate ratios. Three-dimensional (3D) digital data observed angles in G. gorilla and P. trog- Seven to eight adults were randomly cho- acquired with laser digitizers present an lodytes are more similar to one other than sen from each cemetery and the domestic exciting new medium for osteological either are to H. sapiens. Our results, area. There were no significant differ- analysis. 3D digital analyses can include obtained from using new 3D modeling and ences between males and females with highly specific observations that are diffi- analytical tools, raise interesting ques- respect to isotopic values (P>0.05). Over- cult to obtain from actual bones, such as tions about the functional capabilities of all, carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis surface area and curvature, in addition to the fossil hands of A. afarensis and H. indicates a predominantly terrestrial diet traditional linear measurements. A fun- habilis. Multivariate statistical analyses among inhabitants at Estuquiña. While damental assumption of 3D analysis is indicate that A.L.333-80 is morpholog i- nitrogen values remain consistent among that measurements taken from a virtual cally more similar to that of modern hu- samples, carbon values vary greatly, sug- bone are equivalent to those taken from mans whereas the O.H.7 trapezium is gesting heterogeneity in diet. This paper its real counterpart. In this study, we more similar to that of the gorilla. Signifi- further explores possible reasons for the test this assumption and evaluate ob- cant differences between A.L.333-80 and inconsistency between dietary and mor- server error for virtual bone measure- the extant species occur, but some simi- tuary data with respect to within site ments. larities to humans suggest the ability to variation. 210 AAPA Abstracts

Variation in the diet of Cercopithecus tamarins (Saguinus mystax), thus provid- were present in 11% (n=124) of the crania ascanius monkeys in Kibale National ing information regarding dental variabil- while 22% exhibited cribra orbitalia Park, Uganda: Influence of habitat, ity in primates with characteristically and/or porotic hyperostosis (n=229 and sex, and age. “simple” teeth. n=239). The homogeneity in vault modifi- Using molds taken from 76 Saguinus cation practices suggests that the site B.N. Torgrimson. Dept. of Anthropology, mystax individuals that were wild- served as a burial ground for one cultural University of Oregon. tranquilized as part of a 1990 field study group that did not include pilgrims from In primates, fruit abundance, distribu- in Padre Isla, Peru, casts of the upper and distant areas. An alternative explanation tion, and availability in habitats directly lower right dentitions were made. These may be that the burial population at affect feeding behavior and diet. My dental specimens were scored for 135 Pachacamac is not representative of a analysis considers the influence of log- metric and non -metric traits, and sub- religious elite or of the different people ging, age, and sex on dietary behavior of jected to statistical analyses of variance. who came to the site for religious pur- Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti. I test Analyses demonstrate that there is no poses, but instead depicts a group who the hypotheses that habitat differences significant dimorphism between the sexes helped to maintain the functioning of the due to logging influence the diet of Cer- in most dental traits, although the great- city. copithecus ascanius; and, there will be est differences between the sexes lie in This work was supported by a Pre- differences in diet among age and sex dimensions of the cheek teeth and result- Doctoral Fellowship from the Smith- classes of C. ascanius. Fieldwork was ing length of the cheek tooth row. Pooled sonian Institution and NSF Dissertation carried out in Kanyawara, Kibale Na- coefficient of variation for each metric Improvement Grant #0124594. tional Park, Uganda between June and character demonstrates that the greatest August 2001. Kibale National Park is amount of metric variation is found in Sex chromosome phylogenetics indi- comprised of forestry compartments rang- aspects of the anterior dentition, with the cate a single transition to terrestrial- ing from unlogged, lightly logged, moder- distal premolars and first molars being ity in the tribe Cercopithecini. ately logged, heavily logged, to heavily least variable. While generally described logged and poisoned (Skorupa, 1988; as simple, tritubercular teeth, significant A.J. Tosi1,5, K.E. Krasinski1, T.R. Struhsaker, 1997). This study occurs in variation exists in degree of hypocone and Disotell1,5, D.J. Melnick2,3,4,5. 1Dept. of K14, a 405 ha compartment selectively pericone development, development and Anthropology, New York University, logged between May and December 1969, orientation of crests, cingular develop- 2Center for Environmental Research and and K30, a 282 ha compartment com- ment, and the presence of styles and sty- Conservation, Columbia University, prised of undisturbed mature forest lar cuspules. 3Dept. of Biology, Columbia University, (Skorupa, 1988; Struhsaker, 1997). I 4Dept. of Anthropology, Columbia Univer- observed habituated C. ascanius groups: A bioarchaeological analysis of cra- sity, 5New York Consortium in Evolution- Group I ranges in K30 (unlogged) and nia from Pachacamac, Peru. ary Primatology (NYCEP). Group II ranges in K14 (lightly logged). I used 30-minute continuous focal animal C. Torres-Rouff. Dept. of Anthropology, This is one of the first molecular studies sampling methods (Altmann, 1974). Be- University of California at Santa Bar- to support strongly the notion that the havioral data were gathered for traveling, bara. transition from an arboreal to a terres- resting, grooming, and aggression. Die- trial habitus is a rare occurrence in the tary data were collected for frugivory, The coastal Peruvian site of Pacha- evolutionary history of primates. We insectivory, and folivory. I observed 114 h camac functioned as the paramount An- surveyed 19 guenons (tribe Cercopithe- of behavior, totaling 1816 behavioral dean pilgrimage and religious center for cini) and four outgroup taxa for two Y- bouts. All behaviors except insectivory nearly a millennium. In 1910 Aleš chromosomal genes, TSPY (~ 2,250 bp) were widely variable between unlogged Hrdlicka collected over 2,200 crania from and SRY (~ 800 bp), and one X- and logged forests. Diet varied consid- Pachacamac, which are now curated at chromosomal intergenic region (~ 1,600 erably among habitat, sex, and age over a the National Museum of Natural History. bp). Parsimony and maximum likelihood small spatial and temporal scale within A randomly selected sample of 1,069 cra- analyses of the sex chromosomal datasets one species. These findings emphasize nia from this sacred location (572 females, consistently cluster the three terrestrial flexibility within Cercopithecus ascanius 446 males, 51 indeterminate) was ana- taxa, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopith- dietary behavior and highlight difficulties lyzed for cranial vault modification, ecus l’hoesti, and Erythrocebus patas, into in making species- level generalizations trauma, and nonspecific stress indicators. a group that is reciprocally monophyletic and comparisons in studies of primate Archaeologists have customarily por- with a clade of arboreal Cercopithecus foraging and feeding. trayed Pachacamac as the home of a reli- spp. Given that the common ancestor of gious elite and a destination for pilgrims the two clades was most likely an arbo- Dental variability in Peruvian tama- from throughout the Andes. Based on this real taxon, this phylogenetic pattern sug- rins (Saguinus mystax). it was hypothesized that Pachacamac gests the transition to terrestriality oc- crania should display low amounts of curred only once among the extant gue- M.A. Tornow1, S.M. Ford1, P.A. Garber 2. stress and a variety of modification styles nons. This pattern also indicates that the 1Dept. of Anthropology, Southern Illinois commensurate with the variation in this genus Cercopithecus is paraphyletic, as University, 2University of Illinois. sign of cultural affiliation in the sur- presently defined, and calls for taxonomic rounding Andean area. In contrast to this revision so that the nomen describes a Detailed analysis of dental variation in prediction, examination of the Pacha- strictly mon ophyletic group. We discuss a single, wild population of platyrrhine (or camac collection revealed a remarkably four acceptable taxonomic schemes and any) primates is extremely rare (see Sau- homogenous population. Nearly half the suggest that the most appropriate is to ther et al., 2001). This study seeks to sample (n=500) displayed cranial vault reassign C. aethiops, C. l’hoesti, and E. investigate dental variability within a modification. All of these were of the patas to the resurrected genus Chloroce- single, wild population of moustached tabular form. Healed traumatic injuries bus. Finally, while the phylogeny and AAPA Abstracts 211

taxonomy of the terrestrial guenons were Weaving has been an important occupa- from imbricational enamel formation the focal points of this study, the X- tion in the lives of Andean peoples for estimates for the bonobo generated from chromosome sequences presented here thousands of years. Identifying the SEM montages showing perikymata rang- represent the first molecular dataset to physical markings of weaving and spin- ing from the occlusal to the cervical mar- place unambiguously Allenopithecus ni- ning on the skeletal remains of prehis- gins. These estimates are 3 and 5 years groviridis as the basal lineage of the tribe toric individuals serves to aid in recon- for the incisors (n=3) and canines (n=1), Cercopithecini. (Supported by NSF Grant structions of daily activities. The Inka respectively. The bonobo specimens are SBR-97-07883 to DJM, and NIH Grant period sample from Túcume, Peru pr o- from the Musee Royal de l’Afrique Cen- R01-GM60760 to TRD). vided an opportunity to test this using the trale collection (Tervuren, Belgium). observation of Musculoskeletal Stress From caliper measures for the incisors Phenotypic and genetic associations Markers (MSM). Due to the location of and canines respectively, the onset of between age at menarche and pa- the burial context in a ceremonial struc- LEH ranges from 1.5-3 years, the stress is rameters of the pubertal growth ture and the associated weaving imple- recorded for another 1-3 years, and the spurt. ments, it was proposed that these female interval between rLEH is around 6-8 individuals represented members of a months although imbricational chronolo- B. Towne, S.A. Czerwinski, E.W. Dem- specialized group of weavers called Aqlla. gies yield an interval closer to 6 months. erath, A.F. Roche, R.M. Siervogel. Wright The goal of the project was to examine The 6-month periodicity is also observed State University School of Medicine. MSM patterns at an individual level. The with perikymata counts on incisors and expectation was that the females would canines. The duration of the hypoplastic Age at menarche is correlated with demonstrate similar patterns of MSM event, including period of enamel recov- other measures of growth and develop- ranking if they were participating in the ery, ranges from 6-8 weeks based on the ment, but little is known of the nature of same lifestyle. Since weaving is a repeti- number of perikymata counted within an their shared genetic underpinnings. For tive manual activity, it was expected that hypoplastic groove. This 6-month perio- this study of the genetic architecture of it would demonstrate a clear MSM pat- dicity of rLEH in the bonobo is believed to age at menarche and parameters of the tern. be influenced by moisture cycles. pubertal growth spurt we analyzed data MSM were observed and scored for 41 Research funded by Natural Sciences from 241 females in 94 families partici- bilateral expressions of the upper extrem- and Engineering Research Council of pating in the Fels Longitudinal Study. ity for 22 individuals in the sample. The Canada (OGP0171168) Age at menarche data were collected pr o- rank ordering of the MSM scores for each spectively, and parameters of the pubertal individual were then compared. The re- Surnames analyses of two ancient growth spurt were obtained by fitting sults indicate that the MSM patterns for Italian populations in the XIX cen- individual growth curves to serial stature the female individuals were not similar, tury: Alia (Sicily) and Civitella del data (AUXAL; Bock et al., 1994). These suggesting that they may not all have Tronto (Abruzzo). data were analyzed using a maximum been participating in the same lifestyle. likelihood method for pedigree data (SO- Additionally, the MSM on the hands and S. Tulumello1, R. Bigazzi1, B. Chiarelli1, LAR; Almasy and Blangero 1998). The forearms do not exhibit any significantly E. Lucchetti2, S. De Iasio2. 1Dpt. Di Biolo- heritabilities of the study traits were: age patterned expression. This may indicate gia Animale e Genetica, Laboratori di at menarche (A@M) = 0.42, age at mini- that they were not weaving on a fulltime Antropologia – University of Florence, mum height velocity before puberty basis or, alternatively, that while weaving Italy, 2Dpt di Biologia Evolutiva e Funzi- (AMHV) = 0.58, height at AMHV may be a habitual activity, it does not onale – University of Parma, Italy. (HT@AMHV) = 0.80, growth velocity at significantly alter the skeleton. AMHV (GV@AMHV) = 0.74, age at peak Surnames are markers of human popu- height velocity during puberty (APHV) = The timing of linear enamel hypopla- lation structure. In patrilineal communi- 0.62, height at APHV (HT@APHV) = 0.86, sia in the bonobo, Pan paniscus. ties, they can be considered as an allelo- and growth velocity at APHV morph of a gene situated on chromosome (GV@APHV) = 0.75. The phenotypic S.A. Tsukamoto and M.F. Skinner. Dept. Y, transmitted along the male line and (Pearson) correlations between A@M and, of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University. are a function of the reproductive and respectively, AMHV, HT@AMHV, migratory behaviour of the population. GV@AMHV, APHV, HT@APHV, and Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a sensitive The main purpose of the research is to GV@APHV were: 0.76, 0.36, -0.51, 0.82, but non -specific marker of physiological or observe changes of surnames in two an- 0.32, and -0.52; while the additive genetic metabolic stress. There are numerous cient populations, similar for size and correlations were: 0.70, 0.31, -0.55, 0.83, studies involving the prevalence of EH in history, but different for isolation degree 0.23, and -0.63. These results show that human and non -human primates, how- and behaviour during stressful events: each of the study traits is highly herita- ever, the timing of these defects has only Alia (Sicily) and Civitella del Tronto ble, and that a significant proportion of recently been examined. Although prev i- (Abruzzo). We used, for each group, sur- the observed covariation between the ous studies do show prevalence approach- names taken from birth, marriage and timing of the onset of the menses and ing 100% little is known about the timing death registers. most parameters of the pubertal growth of EH for bonobos. We found that marriage registers con- spurt can be attributed to the pleiotropic The timing and periodicity of repetitive tain more surnames (S) than total events effects of genes on these traits. linear enamel hypoplasia (rLEH) in the (N): S/N is 0.53-0.7 in Civitella and 0.37- bonobo are determined through relative 0.52 in Alia. Births series are the most Musculoskeletal Stress Markers caliper measures of LEH location stan- numerous (Civitella: 0.22-0.28, Alia: (MSM) and weaving activities at a dardized against crown heights (n=490 0.124-0.153). Death registers show inter- prehistoric coastal site in Peru. teeth, 68 individuals) and perikymata mediate values of S/N. In Alia the tempo- counts (n=23 teeth, 17 individuals). ral trend of the number of husband sur- J.M. Toyne. Tulane University. Where possible, timings are ascertained names decreases with time, while in 212 AAPA Abstracts

Civitella it remains unchanged. Further- distinct differences in preparation, reuse, Endogenous retroviruses (ERs) are ver- more, in Alia, when birth rate increases and overall style. tically transmitted viral genetic elements the surname frequency remains un- that are ubiquitous among vertebrates. changed. Surname turnover is analysed Nutritional assessment based on d13C Hundreds to thousands of copies are through “new surnames” (less in Alia), and d15N analyses of weanling, known to persist in all anthropoid ge- “stable surnames” (80% in Alia, variable subadult and adult remains from nomes examined to date; however, at- in Civitella) and “disappeared surnames” Sudanese Nubia. tempts to quantify particular ERs within (15-25% in Civitella, 10-20% in Alia) in and/or between lineages have tested few each series. Through Multidimensional B.L. Turner 1, J.L. Edwards1, J.D. King- individuals. This study reports the first Scaling, we reconstructed the temporal ston 1, D. Van Gerven 2, T. Nepstad- attempt to quantify a specific ER, baboon distribution of the surnames. Civitella Thornberry2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, endogenous virus (BaEV), within and shows variations in each period. In con- Emory University, 2Dept. of Anthropol- between natural baboon (Papio ham a- trast, the similarity between periods is ogy, University of Colorado, Boulder. dryas ssp.) populations using quantitative evident in Alia: this is characteristic of an real-time PCR methods. Results show isolated population with low level of im- The utility of stable isotope analysis in that considerable BaEV copy number migration and high level of consanguinity. the reconstruction of subsistence and heterogeneity exists among individuals, In conclusion: Alia, for position and migration activities of skeletal popula- both within and between populations. population behaviour, has the tions is well documented in anthropolog i- Analyses of inheritance patterns indicate characteristics of isolation, while Civitella cal literature. This method of analysis is that BaEV conforms to a pattern of ma- has a faster biological variation. especially useful in analyzing cross- ternal inheritance previously observed for sectional dietary patterns in populations ERs in other organisms. Insertion site Bioarchaeological analysis of Wari with wide demographic representation. data confirm a proviral integration shared trophy heads from Conchopata, Peru. This study seeks to reconstruct the die- among the four baboon forms tested, indi- tary patterns from an early Christian cating a long term, vertically transmitted T.A. Tung. University of North Carolina, population from the island of Kulubnarti, presence in the Papio genome. Most im- Chapel Hill. located on the western bank of the Nile in portantly, the increasing numbers of av- Sudanese Nubia, using a large sample of erage BaEV copies maintained by non- Trophy heads from the prehistoric An- ribs (N= 215). The sample was excavated hamadryas, hamadryas and gelada ba- des have been documented osteologically from the cemetery of a medieval hamlet, boons, respectively, appear to be a func- and iconographically, but rarely are both dated roughly to AD 550-750. Archaeo- tion of the progressively greater degrees encountered in direct association. Recent logical evidence points to subsistence- of inbreeding observed in each of these excavations at the Wari site of Concho- level agriculture supported by intensive primate taxa. This finding represents the pata (AD 600 – 1000) in the central Peru- irrigation, and sedentary, nucleated set- first example in primates (and, more gen- vian Andes have uncovered in situ trophy tlement patterns. erally, in mammals and vertebrates) re- heads associated with oversized ceramic The high percentage of individuals aged lating ER dynamics to social structure. urns depicting trophy heads in various 0-5 in this sample suggests disproportion- Funded by NSF grants #BCS-0087329 forms. These are the first scientifically ate stress on the very young, and signifi- and #BCS-9615150, the Wenner-Gren excavated Wari trophy heads to undergo cant vulnerability to morbidity and mor- Foundation, and the Sigma-Xi Founda- bioarchaeological analysis. tality among infants and children. The tion. The skeletal remains include at least 31 purpose of this study is to examine the trophy heads (24 adults and 7 children) contributory role that nutritional stress A comparison of morphological traits and 84 hand phalanges, all of which were may have played in these high rates of in deciduous and permanent denti- intentionally burned and smashed on the infant mortality. The excellent preserva- tions. floor of two ritual structures. All sexed tion in this sample allowed for the analy- adults are male, and the non -child trophy sis of multiple age groups, including adult J.M. Ullinger. Arizona State University. heads range in age from 16-50 years, (N=55), subadult (N=56), weanling (N=99) while child trophy heads are all 3-6 years and fetal (N=5) remains. As a result, it Morphological traits in the deciduous of age. The inclusion of seven child tro- was possible to trace patterns of diet dentition have been understudied com- phy heads is relatively rare, as is the across several age categories. Bone colla- pared to their permanent counterparts. adult age distribution showing that half gen was analyzed isotopically for carbon Reasons the primary teeth are not as of the 24 adults are over 35 years. Other and nitrogen, which reflect stages of the intensely studied include: 1) there is no observations include: 1) perimortem cut weaning process and patterns of diet. The scoring standard, 2) they are often found marks; 2) intentionally drilled holes on ultimate goal is to integrate these results in lower frequencies than permanent the crania and mandibulae; and 3) patina with other lines of evidence, including teeth, and are more subject to wear, and on the edges of occipital bones. The sig- Linear Enamel Hypoplasia data, in order 3) the relationship of development of nificance of these observations with re- to reconstruct more accurately patterns of traits between the deciduous and perma- gard to the unique phases of cranial modi- diet and pathology at the Kulubnarti site. nent dentitions is still unknown. This fication is presented, and the combined study examines the third problem by osteological and archaeological data are Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) comparing frequencies of traits found in then discussed to examine the social life variation in natural anubis, hama- both types of teeth within and between of trophy heads within Wari society. Fi- dryas, and hybrid baboon popula- two groups. The first sample is from a nally, comparisons are made between the tions. collection of Pima casts collected by the Wari modified skulls and those from Dahlbergs approximately 50 years ago. Nasca and Moche revealing some common M. Uddin. New York University and NY- The second is an archaeological Nubian characteristics, but ultimately showing CEP. sample dating primarily to the Meroitic period (ca. 400BC-350AD). Twelve com- AAPA Abstracts 213

