Study on Bio Efficacy of Insecticides in the Predator Management of Katki Lac Crop

Bioengineering and Bioscience 2(2): 15-22, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/bb.2014.020201

Sandeep Janghel, Moni Thomas*, A S Thakur, Sushma Nema, H L Sharma

Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482004, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract The Bio efficacy of insecticides for predator and Sharma, 2010). management of Kerria lacca was studied on the natural stand Biotic and abiotic stresses are the two factors responsible of Butea monosperma trees of 10 women lac growers of for yield reduction of lac crop. Predators and parasitoids are village Malhara Seoni district Madhya Pradesh during the the biotic stress factors, while weather factors create abiotic July- October 2012. A combination of Cartap hydrochloride stress. Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), + Mancozeb(T1),Emamectin benzoate + Dithane M-45(T2) Psuedohypatopa pulverea Meyr (Lepidoptera; Blastobesidae) and Control(T3) was evaluated against the predators of the and Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins and C madestes Banks Lac insect. Pesticides application significantly reduced the (Chrysopidae; Neuroptera) are the major predators (Sharma incidence of major predators- E amabilis and P pulverea. In et al., 2006). Many workers (Singh et al., 2007; Dhiman et al., comparison to T3 there was a reduction in the population of E 2009; Arshad and Qamar, 2010) have studied abiotic stress amabilis by 90 and 87 per cent respectively with (T2) and on insects. (T1). In case of P pulvera reduction in the population was 90 Predators cause around 35 to 40 per cent loss to lac and 86.18 percent with T1 and T2 respectively over the production (Glover, 1937; Jaiswal et al., 2008) while 5 to 10 control (T3). per cent damage by parasitoids (Varshney, 1976). Several management efforts to reduce the yield loss due to predators Keywords Farmer Participatory Research, Cartap and parasitoids range from cultural and physical (Horn and Hydrochloride, Emamectin Benzoate, Broodlac Page., 2008; Bhattacharya et al., 2006), biological Management, Predators and Parasitoids (Bhattacharya et al., 2008; SiMing et al., 2010), and chemical (Singh et al., 2009). Ever since the Government of India has banned endosulfan, there was a felt need to evaluate newer and safer insecticides for the management of 1. Introduction predators and parasitoids of lac insect (Arora et al., 2009). Hence the present research entitled Study on Bio efficacy of The Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (order- insecticides in the predator management of Katki lac crop Hemiptera, suborder- Homoptera, super family- Coccoidea was conducted. and family- Lacciferidae,) with its piercing and sucking mouth parts sucks plant sap (Colton, 1984) from its (over more than 400) plant species (Ramani et al., 2008). The most 2. Material and Methods common host trees for lac cultivation are Palash (Butea monosperma), Ber (Zyziphus mauritiana), and Kusum Participatory Research on pesticide evaluations for (Schleichera oleosa) besides there are several trees of predator management in Katki crop of Rangeeni Lac was regional importance (Sharma et al, 1997; Kumar et al., 2007). carried from July 2012 to November 2012, on standing Butea Rangeeni and Kusmi lac are the two types of lac and both monosperma trees in Lac growers’ field in Malhara village have two harvesting seasons in the year (Jaiswal and Saha, of Seoni district in Central Indian state of Madhya 1993; Olge et al., 2006). Lac is produced mostly by tribals, in Pradesh(M.P). the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgrah, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and part of Uttar Pradesh, 2.1. Location of Study Area Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and NEH region (Pal et al., 2010a). On an average around 28 per cent of total agriculture income 2.1.1. Seoni District of the households is contributed by lac cultivation (Jaiswal et Seoni district is located between 21035’ and 22058’ N al., 2006), and more than 80 per cent of lac produced in India latitudes and 79012’ and 80018’ E longitudes in the southern is exported (Chamberlin, 1923; Pal et al., 2010; Ramani part of M.P. It has a geographical area of 8758 sq km. and 16 Study on Bio Efficacy of Insecticides in the Predator Management of Katki Lac Crop

