Foreign Ministries Managing Diplomatic Networks and Optimizing Value Foreign Ministries Managing Diplomatic Networks and Optimizing Value Edited by Kishan S. Rana and Jovan Kurbalija DiploFoundation Malta and Geneva 2007 DiploFoundation 4th Floor, Regional Building Regional Road Msida, MSD 13 Malta Tel: +356 21 333 323 Fax: + 356 21 315 574 [email protected] Copyright for individual articles rests with respective authors. © DiploFoundation 2007 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. First published 2007 in Malta and Geneva All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from DiploFoundation. ISBN 978-99932-53-16-7 Cover Design by: Design Route, New Delhi www.designroute.in Typeset in Minion by Eleven Arts, New Delhi, INDIA [email protected] Printed by Pauls Press, Delhi, INDIA Published by DiploFoundation, Malta and Geneva 1 ◆ CONTENTS Preface ix Contributors xi Introduction xxi Dietrich Kappeler, President, DiploFoundation SECTION I: WHY REFORM? 1. What is the Foreign Ministry? 3 Brian Hocking, Professor of International Relations, Loughborough University 2. MFA Reform: Global Trends 20 Former Indian Ambassador; Kishan S. Rana, Senior Fellow, DiploFoundation; Professor Emeritus, Foreign Service Institute, New Delhi SECTION II: COUNTRY EXPERIENCE 3. Results-based diplomacy 47 Adam Blackwell, Director General, Strategy and Services Bureau, Foreign Affairs, Canada 4. Transformational Diplomacy 55 John O’Keefe, Ambassador, Acting Director General, Foreign Service, US Department of State vi CONTENTS 5. The CEO Ambassador: Challenges of the Internal 60 Management of External Affairs Vitavas Srivihok, Ambassador and Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand 6. Modernizing Foreign Services—Facing the Internal Challenge 67 Lars-Göran Larsson, Deputy Director-General, Head of Corporate Development Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden 7. Privatizing Diplomacy—the Way Forward 75 Fauziah Mohamad Taib, Ambassador and Director, Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, Malaysia 8. Intra-EU Diplomacy: A Conceptual Challenge 79 Jozef Bátora, Institute for European Integration Research, Vienna SECTION III: THE HOME FRONT 9. Diplomatic Dealings with Politicians 97 Alex Sceberras Trigona, Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malta 10. Russian MFA: Facing the Regionalization Process 109 Tatiana Zonova, Professor and Chief of Study of Diplomacy, MGMIO University, Moscow 11. The case of Flanders (1993-2005): How subnational entities develop their own ‘paradiplomacy’ 118 David Criekemans, Postdoctoral Researcher in International Politics, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium SECTION IV: THE FUNCTIONAL AREAS 12. Switzerland’s agreements with the European Union: How to manage complex international negotiations 159 Benedict von Tscharner, Former Ambassador of Switzerland (EU, OSCE, France); Professor, Geneva, School of Diplomacy and International Relations CONTENTS vii 13. Multilateralism: fading or changing? 166 Doru Romulus Costea, Ambassador and Romania Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva 14. Diplomatic services and emerging multidisciplinary issues, such as Internet Governance 180 Markus Kummer, Head of the Secretariat of the Internet Governance Forum 15. The Modernization of the Lithuanian Consular Service in Response to Global Challenges 186 Algimantas Rimkunas, Ambassador and State Secretary, Lithuania Ministry of Foreign Affairs 16. MFAs and the Rising Challenge of Consular Affairs: Cinderella in the Limelight 192 Maaike Heijmans and Jan Melissen, Professor and Director, Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Programme; Co-Editor, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 17. Public Diplomacy 207 Karl Th. Paschke, Ambassador and former Under Secretary General at the UN 18. Canada’s Foreign Ministry: Online and Interactive 212 Ron Garson, Director of the Policy Research Division, Strategic Policy and Public Diplomacy, Foreign Affairs Canada 19. Linking Diplomatic Performance Assessment to International Results-Based Management 225 John Mathiason, Adjunct Professor of International Relations and Director, Geneva Summer Internship Program, Syracuse University SECTION V: TRAINING 20. Diplomatic Training around the World 235 Rolando Stein, Ambassador and Director of the Diplomatic Academy of Chile viii CONTENTS 21. Value from Training: A Requisite Management System ISO 10015 and its Application 266 Lichia Yiu, CSEND Academy for Quality in Training and Education (AdeQuaTE), Geneva, and Raymond Saner, Professor, Diplomacy Dialogue, Geneva 22. Innovations in Diplomatic Training 281 John Hemery, Director of the Centre for Political and Diplomatic