parable crown traits were examined on not to. Further, differences between spe- Genetic analyses, demographic data, fifty individuals with deciduous teeth and cies suggest that worn teeth can be used and climatic indices were used to examine fifty individuals with permanent teeth to compare dental morphology among kin and group structure of wedge-capped from each group. The primary teeth were taxa. Finally, a lack of interactions capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus, in scored using a combination of visual and among variables suggests that differences the Venezuelan llanos. One large and one written descriptions based on A.A. Dahl- between these species are maintained small group were followed for 23 and 7 berg and K. Hanihara, in conjunction throughout the wear sequence. years, respectively. Variables included with the Arizona State University Dental Funded by the LSB Leakey Foundation. rates of birth, death, male and female Anthropology System (ASU DAS). The individual transfer, and group fission and permanent teeth were scored according to Amish cemeteries have a patrilineal fusion. Capuchins in both groups and the ASU DAS. The results of the study genetic spatial pattern: Implications across the region were genotyped at auto- indicate that most traits have comparable for ancient DNA analyses. somal microsatellite loci, and sequenced frequencies but certain traits, including at a 485-base pair segment of the mito- cusp 7, have significant differences. B.M. Usher1, J.D. Weets1,2, A. Heimroth1, chondrial control region. These differences may be a result of the E. Elliott1. 1Dept. of Anthropology, State The large group’s birth rate and matri- scoring method used, or perhaps a differ- University of New York, College at Pots- lineal infant death rate were influenced ence in development. With a refinement dam, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Pennsyl- by annual fluctuation in rainfall levels, in scoring procedures and a standard vania State University. which in turn were signalled in part by method, the deciduous dentition of ENSO cycles. Some low-ranking matrili- subadults can be used in dental morphol- The authors have developed models of nes wen t extinct and others fissioned ogy research to increase our knowledge of the spatial pattern of genetic markers from the group. Of eight initial matrili- the people we are studying. that can distinguish between cemeteries nes in 1977, only the three highest- used by patrilineal/patrilocal and matri- ranking persisted in 1999. Unique alleles A 3D approach to the functional lineal/matrilocal societies. The purpose of in the group were lost with each matri- morphology of worn primate teeth. this research ultimately is to compare line. Thus, matrilineage loss and allelic patterns of ancient DNA from archaeo- erosion were nonrandom with respect to P.S. Ungar1, F. M’Kirara2. 1Dept. of An- logical cemeteries to provide kinship in- female rank. thropology, University of Arkansas, formation about past cultures. Last year, Multiple group fissions followed El Niño 2Environmental Dynamics Program, Uni- we presented a poster showing that our events. In 1999, members of two matrili- versity of Arkansas. models could distinguish between simu- nes from the large group fused with the lated patrilineal and matrilineal endog a- small group, introducing new microsatel- Most studies of primate dental func- mous cemeteries. This past summer, we lite alleles. The new females also as- tional morphology focus on lengths of mapped and recorded Amish cemeteries sumed higher ranks than natal females. shearing crests on unworn molars or 2D from central Pennsylvania. For this Based on the empirical evidence above, planimetric area of individual cusps. poster, we analyze four cemeteries (size matrilineage sorting in the small group These approaches are limited because ranging from about 50 to almost 1000 likely will remove natal members and molars wear, and because occlusal sur- graves) with almost complete genealogical unique alleles, and replace them with faces are three-dimensional. This presen- data. We have used the genealogical re- those of the new females. Across the re- tation describes a new, 3D approach to cords to assign unique Y chromosome and gion, depauperate mitochondrial variabil- studying occlusal morphology of worn mitochondrial markers to all individuals ity and deficient heterozygosity in auto- teeth. This approach was developed to descended from the same male or female somal genotypes revealed a recent popu- address two questions. First, are there founders. Analysis of the genetic spatial lation expansion. functional aspects of morphology that do patterns in these cemeteries clearly Supported by NSF 9908455, NSF DBI not change with wear? Second, can worn matches the patrilineal models, as would 9602234, and the Wildlife Conservation teeth be included in functional analyses? be expected from Amish social structure. Society. 3D points are collected at 0.025mm This project has been supported by intervals along a molar occlusal surface SUNY Potsdam (Research and Sponsored High HIV prevalence and incidence using a laser scanner. GIS software is Program, LTEC, School of Arts and Sci- among young African American men used to model teeth, and then slope and ences, and the Provost's Office) and UUP; who have sex with men in 6 US cities: angularity are measured for individual with assistance from the Mifflin County What factors are contributing? cusps. These variables are analyzed us- Historical Society. ing ANOVAs, with taxon, cusp, and wear L.A. Valleroy, D.A. MacKellar, G.M. Se- stage as factors. Cusp wear is scored us- Matrilineage and allelic sorting cura, S.K. Behel, The Young Man’s Sur- ing Scott’s (1979) method. Significant within an expanding population. vey Study Group. Centers for Disease differences among taxa suggest functional Control and Prevention. differences in morphology. Differences X. Valderrama1,2,3,4, J.G. Robinson 5, D.J. among wear stages indicate changing Melnick1,2,6. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Co- Background: Having found high HIV occlusal morphology with wear. Interac- lumbia University, 2Dept. of Ecology, prevalence and incidence among young tions among factors would indicate differ- Evolution, & Environmental Biology, men who have sex with men (MSM) in 6 ences among species in how morphology Columbia University, 3Dept. of Anthro- US cities, particularly among African changes with wear. pology, Lehman College, City University Americans (AA), we investigate factors Preliminary results from 104 wild-shot of New York, 4New York Consortium in contributing to the higher HIV rates chimpanzee and gorilla lower M2s dem- Evolutionary Primatology, 5Wildlife Con- among AAMSM compared with non- onstrate that some aspects of morphology servation Society, Bronx, NY, 6Center for AAMSM. (e.g., slope) change with wear whereas Environmental Research & Conservation, Methods: The 1998-2000 Young Men’s others (e.g., surface angularity) appear Columbia University. Survey (YMS) was a cross-sectional, 214 AAPA Abstracts

venue-based, multi-stage, sample survey Donnelly, S.M., Kramer, A., Am. J. cause it will facilitate early detection of of 23- to 29-year-old MSM sampled at Phys. Anthropol. (108:507-529, 1999); adversely developing patients to whom public venues in Baltimore, Dallas, Los Fligner, M.A., Killeen, T.J., J. Am. Stat. intensive care and adequate orthodontic Angeles, Miami, New York City, and Se- Assn. (71:210-213, 1976); Thorne A. G., treatment could be devoted in time. attle. At sampled venues, men were in- Wilson S.R., J. Hum. Evol. (6:394-402, The study is based on the long-term terviewed and HIV counseled and tested. 1977). cephalometric follow-up of lateral X-ray Results: Among 2557 MSM, HIV prev a- films of 48 boys during puberty with lence was 13%: among AA, 32%; Hispan- Orangutan cultures and the com- UCLP. Using multivariate methods we ics, 14%; and whites, 7%. HIV incidence parative study of culture. investigated the relationship of 75 cranio- was 4%: among AA, 15%; Hispanics, 4%; facial characteristics of size, shape and and whites, 3%. In their lifetime and past C.P. van Schaik. Dept. of Biological An- position during the period from 10 to 15 six month sex behaviors, AAMSM re- thropology and Anatomy, Duke Univer- years of age. Though the prediction of the ported fewer male sex partners, a lower sity. development of the jaws in patients with prevalence of unprotected anal sex with clefts is very complicated we found a reli- men, more female sex partners, and a For comparative purposes, culture can able predictive system. Sagittal intermax- higher prevalence of unprotected sex with be defined as socially transmitted behav- illary relations can be predicted most women, compared with Hispanics and ioral innovations. Orangutan tool use has accurately in the investigated group using whites. AAMSM reported lower lifetime earlier been shown to exhibit critical fea- the angular dimension Ss-N-Sm (A-N-B prevalence of injecting drug use, alcohol tures of culture: all-or-nothing distribu- angle). We suggest the use of trinomial use, and many individual illicit drugs tion across sites, stability, and loss across equations in clinical practise because the used. AAMSM were no more likely to a dispersal barrier. Using the Whiten et coefficient of determination varies round report ever being forced to have sex, but al. (1999, Nature 399: 682) heuristic crite- 0.80 and the position of the variables can more likely to report bisexual identity, or ria for recognizing culture from geo- be explained with sufficient accuracy (in ever having an STD, or being incarcer- graphic distributions of behavioral vari- orthodontics the determination coefficient ated. ants, the orangutan research community 0.64 is considered as a value of predictive Conclusions: Our data generally do not has so far recognized 24 putative cultural significance). The proposed predictive explain the higher HIV rates among elements. Hence, orangutans have simi- technique was successfully tested in a AAMSM. Our findings do suggest reach- lar cultural variation to that found in group of 20 patients with the same diag- ing AAMSM in jail or with STD control; chimpanzees, implying that the capacity nosis and therapy. the bisexual behavior findings suggest for great-ape cultures, including material Research supported by the project appropriate prevention for women as well culture, is at least 14 My old. In addition, GACR 304/01/P053. as AAMSM. we could use these data to test for the existence of properties of cultural sys- Social and economic structures and Variation in early and recent Austra- tems, as in humans, and these tests were health status of the early medieval lian populations: Implications for the successful. However, because culture, as population from Greater Moravia. settlement of Australia. defined above, may be more common among animals, we need to distinguish P. Velemínský1, M. Dobisiková1, P. A.P. Van Arsdale. Dept. of Anthropology, between different kinds of culture, and Stránská2,, P. Trefný3, J. Likovský2. University of Michigan. develop a comparative study of culture 1Dept. of Anthropology, National Mu- that identifies the major evolutionary seum, Prague,2Dept. of Anthropology and Several authors (Thorne and Wilson differences and their underlying mecha- Environment , Institute of Archaeology of 1977) have suggested that Pleisto- nistic bases. Academy of Sciences, Prague, 3Institute of cene/Holocene Australians show greater Dental Research, Prague, Czech Republic. variation than more recent Australian Prediction of the development of populations, and have used this evidence jaws in patients with complete uni- The Greater Moravian Empire (9th – to support the claim that the earliest set- lateral cleft of the lip and palate. 10th century AD) was the first early state tlers of Australia come from multiple formation of the Slavonic populations in source populations. To assess the varia- J. Velemínská1, Ž. Müllerová2. 1Dept. of Central Europe. Skeletal material from tion between these two samples, I employ Anthropology and Human Genetics, this period is very interesting because it two different statistical techniques. The Charles University, Faculty of Natural dates from a stressful period of rapid cul- first examines the variance of each sam- Sciences, Prague,2Dept. for Cleft Defects, tural and social change. The focus of this ple using a random sampling technique Stomatological Clinic, Charles University research is the comparative assessment of with replacement. The second test used Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague. the health status of three cemeteries of to examine variation is a weighted scores different socio-economic status in the area test developed by Fligner and Killeen The study illustrates the cooperation surrounding the Mikulcice castle. We (1976) and rated by Donnelly and Kramer between anthropologists and orthodon- have compared about 850 skeletons from (1999) as the most reliable test for exam- tists in which physical anthropology (1) the castle cemetery and (2) non -castle ining relative variation when sample sizes methods were used in the postoperative cemeteries in Mikulcice and (3) a cem e- are small. Of the 41 cranial measure- control of the reconstruction of congenital tery from the poor village of Josefov lo- ments examined, few show any significant malformations. The main objective was to cated eight kilometres from Mikulcice. departure from recent Australian popula- find a predictive multivariate model of The following characteristics were ex am- tions in either analytical approach (4 and jaws development in patients with the ined: linear enamel defects, dental caries, 3 respectively). This suggests that multi- most frequent cleft malformation, i.e. cribra orbitalia, Harris lines, trauma, ple source populations are not necessary complete unilateral cleft lip and palate degenerative joint disease and occupation to explain the variation in the Australian (UCLP). The predictive model is urgently stress markers, sexual dimorphism and fossil record. needed from the clinical perspective be- demographic estimators. Cribra orbitalia AAPA Abstracts 215

appears more frequently in the Josefov better idea of the locomotor repertoire of Genetics of sexual development. cemetery. Hypoplastic defects of enamel our early ancestors. determined on the permanent dentition of This study is supported by a grant from E. Vilain. Dept. of Human Genetics, Uni- children appear with high frequency (over the FWO Flanders and by the Centre for versity of California at Los Angeles School 80 %). As the incidence of these defects is Research and Conservation (RZSA, Bel- of Medicine. found mostly in individuals between the gium). ages of 2 to 4 years, it is interpreted to be Sex determination orients development a consequence of weaning stress. Inhabi- Characterization of variation at a toward sexually dimorphic individuals, tants at the extramural settlement ex- Major Histocompatibility Complex male or female. In mammals, male sex hibit poorer dental health than people locus in two wild gorilla populations. determination is triggered by a primary buried inside the castle. Demographic signal, encoded by the testis-determining estimators showed also clear the differ- L. Vigilant1, D. Lukas1,2, B.J. Bradley1,3, factor SRY, localized on the Y chrom o- ences between the cemeteries in the Mi- D.M. Doran3, A.M. Nsubuga1, M.M. Rob- some. Subsequently, a complex network of kulcice settlement and inside the castle. bins1. 1Max Planck Institute for Evolu- genes, most of them still unknown, leads The results show that there were signifi- tionary Anthropology, 2Dept. of Evolu- to male sexual differentiation, including cant differences between the health tionary Biology, University of Muenster, development of genitalia and sexual be- status of early Slavonic populations from Germany, 3Anthropological Sciences, havior. Disorders of the sex determination South Moravia. SUNY at Stony Brook. pathway result in malformations of the Research supported by projects GACR genitalia, varying from sexual ambiguity 206/99/1358 and VZ F02/98:NMPM00001. Characterization of the genetic varia- to complete sex reversal (XY female, XX tion present in wild animal populations male). Until recently, only transcription The bipedal locomotion of Hylobates has been mainly limited to loci presuma- factors such as SRY, SOX9, DAX1, WT1, lar: Preliminary results. bly unaffected by selection, such as mito- and SF1 were known to be involved in chondrial DNA and nuclear microsatel- this process, as they were responsible, E. Vereecke1, K. D’Août1, S. Van Sint lites. While informative, such neutral loci when mutated, for abnormal gonadal Jan2, P. Aerts1. 1Dept. of Biology, Univer- do not exhibit variation associated with a development and sexual ambiguity. We sity of Antwerp, 2Faculté de Médecine, phenotypic effect. The genes of the major and others showed that Wnt-4 was a new Université Libre de Bruxelles. histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci sex-determining signaling molecule replay a role in immune response and ap- sponsible for masculinization of XX mouse It is widely known and well documented pear to experience strong diversifying pups when deleted, and for XY sex rever- that gibbons are excellent brachiators. selection. Standard methods for charac- sal when duplicated in humans. A trans- They move very rapidly through the can- terization of individual variation at MHC genic mouse overexpressing Wnt-4 has opy using ricochetal arm-swinging. Their loci are not applicable to the degraded, been designed and its phenotype is a specialized limb proportions, with long, low concentration DNA obtained from model for alteration of sexual develop- powerful arms (and long legs) and their noninvasive samples. We have used di- ment. We have shown that Wnt-4 upreg u- small body size make them well adapted rect amplification of exon 2 of the MHC lates Dax1 consistent with clinical data for this purpose. However, these adapta- Class II DRB loci with subsequent cloning showing that a duplication of Wnt-4 re- tions also force them to walk bipedally on and sequencing to type gorillas from two sults in XY sex reversal as does a duplica- branches and on the ground. Wild gib- wild populations, including mountain tion of DAX-1. Altogether, these observa- bons have been observed to walk 10-12% gorillas (Gorilla beringei) of the Bwindi tions suggest that mammalian sex deter- of the time bipedally, and are as such the Impenetrable National Park, Uganda and mination is sensitive to dosage at multi- most bipedal nonhuman primates. The western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) of the ple steps in its pathway. Further dissec- particular combination of having the Mondika Research Center, Central Afri- tion of the molecular pathway of mam- morphology of a specialized brachiator can Republic/Republic of Congo. As ex- malian sex determination will be crucial while also being a nearly obligate biped, pected, sequences from multiple DRB loci in understanding the development of the invoked our interest in hylobatid bipedal- are detected in individuals. Microsatellite gonads, and the pathophysiology of hu- ism, with the aim of getting to a better genotype data identifies relatives, and man disorders of sex determination. understanding of the form-function rela- along with phylogenetic analysis of the tionship of bipedalism in Hominoidea. sequences allows characterization of hap- An optimized panel of microsatellites We collected dynamic plantar pressure lotypes. Preliminary results indicate that for fecal DNA studies of wild ba- distributions and 3D ground reaction both gorilla populations, despite very boons: Preliminary analyses of ge- forces of four white-handed gibbons (Hy- different ecological conditions and dem o- netic variation among Gombe ba- lobates lar) with simultaneous videotap- graphic histories, are highly diverse. As in boons. ing, to make a qualitative assessment of chimpanzees and in contrast to humans, hylobatid bipedalism. We noted a rather high variability is seen at DRB3 and A. Vinson1, C. Packer1, J. Rogers2. 1Dept. plantar positioning of the foot with a DRB5 as compared to DRB1. More gener- of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Univ. widely abducted hallux. The footfall pat- ally , we have demonstrated that it is of Minnesota, 2Dept. of Genetics, South- tern is variable and usually without an feasible to characterize variation at MHC west National Primate Research Center initial heelstrike. Hylobatid bipedalism is loci in individuals from wild animal popu- and Southwest Foundation. a relatively fast and ‘bouncing’-like pr o- lations, information that could be used to gression mode with flexed hip and knees. test hypotheses concerning, for example, The use of feces as source material for Additionally, we investigate the func- the role of MHC variability in mate choice genetic analyses of wild primate popula- tional relationship between the locomotor and reproductive success. tions continues to increase. However, behavior and the lower limb morphology. past research has been hampered by the This can lead to a more accurate interpr e- necessity of using markers with variable tation of prehominid fossils and give us a amplification success, unknown linkage 216 AAPA Abstracts

relationship, or too few easily distin- taxa. The criterion for similarity between Large-bodied hominoids, Homo, Pan, guishable alleles. Additionally, low quan- shape ratios made with different GMs Gorilla and Pongo, tend to have relatively tities and poor quality of DNA from feces was whether these pairwise tests gave similar VCV structures. Macaca and contribute to higher genotyping error. We similar results. Cebus have equal VCV structures. These address these problems first by develop- C. jacchus consistently showed similar hominoids and monkeys generally share ing an extraction protocol to increase total differences in jaw shapes relative to non- little of their VCV structure in common. DNA yield and quality. We describe a gouging tamarins across different GMs. Hylobates VCV structure is most similar modified Qiagen tissue protocol that However, changing the GM altered the to Pongo and Macaca. These results sug- yields total DNA with mean yield 165.4 functional interpretation of jaw shape in gest that evolutionary changes in the ng/ul (range 21-620 ng/ul). Initial results other gougers. E. elegantulus had ei- humero-ulnar joints of large-bodied homi- show 83.5% success in amplifying fecal ther significantly longer or significantly noids and/or monkeys altered VCV struc- samples from wild Gombe Stream ba- shorter jaws than non -gouging galagos ture between these two groups. Alterna- boons. To develop a panel of microsatel- depending on the GM used to create a tively within hominoids, neither locom o- lites ideal for analysis using fecal DNA, shape ratio. The variation introduced by tor behavior, positional behavior nor ph y- we chose from among 334 human mi- changing the GM suggests we should logenetic factors appear to have caused crosatellites used in the baboon linkage carefully consider the denominator of major VCV restructuring. map, using four criteria: 1) consistent, shape ratios before making functional Supported by Leakey Foundation and simultaneous amplification of both alleles interpretations of shapes. Shape ratios Sigma-Xi. in heterozygotes; 2) minimum of 4 alleles; holding constant other aspects of a func- 3) tetranucleotide repeats; 4) mapped to tional complex offer an alternative for Patterns of variation of the internal separate baboon chromosomes, or at least examining the functional consequences of architecture of the primate proximal 50 cM apart on the same chromosome. changes in form. femur. We genotyped 13 such markers in an Supported by NSF (SBR-9701425), initial sample of 30 olive baboons (Papio Leakey Foundation and SigmaXi. T.B. Viola1, L. Bondioli2, M. hamadryas anubis ) from Gombe Stream Nakatsukasa3, R. Macchiarelli4. 1Inst. for National Park, Tanzania. Markers are Comparisons of variance-covariance Anthropology, Univ. Vienna, 2Nat. Pre- characterized by mean expected heterozy- (VCV) structure of the humero-ulnar hist. Ethnogr. Museum “L. Pigorini”, gosity of 0.727 (range 0.620-0.834), mean joint in humans, apes and monkeys. Rome, 3Lab. of Phys. Anthrop., Kyoto number of alleles 5.8 (range 4-10), and Univ., 4Lab. Géobiol., Biochron. et frequency of allelic dropout across all P.S. Vinyard1, C.J. Vinyard2. 1Dept. of Paléont. hum., Univ. of Poitiers. markers of 0.017 (per marker range Anthropology, Washington University, 0.000-0.077). We compared allele fr e- 2Dept. of Biological Anthropology and The analysis of bone internal architec- quencies between Gombe and 51 SFBR Anatomy, Duke University Medical Cen- ture for the comparative assessment of olive baboons originally from southern ter. the locomotion -related strains and Kenya. We found significant differences stresses represents a research approach of at five of 12 loci (Kolmogorov -Smirnov Z- Morphological differences in the hu- great potential value in (palaeo)biology, at test, p<0.001-0.027). mero-ulnar (HU) joint among major pri- the intersection of biomechanics and mate groups are thought to correlate with physical anthropology. While most inves- Functional interpretations of jaw differences in locomotor and/or positional tigation on primates (including our own shapes: Beware of morphometricians behaviors. For example, differences in one on extant and fossil taxa) concen- bearing geometric means. the hominoid and monkey HU joint sug- trated till now on the relationship be- gest hominoids have increased stability tween trabecular structures and locom o- C.J. Vinyard. Duke University Medical and weight-bearing ability over multiple tor modes, the potential influence of addi- Center. directions. It is unclear whether or how tional factors – such as body mass, age, variance-covariance (VCV) structure has sex, bone shape – has not yet been ade- Shape ratios (created by dividing a diverged with these changes in trait quately taken into account. variable of interest by a size estimate) are means. Divergence in trait means need By using an original radiographic re- extremely valuable in functional analyses not coincide with changes in VCV struc- cord representing over 120 specimens of primate skeletons. It has become ture (Steppan 1997). from 27 extant primate taxa (including commonplace in biological anthropology to We examined HU joint VCV structure Homo), we investigated macroscopic tra- estimate size as a geometric mean (GM) of among Homo (n=101), Pan troglodytes becular patterning at the proximal femur all measurements in shape analyses. One (n=124), Gorilla (n=139), Pongo (n=49), by means of advanced digital image proc- issue with this approach is that we have Hylobates lar (n=103), Macaca fascicu- essing techniques, and also detailed and not rigorously examined how shape ratios laris (n=58) and Cebus apella (n=85). We compared textural anisotropy through the change when different measurements are measured eight HU joint dimensions calculation of the Line Fraction Deviation used to calculate a GM. I examined this thought to reflect weight bearing, stabil- index. question in the context of comparing func- ity and movement. For each species, we In the hominoid subsample (n=30), a tional aspects of jaw shapes in tree- mean-centered measurements to remove previously unreported significant correla- gouging primates (Phaner furcifer, Euoti- sexual dimorphism. PCA indicates differ- tion (Spearman’s Rho up to 0.73) has been cus elegantulus and Callithrix jacchus) to ences in HU joint form among these spe- found between femoral head size (used as closely-related, non-gouging species. I cies. We compared HU joint VCV struc- a proxy for body mass) and degree of tex- created five shape ratios for each jaw ture among species using randomization tural anisotropy. Conversely, while a dimension using five GMs constructed tests and Common Principal Components well-known influence of age on the trabe- with different measurements. I then (CPC) analysis (Phillips & Arnold 1999; cular structure has been confirmed, no made pairwise comparisons of shape ra- but see Houle et al. 2002). sex-related differences have been detected tios between gouging and non-gouging in our human reference sample (n = 30). AAPA Abstracts 217

