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Boletín Antártico Chileno, Edición Especial EL CONTINENTE DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO Índice DIRECTOR Y REPRESENTANTE LEGAL Presentación José Retamales Espinoza 5 Prólogo 7 EDITOR Reiner Canales La relación entre Sudamérica y la Antártica 11 (E-mail: [email protected]) El pasado de la Antártica… ¿una incógnita develada? 13 COMITÉ EDITORIAL Marcelo Leppe Cartes Edgardo Vega Separación de la fauna marina antártica y sudamericana desde una aproximación molecular 21 Marcelo González Elie Poulin, Claudio González-Wevar, Mathias Hüne, Angie Díaz Marcelo Leppe Conexiones geológicas entre Sudamérica y Antártica 27 Francisco Hervé Allamand DIRECCIÓN DE ARTE Pablo Ruiz Teneb Adaptaciones al Medio Antártico y Biorrecursos 33 El interés por esudiar la biodiversidad microbiológica en la Antártica 35 DISEÑO / DIAGRAMACIÓN Jenny M. Blamey Oscar Giordano / Menssage Producciones El capital celular y molecular para vivir a temperaturas bajo cero en aguas antárticas 39 Víctor Bugueño / Menssage Producciones Marcelo González Aravena Las esrategias de las plantas antárticas para sobrevivir en ambientes extremos y su rol como biorrecursos 45 PORTADA Marco A. Molina-Montenegro, Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez, Jorge Gallardo-Cerda, Rasme Hereme y Crisian Torres-Díaz EL CONTINENTE Arnaldo Gómez / Menssage Producciones DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO Biodiversidad 53 A más de medio siglo IMPRESIÓN de la fundación del Menssage Producciones Las aves marinas de la península Antártica 55 Instituto Antártico Chileno Santiago de Chile Javier A. Arata El desafío de esudiar y comprender la biodiversidad de los mamíferos marinos antárticos 59 Elías Barticevic Cornejo y FOTOGRAFÍA Anelio Aguayo Lobo Óscar Barrientos Bradasic (Eds.) La desconocida vida y diversidad de los invertebrados terresres antárticos 67 Agradecemos a los autores citados en los créditos Daniel González Acuña fotográficos por su aporte en imágenes al regisro Autores Caracterísicas de la fauna que habita los fondos coseros profundos de la Antártica 75 hisórico de la ciencia antártica nacional. Marcelo Leppe Cartes Víctor Ariel Gallardo Elie Poulin Claudio González Wevar DIRECCIÓN Ciencias Sociales y Cultura 87 Mathias Hüne Insituto Antártico Chileno Angie Díaz Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055 Anticipando la Antártica del siglo 21: una mirada desde las Ciencias Sociales 89 Francisco Hervé Allamand Punta Arenas - Chile Juan Francisco Salazar Jenny M. Blamey Fono: 56-61-2298100 Literatura antártica: un análisis temático 95 Marcelo González Aravena Fax: 56-61-2298149 Elizabeth Leane Marco A. Molina Montenegro email: [email protected] La Antártica desde la cultura: una mirada necesaria 101 Ian S. Acuña Rodríguez Paola Vezzani González Jorge Gallardo Cerda REDES SOCIALES Rasme Hereme Historia y Geopolítica 107 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/inach.gob/ Crisián Torres Díaz Twitter: @inach_gob Javier A. Arata Conceptos base de la Política Antártica Chilena: ¿transitorios o permanentes? 109 Anelio Aguayo Lobo Insagram: inach-gob M. Consuelo León Wöppke Daniel González Acuña La Política Antártica Nacional de Chile y el Sisema del Tratado Antártico 117 Víctor Ariel Gallardo Esa revisa es analizada y difundida a nivel internacional por: Francisco Berguño Hurtado Juan Francisco Salazar - PERIÓDICA, Índice de Revisas Latinoamericanas Latitud 80° sur/ longitud 80° oese. Una coordenada acertada: reflexiones en torno a la actividad antártica nacional 123 Elizabeth Leane en Ciencias, del Centro de Información Científica y Humanísica de la Universidad Autónoma de México. Mateo Martinic Beros Paola Vezzani González - Bowker International Serials Data Base. M. Consuelo León Wöppke - Current Antarctic Literature. Educación 125 - Antarctic Bibliography. Francisco Berguño Hurtado - IBZ International Bibliography of Periodical Literature. Mateo Martinic Beros - Current Geographical Publications. El patrimonio antártico y la enseñanza de la Hisoria, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales: un desafío imposergable 127 Mauricio Jara Fernández Las opiniones emitidas en ese número son de responsabilidad Mauricio Jara Fernández y Pablo Mancilla González de los autores de los artículos y no representan Pablo Mancilla González necesariamente la posición del Insituto. La reproducción total o parcial del contenido de la revisa esá autorizada mencionando la fuente. Publicación semesral con ISBN 07 16 - 07 63 un tiraje de 1.000 ejemplares, de disribución gratuita. 