lies in the agro-climatic Zone IV- Kymore Plateau and 2.1.3. Experimental Details Satpura Hill Zone of MP. Agriculture occupies 43.22 per The study planned under Randomized Block design had cent of the geographical area in Seoni. It is predominantly a 10 replications (10 women lac growers) and 3 treatments rainfed and mono-cropped area. Only 11.93 per cent of the (Table – 1). total agricultural area with assured irrigation is under double crop. 2.1.4. Criteria for Selection of Barghat is one among the seven development Blocks of i. Lac growers: Women lac growers having the Seoni district having 142 villages (136 Revenue villages, B.monosperma trees in their field and willing to 4 Forest villages and 2 uninhabited villages). Only 10.25 participate in the research were selected for the study percent area is irrigated while the remaining 89.75 percent (Box-2). area is rainfed (39,682.07 ha). ii. Tree: B.monosperma trees which are over five years 2.1.2. Malhara Village old, healthy, pruned and possessing sufficient succulent branches were selected for the study Malhara village has a geographical area of 961.32 ha of iii. Operations: There were eight major operations which 796.79 ha is under cultivation while 37.95 ha under during the experiment (Table – 2). river and ponds. Box-1.Lac The Indian lac insect, K lacca (Kerr) belongs to order- Hemiptera, suborder- Homoptera, super family- Coccoidea and family- Lacciferidae,). It sucks sap from its Host plants which is over 400 plant species. The most common host trees are Palash (B monosperma), Ber (Z mauritiana), and Kusum (S oleosa). Rangeeni and Kusmi lac are the two types of lac and both have two harvesting seasons in the year. Katki (July to October) and Baishaki (October to May) are the Rangeeni lac crops. Aghani (July to January) and Jetwi (January to June) are the Kusmi Lac crops. Table 1. Details of the Experiment

Host trees Palash (B.monosperma) Design R.B.D.

No. of Women Lac growers 10 Number of treatments 3

Number of trees per treatment 3 trees

Total number of trees/grower 9 trees

Treatment details Spraying of Cartap hydrochloride (50 SP)+ Mancozeb (75 WP), T1 at 30 days and 60 days after BLI* Spraying of Emamectin benzoate (5 SG) + Mancozeb(75 WP), T2 at 30 days and 60 days after BLI* T3 Control (Lac growers practice i.e. no use of insecticides)

*BLI- Broodlac Inoculation Table 2. .Major operations and its period

S. no. Operation Period

1. Pruning of B monosperma March’ 2012

2. Brood preparation, grading and bundling 15th July’2012

3. Brood lac inoculation 19th July to 20th July’2012

4. Date of phunki removal 14th August to 16th August’2012

5. Date of first spray of pesticides 24th August to 26th August’2012

6. Date of second spray of pesticides 20th September to 21th September’2012

7. Harvesting of Broodlac 9th November to 11th November’2012

Bioengineering and Bioscience 2(2): 15-22, 2014 17

Box-2 Mahalaxmi Adivasi Mahila Lac Utpadan iv. Equipment and items Samiti(MAMLUS) Foot sprayer was used for spraying pesticides. Plastic MAMLUS consists of a group of 10 women lac growers in bucket, drum, face mask, goggles and soap were other village Malhara, Seoni district. They have 8000 B monosperma. items used during the spraying operation. Each of them have access to 800 B monosperma trees from which they harvest over 2q raw lac annually. The share of their v. Preparation of pesticide solution annual household income from Lac ranged from 21.42 to 80.36 The solution of pesticide were prepared by adding its per cent with a mean of 41.75 per cent. MAMLUS is one of the desired quantity (@1g of Cartap hydrochloride/litre of major Broodlac producer and supplier. Broodlac is the propagation material for Lac production. water + 2.5g Mancozeb/litre of water and in case of Emamectin benzoate@ 0.4g /litre of water + 2.5g Mancozeb/litre of water) in a small container followed 2.2. Broodlac Inoculation by brisk stirring with a piece of stick. This concentrate i. Brood inoculation solution was diluted with clean water to make the spray solution. The process of transfer of larve of K lacca from the Broodlac(propagation material) to branches of Host vi. Spraying trees is Broodlac inoculation(BLI).Depending on the Spraying of pesticides with a foot sprayer required size of the tree, healthy and quality Broodlac weighing two persons. One operated the pedal of the foot 500g to 1000g were used per B.monosperma tree for sprayer while other holding the lance of the sprayer inoculation. The brood lac were divided into six to sprayed the solution. seven bundles for its inoculation in the month of July 2012. vii. Spraying schedule There was two spraying schedule one between 30-35 ii. Shifting days of BLI and second spray at 60-65 days after BLI. After 7 to 8 days of the inoculation process, the Broodlac bundles were carefully shifted to different 2.4. Harvesting of Sticklac branches on the same tree. This was to ensure uniform distribution of the brood on branches where there was At the Lac crop maturity, the Brood was harvested th th no or insufficient larval settlement. between 9 November and 11 November2012 for the broodlac yield. iii. Phunki removal Larvae of lac insect from Broodlac settle on the tree in 2.5. Observations were Recorded from three weeks of its inoculation. The Broodlac without brood called phunki, is infact sticklac. Phunki usually i. 2.5 sq cm of lac insect settlement on branches of B consists of predators, removed after 21 days of monosperma Broodlac inoculation and scrapped to recover raw lac. ii. 5 randomly selected lac insect settled on branches/ B This process removes or reduces the predator load. monosperma The following schedule of observations mentioned in the Table -3 was recorded.