When taking differences in body mass monkeys, Cebus capucinus, in a Costa cluding neandertal remains) and spider into account by using the residuals of Rican dry forest. monkeys. Each variable is not studied multivariate regressions, we could not separately, but instead globally by PCA detect any differences between positional E. Vogel. Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, (Principal Component Analysis). behaviours, supporting similar claims by SUNY at Stony Brook. The PCA revealed six morphological Fajardo and Müller (2002). groups for the proximal extremity of the Aggressive interactions in the context of humerus: 1) African great apes, 2) gibbon, To breed or not to breed: Flexible feeding are more common when resources 3) orang-utan, 4) spider monkey, 5) mod- responsiveness of the human female are sparse and/or more patchily distrib- ern human and 6) neandertal. The human reproductive system to environ- uted (Janson 1985; Barton & Whiten plot includes a large part of the spider mental signals. 1993; Sterck & Steenbeek 1997; van monkeys, gibbon and orang-utan plots but Schaik & van Noordwijk 1988). Several not the one of African great apes and not V.J. Vitzthum1, H. Spielogel2. 1National studies have analyzed the effects of re- the one of neandertal. Science Foundation, 2Instituto Boliviano source distribution and abundance on the These differences show that within de Biología de Altura, La Paz. frequency of dyadic interactions, but no hominoids the morphology of the proximal studies to date have related the severity extremity of the humerus expresses dif- The human female reproductive system of aggression to food resource characteris- ferences in locomotor behaviour. The (HFRS) is often conceptualized as little tics. I studied two levels of dyadic aggres- great variability observed inside modern more than an energy conversion machine: sive behavior (active and passive) as well human is associated to the loss of the more calories, more babies--less calories, as polyadic aggressive behavior during locomotor function of the upper limbs. less babies. Like any mammal, it is cer- feeding in white-faced capuchins, Cebus The peculiar morphology of the proximal tain that energy availability is a critical capucinus. This study addresses whether extremity of the neandertal humerus can environmental constraint under which resource quality, quantity, and distribu- be explained by two hypotheses: 1) it re- the HFRS must operate. However, cur- tion have an effect on the type and quan- flects functional differences between this rent evidence and arguments from life tity of competitive interactions observed. human group and modern human, 2) it history theory, developmental biology, I evaluated the importance of nine ec o- represents a genetic drift in an isolated and studies of human adaptation do not logical and behavioral variables that may population without any functional aspect. support a simple relationship between influence escalations in food related ag- It may be more accurate to consider that energy availability and reproductive func- gression during a 15 month period. Focal these differences reveal, at the same time, tioning. For example, in U.S. women feeding trees (n=700) were observed from a genetic drift and a peculiar functional ovarian functioning is easily perturbed by the beginning to end of a feeding bout and adaptation. Whatever the answer is, the relatively light energy stress, yet women all dyadic and polyadic aggressive inter- proximal extremity of the humerus is in less developed countries have high actions were recorded. These types of characteristic enough for distinguishing fertility levels in the face of heavy work- aggression are likely to be associated with modern human remains from those of loads and chronic nutritional stress. The different risks of further escalation and neandertals. Flexible Response Model (Vitzthum 1990, subsequent costs of time and possible 1992 1997, 2000) resolves this apparent injury. Preliminary analysis indicates Recent research on the evolution of paradox and makes several testable pr e- that frequency of food-related aggression Late Neogene African mammals, with dictions regarding the functioning of the can be predicted by both ecological and emphasis on Pliocene Bovidae. HFRS under conditions of chronic and behavioral variables, wher eas the type of acute low energy availability. aggression appears to be influenced E. Vrba. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Project REPA (Reproduction and Ecol- mostly by the crown volume and the Yale University. ogy in Provincía Aroma), a longitudinal number of competitors in the feeding tree. study among Bolivian Aymara women These results agree with previous studies I will present results on the fossil Bov i- (n=373), was undertaken to test hypothe- on capuchin monkeys and further support dae from the Ethiopian Middle Awash ses regarding the HFRS. Data for women our understanding of the role of ecology in strata dated between about 6 Ma and 0.5 followed from before conceiving through affecting primate social structure. Ma. These results will be set in the con- fetal loss or birth include reproductive text of a broader analysis of all the larger steroids, anthropometrics, dietary intake, The proximal extremity of the hume- mammals known from Africa over the energy expenditure, and breastfeeding rus: morphology and adaptation. Ap- past 10 Ma. The latter analysis addresses patterns. Tests of alternative models plication to neandertal remains. the questions: What do the patterns in predicting the reactions of the HFRS to the fossil record indicate about paleoenvi- environmental signals support the hy- J-L. Voisin. Département des Sciences ronments? Can the patterns be used to potheses of the Flexible Response Model. Préhistoriques du Muséum National test models of evolutionary processes, Funding to Vitzthum for analyses and d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d'An- such as the allopatric speciation model? Bolivian data collection from NSF (SBR thropologie de l'Université de la Méditer- Were there intervals that departed sig- 9506107), U California, and Binghamton ranée, UMR 6569 du CNRS, Institut de nificantly from a null hypothesis of aver- U; logistical support and facilities pr o- Paléontologie Humaine. agely constant speciation and/or extinc- vided by the Instituto Boliviano de tion rate, and if so, what were the causes Biología de Altura; steroid assays funded The post-cranial skeleton is not similar and how did they relate to the paleoenvi- by NSF (Bentley and Chatterton: SBR in neandertal and modern human, espe- ronmental dynamics? In order to test that 9507320). cially for the proximal extremity of the null hypothesis, one needs to grapple with humerus. However, interpretation of the problem of biased recovery in the The effect of ecology on aggressive these differences is still subject of discus- fossil record. For instance, gaps in the interactions in White-faced capuchin sion. This work compares proximal ex- record can distort averagely constant tremity of the humerus in hominoids (in- turnover in the real world to mimic origi- 218 AAPA Abstracts

nation and extinction pulses. I have ap- subjected to during life. Variation sent intrageneric anatomical differences plied a new model which measures such within/among bones can thus reflect life in Pithecia, some of which even align biased fossil recovery and compensates for history, once variation due to other causes members of the Pithecia monachus-group it. is understood. Previous work has demon- with Chiropotes satanas rather than with strated bilateral symmetry in density of its congener, P. pithecia. Trauma patterns in Western Hemi- haversian structures (complete and frag- Pithecia monachus was recently re- sphere skeletal collections. mentary osteons) in cats (Walker, AJPA ported to be primarily quadrupedal and Supplement 26: 224-225 (1998)), chick- use horizontal supports, a pattern charac- P.L. Walker1, R. Steckel2. 1Dept. of An- ens, and the human forelimb (Walker and teristic of Chiropotes. In contrast, P. thropology, University of California, Lovejoy, AJPA Supplement 28: 272 pithecia primarily uses leaping and verti- Santa Barbara, 2Dept. of Economics, The (1999)). Here, we examine densities of cal supports. Nearly 60% of the postcra- Ohio State University. osteons in 24 fields in the midshaft femur nial characters measured lack interspe- in three zones: periosteal, endosteal, and cies differences between the three pitheci- Traumatic injury data collected from midcortical (n = 33; 15 male, 18 female). ines. Interestingly, over 20% are undif- the skeletal remains of 7,703 individuals Cortices are symmetrical mediolaterally ferentiated between C. satanas and P. as part of the History of Health and Nu- in density of haversian structures. How- monachus. Pithecia pithecia emerges as trition in the Western Hemisphere Project ever, the haversian density of the anterior unique in numerous features, some of provide a unique opportunity to examine cortex is significantly less than the poste- which may be leaping and vertical cling- patterns of injury among Native Ameri- rior. There are differences among the ing adaptations as suggested in previous cans (n= 6,068), as well as, Americans of three zones. Endosteally there is a studies. It is evident that some features European (n=738) and African (n=879) greater density of haversian structures shared by P. monachus and C. satanas ancestry. Consistent with modern clinical than in the middle zone, which in turn is may be consistent with their propensity data on injury rates, males (16.1%) have significantly more remodeled than the for quadrupedalism, although the signifi- traumatic injuries significantly (x2=41.4, periosteal zone. Densities in none of the cance of other similarities is less clear. p < 0.0001) more frequently than females 24 fields are correlated with age in this The similarities of P. monachus and Chi- (10.0%). There are also significant popula- elderly sample (mean age, 73 for both ropotes suggest that quadrupedalism tion differences in the frequency of trau- males and females; range 51-95 years), likely represents the ancestral pitheciine matic injuries. The frequency of trauma is though complete osteons in the anterior locomotor mode, which was retained both higher for people of European ancestry quadrant correlate significantly with area in the Chiropotes/Cacajao lineage and in (17.2%) than for people African (9.6%) or moments of inertia and endosteal area. most species of Pithecia. In terms of its Native American (9.1%) ancestry. These As previously suggested (Walker et al., locomotor adaptations, P. pithecia ap- groups also show different age-specific Am. J. Human Biol. 6: 659-667 (1994), pears to be the most anatomically and trauma rates. The rate of accumulation of beyond 50 years factors other than age, behaviorally derived pitheciine. injuries with increasing age is about the most likely activity patterns, are respon- same for all three groups during the first sible for the variation in the histomor- Phenotypic associations of the alco- three decades of life. For people of Euro- phology of human cortical bone. This has hol and aldehyde dehydrogenase pean and African ancestry, the number of implications for both forensic and health genes in ethnic groups injuries continues to increase at about the applications. This research is supported same rate with increasing age at death. in part by the NYCC Research and Ac a- T.L. Wall. Dept. of Psychiatry, University For Native Americans, in contrast, the demic Affairs Departments. of California at San Diego. rate of increase in injuries declines markedly after 30 years of age. For all groups, The pitheciine postcranium: Func- Epidemiological studies have shown elderly individuals (>50 years old at tional morphology and phylogeny of that the prevalence of alcohol use, alco- death), have a lower frequency of injuries Pithecia pithecia, P. monachus, and holism, and other alcohol-related disease than people 40-50 years old at the time of Chiropotes satanas. varies widely across different ethnic death. These data suggest that a compli- groups. To date, the genes with the cated, group-dependent, relationship ex- S.E. Walker 1, L.C. Davis2, S.M. Ford3. strongest associations with alcohol de- ists between the risk of injury and longev- 1Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, pendence are those that encode the major ity. The distribution of injuries also shows Southwest Missouri State University, enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, interesting group differences. Americans 2Dept. of Anthropology, Northeastern alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and alde- of European ancestry showed a signifi- Illinois University, 3Dept. of Anthropol- hyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Two ADH cantly higher frequency of leg fractures ogy, Southern Illinois University. genes (ADH2 and ADH3) and one ALDH than Native Americans. Native Ameri- gene (ALDH2) exhibit functional poly- cans, in contrast showed higher cranial Previous studies of pitheciine locomotor morphisms that vary across ethnic fracture rates than people of European or adaptations have focused on functional groups, accounting for some of the differ- African ancestry. differences between Pithecia pithecia and ences in rates of alcoholism. Findings of Chiropotes satanas, with the former ex- various alcohol-related phenotypes will be Variation in remodeling about the hibiting leaping and clinging adaptations, presented from different ethnic groups perimeter of the midshaft human and the latter more quadrupedally who have been genotyped at the ADH and femur. adapted. We here synthesize positional ALDH loci. For example, our research of behavioral data of Pithecia pithecia, P. Asian Americans reveals disparate rates R.A. Walker, N. Mitlyansky. Dept. of monachus, and Chiropotes satanas to- of alcohol involvement in different sub- Anatomy, New York Chiropractic College. gether with over 160 metric traits taken groups, with Korean Americans reporting on the appendicular postcranial skeleton significantly greater alcohol use and more Haversian remodeling reflects in part in order to investigate pitheciine func- alcohol-related problems than Chinese response to mechanical forces bone is tional anatomy and phylogeny. We pr e- Americans. Results indicate that genetic AAPA Abstracts 219

variation in ALDH2, as well as other fac- education programs, and crisis response deficiency anemia, often result from mal- tors that differ in Koreans and Chinese, plans for primate field sites. nutrition and parasitism. Since clinical but do not interact with ALDH2, are asso- studies show meager diets contain satis- ciated with heavy alcohol use. From our Tri-nucleotide CAG repeat number in factory amounts of iron, parasitism is a study of Jewish and non -Jewish Cauca- the androgen receptor gene as a frequent causative factor. Parasitism is of sians, we have found that the ADH2*2 mechanism for inter-specific varia- highest prevalence in the tropics, as are allele is prevalent among Jews, and asso- tion of sexual dimorphism in pri- unsanitary conditions, associated seden- ciated with various alcohol-related behav- mates. tism, and diets of marine resources. iors including lower frequency of alcohol Lesions presumably begin in childhood use. Finally, our research of Native D. Walrath, P. Bingham. University of and may persist into adulthood. A com- American Mission Indians indicates that Vermont. mon etiology is assumed with lesions the ADH2*3 allele is associated with predilecting the vault, affecting the fron- lower rates of alcohol dependence and a Evolutionary models of sexual dimor- tal first (as cribra orbitalia), then parie- lower maximum number of drinks ever phism link increased male size to male- tals, and occipital. Variation in this pat- consumed in a 24-hour period. These male competition, while female size is tied tern may reflect different types of biocul- phenotypic associations are important to the nutritional requirements of repr o- tural stress. because they can lead to a better under- duction. Molecular correlates of this This study examines two Florida Archaic standing of the mechanism by which model have not been explored. The andr o- samples for evidence of porotic hyperosto- these genes influence alcoholism. gen receptor gene, located on the X chro- sis and cribra orbitalia. Previous studies mosome, mediates male reproductive show Bay West (N=42) and Windover Primate conservation and human to development. Mutations of this gene in- (N=168) were healthy. Being hunter- nonhuman primate disease transmis- terfere with virilization suggesting that gatherers, the affect of population density sion. this gene may be linked to the evolution and sedentism was also negligible. Stable of primate sexual dimorphism. A genetic bone isotope analysis revealed a diet of J. Wallis. Dept. of Psychiatry & Behav- mechanism for the evolution of dimor- marine resources for Bay West and river- ioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma phism must account for the continuous ine/terrestrial resources for Windover. I Health Sciences Center. inter -specific variation of dimorphism. set out to determine if a diet of marine Expansion of the tri-nucleotide CAG re- resources predilected Bay West to parasit- As our closest relatives, nonhuman peat in the androgen receptor gene is a ism. I also evaluated age, lesion location, primates (especially apes) can be suscep- possible mechanism for modulating di- and healing to determine if a disjunction tible to many of the same pathogens that morphism among primate species. The between lesion location and parasitism affect our own species. While this fact has androgen receptor gene was sequenced existed. led to strict health precautions in captive from a convenience sample of Catarrhine I found no significant difference in le- settings, it is often overlooked under primates including chimpanzee (n=6) sion occurrence between the samples (z=- natural conditions; field studies involve gorilla (n=3), orangutan (n=1), gibbon 1.382; P=0.1670; z=-0.645; P=0.5186) and our living in and around primate habitat, (n=1), baboon (n=4), and macaque (n=3). lesions were equally distributed among which places us in very close proximity to The index of dimorphism was calculated the frontal, parietals, and occipital. Co- our subjects. As a result, the very humans as mean female weight divided by mean occurrence of cribra orbitalia and porotic dedicated to the study and protection of male weight for the species. Results show hyperostosis in each sample was low. primates can be at risk of negatively in- a negative correlation between repeat Windover exhibited a significant differ- fluencing their health and safety. In re- expansion and this index of dimorphism. ence in the frequency of orbit and vault cent years, the topic of disease transmis- This finding is consistent with a role for lesions between adults and subadults; sion has become an important aspect of the expansion of this simple sequence adults had the highest incidence of cribra primate conservation. Whereas we have repeat in the evolution of primate sexual orbitalia. long acknowledged the threats of defores- dimorphism. Directional evolution toward tation and poaching, the risk of disease an expanded CAG repeat has been pr o- Was Australopithecus anamensis an- transmission is a topic that may be more posed elsewhere. However, the causal link cestral to A. afarensis? easily addressed – because it is more di- between the expanded tri-nucleotide re- rectly under our control. Consequently, peat and several neuro-degenerative dis- C.V. Ward1, C.A. Lockwood2, W.H. Kim- some researchers now impose more strict eases indicates that excessive expansion bel2, M.G. Leakey 3, D.C. Johanson 4, Y. sanitation standards in situ and conduct has deleterious effects. One of the attrac- Rak 5. 1Dept. of Anthropology, University health seminars for staff and local resi- tive features of this hypothesis is that it of Missouri, 2Institute of Human Origins dents as an important part of their field provides a genetic mechanism underlying and Dept. of Anthropology, Arizona State management plan. Moreover, investiga- variation in sexual dimorphism among University, 3National Museums of Kenya, tion of the prevalence and spread of dis- species. 4Institute of Human Origins, Arizona ease in the wild has increased, allowing State University, 5Dept. of Anatomy, Tel the possibility of our confirming disease Iron deficiency anemia in pre- Aviv University, Israel. origin and, more importantly, developing contact hunter-gatherers from Bay prevention plans. This presentation will West (8CR200) and Windover The early mid-Pliocene hominin species provide summary of the disease risks and (8BR246). A. anamensis is usually depicted as a review some of the progress made in ad- direct ancestor to the geologically younger dressing this topic. Although much has H. Walsh-Haney. Dept. of Anthropology, A. afarensis. If this portrayal is accurate, been accomplished, the presentation dis- University of Florida. character state changes between the tem- cusses efforts to prevent disease trans- porally successive site-samples from mission in the wild, including develop- Porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbi- Kanapoi, Allia Bay, Laetoli and Hadar ment of sanitation and health standards, talia, hallmark lesions of acquired iron should be congruent with hypothesized 220 AAPA Abstracts

polarity transformations based on ou t- reference lines. Differences were calcu- clarification of the relationships between group conditions. To evaluate this hy- lated for paired measurements and tested these features on the one hand, and micro- pothesis, we conducted a phylogenetic for directionality using one-sample t-tests. structural variables on the other. The mi- analysis of the four site samples using 24 All horizontal variables displayed signifi- croscopy and image analysis methods we characters of the maxilla, mandible, and cant left side dominance and six of the employ have been developed to facilitate dentition, and incorporating chimpanzees eight vertical variables showed significant quantitative comparability between sec- and gorillas as outgroups. directionality to the right in all subsam- tions. Our preliminary results identify Results indicate that each temporally ples. Heritability estimates were ob- the presence of taxon specific distribu- successive sample shares apomorphies tained from the intraclass correlation tions of microstructural features, laying with later samples. Moreover, the most coefficients for all differences using the foundation for future interpretations of parsimonious rec onstruction of character weighted asymmetry values [(?L- bone microstructure in fossil primates. evolution suggests that autapomorphies R?)/.5(L+R)] to control for directionality are not present in any site-sample except and differences in measurement magni- Complementary approaches toward the terminal branch of Hadar (the one tude. Heritability values ranged from .35 evaluating dental health in skeletal possible exception is Allia Bay lower P3 to -.53 with a mean value of .04 and a samples: New recommendations to length). In other words, the Kanapoi standard deviation of .22. Thus, there is existing standards. sample of A. anamensis is more primitive little evidence of a pronounced heritabil- than the Allia Bay one, and Laetoli sam- ity of facial asymmetry, suggesting that A. Washburn1, M.B. Goldberg2. 1Temple ple of A. afarensis teeth and jaws retain most craniofacial asymmetry is environ- University School of Medicine, more primitive characteristics than do the mental or functional in origin. 2Philadelphia, PA. Hadar fossils. Given the small and/or anatomically Primate bone microstructural vari- Bioarchaeology has been prominent in limited samples from Kanapoi, and espe- ability: Relationships to mechanical physical anthropology since the 1930s. cially Allia Bay and Laetoli, the hypothe- and life history adaptation. Improved statistical tests have resulted in sis that these samples represent autapo- an increase in the quality of studies that morphy-bearing terminal units cannot be J. Warshaw1, T.G. Bromage1, C.J. Ter- compare health across time and space, yet ruled out. However, the distribution of ranova2, F,S. Szalay1. 1Hunter College there remain areas within this research known characters is consistent with the and The Graduate School and University that could be strengthened. Diagnostic hypothesis that A. anamensis is ancestral Center, City University of New York and imaging has become standard procedure to A. afarensis, and that the four site NYCEP, 2College of Medicine, Howard in medicine and dentistry and has been samples constitute an evolving lineage University. successfully applied to paleoanthropolog i- across ~1.2 myr. One locus of pronounced cal research. However, it has not been change is the C/P3 complex, in which To date, paleobiological reconstruction routinely incorporated into bioarchae- Kanapoi and Hadar differ markedly, and of primates has largely been founded ological studies with major dental compo- Allia Bay and Laetoli samples document upon study at the whole bone level. How- nents. an intermediate combination of charac- ever, such inquiry often suffers from su- The present study compared assess- ters. perficial analogies with living taxa, as ments of dental health based on standard well as from the frequent incompleteness anthropological criteria and techniques A study of the heritability of cranio- of fossil material. In addition, whole with those routinely employed in clinical facial asymmetry. bones alone do not provide information dentistry. Researchers used tools typical regarding specific aspects of life history of their respective fields and examined a R.E. Ward1, J.A. Russell2, P.L. Jamison3, adaptation. Particularly in light of recent sample of maxillae and mandibles from 2 J.K. Hartsfield, Jr.2, D. Koller 4. 1Dept. of methodological advances, many of these Philadelphia historical contexts: the Anthropology, Indiana Univ. Purdue deficiencies can be effectively addressed Tenth Street First African Baptist Church Univ. Indianapolis, 2Dept. of Oral Facial through the inspection of bone micro- Cemetery (1810-1822) and the Washing- Development, Indiana University School structure. Yet the additional insights ton Avenue Project (early nineteenth cen- of Dentistry, 3Dept. of Anthropology, that this approach can provide to the tury burials). Nineteen maxillae and 33 Indiana University, 4Dept. of Medical study of primates have, with a few nota- mandibles from both skeletal samples Genetics, Indiana University School of ble exceptions, been overlooked. were examined. Lesions reported in- Medicine. Here we examine variation in three cluded missing teeth, retained roots, peri- bone microstructural features – primary apical lesions, caries, and impacted teeth. We examined craniofacial asymmetry in tissue type, secondary osteonal remodel- The hypothesis that the use of dental a sample of 178 individuals consisting of ing, and collagen fiber orientation – all of radiographs would result in greater num- 59 pairs of monozygotic twins, 7 pairs of which have been shown to impact upon bers of all lesions reported by the dentist dizygotic twins and 29 sibling pairs to test the mechanical properties of bones and/or was rejected. Results indicate that the the hypothesis that there is a measurable to reflect life history. Our sample in- anthropologist reported more caries but heritable component to craniofacial cludes histological sections from the mid- fewer lesions deep within dental struc- asymmetry. If the hypothesis is correct, shaft postcranial long-bones of extant tures than did the dentist. While clini- we would expect there to be greater corre- primates (strepsirhines, platyrrhines and cians may not always agree on the nature lation between monozygotic twins in Tarsius) and a selection of non-primate and extent of all oral lesions, experience asymmetry values than between dizygotic mammals. All sections are examined in identifying tooth decay and other lesions twins (or the genetically equivalent sib- conventional transmitted and circularly surely equips them better than anyone ling pairs.) Data consisted of previously polarized light microscopy. Taxa have else to report accurately lesions of the oral collected anterior -posterior radiographs. been carefully selected to encompass a range cavity, supporting our contention of the Ten horizontal and eight vertical bilateral of sizes, life history strategies, positional need for clinical components in multidis- variables were measured from standard behaviors, and lineages, geared towards the ciplinary bioarchaeological research. AAPA Abstracts 221