2 Boletín Antártico Chileno 33 / 2 Boletín Antártico Chileno 33 / 2 3 EL CONTINENTE DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO Presentación Es un honor presentar esa obra en nombre del Insituto Antártico Chileno (INACH). Son 17 autores que abordan temas fundamentales que, organizados en grandes áreas del quehacer antártico nacional, nos entregan una mirada contemporánea y global sobre la relación de Chile con el Sexto Continente. Esa iniciativa nace tras celebrar los 50 años de exisencia del INACH. Es por ello que convocamos a intelectuales con una desacada trayectoria pública y privada en el ámbito académico. Sus reflexiones potencian la imágen de que esas tierras meridionales son un continente de ideas. Es otro planeta que, gracias a nuesra condición geoesratégica de país puente, tenemos al alcance de la mano y, comparativamente a otros países, a bajo coso para nuesras actividades. Como podrán apreciar a lo largo de los textos, la Antártica es uno de los pocos lugares del mundo donde la aventura del conocimiento humano es la actividad dominante. Por eso se creó ese insituto. En sus memorias, el embajador y ex director del INACH, Óscar Pinochet de la Barra, cuenta que durante la er Muñoz ff participación de Chile en las primeras Reuniones Consultivas del Tratado Antártico, firmado en Foto: Jeni Foto: Washington el 1 de diciembre de 1959, rápidamente se dieron cuenta de la necesidad de fortalecer el desarrollo científico polar nacional, “que era muy poco y de escasa significación mundial”. Ello además había incidido negativamente en la participación del país en las primeras seis sesiones del Comité Científico de Invesigaciones Antárticas (SCAR, por su sigla en inglés), creado en el Año Geofísico Internacional (1957-1958) y en cuyo seno hoy se decide la orientación de la ciencia antártica a nivel planetario. La creación del INACH el 10 de septiembre de 1963, se inspira en las obligaciones asumidas por el país al firmar el Tratado Antártico en cuanto a llevar a cabo invesigación científica en un marco de cooperación internacional. En las primeras expediciones de la década del 60 y 70, el Insituto financiaba entre 6 a 12 proyectos científicos, apoyando en sus primeros 30 años unas 90 iniciativas en total, desacando aquellas de largo plazo y esudios de sismología, geología y de ciencias del mar. Con la vuelta a la democracia, los 90 y 2000 se caracterizaron por la necesidad de poseer una mayor infraesructura propia y moderna. Íconos de aquella época son la 4 Boletín Antártico Chileno 33 / 2 Boletín Antártico Chileno 33 / 2 5 EL CONTINENTE DONDE EMPIEZA EL FUTURO consrucción de la base “Profesor Julio Escudero”, en La Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, en 1995, y la insalación de la base “Antonio Hunneus” especial Punta Arenas –y cada año un poco más Prólogo en Patriot Hills, cuatro años más tarde. Los convenios Puerto Williams-, se ha transformado en la principal insitucionales con las universidades más influyentes de vía de ingreso al Continente Helado para la ciencia y ese entonces, los esudios de monitoreo y el trabajo en crecientemente para el turismo. Más del 60 % de los el sector de las islas Shetland del Sur, principalmente, países que hacen invesigación en ese territorio lo determinaron lo que el país desarrollaba en materia lleva a cabo desde nuesro país. Ese es un logro que científica en el Continente Blanco. debemos cuidar y consolidar con políticas públicas de Elías Barticevic y Óscar Barrientos mediano y largo plazo, como el futuro Centro Antártico La trayectoria insitucional de la última década, ha Internacional. La Antártica es un continente que se expresa a los extremófilos. Como un hallazgo relevante para la esado marcada por el traslado del INACH a Punta través de su paisaje extremo, prísino y singular, pero ciencia se describe la diversidad microbiana de los Arenas en el año 2003, impulsando –desde la ciencia- Chile posee siete bases con capacidades científicas a también lo realiza por medio de su mundo simbólico: la termófilos e hipertermófilos. Se resalta que esos un proyecto social, político y económico que busca lo largo de más de 2.000 km, entre las Shetland del Sur generación de conocimiento, su organización política esudios no solo obligan a redefinir las condiciones en sumar a la Antártica como un actor y motor relevante y las montañas Ellsworth, a 1.000 km del polo sur. Ese y las diversas expresiones culturales. Es por ello que que se desarrolla la vida en la Tierra, sino que también en el desarrollo y el progreso de Chile. año, en lo que denominamos la Antártica marítima, esa publicación es un esfuerzo por dar a conocer a abren posibles perspectivas de nuevas aplicaciones inauguramos los primeros acuarios científicos en base la sociedad chilena la diversidad de áreas, disciplinas biotecnológicas. Luego se incluye un texto con una Así, en ese último período, la ciencia antártica ha “Yelcho”, a 400 km al sur de isla Rey Jorge; y hemos y enfoques que actualmente son parte del universo descripción de las caracterísicas del capital molecular tenido un desarrollo exponencial como nunca antes en iniciado la consrucción del laboratorio “Eduardo García” intelectual que aborda los temas polares, tanto a nivel de las especies marinas y la fuerza directriz del
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