2.3. Spraying of Insecticides

Table 3. Details of observations and its schedule

S. no. Observation Scale Period

A. Pre-harvest 2.5 sq cm succulent a Predators/parasitoids count October branch * B. Post-harvest Predators/parasitoids infected cell a 30 cm of stickLac November count Weight(g) of infected cell b Predators/parasitoids infected cell November /30 cm of stickLac c Predators/parasitoids count 30 cm of stickLac November

d Yield of Broodlac per tree In kg November

e Cost of pesticide application Per tree

*5 branches/plant

18 Study on Bio Efficacy of Insecticides in the Predator Management of Katki Lac Crop

3. Results and Discussion parasitization, respectively. Upto 9 parasitoids in the Rangeeni strain and 6 in the Kusmi strain were found from a single cell. The average reduction in resin produced by a 3.1. Impact of insecticides application single female due to parasitism varied between Pesticides application significantly reduced the mean 17.25-39.80% in Rangeeni and 25.24-37.91% in Kusmi number of predators and parasitoids infected lac cell per 30 strain, whereas reduction in fecundity of lac insects ranged cm of sticklac at harvest. It was highest (26.20) in case of between 22.44-96.82% and 25.29-90.39%, respectively Control, comparatively low (14.47) in case of Emamectin (Sharma et al., 2007). benzoate + Mancozeb and (13.17) Cartap hydrochloride + Bhattacharya et al., (2005) reported that profenofos was Dithane M-45. The latter two was at par with each other toxic to lac insect crawlers and ethofenprox was safe to lac (Table-4). The mean weight of predators and parasitoids insects but was unable to suppress the population of insect infected lac cell per 30 cm of sticklac was recorded at harvest. E amabilis, A purpureus and T tachardiae of lac insect. It was also significantly highest (0.80 g) in Control and Endosulfan was unable to reduce the population of insect lowest (0.43 g) in case of Cartap hydrochloride + Mancozeb parasitoids. and Emamectin benzoate + Mancozeb(0.61 g).. Latter two Sharma and Ramani (2001) reported that though no was at par with each other (Table-5). Parasitisation during significant difference in size of healthy and parasitized lac rainy season crop adversely affected, fecundity and resin cells was recorded, quantity of the resin produced declined production capability of two strains i.e. Kusmi and Rangeeni by 17.92 and 17.44 per cent while fecundity decreased by of K. lacca (Sharma and Ramani 2001).Subbarayudu and 32.55 and 34.71 per cent for Kusmi and Rangeeni strains, Maheswer (1998) reported Tetrastichus purpureus (A. respectively. (Sharma et al., 1997 reported that fourteen purpureus,) T. tachardia and C. tschirchii were the parasites species of parasitoids under 13 genera representing ten of K. lacca. They recorded that parasitization to the tune of families were found association with K. lacca, but A 18.40% in the Kusmi strain and 26.00% in the Rangeeni purpureus and T tachardiae constituted 55.82 and 28.37 per strain. A. purpureus alone caused 7.8 and 11.8% cent respectively of the total population of parasitoids.

Table 4. Mean number of predators and parasitoids infected cell at harvest per 30 cm of sticklac

Lac grower Mean number of predators and parasitoids infected cell at harvest per 30 cm of sticklac (Replication) T1 T2 T3

R1 12.33 11.67 25.00

R2 9.00 15.00 25.00

R3 10.67 13.00 24.00

R4 11.00 17.67 30.00

R5 13.67 11.33 20.00

R6 18.33 17.33 31.67

R7 10.00 15.00 26.67

R8 16.67 15.00 25.00

R9 17.33 12.67 27.33

R10 12.67 16.00 27.33

Mean 13.17 14.47 26.20

SEm± 0.75

CD 5% 2.24

Bioengineering and Bioscience 2(2): 15-22, 2014 19

Table 5. Mean weight (g) of predators and parasitoids infected cell at harvest per 30 cm of sticklac

Lac grower Mean weight (g) of predators and parasitoids infected cell at harvest per 30 cm of sticklac (Replication) T1 T2 T3