Male dominance rank and mating sampling of this bone as a potential ume increases over time, relative cerebel- success in an extremely large chim- subadult age indicator of value for both lar volume decreases through the Middle panzee community at Ngogo, Kibale paleodemographic and forensic analyses and Late Pleistocene, reaching its lowest National Park. of skeletonized infant remains. relative proportions in Neandertals and This study was initiated to establish a early modern humans. Thus, encephaliza- D.P. Watts. Dept. of Anthropology, Yale method of subadult age estimation using tion in Homo erectus and archaic Homo University. a set of metric and non -metric character- sapiens reflects expansion of both the istics of the pars petrosa. Over 300 indi- cerebellum and the NetBrain; but Net- Chimpanzees provide a challenging case viduals ranging in age from 4.5 months in Brain growth occurs at a faster rate than for the hypothesis that male rank and utero to 20+ years were examined. The cerebellar growth during this period. reproductive success are positively corre- sample includes male and female Ameri- Recent modern human cerebella are lated. Most males establish dominance can Black, White, and prehistoric Late relatively and absolutely larger than in relationships and many put great effort Woodland Amerindian skeletal remains. any other hominid group, and are dr a- into attaining high rank, but most mating In order to quantify pars petrosa age- matically larger than the cerebella of Late is promiscuous and females typically related growth patterns this study used Archaic and Early Modern humans. We mate with all males in their community. age estimates based on published dental suggest that intensification of cultural Nevertheless, data from several commu- crown/root maturation standards. complexity in the last 20,000 years placed nities show that rank is positively corre- Results showed that (1) the adult pars increasing demands on the cerebellum, lated with copulatory success, and pater- petrosa exhibits very little size difference particularly the lateral lobes, as the need nity data reveal that alpha males gain with respect to sex and ethnicity. Thus, to automate complex cognitive functions reproductive advantages, although their algorithms predicting subadult age from intensified. magnitude can depend on the number of the pars petrosa can be applied to skeletal males in the community. The chimpanzee materials of diverse ancestry. (2) For the Skull Reference Models (SRM) and community at Ngogo, Kibale National set of 9 linear metrics examined, Meas- the ontogeny of A. africanus. Park, Uganda, has about 150 members, ures 1 and 2 provide high correlations with 22-24 adult and 14-16 adolescent with low SEE’s for the fetal/infant period G.W. Weber1, P. Gunz1, P. Mitteroecker1, males. The large number of males might of life, and Measures 6-7-8 provide useful F. Thackeray2, F.L. Bookstein1,3. lead to the expectation that high rank estimates of early, middle, and late child- 1Institute for Anthropology, University of confers no mating advantage. However, hood period (in addition to the fetal/infant Vienna, 2Transvaal Museum, Northern data on 15 cycling females show a positive period). (3) Of the 25 qualitative age Flagship Institution, Pretoria, 3Dept. of relationship between male rank and copu- criteria surveyed only a handful were Biostatistics, Inst. of Gerontology, Uni- latory success. The rank-related skew is useful as threshold indicators (i.e., fetal, versity of Michigan. stronger during periovulatory periods neonate, post-neonate, etc.) for subadult than earlier in female cycles, as pr edicted age status. Skull Reference Models (SRM´s), which by the hypothesis that males obtain some incorporate empirical sample distribu- information about female fertility and Relative cerebellar proportions in tions of shape in a low-dimensional mor- adjust competitive effort accordingly, and humans and non-human primates. phospace, can be created from landmark is stronger for parous than for nulliparous data for modern taxa, fossil taxa, or the females. Paternity data to show whether A.H. Weaver1, C.E. MacLeod2. 1Dept. of combination. They contain information reproductive success is similarly skewed Anthropology, University of New Mexico, both about the morphological average (the are not yet available. If it is, alpha males 2Dept. of Anthropology, Langara College, “virtual morphotype”) and about within- and others who obtain top ranks should Vancouver. and between taxon covariance structures. enjoy considerable reproductive advan- Developmental and evolutionary con- tages. These would hold despite the fact The primate cerebellum, especially its straints such as ontogenetic allometry, that the large number of males means lateral lobes, has been implicated in se- phylogenetic allometry, heterochrony, or that even the alpha male accounts for a quencing, timing, and coordination of sexual dimorphism can be seen in these relatively small proportion of all copula- neural signals, whether sensory, motor, or spaces as general factors shaping these tions, because the number of adult fe- cognitive. Our analysis of a large sample covariance structures, while such consid- males at Ngogo is correspon dingly high. of non -human primates (n = 111), modern erations as locomotion, diet, behavior, or humans (n = 1424) and fossil hominids (n relative brain size may be treated as cor- Fetal and subadult age estimation = 17) suggests that proportional differ- related causes or effects of skull form. In using the os temporale pars petrosa: ences in cerebellar, neocortical, and whole this statistical context, SRM´s derived Accuracy of quantitative and qualita- brain volume may arise from the inter- from landmark configurations are useful tive criteria. play between cerebellar and neocortical for ecophenotypic analysis of skull shape functions in distinct cognitive adapta- variation, classification of new specimens, J.L. Way. Dept. of Health Sciences, Clev e- tions. completion of incomplete forms, and relat- land State University. Lateral cerebellar proportions in homi- ing variation in extinct taxa to variation noids reflect an allometric "grade shift" in extant ones. In this paper, a prelimi- The pars petrosa is unique with respect compared to monkeys, resulting in larger nary application of SRM´s to real fossil to growth and development for several cerebella relative to the rest of the brain data, we show that the estimated ontog e- reasons. Paramount among these is the (NetBrain). The earliest hominids have netic shape trajectory for the data set fact that this bone undergoes rapid matu- similar cerebellar proportions with recombining Sts 5, Sts 71, and the Taung ration and dense mineralization during spect to NetBrain; but later hominids child lies roughly parallel to those of the the fetal/infant period. Greater preserva- display a fluctuating trajectory of relative other Hominoidea, particularly Pan. By tion and completeness of the pars petrosa cerebellar volume. Within the genus exploiting this observation we can present improve archaeological recovery and Homo, although absolute cerebellar vol- three-dimensional visualizations of fur- 222 AAPA Abstracts

ther intermediate stages in this recon- ogy, Smithsonian Institution. 3Dept. of by somatic mutation during embryological structed ontogeny of A. africanus as well Anthropology, Comenius University. development, in different genes and/or as the morphological average derived The finger ridge counts of three Slov a- different times in different individuals. from these significant specimens. kian Roma populations have been com- There is a close parallel with cancers in pared with 12 world populations in order this respect, except that rather than the Variation in limb proportions in pre- to explore relationships amongst the proliferative growth of a single mutated Contact human skeletons from dif- populations. Numerous studies have cell as occurs in cancer, the neurological ferent altitudes in the Andes. utilized genetic, linguistic, and historic amplification of a somatic mutation may evidence to trace the origin and migration occur by the entrainment of normal neu- K.J. Weinstein. Dept. of Anthropology, of Roma populations; however, finger rons by mutated ones or by the early oc- Dickinson College. ridge count data have not been used. currence of mutation in the tree of cellu- Unlike previous studies which have lar descent during brain development. If Living human populations from high documented a relationship between Roma somatic mutation occurs with sufficient altitudes in the Andes exhibit relatively and North Indian populations; this study frequency, its effects would be expected to short limbs for their body size compared finds evidence of a link between the lin- extend into the normal range of behavior, with neighboring groups from lower ele- guistically distinct Roma populations, again consistent with the well-known vations. Relatively short limbs reflect part of the Indo-European language fam- gradation of behavioral and neurological adaptations to cold climates characteristic ily, and the Urali, a South Indian popula- traits from normal to pathological. So- of high altitude environments. This study tion that is part of the Dravidian lan- matic mutation may be an important compares relative limb lengths and pr o- guage family. The comparative samples causal component of the normal range of portions in pre-Contact human skeletons are taken from three Indian populations, many aspects of behavior of interest in from different altitudes to test whether as well as Middle Eastern and European anthropology and society. variation in limb proportions also existed populations, totaling more than 3000 in Andean prehistory. individuals. The Slovakian Roma sam- Faunal taphonomy and biostratigra- I measured maximum lengths of the ples are from three distinct sub-ethnic phy at Ngandong, Java, Indonesia humerus, radius, femur, and tibia, and groups defined by different Romany dia- and its implications for the late sur- joint diameters of the humeral and fem o- lects and differing degrees of accultura- vival of Homo erectus. ral heads in sex-specific groups of adult tion. Analysis is based on phenotypic human skeletons (N=346) from the cen- and genetic distances. The data from all M. Westaway1, T. Jacob2, F. Aziz3, H. tral (n=80) and the south-central (n=123) ten digits are analyzed in RMET in order Otsuka4, H. Baba5. 1Archaeology and An- Andean coasts, the Atacama Desert at to produce phenotypic distances. Genetic thropology, Australian National Univer- 2500 meters (n=102), and the southern distances are estimated from the additive sity, 2Laboratory of Bio and Palaeoan- Peruvian highlands at 3500 meters genetic covariance matrix obtained from a thropology, Gadja Mada University, In- (n=41). Using regression and principal large German family sample. Eigenvec- donesia 3Geological Research and Devel- component analyses, I compared long tors from the genetic covariance matrix opment Centre, Badung, Indonesia, bone lengths to each individual’s geomet- are used to get principal component 4Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sci- ric mean and upper and lower limb joint scores, which are then used to calculate ences, Kagoshima University, Japan, diameters. I also compared relative genetic distances from RMET. From a 5Dept. of Anthropology, National Science lengths of the proximal and distal limb graph of the principal coordinates it is Museum, Tokyo. segments for both the upper and lower possible to define three groupings. Euro- limbs. pean and Middle Eastern populations Dates taken from faunal remains at the Relative limb lengths and intra-limb form one group, the North Indian samples Indonesian site of Ngandong, Central proportions do not statistically differ be- a second group, and the Slovakian Roma Java, have been used to bring the bound- tween the coastal and mid-elevation sam- and the Urali a third group. ary forward for the Homo erectus extinc- ples, whereas these variables are signifi- tion event to the late Pleistocene, between cantly shorter in the highland group. Genetic contributions to neurological 53,000 to 27,000 BP. It is argued that as Relative limb proportions progressively and behavioral traits. the mammalian fauna are associated with decrease with increasing altitude. The the hominins they are most likely con- coastal samples have the longest limbs, K. Weiss1, J. Noebels2, D. Burgess2. temporaneous. If accurate, the implica- the mid-elevation sample is intermediate 1Pennsylvania State University, 2Baylor tions of these dates suggest that there in length, and the highland sample exhib- College of Medicine. were sympatric or parapatric hominin its the shortest limbs, especially in the species in some parts of Sunda, with distal limb segments. These results sug- Many neurological disorders show Homo erectus coexisting for at least sev- gest that pre-Contact Andean populations strong evidence of familial aggregation. eral millennia with Homo sapiens from high altitudes developed body These grade into aspects of normal behav- (Swisher, et al 1996). shapes that enabled them to withstand ior. In the case of epilepsies, a number of The purpose of this paper will be to severely cold temperatures. genes have been identified in which mu- improve our understanding of the ta- tations can have strong effects, including phonomic issues at Ngandong and estab- Relationships of Slovak Roma popu- ion channels that make direct functional lish how they may contribute to an under- lations assessed from finger ridge sense. However, most familial aggreg a- standing of the site’s formation history. counts. tion remains unexplained, and the major- Preliminary analysis of the fossil assem- ity of cases may be sporadic (not recur at blage indicates that there are consider- K. Weisensee1, R.L. Jantz1, S. Ousley 2, D. all in families). Even within families the able variations in patterns of bone modifi- Sivakova3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, Uni- traits vary in severity, onset age, location cation at Ngandong, suggesting that most versity of Tennessee, 2Dept. of Anthropol- within the brain, and other attributes. of the faunal remains may have quite We can account in principle for these facts different taphonomic histories. Recon- AAPA Abstracts 223

structions of the palaeoenvironment at This study was funded by NICHD Human pregnancy generates compres- the locality based upon faunal evidence Grant R03-HD39647-02. sive loads during bipedal locomotion that does not correlate with an age sometime challenge routine alignment of the verte- within the last 100,000 years, the bio- Community ecology of the middle bral column and pelvis. The gravid mod- stratigraphy suggesting that the age of Miocene primates of La Venta, Co- ern human female represents a testable much of the fauna is more typical of an lumbia: The relationship between analogy for postural and locomotor chal- earlier open woodland environment. This divergence time and ecological di- lenges experienced by early female bi- study therefore cautions against the dates versity. peds. obtained by Swisher et al in order to es- Kinematic positional data collected with tablish an age for Homo erectus at Ngan- B. Wheeler. Interdepartmental Doctoral a 3D measurement system were used to dong. Program in Anthropological Sciences, calculate angles of lordosis and pelvic tilt Swisher, C.C, Rink, W.J, Anton, S.C, Stony Brook University. during natural stance and normal walk- Schwarcz, H.P, Curtis, G.H, Suprijo, A, ing under no-load and fetal load simu- Widiasmoro. Science 274:1870-1873, 1996. It has been suggested that the degree of lated conditions. Compared with the no- ecological diversity that characterizes a load condition, lumbar lordosis during Throwing behavior and the mass primate community correlates positively simulated advanced pregnancy signifi- distribution of rock selection in with both its phylogenetic diversity and cantly increases by 15% and 17% in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus the time since the members of that com- stance and gait, respectively. Kinematic apella). munity diverged. Therefore, it is ques- adjustments in lumbar lordosis result in a tionable whether or not a community with more acute lordotic angle dorsally reori- G.C. Westergaard, A. Cleveland, A.M. a relatively recent divergence time but enting the upper body. During standing Rocca, E.L. Wendt, M.J. Brown. LABS of high phylogenetic diversity would be as posture the normal anterior tilt of the Virginia, Inc., Division of Research and ecologically variable as a community with human pelvis increases significantly. Development, Yemassee, SC. similar phylogenetic diversity but a more While no significant difference in pelvic distant divergence time. To address this orientation occurs during the upward Cannell (2002) argues that sexually question, the ecological diversity of a rotation of heel strike, during toe-off dimorphic patterns among humans in the middle Miocene platyrrhine primate when the pelvis rotates downward, ob- mass of chosen throwing stones may be community with phylogenetic diversity stetric load exerts a small but significant used to infer body mass and patterns of comparable to modern New World pri- biomechanical effect on the angle of sagit- sexual dimorphism in early hominids mate communities but a relatively short tal pelvic tilt, suggesting pregnant women from Olduvai and Koobi Fora by examin- time since divergence is compared with opt for more stable pelvic rotation. ing the mass distributions of manuports that of 11 modern neotropical primate Sex specific lumbopelvic loading gener- at those sites. We examined this hy- communities. ated by fetal load in modern bipeds indi- pothesis using a comparative approach, Shearing quotients and molar lengths cates that female lumbopelvic morphology investigating the relationships among (which together are reliable indicators of is not singly driven by childbirth events body mass, sex, and rock weight prefer- diet) for both fossil and extant species are but is more complexly impacted by a suite ence in an aimed throwing task among plotted against each other to describe the of reproductive demands. Adaptations of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). dietary ecospace each community occu- this nature may have had a more basal The subject sample consisted of four adult pies. Community diversity is calculated influence on the hominid lineage than male and four adult female monkeys using three measures: the area of the previou sly inferred. Specifically, aspects trained in an aimed throwing task in minimum convex polygon encompassing of female lumbopelvic morphology may which a food reward could be obtained by all community members, the average have arisen in association with fetal load throwing a rock into a bucket. We found: distance from the centroid of the polygon prior to the hominid encephalization 1. Subjects showed a strong mean rock to each community member, and the av- events that introduced selection for a weight preference both within and across erage distance between community mem- larger maternal birth canal. individuals. 2. Although actual mean bers on the bivariate plot. The number of weight preference did not differ by sex, species in the community and the sum of Immigration and ethnicity in two females chose rocks heavier relative to the phylogenetic branch lengths separat- Teotihuacan neighbourhoods: The their body weight than did males. 3. Sub- ing community members best predict isotopic evidence. jects threw more accurately when using diversity among modern communities. rocks of preferred weight than when they Although the diversity of the La Ventan C.D. White1, M.W. Spence1, R. Storey2, used rocks that were not of the preferred community does not differ significantly F.J. Longstaffe3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, weight. from modern communities, it is less di- The University of Western Ontario, We conclude that tufted capuchins are verse than would be expected based on 2Department of Anthropology, University highly selective when choosing throwing the regression between phylogenetic and of Houston, 3Dept. of Earth Sciences, The stones, and that this confers an advan- ecological diversity of modern communi- University of Western Ontario. tage for throwing accuracy. Our results ties. indicate that the sexually dimorphic pat- Stable carbon-isotope ratios in bone tern in rock weight preference observed The effects of fetal load on bipedal collagen and oxygen-isotope ratios in bone among humans does not generalize to kinematics and the evolution of lum- and enamel phosphate were used to re- Cebus apella. bopelvic sexual dimorphism. construct the degree of immigration that Cannell, A. (2002) Throwing behavior and took place in two Teotihuacan neighbour- the mass distribution of geological hand K.K. Whitcome. Dept. of Anthropology, hoods: Tlajinga 33, an apartment com- samples, hand grenades and Olduvian University of Texas at Austin, Austin. pound of craft producers in which there is manuports. J. Arch. Science. 29:335-339. little archaeological evidence of foreign origin, and Tlailotlacan, a neighbourhood 224 AAPA Abstracts

where abundant archaeological evidence forest, contains more ring-tailed lemur yond Siberut National Park, the only suggests that it was settled by Zapotecs groups and that ring-tailed lemur grou ps protected area in the Mentawai Islands. from the Oaxaca. About 1/3 of the inhabi- that have overlapping home ranges are Research supported by Conservation tants of Tlajinga 33 had grown up else- also in areas of more productive habitat. International, Primate Conservation, Inc., where, but dwelt in Teotihuacan for many Not only does this research have impli- and CERC. years before death. The data suggest cations for the conservation of these le- achieved status, along with political murs, but it also provides a more com- Endocrine components of life history and/or ethnic assimilation, and support plete understanding of how these animals trade-offs in vervet monkeys (Cer- Storey’s (1992) hypothesis that because of are coping, responding and adapting to copithecus aethiops). high morbidity, immigration would have human imposed changes on their envi- been necessary to maintain population ronment. GIS has become an important P.L. Whitten 1, T.R. Turner 2. 1Emory Uni- viability. In comparison, Tlailotlacan tool in helping to analyze the habitats of versity, 2University of Wisconsin- contained a higher proportion of immi- endangered species (Akcakaya, 1994). Milwaukee. grants (50%) and maintained a distinct Applying this science aids researchers in ethnic character throughout its occupa- visualizing and evaluating spatial dynam- Life history theory is founded on the tion. The discovery of immigrants in all ics in groups of fauna. assumption that reproductive strategies time ph ases suggests that a continuous are constrained by trade-offs among influx of immigrants may have helped in Conservation biology of Kloss’s gib- growth, survival, and reproduction. In the maintenance of its ethnicity. These bons (Hylobates klossii). spite of decades of research, the func- data provide evidence that the social and tional interactions among life history economic complexities associated with D.J. Whittaker1, J.C. Morales2, D.J. Mel- components are still poorly understood in immigration in the earliest urban society nick2. 1Dept. of Anthropology, City Uni- many species, including primates. Endo- in the New World, have analogues with versity of New York Graduate Center and crine investigations provide new ap- our modern cities. NYCEP, 2Center for Environmental Re- proaches for understanding the mecha- Supported by Social Sciences and Hu- search and Conservation, Columbia Uni- nisms underlying negative associations manities Research Council, Canada and versity, between life history traits. the Natural Sciences and Engineering This study examined hypothesized Research Council, Canada. The Kloss’s gibbon (Hylobates klossii), trade-offs between growth and breeding endemic to the Mentawai Islands of Indo- onset in wild vervet monkeys from Kenya, A preliminary survey and GIS analy- nesia, is endangered due to commercial East Africa. Individuals were drawn from sis of ring-tailed lemur habitat use in logging, hunting, and capture for the pet four distinct populations from widely and around Beza-Mahafaly Reserve, trade. No population surveys have been separated sites differing in altitude, tem- Madagascar. published since 1980, and population perature, and rainfall. A panel of biolog i- numbers have likely declined. While sub- cal samples (blood, hair, tooth casts, and D.C. Whitelaw, M.L. Sauther. Dept. of species have been named for the other morphological measurements) was col- Anthropology, University of Colorado, three endemic Mentawai primates indi- lected from 59 adult males, 83 adult fe- Boulder. cating vicariance between the northern- males and 225 juveniles. Ages were esti- most island of Siberut and the three mated from tooth eruption and wear. Today’s assemblage of lemurs in Mada- smaller islands, no divisions have been Serum concentrations of gonadal and gascar represents only a fraction of their designated for the Kloss’s gibbon despite adrenal steroids were analyzed by radio- past successful adaptive radiation on the a shared biogeographic history. Here we immunoassay in order to assess sexual island. Much controversy surrounds the present the results of a preliminary study maturation and breeding onset. Serum demise of the species that have disap- that aims to determine the density of the IGF-I was used as an index of activity of peared from Madagascar’s landscape remaining Kloss’s gibbon population and the growth hormone axis. Age-spec ific (Burney, 1997). There is a repeating to assess the number of conservation morphometric measures were fit using theme, however, of human involvement. units within the species. loess regression. Bootstrap techniques Deforestation and habitat fragmentation Population surveys were conducted with were used to estimate pseudo growth continue to jeopardize the future of le- a method using the female’s loud call at velocity curves. Cross-sectional profiles of murs in Madagascar. two sites in Siberut, suggesting minimum morphometric and endocrine data were This study demonstrates the usefulness densities between 1.27 and 2.86 groups compared to assess the timing of growth of GIS technology in addressing questions per square kilometer. For comparison, a spurts and growth cessation in relation to of habitat change by examining ring- more traditional line transect survey was sexual maturation. tailed lemur habitats both within and conducted in north Siberut. No gibbons Results showed that the four popula- outside of Beza-Mahafaly Reserve in were sighted on the transects, supporting tions differed in both growth rate and Southwestern Madagascar and analyzing conclusions by other researchers that this duration. Estradiol and IGF-I profiles the results with a GIS. We located sev- method is inappropriate for hylobatids. mirrored population differences. Ovarian eral sub-populations of lemurs within a Fecal samples for genetic analyses were but not testicular maturation was delayed variety of fragmented and disturbed habi- collected non -invasively from 19 un- in populations with more prolonged tats and conducted ecological measure- habituated groups at five sites on three growth. These data demonstrate impor- ments to compare these areas to one an- islands. The hypervariable region I of the tant sex differences in trade-off mecha- other. Using a GIS, we were able to gen- mitochondrial D-loop was amplified and nisms. erate a map of the area surrounding the sequenced. These data are analyzed to Supported by NSF BCS0116465, reserve and analyze some of the popula- test the hypothesis that there are multi- BNS7703322, and BCS0115993. tion dynamics that are occurring among ple conservation units in this species. these various habitats. Results indicate Such multiple lineages would indicate the that more productive habitat, i.e. gallery need for additional reserve planning be- AAPA Abstracts 225