Studies, Oxford SECTION VI: THE FUTURE 23. How to Survive Budget Cuts—and Thrive 295 Aldo Matteucci, Former Deputy Secretary-General, EFTA 24. E-Diplomacy: the Challenge for Ministries of Foreign Affairs 305 Jovan Kurbalija, Director, DiploFoundation 25. Horizon 2020 339 Aldo Matteucci, Former Deputy Secretary-General, EFTA Index 349 CONTENTS i x 1 ◆ PREFACE DIPLOFOUNDATION IS A SMALL INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENT organization, funded by its sponsors, Switzerland and Malta, and other donors that support its teaching and other activities. It has a staff of 15, besides a part-time faculty of 12, and a similar number of teaching assistants and others. Its physical location is in Malta, Geneva, and Belgrade, but in keeping with its strong e-learning affiliation, the ‘Diplo- team’ functions from its distributed locations the world over. The conference of foreign ministries that met in Geneva on 31 May and 1 June 2006 was several years in the making. We at DiploFoundation were motivated by the conviction that the reform and adaptation that foreign ministries have carried out in the past two decades deserve wide discussion. Diplomatic systems have much to gain from information sharing and benchmarking. We also believe that Diplo provides an unbiased platform for a serious discussion among both practitioners and scholars. Further, the conference responded to one of our core objectives, namely to help countries short of material and human resources to better participate in international affairs. We remain convinced that foreign ministries can profit from closer mutual dialogue on diplomacy-related issues, given the commonalities in their systems, methods, and work environment. It is for the reader to judge how far this collection of papers contributes to this goal of improved communication among all the specialists connected with diplomacy. x PREFACE We are grateful to all those that attended the conference, and even more so to all those who presented papers and actively participated in the discussions. The authors of the papers took the trouble to revisit, revise, and polish their initial statements, giving them the shape in which they are presented in this volume. Our warm thanks also to all those who worked to organize the conference, and those that subsequently assisted with the production of this volume. KISHAN S. RANA JOVAN KURBALIJA 1 ◆ CONTRIBUTORS JOZEF BÁTORA Jozef Bátora is a research fellow at the Institute for European Integration Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna and lecturer at the Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Comenius University in Bratislava. Formerly he was senior researcher at ARENA— Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo, research fellow at the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, and visiting scholar at Scancor, Stanford University. He holds a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Oslo, an M.Phil. in public administration from the University of Bergen, and a BA in political science from Comenius University. ADAM BLACKWELL Adam Blackwell, currently the Director General of the Strategy and Services Bureau, is a career diplomat with over twenty years of experience in the Department of Foreign Affairs Canada and International Trade. From 2002 to 2005, he was Canada’s Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, and has also served in Mexico, New York, and a variety of assignments in Africa and at Headquarters. DORU COSTEA Ambassador Doru Costea is currently the permanent representative of Romania to the United Nations office in Geneva. He has been with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1990. He was an Ambassador to the State xii CONTRIBUTORS of Kuwait and the Sultanate of Oman (1991–5), and the Arab Republic of Egypt (1997–2001). His last position in the MFA was as director of the Department of Analysis and Information. He is a graduate of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the University of Bucharest, with Arabic and English as majors; currently, he is studying for a Ph.D. in international relations/political sciences with the National School for Administrative and Political Studies in Bucharest. In 2003, he was awarded the Romanian MFA Annual Prize for Innovative Diplomacy. Over the years, he has delivered lectures on diplomatic information and analysis, at the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA; on Romanian foreign policy, at the Academy of High Military Studies, Bucharest; and was a guest professor at the NATO Studies Centre in Bucharest and the Faculty of Journalism of the University of Bucharest, where he lectured mainly on the political aspects of Islam and the developments