An examination of the increased an- ing evidence indicates that host genetics primate cells. Here we report cytochrome nual range of a Tana River crested play an important role in determining c nucleotide sequences in all major extant mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) susceptibility and resistance to tuberculo- clades of the order Primates. We have group. sis. Research on genetic loci in various also identified for the first time in pri- populations worldwide indicates that mates a tissue-specific cyc gene duplicate J. Wieczkowski. Dept. of Anthropology, susceptibility is likely polygenic and previously thought to exist only in ro- University of Georgia. population-specific. This project exam- dents. Cytochrome c shows an elevated ines the role of host genetics in tuberculo- nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution A group of Tana River crested man- sis susceptibility in two indigenous popu- rate in the stem lineages of anthropoid gabeys (Cercocebus galeritus) has greatly lations from Paraguay, Aché and Avá. and catarrhine primates coincident with expanded its annual range over three Using molecular biological techniques, the emergence of the relatively large neo- decades: from 17.3 hectares in 1974 polymorphisms at two loci associated with cortex. Additionally, the loss of the testis- (Homewood 1976) and 19 hectares in tuberculosis in some African and Asian specific isoform of cytochrome c in pri- 1988-89 (Kinnaird 1990) to 46.75 hectares populations as well as one Canadian abo- mates is similar to the other instance of in 2000-01. Utilizing 5-minute mapping riginal population are examined for po- ETC gene loss, that of cytochrome c ox i- samples (n=817), phenological samples tential association with tuberculosis in dase subunit VIII heart isoform. All of (n=600), vegetation data, and statistical Aché and Avá. These loci are the vitamin these data in combination with evolution- and descriptive comparisons with prev i- D receptor (VDR) and natural resistance- ary, functional, and protein structure ous data, I tested five hypotheses concern- associated macrophage protein information provide compelling evidence ing this range increase. The hypotheses (NRAMP1). To date, we have examined that the ETC functions differently in ca- of the departure of neighboring mangabey 225 Aché and 60 Avá for a Fok1 restric- tarrhine primates when compared to groups and a decrease in food tree density tion polymorphism in exon 2 of the VDR, other organisms. Supported by NSF SBR- are not supported. There is only condi- which has alleles F and f (absence and 9910679 and BCS-0118696. tional support, because of limited com- presence of the site, respectively). The ff parison, for the hypothesis of a decrease genotype has been associated with in- Facial-masticatory ontogeny in Aus- in food per tree. Of five species compared creased susceptibility to tuberculosis in tralopithecus and Pan. between Homewood’s and this study, two some studies, and this association will be species had significantly lower mean fruit examined in the Aché and Avá. The gen o- F.L. Williams. Dept. of Anthropology and scores (Wilcoxon 1-tailed; p=.009 and .03). type distributions are as follows, for Aché Geography, Georgia State University. Statistical comparisons could not be made and Avá, respectively: FF = 72% and 80%; with Kinnaird’s study, although she found Ff = 27.6% and 15%; ff = 0.4% and 5%. Of Although Australopithecus africanus an increase in mean fruit scores of these 54 Aché examined for the 1729 + 55 del 4 and A. robustus adults exhibit a number species between Homewood’s study and polymorphism located in the 3’UTR of the of facial-masticatory adaptations in com- hers. There is conditional support for the NRAMP, 5 (9.3%) are homozygous for the mon, the ontogenetic origin of these fea- hypothesis of a reduction in non -forested deletion, while the remaining 49 indi- tures remains poorly understood. To ex- corridors; I will also discuss data that do viduals are homozygous without the dele- plore ontogenetic changes in facial- not support it. The hypothesis with the tion. masticatory shape in Australopithecus, strongest support is of an increase in relatively large ontogenetic series of A. group size. Group size initially decreased The molecular evolution of primate africanus (n = 29) and A. robustus (n = 14) from 36 to 18, but is now 50 individuals. energetics from the perspective of are compared to each other, and to a par- This hypothesis is also supported by sig- cytochrome c. allel set of closely related species, Pan nificant increases in average daily dis- troglodytes (n = 156) and P. paniscus (n = tance (Wilcoxon; p=.003) and average D.E. Wildman1, M. Goodman2, T.R. 151). Although the number of Australo- half-hour distance (p=.002) since Kin- Schmidt1, M. Hüttemann1, M. Uddin1,3, A. pithecus nonadults is limited compared to naird’s study. Descriptive comparisons Goldberg1, L.I. Grossman1. 1Center for those available for Pan, it is not negligible with Homewood’s data also show in- Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne (A. africanus = 7; A. robustus = 6; cf. P. creases in average daily range and dis- State University School of Medicine, troglodytes = 110; P. paniscus = 103). tance. The results increase our under- 2Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne Indices of shape (linear distances divided standing, and can be applied to manage- State University School of Medicine, by overall size) were subjected to princi- ment, of this critically endangered pri- 3Dept. of Anthropology, New York Uni- pal components analysis. Separate mate. versity. analyses were performed for australopithecines only (to compare mandibular Variation in the vitamin D receptor Primates have varied energetic re- developmental stages) and for the faces of and NRAMP1 loci in Aché and Avá of quirements, and therefore the evolution of all four taxa. Paraguay: Implications for host sus- genes associated with energetics and me- For both analyses, a strong taxonomic ceptibility to tuberculosis. tabolism is of primary importance to bio- signal is represented on the first principal logical anthropologists. Cytochrome c (cyc) component axis. The second principal A.K. Wilbur, J.R. Feurstein, A.M. Hur- is an essential protein required for aer o- component axis for both analyses cap- tado, K.R. Hill, A.C. Stone. The Univer- bic metabolism in the mitochondria of tures ontogenetic changes. In Australo- sity of New Mexico. eukaryotes, where it carries electrons pithecus, the mandibular corpus is rela- from complex III to IV of the mitochon- tively thickest during the juvenile and Tuberculosis is a significant health drial electron transport chain (ETC). subadult stages when the molars are problem for the majority of the world’s Fixed mutations in the amino acid se- forming but have not yet erupted. The populations, and prevalence among Na- quences of cyc have caused changes in the degree of facial shape change for A. afr i- tive American groups since European efficiency of electron transport, and thus canus is roughly comparable to that ex- contact has been especially high. Grow- in the production of aerobic energy in hibited by the two species of Pan. A. ro- 226 AAPA Abstracts

bustus appears to undergo less facial a growing body of research addresses BSDM peaks after the working-side su- shape change than does A. africanus or inequalities in health. This paper con- perficial masseter (WSSM) in anthro- Pan. A. robustus has a broad and short tributes by using the Western Hemi- poids, the BSDM peaks prior to the palate as do young A. africanus and sphere database to investigate the fr e- WSSM in those strepsirrhines with highly young chimpanzees. quency of skeletal lesions and other mobile symphyses. Moreover, compared to Supported by a Research Team Grant, health and lifestyle indicators among these strepsirrhines, anthropoids recruit VP of Research, Georgia State University. nearly 1,700 Native American individuals greater amounts of relative force from the who lived in ranked versus undifferenti- BSDM. Dental decoration during the Post- ated societies in early pre-Columbian In this study, we test whether symph y- classic at Lamanai, Belize: Sex and (>1500 yBP), late pre-Columbian (450- seal fusion in ungulates is associated with status differences. 1500 yBP), and intermediate (250-450 the timing and magnitude of BSDM activ- yBP) periods. The health indicators con- ity. We analyzed electromyographic data J.S. Williams1, C.D. White2. 1Dept. of sidered are cribra orbitalia, porotic hy- from the left and right superficial and Archaeology, The University of Calgary, perostosis, skeletal infection, and linear deep masseters in alpacas and horses, 2Dept. of Anthropology, The University of enamel hypoplasias. Degenerative joint both of which have fused symphyses, and Western Ontario. disease and trauma provide insight to goats, which have an unfused symphysis. inequalities in lifestyle due to status. In alpacas and horses the BSDM peaks Dental decoration in eighty-two elite Several prominent health patterns well after the WSSM, as in anthropoids. individuals dating to the Postclassic pe- emerge: (1) early pre-Columbian males In goats the BSDM peaks prior to the riod at Lamanai, Belize was described living in a ranked society had a higher working-side superficial masseter, as in and investigated to determine whether observed frequency of periosteal reaction strepsirrhines with highly mobile sym- status and sex differences existed. Dental of the tibia than females living in the physes. However, whereas horses recruit decoration was present in 41% of the bur- same society and (2) health differences nearly equal amounts of working- and ial sample from Lamanai. Dental pathol- between males and females living in un- balancing-side relative force from the ogy and stable isotopic data from White differentiated societies increased consid- deep masseter, alpacas and goats recruit (1986) provided evidence for diet within erably during the intermediate period, two to three times more relative force the sample. Diet, grave location and ar- compared to males and females living in from the working-side deep masseter. The chitecture were used to indicate social ranked societies at the same time. Pat- firing pattern data pr ovide preliminary status. Dietary data did not differ be- terns of lifestyle differences include: (1) support for functional convergences in the tween individuals with decoration versus the frequency of degenerative joint dis- evolution of symphyseal fusion in anthro- those without. Dental decoration was ease declined with increases in social poids, alpacas and horses. totally absent in individuals buried in status and (2) trauma was more charac- residential structures presumed to be of teristic of men than women and wounds Food selection by mantled howling lower elite status. However, dental dec o- to the skull were significantly more fr e- monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in a ration was present in approximately 30% quent among men in middle strata com- shade coffee plantation: resource of the individuals buried in structures pared to men of the lowest or highest abundance and nutrient content. that housed the burials of nobles and strata. These patterns illustrate differen- high-elite individuals. Architectural and tial changes in health and lifestyle among K. Williams- Guillén 1,2, C.M. McCann2,3, burial location data indicate that dental male and female Native Americans re- E. Dierenfeld3. 1Dept. of Anthropology, decoration may have been differentially lated to status and changing environ- New York University, 2New York Consor- distributed within elites. Dental decor a- mental and social adaptations in the tium for Evolutionary Primatology, 3 tion was more frequent in females than Western Hemisphere. Dept. of Mammals, Wildlife Conservation males and the most popular types of den- Research supported by the National Society. tal decoration, in both males and females, Science Foundation and Ohio State Uni- were Romero's type C4 and B4. When the versity. Howlers demonstrate high feeding se- region of Belize was compared with the lectivity, relying on seasonally-available Petén region of Guatemala, differences in Symphyseal fusion in anthropoids foods to maximize nutrient quality and the types of decoration were apparent. and ungulates: A case of functional minimize consumption of structural car- This lends support to the idea that dental convergence? bohydrates and toxins. Howlers also have decoration may be a means of identifica- flexible diets, which contributes to their tion with a particular area, lineage or S.H. Williams1, C.J. Vinyard1, C.E. Wall1, ability to inhabit secondary and degraded ruler. W.L. Hylander 1,2. 1Dept. of Biological An- habitats. To explore the effects of reduced thropology & Anatomy, Duke University, tree density and diversity on food selec- Health and lifestyle inequalities 2Duke University Primate Center. tion by howlers, we studied their feeding among early and late pre-Columbian behavior in a Nicaraguan shade coffee and intermediate period Native Although symphyseal fusion has plantation. Americans in the Western Hemi- evolved independently in several mam- Between September 1999 and Novem- sphere. malian lineages, its functional signifi- ber 2000 we collected data on the feeding cance has been studied most extensively ecology of three groups of mantled howl- K.D.Williams, R.H. Steckel. Ohio State in primates. In vivo research in anthro- ing monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in Finca University, poids and strepsirrhines suggests that La Luz, Mombacho Volcano. Over the symphyseal fusion is linked to wishboning course of a year, the howlers fed on at Much research has been done using of the symphysis due mainly to the de- least 65 plant species. The annual diet conventional socioeconomic measures layed and pronounced recruitment of the consisted of foliage (56%), fruit (35%), such as income, wealth, or wages to ex- balancing-side deep masseter (BSDM) flowers (8%), and other plant parts (1%). plore inequality between the classes, but (Hylander et al., 2000, 2002). Whereas the The top food species, Ficus costaricana, AAPA Abstracts 227

comprised 32% of the diet. Unlike con- E.T. Wood1, M.M. Pilkington2, Z. Mo- of positional behavior data were collected specifics at less disturbed sites, these basher2, A. Bingham 2, B. Stassman3, M.F. on the red-shanked douc langur (Py- howlers relied on common tree species for Hammer1,2. 1Dept. of Ecology & Evolu- gathrix nemaeus), Delacour’s langur the majority of their diet; howlers at other tionary Biology, University of Arizona, (Trachypithecus delacouri), and the Hat- sites largely ignore the same species used 2Genomics Analysis & Technology Core, inh langur (Trachypithecus laotum hatin- at La Luz as staple foods. This popula- University of Arizona, 3Dept. of Anthro- hensis) during January, February, and tion may also show less selectivity in rela- pology, University of Michigan. March of 2002 at the Endangered Primate tion to forage quality. There are no sig- Rescue Center (EPRC) of Cuc Phuong nificant differences between eaten and To better understand the role of malaria National Park, Ninh Binh Province, Viet- uneaten mature foliage in content of fiber in influencing patterns of variation at loci nam. Approximately equal amounts of (average ADF 34.5% versus 36.0%) or that confer resistance to malaria, we se- instantaneous bout data were collected on protein (average crude protein 19.1% quenced 11-kb at three unlinked loci in 45 young (less than 18 months in age) and versus 20.4%). However, the forage qual- individuals from the Dogon, a population adult animals for each of these three spe- ity appears comparable to some other who reside in an endemic malarial envi- cies. sites where howlers have been studied. ronment and ~200 non -African individu- The red-shanked douc, Delacour’s, and Although the shade coffee plantation pr e- als from 4 populations. The first locus, b- Hatinh infants use a wider range of sub- sents howlers with fewer feeding options, globin, contains two alleles that are strates than the adults of the same spe- the overall quality of the potential food known to confer resistance to malaria, cies, incorporating parts of the enclosures resources may be relatively high in com- HbC and HbS. The other two loci, Dmd44 and other animals into their substrate parison to some primary habitats. and APXL, are not subject to malarial repertoires. Most taxon and age groups selection and likely reflect demographic use small substrates in overwhelmingly Connecting anthropology to the real processes. higher proportions than the second or world: Strategies for maximizing The HbC allele was found at 10.4% in third most frequently used substrates, student understanding of human only the Dogon; the HbS allele was absent and all travel most frequently on small variation and minimizing racism in in all populations. The frequency spec- supports. Infants use a wider variety of international experiential learning trum at b-globin in the Dogon exhibited supports for locomotion than the adults, courses. an excess of rare polymorphisms (Ta- yet infants use small substrates most jima’s D = -1.15, P>0.10) but did not in frequently for play behavior, followed by L.A. Winkler. University of Pittsburgh. the global sample (TD = +0.137, P>0.10) vertical supports and the ground. We or in any other population sample (-0.047 conclude that substrate preference at the The rigid racial typology that has < TD < +0.836). Tajima’s D values at EPRC has implications for the future emerged as a result of cultural constructs Dmd44 and APXL in the Dogon were less design of enclosures for these highly en- of race fails to portray accurately the negative than at b-globin (TDAPXL = -0.46; dangered animals. phenotypic and genetic variation of mod- TDDmd44 = 0.87) as well as in all non- ern humans. Biological anthropology has African populations (-0.24 < TDAPXL < Ecological influences on chimpanzee a crucial role to play in promoting a more +0.76; -0.33 < TDDmd44 < +1.73). hunting. scientifically valid concept of human The skew in the frequency spectrum at variation. However, despite the polytypic b-globin in the Dogon and the absence of R. Wrangham. Harvard University. nature of Western nations such as the this pattern at Dmd44 and APXL do not United States, many students are limited support a model of population growth in The hypothesis that chimpanzee meat- in their ability to discern the phenotypic the Dogon since demographic processes eating is a luxury, made possible by high variation in other humans by the cultural are expected to affect all loci similarly. To energy abundance in the plant diet, has constructs of race with which they have further explore the effects of malarial been supported to date by comparisons of been reared. Experiential international selection at b-globin, a closer examination hunting seasons within sites, particularly learning courses offer an innovative way of sequence variation on the HbC and at Ngogo (Kibale National Park, Uganda). to overcome the limitations of cultural non-HbC chromosomes is in progress. Here I explore why chimpanzees hunt preconception of racial identity and pr o- rarely in Kanyawara (Kibale). Differences vide a broader and more accurate appr e- A comparison of substrate use among are particularly striking between Kany- ciation of human variation. The presen- infant and adult red-shanked douc awara and Ngogo, two communities sepa- tation will discuss strategies for maximiz- langurs, Delacour’s langurs, and Hat- rated by only 10 km and occupying forests ing student understanding of the poly- inh langurs at the Cuc Phuong En- of similar structure, with prey density genic and phenotypic nature of human dangered Primate Rescue Center, somewhat higher in Kanyawara. Kany- variation in study-abroad courses. These Vietnam awara data come from 13 years of daily strategies can easily be incorporated into observation, including detailed study of a variety of different types of courses in C. Workman, H.H. Covert. University of monkey -chimpanzee encounter rates over order to broaden experiential learning. Colorado, Boulder. 29 months. Ngogo data come from studies Examples will be provided from study- by J. Mitani and D. Watts. Daily rates of abroad courses in Nicaragua and Tanza- Studies of primate locomotion since the encounter between chimpanzee parties nia, two nations with polytypic and multi- mid-1960s have focused almost entirely and groups of red colobus were similar in ethnic populations. on adults, yet Hurov (1991) notes that the two communities (0.42 – 0.50 encou n- there is a need to study animals in their ters per day). However, Kanyawara chim- Malarial selection and the Dogon: infancy to obtain a clearer picture of their panzees were less likely to hunt (15% of Patterns of DNA sequence variation mature loc omotion, as growth provides encounters, compared to 37% at Ngogo), at the b-globin locus. important morphological and behavioral they were less successful (47% of hunts changes that bear directly on substrate led to a kill, compared to 84% at Ngogo), use and preference. More than 100 hours and they killed fewer prey per hunt (2.1, 228 AAPA Abstracts

compared to 4.2 at Ngogo). The low rate of K.A. Wright. Dept. Cell & Molecular Biol- examined the function of the foot in predation at Kanyawara is attributed not ogy, Northwestern University Medical hominoids walking bipedally. only to the fewer number of males in the School. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution community at Ngogo, as proposed by Mi- was collected on two male chimpanzees tani and Watts (2002), but also to lower From December 1999 through Novem- walking quadrupedally and bipedally. fruit availability in Kanyawara, as well as ber 2000, I collected data on the locomotor Peak pressure, maximum force, contact relatively intense aggressive responses by behavior and habitat use of Cebus apella time and impulse were evaluated for 13 red colobus monkeys. This study suggests and Cebus olivaceus in and around the regions of the foot (5 toes, 5 metatarsals, 2 that greater plant food availability pr o- Iwokrama Reserve in central Guyana. midfoot, heel). Simultaneous lateral view motes hunting in comparisons both within Here, I present data comparing adult and videos were digitized using Peak Motus and between populations. juvenile patterns of locomotor behavior software to assess hindlimb postures and and habitat use for these two species of subject velocity. The critical function of the “robust” capuchin monkey. During bipedal walking (BW), peak jaws of tufted capuchins. Randomization tests (Manly, 1991) pressure and maximum vertical force was indicate that the overall pattern of loc o- relatively higher on the heel, medial mid- B.W. Wright. Dept. Anthropology, Uni- motor behavior in C. olivaceus adults and foot, and medial metatarsals and rela- versity of Illinois. juveniles is comparable. However, for C. tively lower on the lateral metatarsals apella, adults walk more than juveniles and toes than during quadrupedal walk- From November 1999 through August (p<.01), while juveniles bound (p=.05), ing (QW). Contact time in the heel and 2000, I collected data on the toughness of leap (p=.05) and climb (p=.02) more than midfoot regions was substantially longer plant foods processed by Cebus olivaceus adults. A comparison of the juveniles of during BW than QW. Hallux abduction and Cebus apella within and adjacent to these two species shows a significantly and load is variable during chimpanzee the Iwokrama Reserve, Guyana, S.A. higher frequency of climbing for C. apella bipedalism, and its position and load is a Prior studies of capuchin jaw morphology (p=.04). determinant of lateral foot load. also were reviewed and augmented with Analyses of substrate preference and The mechanism of weight transfer additional measurements of canine robus- canopy use indicate that for both C. oliv a- through the foot during bipedalism in ticity and gross dental wear. ceus and C. apella, adults and juveniles chimpanzees is substantially different Cebus apella is noted to exhibit more use small, obliquely orientated substrates than during terrestrial quadrupedalism robust mandibles than other capuchins. most frequently. Adults of both species and may resemble chimpanzee arboreal They also exhibited more robust canines utilize the lower and middle forest can- quadrupedalism more closely than terres- and greater premolar wear. These traits opy, while juveniles prefer the lower and trial quadrupedalism. These results sup- have been regarded as critical for the understory canopy. port a previously described “biomechani- exploitation of mechanically challenging The results of this study indicate that cal link” between climbing and bipedal- resources such as palm fruits. The C. apella and C. olivaceus exhibit similar ism. toughness of foods processed by tufted patterns of locomotor behavior as juve- and weeper capuchins was compared in niles, but diverge as adults (Wright, Testing models of human facial bio- order to identify the critical function of C. 2002). This divergence appears to be a mechanics with in vivo strain data on apella’s robust jaws and to assess their result of changes in the pattern of C. retracted versus protracted faces. degree of dependence on palms in Guy- apella’s locomotor behavior through on- ana. togeny. Habitat use patterns are similar F.W. Yates, D.E. Lieberman. Dept. of It was found that the toughness of all between the two species, with correspon d- Anthropology, Harvard University. masticated, breached, and dis- ing changes throughout ontogeny. These carded/swallowed fruit tissues was statis- changes are discussed in light of the dif- The human face differs from most other tically similar between the capuchins. C. ferent foraging strategies exhibited by the primates in that it lacks a rostrum and is olivaceus also was the only species seen to two species. oriented primarily in the coronal plane. utilize palm fruits. However, C. apella This research was supported by grants These differences may influence biom e- breached (9952.8 Jm-2) and masticated from NSF (#6680238) and NGS (#083- chanical resistance to torsional, shearing, (6267.5 Jm-2) the toughest fruit tissues 0370A-6025525). and bending forces generated during mas- and was the only species seen to breach tication that are known to affect the tough non -fruit tissues. Although palm Dynamics of foot use during bipedal growth of the maxillary and mandibular fruits make up a large part of the diet of and quadrupedal walking in Pan arches. We tested the effects of facial tufted capuchins at other sites in South troglodytes. retraction on facial strain patterns using America, they are typically opened manu- in vivo strain data collected from rock ally. These findings suggest that the R.E. Wunderlich. Dept. of Biology, James hyraxes (Procavia capensis) and pigs (Sus robust jaws of C. apella represent a gen- Madison University. scrofa). The postcanine tooth row in hy- eral adaptation for breaching tough en- raxes is retracted beneath the orbits, as in cased foods, which may include tough Considerable debate persists over the humans, but lies anterior to the orbit pods, palm pith, and bark. habitual positional repertoire of early under a rostrum in pigs. Average shear Research funded by NSF (#9972603), hominids and their precursors. Interpr e- strains recorded for hard foods on the The National Geographic Society (#083- tation of fossil hominid morphology and anterior dorsal rostrum (lateral to the 0370A-6025525), The Leakey Foundation. the mechanisms by which hominid bi- midline) were 65 me in the pigs, and 25 me pedal specializations evolved requires in the hyraxes. Average shear strains on Differences in patterns of locomotor experimental study of locomotor function the dorsal interorbital surface (lateral to behavior and habitat use in adult in extant hominoids. Despite substantial the midline) were 125 me in the pigs, and and juvenile Cebus apella and Cebus fossil evidence of early hominid foot mor- 320 me in the hyraxes. Although some olivaceus. phology and footprints, little research has bending occurred, torsion about an A-P AAPA Abstracts 229

axis was the major mode of deformation In an analysis of hominoid postcranial from the University of California, Irvine during mastication in both species. The variation, Larson (1998) found that many Medical School. We divided the SI into 3 lower rostral strains and higher caudal purportedly unique features of the homi- equal segments, which were weighed wet, strains in the hyrax relative to the pig noid postcranium were actually much mucosa scraped off, and then both mu- support the notion that facial retraction more variable than previously reported cosa and the remaining intestinal seg- decreases resistance to masticatory forces and in some cases overlapped with both ment dried at 60°C for 24h. Data was in the superior portion of the face, but suspensory (Ateles) and non-suspensory analyzed by ANOVA. Results indicate this effect is only moderate in this ex- primates. Based on these findings Larson human mucosa is concentrated in the periment. In both species, applied concluded that convergence in the living anterior third of the SI. This is what was stresses are effectively generated in the ape postcranium was a plausible and even expected and would be indicative of an rostrum and/or lower face, suggesting likely scenario given the Miocene homi- organism that consumes easily digested that a similar pattern may be inferred for noid fossil record. However, Larson did morsels. Additionally, two callitrichids the human face. not distinguish whether non -hominoid had the same pattern, while two wallaby overlap with ape similarities occurred in SIs revealed a consistent distribution Skeletal indicators of diet at Piedras one ape taxon or in many, or whether along the entire SI. This, and information Negras, Guatemala: An isotopic and great apes were more similar to each from vole mucosa distribution, suggests osteological analysis. other than to lesser apes. To address this the human pattern is not a general issue, Larson's postcranial data was re- mammalian pattern. Further research is C.J. Yoder, M.S. Parks, A.K. Scher er, L.E. analyzed using three techniques: cladistic underway to investigate whether human Wright. Dept. of Anthropology, Texas analysis, principle components analysis, mucosal distribution is a general primate A&M University. and cluster analysis. Results reveal that pattern or if it varies within the order. the postcranial characters have a strong Supported by the McNair’s Scholars pr o- An ongoing difficulty in the study of functional signal but still discriminate gram. ancient diet is the problem of multiple hominoids and Ateles from all other taxa, etiologies for many osteological indicators great apes from lesser apes, cercopitheci- A new brain volume for the Sts 60 of diet. In our earlier bioarchaeological nes from colobines, and cercopithecoids specimen of Australopithecus afri- research at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, from platyrrhines. The majority of homi- canus from Sterkfontein, S. Africa. we attributed high levels of porotic hy- noid overlap with other primates occurs perostosis and dental caries to a maize- between Ateles and Hylobates, and these M.S. Yuan1, R.L. Holloway2. 1School of rich diet. In order to test this hypothesis, similarities are primarily in humeral Dental and Oral Surgery & Dept. of Anat- we extracted stable isotope signatures head characters. Characters in which omy and Cell Biology, Columbia Univer- from bone collagen samples from 45 skele- non-suspensory taxa overlap with ape sity, 2Dept. of Anthropology, Columbia tons and carbonate from dental enamel taxa primarily distinguish Ateles and University. from 11 skeletons. Collagen samples were Hylobates from other primates including extracted using HCl at Texas A&M Uni- great apes. The great apes form a distinct Since the claim by Falk et al. (2000) versity and mass spectrometry was car- cluster within the suspensory primates. that som e of the australopithecine brain ried out by Coastal Sciences Lab in Aus- These results suggest that the postcra- endocast volumes were inflated, we have tin Texas. Analyses of enamel carbonate nium of Ateles is primarily convergent undertaken a full re-study of australo- were performed at the Geology Depart- with Hylobates, perhaps because of a pithecine endocasts to ascertain their ment at Texas A&M University. shared brachiating adaptation, and that most probable volumes. Here, we report We examined the association between the great apes form a relatively distinct that one of the natural endocasts, Sts 60, both isotopic and skeletal indicators of postcranial clade. Characters which disappears to have a volume of roughly 400 diet at the individual-level within the criminate Pongo from the African apes ml rather than the earlier estimates of Piedras Negras sample and between are primarily located in the scapula. 428 ml by Holloway (1970, 1973) or 435 populations within the Maya lowlands. ml by Tobias (1971). Although it is clear from population-level Measurement of mucosa in the hu- Sts 60, an undistorted natural endocast, comparisons that the isotopic and skeletal man small intestine. has an almost complete morphology on indicators of diet co-vary, our preliminary the left side, except for portions of the results at the individual-level are less M. Young Owl, R. Leal, L.L. Mai. Depts. occipital pole, posterior cerebellar lobe, clear (t-test: caries t = .059 n = 16, porotic of Biological Sciences and Anthropology, temporal pole, frontal bec, and distal hyperostosis t = .802 n = 11). These re- California State University, Long Beach. brain stem with the foramen magnum. sults illustrate the importance of popula- The right side retains most of the frontal tion -wide analyses of paleodiet and the The human small intestine (SI) visually lobe and a portion of the medial part of necessity for using multiple indicators of reveals a carpet of mucosa in the anterior the parietal lobe. Holloway’s original re- diet in bioarchaeological studies. Permis- region that tapers as the length of the SI construction was done by completing the sion for bone and tooth samples was is traversed. This is known, but we could missing portions with plasticene on the granted by IDEAH, Guatemala. Isotope find no sources indicating this tissue has left side, and measuring the volume of the analyses were funded by Brigham Young ever been measured. SI mucosa contains hemi-endocast by water displacement University, Pennsylvania State Univer- tissue involved with absorption of nutri- technique. In this study, a full endocast sity, and Texas A&M University. ents. We combined the method developed reconstruction of Sts 60 was performed. It by Derting and Bogue (1993), who re- provided a lower estimate at roughly 400 A reassessment of variability in the ported that the highest concentration of ml, a reduction of 7% in volume from the hominoid postcranium: Issues of ho- SI mucosa in voles was located in the original determination. We are uncertain mology and homoplasy. posterior region of the SI, with Young what has caused this discrepancy, al- Owl's (1994) method for estimating gut though we suspect that midline place- N. Young. Harvard University. surface area. We obtained 10 human SIs ment was the most likely culprit. 230 AAPA Abstracts

We do not believe that other australo- Native American Y chromosomes and ripheral quantitative computed tomogra- pithecine volumes are inflated, such as the peopling of the Americas. phy (pQCT) can be used to assess cortical Sts 71 and SK 1585, as reported earlier. and trabecular bone in distal segments, We suggest that these differing volumes S.L. Zegura1, M. F. Hammer1, T.M. such as the tibia. These measures are key justify continuing efforts by independent Karafet2. University of Arizona, 2Institute to understanding developmental patterns researchers to find the most accurate of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, of bone mineral accrual and related fac- assessment of these hominids’ cranial Russia. tors. capacities. 244 (122 female) healthy children, 6 to A total of 64 binary polymorphisms and 21 years enrolled. 32% were African- Social variation and sexual dimor- 10 STRs were genotyped on a sample of American ethnicity. Tibia length (TL) was phism in Egypt. 2,344 Y-chromosomes from 51 populations measured anthropometrically. pQCT repr esenting the Americas, Asia, and measurements (Stratec XCT2000). were S.R. Zakrzewski. Dept. of Archaeology, Europe. The Native American sample obtained at the 4% (trabecular), 20% (cor- University of Southampton, UK. included 588 individuals from 18 popula- tical) and 66% (muscle) sites. The strain- tions (186 Na Dene speakers, 342 Amer- strength index (SSI) was derived from the The development of social stratification ind speakers, and 60 Eskimo/Aleut 20% site. Cross-sectional muscle area was and the formation of the Egyptian state speakers). Three major haplogroups de- derived from the 66% site (MA66%). Re- occurred concurrently with the intensifi- noted as Q, C, and R (according to the sults were evaluated in relation to age, cation of agriculture. A series of time recently published Y Chromosome Con- gender, TL, ethnicity, and MA66%, by successive populations were studied to sortium recommendations for a standard- regression analysis. assess the variation in skeletal sexual ized binary haplotype nomenclature) ac- Variability in epiphyseal size resulted dimorphism over this period, and to in- counted for almost 96% of the Native in glancing the distal border of the meta- vestigate the pattern of linkage between American sample. Possible admixture, physis in 30% of cases. There were no age social ranking and skeletal morphology. especially for the R haplogroup, led to the or size trends in trabecular density; how- The data consist of 55 cranio-facial and deletion of 102 Native Americans from ever, there was a significant interaction 25 postcranial variables from 560 Egyp- some of the statistical analyses. Mantel between gender and ethnicity (p=0.005). tian individuals, from seven periods, tests showed that paternal genetics and Cortical density was significantly associ- ranging in date from 5000 to 350 BC. All geography were much more highly corre- ated with age, TL, gender, ethnicity and postcranial and most cranio-facial meas- lated than were Y-chromosome markers ethnicity (r2=0.63). Cortical thickness urements exhibited statistically signifi- and language family, unlike the results was associated with age, gender, MA66% cant differences between males and fe- for Siberia which showed the opposite and TL (r2=0.53). SSI was associated with males. 23 craniometric and 2 postcranial pattern of statistically significant associa- gender, ethnicity, MA66%, and TL variables exhibited statistically signifi- tions. AMOVA results were similar in (r2=0.86). cant interaction between sex and time that the among-groups distance measure This measurement protocol had limita- period, indicating that the relationship was not statistically significant for Native tions due to variability in epiphyseal size between the sexes varied through time. American language family comparisons, and shape. The effect of age, gender, eth- ANOVA results suggest that males ex- contra expectations based on the Green- nicity, bone size and muscularity are im- hibit greater craniometric heterogeneity berg, Turner, and Zegura three-wave portant considerations in the interpreta- than females. GLM statistical analyses model for the early peopling of the Ameri- tion of bone health in children. The effects revealed that many variables exhibited cas. of modifiable factors such as diet and significant differences between the time Two major founding Y chromosome physical activity, and health outcomes, period groups, and that most of these lineages, C and Q, were both traced to an such as fractures, will be explored. differences remained statistically signifi- ancestral homeland in the vicinity of the cant after correction for sexual dimor- Altai and Sayan Mountains of Central Skeletal variation in adult chimpan- phism. Asia. Different phylogeographic and mi- zees of the Tai Forest, Cote d’Ivoire, The female sample exhibited more cor- crosatellite diversity patterns for these compared to other Pan troglodytes: A relations between cranial variables and two lineages led to the conclusion that preliminary report. postcranial measurements than the male these two lineages may represent two sample, and many of these correlations separate migrations from Asia to the A.L. Zihlman1, C. Boesch2. 1University of showed much higher degrees of statistical Americas, rather than a single migration California, Santa Cruz, 2Max Planck In- significance. Many of the female correla- of a polymorphic founding population. stitute for Evolutionary Anthropology. tions were significant at p<0.01, whereas This study was supported by NSF grant this was true of none of the male correla- OPP-9806759 to MFH. Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest, Cote tions. This suggests that the female sam- d’Ivoire (Pan troglodytes verus) comprise ple remained relatively stable through Patterns and pitfalls in the assess- one of three recognized subspecies of Pan time. A model linking sex-specific migra- ment of bone health in children. troglodytes. Skeletons of the study ani- tion, social hierarchization and the chang- mals are retrieved whenever possible. A ing role of women in Egyptian society has B.S. Zemel1, V.A. Stallings1, M.B. Leo- sample of 21 adult skeletal remains forms been developed to explain the pattern of nard2. 1Division of GI and Nutrition, and the basis of this study. sexual dimorphism exhibited by the sam- 2Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of In the combined sex sample, average ples studied. Philadelphia, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univer- limb lengths are similar to those pu b- Funded by the Wellcome Trust (Bioar- sity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. lished for a P. troglodytes sample and a chaeology panel), Durham University subsample of P. t. verus (n=6) (in Morbeck (Addison-Wheeler Fellowship) and the Recent advances in bone densitometry & Zihlman 1989 Primates 30:369). For University of Southampton. provide safe, rapid methods for the as- example, the humeral length of Tai chim- sessment of bone health in children. Pe- panzees is 296 mm, compared to other P. AAPA Abstracts 231

troglodytes at 292 mm; and P.t. verus at marily in size, with the second revealing and illustrate them with examples from 288 mm; femoral lengths are 292; 290; no significant variation in shape between computer-assisted paleoanthropology. and 287, respectively for these three sam- the groups. The observed traits show ples. In cranial capacity, the Tai chim- considerable variation within groups, Bending strength of primate meta- panzees (n=17) average 367 cc, (range 310 with almost identical frequencies between carpals measured using computed to 415 cc) compared to 390 average re- the groups. All groups have an apprecia- tomography. ported by other studies. Relative to ble number of identifiable pathological Gombe chimpanzees (n=10), a population changes, with the Sotho group having the M. Zylstra. Arizona College of Osteopathic of P.t. schweinfurthii, Tai chimpanzees most and the pre-pastoral group the least. Medicine, Midwestern University. have larger average skeletal dimensions In all groups, the hallucal metatarsal and a smaller average cranial capacity. displays by far the greatest frequency in Cross-sectional area and shape of long In the separate analysis of the sexes, osseous modification. We conclude that bone diaphyses are useful parameters in male dimensions are on average larger regardless of temporal context, no clear assessing limb usage in locomotion. Cen- than those of the females. Dimensions correlation between morphological varia- tral to this issue is our ability to distin- overlap extensively, although the smallest tion and pathologic changes could be guish characters of the hand that reflect measurements are those of females. These found. knuckle walking as opposed to digiti- preliminary results place the dimensions grady. Experimental studies have shown of limb and pelvic bones close to other Aspects of virtual reconstruction in that changes in loading of an adult long Pan troglodytes samples except for Gombe physical anthropology. bone affect the amount and distribution of chimpanzees. In cranial capacity the av- cortical bone in the diaphysis. These erage for Tai individuals are smaller than C.P.E. Zollikofer, M.S. Ponce de León. kinds of shape complexities and their for other P. troglodytes, but the range in Anthropological Institute and MultiMedia influence on overall bone strength are size is similar. This study was supported Lab/Dept. of Information Technology, best addressed with the use of computed by a grant from the LSB Leakey Founda- University of Zurich. tomography. In order to determine if cor- tion. tical distribution and overall bending Computer-based tools and techniques strength differs between knuckle walkers Morphological variation in the meta- permit the execution of data acquisition and non-knuckle walkers, the metacar- tarsus of modern and ancient Holo- and measuring tasks at a higher degree of pals are used in this analysis of bending cene people from South Africa. complexity than physical tools. Likewise, and torsional rigidity. they open up new ways of data explor a- A sample of third metacarpals from five B. Zipfel1, R. Kidd2, L. Berger1. tion, analysis and visualization. However, extant primate taxa (Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, 1University of the Witwatersrand, the data structures acquired, generated, Hylobates, and Papio) were scanned at 2University of Western Sydney, Campe- manipulated and analyzed with computer midshaft using computed tomography. belltown Campus. tools are virtual three- or multidimen- The percent cortical area, relative maxi- sional entities, which have a complex mum bending strength (Imax/Imin), di- The study of the human metatarsals relation with the real objects they repr e- rectional bending strength in M-L and A- reveals frequent morphological variations sent. This relation is not an immediate P directions (Ix/Iy), and polar second from the typical descriptions. Pathologies one, but implies various aspects of virtual moment of area (J=Ix+Iy ) were calculated. of these bones in contemporary humans reconstruction. First, 3D data acquisition Preliminary analyses indicate that goril- are common, and it has been suggested with devices such as computer tom o- las and baboons have greater cortical area that some of these may be associated with graphs or laser scanners implies the re- and higher J values than would be ex- these variants. It is not clear, to what construction of object images using multi- pected given metacarpal length. Pan and extent footwear and other environmental stage image processing methods. Second, Pongo are not significantly different from factors such as modern substrates have the reconstruction of virtual 3D object each other in J/TL, howev er orangs (and influenced bone morphology, function and representations from 2D image data typi- gibbons) fall below the regression line, subsequent pathology. cally is an “ill-posed” problem, which re- indicating less bending rigidity relative to A suite of linear measurements, ob- quires specific knowledge about the length. For Ix/Iy, Papio is significantly served epigenetic traits and pathologic physical properties of both the data ac- different with cortical bone distribution in changes were collected from the metatar- quisition tools and the specimens under a predom inantly mediolateral as opposed sal elements of two modern human sub- investigation. Third, fossils as well as to anteroposterior direction. The heavily groups (Zulu and Sotho) and a group of extant museum specimens are often in- buttressed metacarpals of G.g. beringei pre-pastoral Holocene individuals from complete, requiring pre-defined criteria differ from all other taxa in Imax/Imin the Southern Cape, dated 9750 - 2000 for the reconstruction and correction of and Ix/Iy. B.P. The contemporary groups are associ- the effects of diagenetic even ts, and com- ated with modern lifestyles, and the pre- puter graphics tools for the reconstructive pastoral individuals with habitually un- assembly and completion of fragmentary shod forager societies. Multivariate specimens in virtual reality. Fourth, or- analysis of the linear data revealed very ganisms are spatiotemporal processes subtle morphological discrimination rather than static entities, such that a within and between the groups. An inte- major goal of the analysis of anthropolog i- grated principle components analysis cal data is the reconstruction and visuali- clusters the Zulu and Sotho groups on the zation of patterns of temporal and spatial one hand, and the pre-pastoral group on change, both on ontogenetic and evolu- the other, with considerable overlap be- tionary time scales. We discuss theoreti- tween the groups. The first principle cal and practical problems related to component shows a discrimination pri- these aspects of virtual reconstruction, 232

Author/Session Index

A Arredi, Barbara, 18 Berg, Gregory E., 7 Arrigo-Nelson, Summer, Berger, Lee R, 10, 37 11 Bergman, Thore, 55 Abel, Suzanne M., 1 Arrowsmith, J. Ramon, Berner, Margit, 1, 17, 47 Abouelleil, Safia, 41 19 Bernhard, Markus, 20, 45 Ackermann, Rebecca R., 52 Asala, Samuel A., 30 Bernstein, Robin M., 55 Acosta, Angela G., 28 Ashmore, Pamela C., 1, Berry, Helena, 31 Adair, Linda S., 33, 53 16 Betsinger, Tracy K., 7 Adams, Joe, 31 Assefa, Zelalem, 25 Bettis, III, Art, 41 Adams, Justin W., 41 Aubin, Mary M., 39 Bezanson, M.F., 11 Adams, Michael R., 49 Auerbach, Benjamin M., Bezanson, Michelle F., 20 Adler, Alma J., 35 47 Bhatnagar, Kunwar P., 26 Aerts, Peter, 5, 45 Aureli, Filippo, 40 Bicca-Marques, Julio Cesar, Agarwal, Sabrina C., 39 Aziz, Fachroel , 25, 42 8 Ahern, James C.M., 39, 43 Bidmos, Mubarak A., 30 Aiello, Leslie C., 44 B Bidner, Laura R., 20 Alarcon, Maricela, 27 Bigazzi, Renzo, 1

Alder, Marden E., 44 Biggerstaff, John, 1 Baab, Karen L., 15, 44 Aldridge, Kristina, 53 Bingham, A., 18 Baba, Hisao, 25, 42 Alemseged, Zeresenay, 19 Bingham, Peter, 26 Backstrand, Jeffrey R., Alexander, John P, 22 Birky, Wendy A., 46 28 Alfonso, Marta P., 10 Bishop, Laura C. , 19 Bae, Myungsoo, 44 Allal, Nadine R., 53 Blackwell, Bonnie A.B., 41 Bailey, Shara E., 13 Allan, Jon, 54 Blakey, Michael L., 29 Baker, Lori E., 3 Allen, John S., 28 Blanco, Marina B., 49 Ball, Kevin A., 5 Allen, Lisa, 14 Blangero, John, 27 Banse, Xavier, 39 Almasy, Laura, 2 Blickstein, J. I. B., 41 Barash, Alon, 25 Altizer, Sonia M., 8 Bloch, Jonathan I., 22 Barlow, Carrolee, 36 Alvesalo, Lassi, 21 Blomquist, Gregory E., 42, Barnholtz-Sloan, Jill S., 2 Amarasiriwardena, 49 Barrett, Louise, 55 Dulasiri, 29 Blumenfeld, Jodi A., 42 Barrickman, Nancy L., 5 Ambrose, Stanley H., 17 Blundell, Louise C., 24 Bartone, Suzanne, 51 Amsler, Sylvia J., 46 Bobe, Rene, 19 Bartsiokas, Antonis, 42 Anapol, Fred, 9 Bocherens, Hervé, 17 Battaggia, Cinzia, 18 Anderson, Lisa M., 48 Boesch, Christophe, 15, 20, Baxter, Laura L, 48 Andrushko, Valerie, 38 36, 46 Beehner, Jacinta, 55 Anestis, Stephanie F., 20 Bogin, Barry, 33 Begun, David R., 23, 24, Anthony, Nicola, 22 Bolnick, Deborah A. 43 Antón, Susan C., 1, 37 (Weiss), 3 Behel, Stephanie K., 33 Arif, Johan, 42 Bolter, Debra R., 49 Behrensmeyer, Anna K., Armelagos, George J., 10, Bondioli, Luca, 9, 24, 29, 38, 19 38, 48 41 Bellisari, Anna, 49 Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, 18 Bonilla, Carolina , 2 Benefit, Brenda R. , 43 Arnason, Einar, 18 Bookstein, Fred L., 4, 20, Benson, Buck G., 28 Aronsen, Gary P., 26 25, 47, 51, 53 Author/Session Index 233

Boschi , Ilaria, 2 Case, Randall E., 42 Crowe, Fiona-Marie, 38 Boughner, Julia C., 13 Challa, Uma, 15 Cruciani , Fulvio, 2 Brace, C. Loring, 10 Chamberlain, Andrew T. Cruz, Eileen L., 14 Bradley, Brenda J., 36 , 53 Cucina, Andrea, 12, 21, 30 Bramblett, Claud A., 46 Chang, Melanie L, 37 Cunningham, Deborah L., Branting, Scott , 19 Chapman, Colin A., 40 16 Brauer, Gunter, 6 Chase, Deborah, 27 Cunningham, Elena P., 8 Braun, David, 19 Chavanne, Tara J., 49 Cuozzo, Frank P., 26 Brickley, Megan B., 31 Cheney, Dorothy L., 55 Curtin, A. Joanne , 12 Britt, Adam, 11 Cheung, Kei, 2 Czarnecki, Jill M., 2 Broadfield, Douglas C., 4, Chi, Susan Y., 50 Czerwinski, Stefan A., 28, 43 Chiarelli, Brunetto, 1 33, 37 Brockelman, Warren Y., 23 Christensen, Alexander, Brockman, Diane K. , 20 1 Bromage, Timothy G., 19, Chumlea, W. Cameron, D 39, 50 33 Brown, Ellen, 8 Churchill, Steven E., 37, Daegling, David J., 17, 47 Brown, F.H., 25, 52 52 Damasio, Hanna, 28 Brown, Melissa J., 20 Ciochon, Russell L., 23, Danforth, Marie, 13 Brunson, Emily K., 28 41 D'Août, Kristiaan, 5, 45 Bruss, Joel, 28 Cipolletta, Chloe, 33 Darnell, Laura, 9 Brutsaert, Tom D., 2 Clark, Geoffrey R., 31 Davis, Candace A., 24 Buikstra, Jane E., 17 Clavette, Kerri, 34 Davis, Lesa C., 9, 14 Bunn, Henry T., 1 Cleveland, Allison, 20, 49 De Iasio, Sergio, 1 Burgess, Daniel, 27 Cobain, Leif, 10 de Ruiter, Darryl J., 37 Burney, David A. , 24 Cochran, Gregory M., 27 de Sousa, Alexandra A., 2 Burrows, Anne M., 9, 26 Coe, Christopher L., 28 de Wit, Maarten J., 23 Buxhoeveden, Daniel P., 25 Cohn, Martin J, 43 Deahl, Thomas S., 44 Buzzard, Paul J., 8 Coia, Valentina, 2, 18 Dean, Jeffrey S., 53 Byron, Craig D., 45 Colardelle, Renée, 17 Dean, M. Christopher, 13, Cole, Theodore M, 48 24 C Coleman, Drew, 29 Deane, Andrew S., 24 Coleman, Mark N., 9 Dechow, Paul C., 44 Collins, Andrew C., 40 DeCorse, Christopher, 29 Cácares, Mario, 36 Collura, Randall V, 36 deFelice, Leisa, 25 Caglià, Alessandra, 18 Colyer, Hiliary, 14 DeGusta, David, 31, 43 Calafell Francesc, 2 Comas , David, 2 Deino, Alan, 19 Cameron, Noel, 33 Comings, David E., 27 DeLeon, Valerie B., 17, 42 Campbell, Christina J., 40 Conroy, Glenn C., 25 Delgado, Pedro L., 27 Campisano, Christopher J, Constantino, Paul, 42 Delgado, Roberto A., 46 41 Cooper, Conni C., 32 Delman, Bradley N., 22 Cantlon, Jessica , 46 Cooper, Judy H., 31 Delson, Eric, 15, 44, 51 Cantor, Rita M., 27 Copes, Lynn E, 48 DeLuycker, Anneke, 11 Capelli, Cristian, 18 Coppa, Alfredo, 12, 41 Demerath, Ellen W., 28, 33 Capellini, Terence D., 15, 44 Cords, Marina, 46 Demes, Brigitte, 37, 45, 47 Carlson, Kristian J., 9 Cosminsky, Sheila, 33 Deng, Hongyi, 2 Caropreso, Stefano, 24 Cote, Susanne M, 23, 43 Dennis, John C., 14 Carson, Elizabeth Ann, 2 Covert, Herbert H., 20, Derby, Abigail M., 45 Carter, Jennifer R., 54 23, 45 Destro-Bisol , Giovanni, 2, Carter, Melinda L., 48 Crawford, Michael H., 27 18 Cartmill, Matt, 26 Crittenden, Alyssa N., 1 Deter, Chris, 12 234 Author/Session Index

Devlin, Maureen J., 47 Erhart, Elizabeth M. , 11 Furano, Anthony V., 36 Devogelaer, Jean-Pierre, 39 Ericson, Jonathon E., 29 Fuss, Franz K., 4 Devor, Eric J., 36 Erwin, Joseph M., 51 Dew, J. Lawrence, 34, 40 Eshleman, Jason A., 3 G Di Fiore, Anthony, 34, 36, Estenson, Thomas, 4

40 Evans, Jane, 29 Galat, Gerard, 55 Diaz, Leila E., 20 Everett, Melanie A, 12 Galat-Luong, Anh, 55 Dierenfeld, Ellen S., 8 Gallagher, Andrew , 4 Dios, Sonia M., 2 F Galloway, Alison, 25 Disotell, Todd R., 36 Gannon, Patrick J., 51 Ditchfield, Peter W., 19 Gantt, David G., 44 Dobisikova, Miluse, 48 Falk, Dean, 45 Garber, Paul A., 8, 11, 15 Dockall, Helen D, 7 Falsetti, Anthony B., 1, Garnsey, Peter, 38 Dolphin, Alexis E., 28, 29 15 Garst, Susan H., 10 Domett, Kate M, 13 Fan, Julia, 31 Gathogo, Patrick N., 52 Dominy, Nathaniel J., 45, Faraldo, Monica, 11 Gelernter, Joel, 27 51 Farin, Gerald , 44 Geraads, Denis, 19 Donati, Francesco, 18 Fedigan, Linda M, 46 Gerald, Melissa S., 20 Donovan, Sharon M., 55 Feibel, Craig S., 25, 41 Geschwind, Daniel H., 27, Doran, Diane M., 36 Fernandez, José R., 2 36 Doronichev, V. B., 41 Ferraro, Joseph, 19 Gilbert, Christopher C, 23 Douglas, Michele Toomay, Feurstein, Joseph R., 18 Gilbert, William H., 25 32 Fields, Lori L., 20 Gilger, Jeffrey W., 27 Drapeau, Michelle S., 17 Fiore, Ivana, 41 Gill, Pritmohinder, 2, 18 Druskin, Lyudmila, 2 Fisher, Rebecca, 19 Gjerdrum, Thor, 38 Dugan, James, 5 Fitzgerald, Charles M., Glander, Kenneth E., 14 Duncan, William N., 30 37 Glasscock, Kellie D., 11 Dupras, Tosha L., 1, 39 Fix, Alan G., 2 Glotzer, L. Daniel, 51 Durband, Arthur C., 25 Flanagan, Erin K., 1, 24 Godfrey, Laurie R., 24, 49 Duren, Dana L., 37 Fleagle, John G., 25 Goldberg, Allon, 36 Dzanh, Trinh, 23 Foerster, Steffen, 46 Goldberg, Myron B., 12, 13 Fooce, C. David, 12 Goldman, David, 18 Ford, Susan M. , 9, 14, Goldsmith, Michele L., 11 E 15, 40 Golovanova, L V., 41 Fox, Sherry C., 30 Gonder, Mary K., 2, 18, 36 East, Anna L, 39 Franciscus, Robert G., 42, Goodman, Alan H., 28, 29 Eatherly, Tabatha, 36 52 Goodman, Morris, 36 Eaves-Johnson, K. Lindsay, Frankenberg, Susan R., Gordon, Adam D., 51 52 39 Gordon, Kathleen D., 12 Eck, Gerald G, 5, 19 Franzen, Maggie, 34 Gordon-Larsen, Penny, 33 Edgar, Heather J.H., 21 Fratkin, Elliot M., 28, 53 Gould, Lisa, 11 Edwards, Jamie L., 17 Frayne, Jill M., 54 Gowland, Rebecca L., 53 Eliopoulos, Konstantinos, Freid, Donna L., 53 Grammer, Karl, 53 30 Friedlaender, Jonathan Grant, Richard , 54 Elliott, Eric, 3 S., 2, 18 Grassi, Christina, 11, 46 Ellis, Patricia L., 28 Friess, Martin, 44 Green, Michael, 31 Eng, Jacqueline T., 38 Frohlich, Bruno, 31 Greenberg, Jonathan, 34 Engel, Gregory A, 54 Frost, Stephen R., 19, 44, Greenberg, Noam, 50 Enstam, Karin L., 8 51 Greiner, Thomas M., 5 Epstein, Charles J, 48 Fuentes, Agustin, 11, 54 Grennan, Kay S, 3 Epstein, Joshua M., 53 Fujita, Masako, 53 Griffin, Nicole L., 1 Author/Session Index 235

Grine, Frederick E., 52 Hatch, Mallorie A., 12 Hublin, Jean-Jacques, 6, 52 Grossman, Lawrence I, 36 Hattman, Kelly, 42 Hughes, Gail M., 38 Groves, Colin P., 26 Hautaniemi, Susan I, 28 Hughes, Kimberly A., 55 Grupe, Gisela, 29 Havill, Lorena M., 2 Hughes, Peter Z., 52 Grynpas, Marc D., 39 Hawks, John, 25 Hunley, Keith, 2, 18 Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie, Heesy, Christopher P., Hunt, David R., 12 21, 43 45, 52 Hunt, Jessica H. , 48 Guerrera, William, 54 Heimroth, Amy, 3 Hunter, Lisa B., 30 Gugel, I.L., 29 Heinzen, Rebekah, 2 Hurtado, A. Magdalena, 18 Gugliotta, Wendy L, 51 Heizler, Matthew, 41 Hüttemann, Maik, 36 Guise Sheridan, Susan, 1 Hemphill, Brian E., 21 Hylander, William L., 37, 45 Gulick, Jennifer, 18 Hens, Samantha M., 15 Gumerman, George J., 53 Henzi, Peter , 55 I Gundling, Tom, 37 Herries, Andy I.R., 52

Gunnell, Gregg F, 23 Herrington, Chad, 38 Ichinose, Travers Y, 54 Gunther, Michael M, 4 Herrscher, Estelle, 17 Iezzi, M.A., Carina A., 1 Gunz, Philipp, 4, 20, 25, 45, Hertel, Fritz, 19 Indriati, Etty, 42 53 Hicks, Jason, 19 Ingmanson, Ellen J., 20 Gursky, Sharon L, 11 Higa, Takako, 21 Inouye, Sandra E., 22 Gutierrez, Gerardo, 2 Higley, J. Dee, 49 Irish, Joel D., 21 Hill, Andrew, 19 Irwin, Mitchell T. , 11 Hill, Cheryl A., 48 H Isbell, Lynne A. , 8 Hill, Elizabeth, 34 Ishida, Hajime, 21 Hill, Kim R., 18 Ishida, Hidemi, 22 Hack, Gary D., 31 Hill, Molly K., 35 Isler, Karin, 52 Hadley, Craig, 28 Hillson, Simon W., 21, 37

Haeusler, Martin, 25 Hirasaki, Eishi, 14 Hagell, Suzanne E., 15, 44 Hirbo, Jibril, 2, 18 J Hall, Don A, 48 Hitz, Amy M., 22 Hall, Roberta L, 48 Hlusko, Leslea J., 24 Jablonski, Nina G., 23 Hallin, Kristin A. , 29 Hodgkins, Jamie Jack, Katharine M., 46 Hamman, Richard F., 2 Melichar, 31 Jacob, Teuku , 25, 42 Hammer, Michael F., 18, 21 Hof, Patrick R., 4, 51 Jacobi, Keith, 13 Hanna, Jandy B., 26, 50 Hofbauer, Alison, 39 Jacofsky, Marc C., 50 Hannibal, Darcy L., 12 Hoffmann, Joscelyn N., James, Gary D., 28 Haradon, Catherine M., 41 50 Jamison, Paul L., 28 Harcourt-Smith, William Hogg, Russell T, 22 Janson, Charles H., 8 E.H., 44 Hojo, Teruyuki, 12 Jantz, Richard L., 2, 10, 53 Harpending, Henry, 27 Holden, Anne D., 1, 47 Jelinek, Petra E., 11 Harper, Nathan K., 10 Holliday, Trenton W, 5 Jemmott, Kathryn M., 15 Harris, Edward F., 21 Holloway, Ralph L., 4, 43, Johanson, Donald C., 43, 52 Harris, John M., 19 46, 48, 51 Johnson, Andrea, 34 Harris, Lisa, 53 Holman, Darryl J., 39 Johnson, Kirk R., 45 Harrison, Rebecca M, 20 Holroyd, Patricia A., 22 Johnson, Sara E., 55 Harrison, Terry, 19 Hoos, Beth, 49 Johnson, Steig E., 11 Hart, Donna L., 16 Hoppa, Robert, 44 Johnson, Wesley M., 47 Harting, John, 34 Hopwood, David E., 25 Johnston, Francis E., 33 Hartnett, Kristen M., 48 Horsburgh, K. Ann, 3 Johnston, Susan L., 1 Hartsfield, James, K. Jr., 28 Hotzman, Jennifer L., 17 Jolly, Clifford J., 55 Hartwig, Walter C., 40 Hourani, Patrick E., 50 Jones, Andrea L., 40 Hastings, Dennis , 7 Hoyt, Reginald A., 54 Jones, Erica B., 32 236 Author/Session Index

Jones, Gram P., 44 Knott, Cheryl D., 34 Leakey, Louise N., 19, 52 Jones, Joseph L., 29 Knutsen, Paige, 34 Leakey, Meave G., 19, 43, Jones-Engel, Lisa E, 54 Koester, Friedemann, 34 52 Jordan, Fiona M., 53 Kohn, Sophie J., 48 Leal, Rosemary, 14 Judex, Stefan, 47 Koki, George, 2 Lease, Loren R., 21 Jungers, William L., 24, 45 Koller, Daniel, 28 Lebwohl, Eve, 28 Juwayeyi , Yusuf M. , 19 Kollmann, Dana D., 39 Lee, Christine, 13 Konigsberg, Lyle W., 39 Lee, David, 2 K Kopp, Derinna V., 39, 48 Lee, Sang-Hee, 37, 39 Koppe, Thomas, 49 Lee-Thorp, Julia A., 29

Kordos, Laszlo, 23, 43 Lehman, Shawn M., 11 Kaestle, Frederika A., 3 Koritzer, Richard T., 31 Leigh, Steven R., 49, 55 Kaifu, Yousuke, 42 Kowalewski, Martin M., Lemelin, Pierre, 26, 50 Kaiser, Betsy, 27 42, 49 Leonard, Mary, 33 Kamamba, Donatius M.K., Kramer, Patricia A., 5 Leonard, William R., 43 19 Krasinski, Kathryn E., 36 Lev-Tov, Netta, 12 Kamilar, Jason M., 20 Kremer, Erik P., 24 Levy, Thomas E., 29 Kang, Daniel, 29 Krigbaum, John S., 37 Lewis, Rebecca J., 46 Kaplan, Jay R., 49 Krovitz, Gail E., 52 Lewton, Kristi L, 5 Kappelman, John, 9, 44 Kudo, Lili, 36 Lieberman, Daniel E., 37, Karafet, Tatiana M., 18 Kullmer, Ottmar, 19 43, 47 Karpanty, Sarah M., 8 Kumakura, Hiroo, 14 Lieberman, Leonard , 1 Kashay, Habtom, 41 Kunimatsu, Yutaka, 22 Likovsky, Jakub, 48 Kaufman, Jason A., 14 Kunos, Charles A., 52 Lilly, Alecia A., 54 Kawchak, Deborah A, 33 Kupczik, Kornelius, 13 Lin, Hsiu-Man, 3 Kay, Richard F., 22 Kuykendall, Kevin L., 41 Lindsay, Erin S., 48 Kelley, Jay , 24 Kuzawa, Christopher W., Linnenbrügger, Nick I., 15 Kellner, Corina M., 32 53 Liu, Dezhi, 44 Kemp, Brian M., 3 Kyes, Randall C., 54 Liversidge, Helen M., 21 Ketcham, Richard A., 44 Lockhart, David J., 36 Kidd, Judith R., 2, 18 Lockwood, Charles A., 19, Kidd, Kenneth K., 2, 18 L 26, 37, 43 Kidd, Robert, 10 Long, Jeffrey C., 2, 18 Kidder, James H., 25 Lague, Michael R., 26 Longstaffe, Fred J., 29 Kiesewetter, Henrike, 7 Lambert, Joanna E., 8 Lordkipanidze, David, 6 Killindo, Saidi, 19 Lambert, Patricia M., 28, Lorenz, Joseph G., 2 Killoran, Peter E., 28 32 Loudon, James E., 11 Kilts, Clinton D., 46 Lampl, Michelle, 33, 53 Lovegrove, Barry G., 23 Kim, Johann, 41, 51 Lansing, J. Stephen, 18 Lovejoy, C. Owen, 14, 17, Kimbel, William H., 26, 43, Larick, Roy, 41 43, 47 52 Larkin, Kerry A., 50 Lubach, Gabriele R., 28 King, Christopher A, 17 Larney, Eileen P., 45 Luboga, Sam , 26 King, Stephen J. , 24 Larsen, Clark S., 38 Lucas, Peter W., 45 Kingston, John D., 17, 19, Larson, Susan G., 9, 45 Lucchetti, Enzo, 1 29, 48 Latimer, Bruce, 52 Lucci, Michaela, 12 Kirera, Francis M., 19 Latkoczy, Christopher, Lukacs, John R, 21 Kirk, E. Christopher, 45 17, 48 Lukas, D., 36 Kittles, Rick A., 18 Laucher, Joel, 36 Lurie, Herbert, 46 Kivell, Tracy L., 43 Lawler, Richard R., 11 Lusignan, Kimberly A, 38 Knapp, Leslie A., 36 Lawrance, Simon K., 36 Lycett, John E., 55 Kneissel , Michaela 32 Lawrence, Jenna M., 11 Lynch, John M, 26 Knight, Alec, 2, 18 Author/Session Index 237

Lyons, Halligan, 20 McBride, David G., 30 Moore, W.L., 42 McCann, Colleen M., 8 Moore-Jansen, Peer H., 10 M McCrossin, Monte L., 22 Morales, Juan Carlos, 50 McDougall, Ian, 25 Moran, Meghan M., 47 McFarland, Robin K., 14 Morbeck, Mary Ellen, 25 Maas, Mary-Louise, 24 McFarlin, Shannon C., 39 Moreno, Francisco A., 27 Macaluso, Jr., P. James, 4 McGee, Elizabeth M., 50 Mortensen, Holly M., 1, 2, Macchiarelli, Roberto, 9, 24, McGraw, W. Scott, 8, 15, 18 29, 38, 41 17 Mountain, Joanna, 2, 18 Mace, Ruth, 53 McGrew, William C., 20 Mowbray, Ken, 28 Mack, Mark E., 29 McHenry, Henry M., 25 Mowbray, Kenneth, 48 MacKellar, Duncan A., 33 McKeigue, Paul, 18 Muchlinski, Magdalena N., MacKinnon, Gaille, 39 McKeown, Ashley, 30 11, 51 MacKinnon, Katherine C., McNulty, Kieran P., 15, Mulhern, Dawn M., 32 46 44, 45 Müllerova, Ziva, 1 MacLeod, Carol E., 43, 45 McShane, Sarah, 31 Mulligan, Connie J., 18 Madrigal, Lorena, 1 Meindl, Richard S., 14, Musiba, Charles M., 19 Maga, Murat, 9, 44 43 Mutschler, Thomas, 11 Magennis, Ann L., 7 Melnick, Don J., 36, 50 Maggiano, Corey M, 1 Meltz, Karyn, 20 N Magori, Cassian C., 19 Mensforth, Robert P., 39 Mahaney, Michael C. , 2 Mercader, Julio, 20 Mahoney, E. R. , 27 Merriman, Joan D., 39 Nabipour, Shahram, 10 Mahoney, Patrick, 35 Merriwether, D. Andrew , Nakano, Yoshihiko, 22 Mai, Larry L., 14 2, 3 Nakatsukasa, Masato, 9, 22 Malhi, Ripan S., 2, 3 Metzger, Keith, 45 Nalley, Thierra K, 47 Malit, Nasser R. , 19 Mgone, Charles S., 2 Nathan, Martha, 53 Manolis, Sotiris K., 1, 30 Michaels, Traci, 27 Nathan, Marty, 28 Manser, Jessica M., 37 Mielke, Jim H., 1 Ndunguru, Felix, 19 Mansilla, Josefina, 10 Miller, Steven F., 52 Nelson, A. Russell, 10 Manzi, Giorgio, 6 Millones, Mario, 17 Nepstad-Thornberry, Tina Marchant, Linda F., 20 Minter, Sabrina, 31 N., 17, 30 Marinescu, Ruxandra, 47 Mitani, John C., 46 Neumaier, Arnold, 41 Markowitz, Diane L., 33 Mitchell, Andrew, 22 Nevell, Lisa , 26 Marquez, Samuel, 22 Mitchell, R. John, 1 Newell, Elizabeth A., 12 Martin, Debra L., 31, 32 Mitchell, Terry R.T., 22 Newell, Vanessa J., 38 Martin, Lawrence B., 24 Mitlyansky, Natalya, 39 Ngalla, Jillani E., 19 Martin, Robert D., 3 Mitteroecker, Philipp, 4, Nickels, Martin K., 16 Martin, Sara A., 41 20, 25, 45, 53 Niegl, Günther, 4 Marzke, Mary W., 20, 44 M'Kirera, Francis, 14, 44 Niewoehner, Wesley, 44 Mastana, Sarabjit, 2, 18 Mobasher, Zahra, 18 Nisbett , Richard A., 54 Masters, Judith C., 22, 23 Moffat-Wilson, Kristin A., Nkurunungi, J. Bosco, 8 Masterson, Thomas J., 14 36 Noë, Ronald , 8 Mathews, Lauren M., 50 Mohlberg, Hartmut, 45 Noebels, Jeffrey, 27 Matiasek, Katarina, 53 Moles, Heather, 11 Norconk, Marilyn A., 49 Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth Molnar, Petra, 38 Norman, Jane E., 36 A., 3 Monaco, Marcia H., 55 Novak, Shannon A., 12, 39 Matteson, Karla J., 3 Mondragón, Monica, 17 Noviello, Colleen M., 36 Matthews, Kimberley I., 40 Montgomery, Janet, 29 Novotny, Friederike, 48 Mazurier, Arnaud, 24 Moore, Lorna G., 2 Nowak, Jette, 49 McAllister, Sandra , 43 Moore, Sydney , 48 Nsubuga, A.M., 36 238 Author/Session Index

Nuger, Rachel L., 39 Pastorini, Jennifer, 3 R Nunn, Charles L., 8 Patel, Biren A., 14, 47

Nye, Zachary B., 22 Pawlowsky, Verena, 1 Raaum, Ryan L., 36 Nystrom, Kenneth C, 10 Pearson, Osbjorn M., 17 Rae, Todd C., 49 Nystrom, Pia, 1 Pennington, Renee L., 1 Raichlen, David A., 26, 50 Perry, Megan A., 10 Rajeevan, Haseena, 2 Petersen, Timothy R, 10 Rak, Yoel, 25, 37, 43, 52 O Pfaff, Carrie L, 2 Ramos-Fernandez, Gabriel , Phillips, Mark, 38 40 Obele, Chika, 2 Phillips, Shawn M., 3 Rampa, Rosalba, 12 O'Connell, Barbara H., 16 Phillips-Conroy, Jane E, Ramsay, Heather L., 17 Ohene-Frempong, Kwaku, 55 Rankinen, Tuomo, 27 33 Pickering, Travis R., 1 Rapoff, Andrew J., 47 O'Higgins, Paul, 13, 44 Pijoan, Carmen M., 10 Ravosa, Matthew J., 26 Ohman, James C., 17 Pilbrow, Varsha C., 24 Razdan, Anshuman, 44 Olson, Madelyn, 48 Pilkington, Maya M., 18 Reagan, Mark, 41 O'Mara, Teague, 11 Pinhasi, Ron, 2 Rector, Amy L., 23 O'Neill, Matthew C., 47 Plavcan, J. Michael, 15, Redd, Alan J., 18 Organ, Jason, 47 26 Reddy, David P., 44, 51 Orr, Caley M., 23 Plochocki, Jeffrey H., 47 Redmond, John C., 36, 51 Ortega, Amy, 41 Plummer, Thomas W., 19 Reece, Sandy P., 51 Ortner, Donald J., 31 Polanski, Joshua M, 52 Reed, Denné N., 19 Osier, Michael V., 2, 18 Polk, John D., 37, 43, 47 Reed, Kaye E., 19 Otsuka, Hiroyuki , 25 Pollack, David , 28 Reeves, Marianne E., 35 Ousley, Stephen D., 2, 30 Ponce de León, Marcia S., Reeves, Roger H., 48 Ovchinnikov, Igor, 50 44 Reid, Donald J., 24 Overdorff, Deborah J. , 11 Pontzer, Herman, 5, 47 Reid, John B., 29 Owens, Lawrence S., 21 Popkin, Barry M., 33 Reif, John S., 54 Oxnard, Charles E., 9 Porter, Leila M., 11 Reinhard, Karl J., 7 Potts, Daniel T. , 32 Reno, Phillip L., 14, 43, 47 Potts, Richard B., 19 P Rhodes, Jill A., 47 Powell, Kweli B., 1, 2, 18 Rice, Jennifer L.Z., 32 Powell, Mary L., 31 Richard, Alison F., 11 Pace, Lonny B., 54 Prat, Sandrine, 4 Richards, Gary D., 10, 48 Packer, Craig, 3 Preuss, Todd M., 36, 51 Richardson, Michelle, 1 Pacynko, Alice, 2 Prohaska, Thomas, 17, 48 Richmond, Brian G., 5, 44 Padiak, Janet, 28 Prossinger, Hermann R., Richtsmeier, Joan T, 48 Pakstis, Andrew J., 2, 18 20, 41 Riley, Erin P., 34 Palmer, Angela K., 11 Prowse, Tracy L., 29 Riley, Margaret A., 11 Palombit, Ryne A., 55 Pruetz, Jill D., 34 Rilling, James K., 46 Panger, Melissa, 20 Psutka, Sarah, 43 Rinaldi, Renaud G., 47 Pany, Doris E., 38 Putra, Arta , 54 Rizal, Yan, 41 Papathanasiou, Anastasia, Pyne, Lydia V., 4, 44 Robbins, Gwen M., 13 7 Paputungan, Umar, 54 Robbins, M.M., 36 Parga, Joyce A., 20 Q Roberts, Charlotte A., 29 Park, Michael A., 16 Robertson, Marcia L., 43 Parks, Maria S, 17 Quinn, Elizabeth A., 48 Robins, Judith H., 3 Parra, Esteban J., 2, 18 Quinn, Rhonda L., 41 Robinson, Chris A., 51 Parvanta, Claudia F., 33 Quiros, Oscar E., 1 Robinson, John G., 36 Pastor, Robert F., 31 Robledo, Renato , 2 Rocca, Andrea M., 20 Author/Session Index 239

Roche, Alex F., 28, 37 Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede Shultz, Susanne M., 8 Rogers, Jeffrey, 2, 3 H., 31 Siervogel, Roger M., 28, 33, Rohlf, James F., 44 Schmitt, Daniel, 26, 50 37 Romano Pacheco, Arturo, 30 Schoenemann, P. Tho- Sievert, Lynnette Leidy, 1 Rompis, Aida T., 11, 54 mas, 51 Signoretti, Carla, 12 Rook, Lorenzo, 41 Schoeninger, Margaret Sigurgislason, Hlynur, 18 Roseman, Charles C., 53 J., 1, 12, 29 Silcox, Mary T., 22 Rosenberger, Alfred L., 40 Scholl, Theresa O., 33 Sillen, Andrew, 33 Rosenman, Burt A., 47 Schoonaert, Kirsten, 5 Singh, Monica 2, 18 Ross, Ann H., 48 Schrenk, Friedemann, Singh, Puneet Pal, 2, 18 Ross, Callum F., 9, 44, 45, 19, 42 Singleton, Michelle, 9 47 Schultheis, Gerald, 17 Sipla, Justin S., 9 Rossie, James B. , 19, 22 Schultz, Michael, 31, 32 Sitchon, Myra, 44 Roth, Eric A., 28, 53 Schurr, Theodore G., 18 Sivakova, Daniela, 2 Rowe, David C., 27 Schwandt, Melanie L., 20 Skedros, John G., 47 Ruff, Christopher B., 33, 47 Schwarcz, Henry P., 29 Skinner, Anne R. , 41 Runyan, Andrea M., 12 Schwartz, Gary T., 24 Skinner, Mark F. , 12 Russell, Jennifer A., 28 Schwebach, Jamie C., 1 Skinner, Matt, 39 Russo, Sabrina E., 40 Sciulli, Paul W., 12 Sládek, Vladimir, 17, 47 Ruvolo, Maryellen, 36 Scott, G.R., 21 Slaus, Mario, 39 Ryan, Timothy M., 9, 44 Scott, Jeremiah E., 37 Sleeman, Jonathan M., 54 Ryder, Oliver A. , 36 Scott-Cummings, Linda, Slice, Dennis E., 15 20 Smart, Steve, 20 S Sear, Rebecca , 53 Smith, David Glenn, 3 Sears, Karen E., 12 Smith, Emma, 52 Secura, Gina M., 33 Smith, Heather, 52 Sailer, Robert, 17, 47 Segal, Nancy L., 27 Smith, Kerri L., 50 Salter, Laura A., 36 Seguchi, Noriko , 10 Smith, Lydia L., 2 Sambuughin, Nyamkhishig, Seidel, John C., 13 Smith, Martin J., 10 18 Seidler, Horst 4, 20, 41 Smith, Matthew A., 26 Samonds, Karen E. , 11, 49 Selby, Michael S., 14 Smith, Patricia, 12 Sandrock, Oliver, 19 Semprebon, Gina M. , 24 Smith, Shelley L., 25 Sangchantr, Sasimar, 8 Serrat, Maria A., 14, 43, Smith, Silvia, 28 Sarmiento, Esteban, 4 47 Smith, Tanya M. , 11, 24 Saunders, Julian, 55 Setoguchi, Takeshi, 23 Smith, Timothy D., 9, 26 Sauther, Michelle L., 11 Seyfarth, Robert M., 55 Snodgrass, J. Josh, 30, 51 Schaefer, Katrin, 20, 45, 47, Shackelford, Laura, 42 Snoy, Philip J., 49 53 Shapiro, Liza J., 26 Solano, Martin C., 38 Schall, Joan I., 33 Shea, Brian T., 26 Sparks, Corey S., 53 Schamall, Doris K.E. , 32 Shea, John J., 25 Spedini , Gabriella, 2, 18 Schauber, Angela D., 35 Shell-Duncan, Bettina, Spence, Michael W., 29 Scheinfeldt, Laura B., 2 28 Spencer, Mark A., 9, 44 Schell, Lawrence M., 33 Sheridan, Kevin E., 31 Spielvogel, Hilde, 53 Scherer, Andrew K. , 17 Sherwood, Chet C., 4, 51 Sponheimer, Matt, 29, 43 Schienman, John E., 36 Sherwood, David E., 9 Spoor, Fred, 13, 52 Schillaci, Michael A., 54 Sherwood, Richard J., 37 Spradley, M. Katherine , 10 Schleicher, Axel, 51 Shields, Ben M., 7 Sprague, David S., 34 Schmidt, Christopher W., Shigehara, Nobuo, 23 Spring, Claudia, 1 35 Shimp, Kristin L., 26 Ssebide, Jasper B., 54 Schmidt, Edelgard, 49 Shoaf, Susan E., 49 Stallings, Virginia A. , 33 Schmidt, Timothy R., 36 Shriver, Mark D., 2, 18 Standen , Vivien G., 10 240 Author/Session Index

Stanford, Craig B., 8 Swergold, Gary D., 50 Tosi, Anthony J., 36 Starikovskaya, Yelena B., Swindler, Daris R., 49 Towne, Bradford, 28, 33, 37 18 Sylvester, Karena, 2 Toyne, J. Marla, 38 Stassman, Beverly, 18 Symington, M. Trefny, Pavel, 48 Stavisky, Ronda C., 49 McFarland, 40 Treier, Kristin M., 20 Steadman, Dawnie W. , 31 Szalay, Frederick S., 50 Trudeau, Evan, 36 Steckel, Richard H., 31, 38 Szocs, Peter L., 38 Tsukamoto, Suyoko A., 12 Steegmann, Jr., A. Theo- Tulumello, Sara, 1 dore, 1 T Tung, Tiffiny A., 10 Stein, Shannon, 2 Turner, Bethany L., 17 Steiper, Michael E., 36 Turner, Trudy R., 49 Sterner, Kirstin N., 36 Tague, Robert G., 39 Turner II, Christy G., 35 Steudel-Numbers, Karen L., Takai, Masanaru, 23 Tuttle, Russell H., 19 43 Takano, Tomo, 22 Tyler-Smith, Chris, 18 Stevens, Nancy J., 26 Talebi, Mauricio , 40 Stevenson, Joan C., 27 Tatarek, Nancy E., 16 Stevenson, Pablo R., 40 Tattersall, Ian, 28 U Stewart, Caro-Beth , 36 Tayles, Nancy, 13 Stiner, Eric, 4 Taylor, Andrea B., 26 Ubelaker, Douglas H., 48 Stingeder, Gerhard, 17, 48 Taylor, Linda L., 11 Uddin, Monica, 36, 55 Stodder, Ann L.W. , 32 Teaford, Mark F., 9, 14 Ullinger, Jaime M., 1, 21 Stokes, Emma, 36 Teegen, Wolf R., 32 Ungar, Peter S., 14, 44 Stone, Anne C., 3, 18, 36 Teelen, Simone, 8 Usher, Bethany M., 3 Stoner, Gerald L., 2 Temme, Kate E., 33 Storey, Rebecca, 29 Terrace, Herbert, 46 V Terranova, Carl J., 39, Stout, Sam D., 17 50, 51 Strait, David S, 44 Vacco, Karen, 49 Teschler-Nicola, Maria Strand Vidarsdottir, Una, Valderrama, Ximena, 36 E., 1, 17, 32, 38, 48, 53 30 Valeggia, C., 28 Thackeray, Francis J., 4 Stranska, Petra, 48 Valentin, Frédérique, 17 Thompson, Amanda, 53 Strassman, Beverly, 18 Valeri, Christopher J, 48 Thompson, Jennifer L., Streeter, Margaret, 17, 30 Valleroy, Linda A., 33 10, 42 Strier, Karen, 34, 40 Van Arsdale, Adam P., 37 Tiesler Blos, Vera, 21, 30 Strott, N., 29 Van Gerven, Dennis , 10 Tilkens, Michael J., 43 Stuart, Michael D. , 54 Van Gerven, Dennis P., 17, Tillquist, Christopher R., Stubblefield, Phoebe R., 52 30, 48 18 Stuhlpfarrer, Karl, 1 van Rietbergen, Bert, 9 Tine, Angela L., 31 Stumpf, Rebecca M., 46 van Schaik, Carel P., 46 Ting, Nelson C., 15 Su, Denise F., 19 Van Sint Jan, Serge, 45 Tishkoff, Sarah A., 1, 2, Su, Hsiu-Hui, 11 Varela-Silva, Maria I., 33 18 Suarez, Scott A., 40 Vargiu, Rita, 12 To, Denise, 30 Subiaul, Francys, 46 Vaughn, Stanley E., 50 Tobias, Phillip V., 43 Sukernik, Rem I., 18 Veleminska, Jana, 1 Tocheri, Matthew W., 39, Sullivan, Roger, 53 Velemínský, Petr , 48 44 Suminto 41 Venkataraman, Satchi, 47 Todd, Angelique, 36 Sun, Shumei S., 33 Verano, John W., 10 Tomczak, Paula D., 17 Suomi, Stephen J., 49 Vereecke, Evie, 5 Torgrimson, Britta N., 11 Surata, Sang, 18 Vereecke, Evie E., 45 Tornow, Matthew A., 15 Swedell, Larissa, 55 Verginelli , Fabio, 2 Torres-Rouff, Christina, Swedlund, Alan C., 28, 53 Vick, Laura, 40 38 Sweitzer, Wilson D., 30, 44 Vigilant, Linda, 36 Author/Session Index 241

Vilain, Eric, 27 Westergaard, Gregory C., Y Vinson, Amanda, 3 20, 49 Vinyard, Christopher J., 9, Western, Alizon G., 31 45, 50, 52 Wheeler, Brandon C., 23 Yates, Franklin W., 43 Vinyard, Patricia S., 52 Whitcome, Katherine K, Yoder, Cassady J, 17 Viola, Thomas Bence, 9 52 Yokley, Todd R., 52 Vitzthum, Virginia J. , 53 White, Christine D., 29, Young, Nathan M, 45 Vogel, Erin R., 46 35 Young Men’s Survey Study Voisin, Jean-Luc , 37 White, William, 39 Group, 33 Vrba, Elisabeth S., 19 Whitelaw, Dana C., 11, Young Owl, Marcus, 14 30 Yuan, Michael S., 43 Whiten, Andrew, 20 W Whittaker, Danielle J. , Z

50 Wainwright, Emma M., 36 Whitten, Patricia L., 20, Zaim, Yahdi, 41 Walker, J. Douglas, 29 49 Zakrzewski, Sonia R., 38 Walker, Phillip L., 31, 38 Wieczkowski, Julie, 8 Zapala, Matthew A., 36 Walker, Robert A. , 39 Wilbur, Alicia K., 18, 54 Zegura, Stephen L., 18 Walker, Suzanne E., 9 Wilder, Jason A., 18 Zemel, Babette S., 33 Wall, Christine E., 45 Wildman, Derek E., 36 Zhang, David, 28 Wall, Tamara L., 27 Wilfing, Harald, 38 Zihlman, Adrienne L., 14, Wallace, Douglas C., 18 Williams, Frank L., 4, 51 15, 39 Wallis, Janette, 54 Williams, Jocelyn S., 35 Zilles, Karl, 45, 51 Walrath, Dana, 26 Williams, Kimberly D., Zipfel, Bernhard, 10 Walsh-Haney, Heather, 32 38 Zollikofer, Christoph P.E., Ward, Carol V., 43, 47 Williams, Robert C., 44 44 Ward, Richard E., 28 Williams, Susan H., 45 Zylstra, Myriam, 50 Ware, Barbara, 1 Williams-Guillen, Kim- Warren, Michael W., 30 berly A., 8 Warshaw, Johanna, 50 Wiltschke-Schrotta, Washburn, Arthur , 12 Karin , 32 Watt, Marie, 35 Winkler, Linda A., 16 Watts, David P., 46 Wolpoff, Milford H., 37 Way, Jennifer L., 39 Wood, Bernard, 26, 44 Wealthall, Rosamund, 9 Wood, Elizabeth T., 18 Weaver, Anne H., 43 Woodward, Scot P., 5 Weaver, Timothy D., 53 Workman, Catherine C, Webber, Richard , 15 20 Weber, Gerhard W., 4, 25, Wrangham, Richard W., 41 8 Weets, Jaimin D., 3 Wright, Barth W. , 9 Weihs, Timothy P., 9 Wright, Kristin A., 20 Weiner, Michael, 9 Wright, Lori E., 17 Weinstein, Karen J., 10 Wright, Patricia C., 11 Weisensee, Katherine E, 2, Wright, Tanwen, 52 10 Wunderlich, Roshna E., 5 Weiss, Kenneth M., 27 Wurtz, Michelle D., 31 Weiss, Mark L., 36 Wendt, Eleanora L., 20 Wescott, Daniel J., 16 Westaway, Michael C., 25