R1 0.35 0.30 0.53

R2 0.25 0.65 0.55

R3 0.30 0.48 1.13

R4 0.33 0.71 0.94

R5 0.43 0.42 0.36

R6 0.55 0.95 0.99

R7 0.48 1.10 0.66

R8 0.59 0.62 0.85

R9 0.44 0.40 1.08

R10 0.56 0.47 0.91

Mean 0.43 0.61 0.80

SEm± 0.06

CD 5% 0.19

3.2. Infestation of Predators at Harvest Pesticides application significantly reduced the incidence of predators E amabilis and P pulverea. The mean number of E amabilis count per 30 cm of sticklac at harvest was highest (1.83) in case of Control. It was comparatively low (0.17) in case of Emamectin benzoate + Mancozeb and (0.23) Cartap hydrochloride + Dithane M-45. The latter two had no significant difference among each other (Table-6). The mean number of P pulverea count per 30 cm of sticklac at harvest was significantly highest (1.23) in case of Control. It was comparatively low (0.03) in case of Cartap hydrochloride + Mancozeband (0.17) Emamectin benzoate + Mancozeb. There was a significant difference among Cartap hydrochloride + Mancozeband Emamectin benzoate + Mancozeb(Table-7).The population of Chrysopa was very low and there was no change in the Emamectin benzoate + Mancozeb while it was present in the treatment Cartap hydrochloride + Mancozeb and Control (Table-8)

Table 6. Mean number of E amabilis counts during scraping per 30 cm sticklac

Lac grower Mean number of E amabilis count during scraping per 30 cm sticklac (Replication) T1 T2 T3 R1 0.33 (0.91) 0.00 (0.71) 2.00 (1.58) R2 0.33 (0.91) 0.33 (0.91) 1.67 (1.47) R3 0.33 (0.91) 0.00 (0.71) 1.33 (1.35) R4 0.00 (0.71) 0.33 (0.91) 1.33 (1.35) R5 0.67 (1.08) 0.00 (0.71) 2.00 (1.58) R6 0.00 (0.71) 0.67 (1.08) 2.00 (1.58) R7 0.33 (0.91) 0.00 (0.71) 2.00 (1.58) R8 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.33 (1.35) R9 0.00 (0.71) 0.33 (0.91) 2.00 (1.58) R10 0.33 (0.91) 0.00 (0.71) 2.67 (1.78) Mean 0.23 (0.85) 0.17 (0.81) 1.83 (1.52) SEm± 0.04 CD 5% 0.13

Figures in parenthesis are square root (√x+0.5) transform values 20 Study on Bio Efficacy of Insecticides in the Predator Management of Katki Lac Crop

Table 7. Mean number of P pulverea count during scraping per 30 cm of sticklac

Lac grower Mean number of P pulverea count during scraping per 30 cm of sticklac (Replication) T1 T2 T3

R1 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.67 (1.47)

R2 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.33 (1.35)

R3 0.00 (0.71) 0.33 (0.91) 1.00 (1.22)

R4 0.33 (0.91) 0.33 (0.91) 1.67 (1.47)

R5 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.00 (1.22)

R6 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.33 (1.35)

R7 0.00 (0.71) 0.67 (1.08) 0.33 (0.91)

R8 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.33 (1.35)

R9 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.67 (1.47)

R10 0.00 (0.71) 0.33 (0.91) 1.00 (1.22)

Mean 0.03 (0.73) 0.17 (0.81) 1.23 (1.31)

SEm± 0.05

CD 5% 0.13

Figures in parenthesis are square root (√x+0.5) transform values

Table 8. Mean number of Chrysopa count during scraping per 30 cm of sticklac

Lac grower Mean number of Chrysopa count during scraping per 30 cm of sticklac (Replication) T1 T2 T3

R1 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R2 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R3 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R4 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R5 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R6 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R7 0.33 (0.91) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R8 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R9 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)

R10 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.33 (0.91)

Mean 0.03 (0.73) 0.00 (0.71) 0.03 (0.73)

SEm± 0.02

CD 5% 0.05

Figures in parenthesis are square root (√x+0.5) transform values

E. amabilis is reported as a major predator of K lacca population of Chrysopa was very low. (Jaiswal and Saha, 1995; Rahman et al, 2009; Khobragade et Topical application of lambdacyhalothrin (0.005 and al.,, 2012; Engla, 2011; Rathore, 2011; Ramesh, 2013), and 0.008%), carbosulfan (0.02 and 0.03%), fipronil (0.005 and P. pulverea (Mishra and Gupta, 1934 ; Kumar et al, 2007; 0.01%), alphamethrin (0.005 and 0.01%), spinosad (0.02%), Ghosal et al.,2010) and parasite (Kumari, et al, 2012). indoxacarb (0.02%), and ethofenprox (0.02%) exhibited Chrysopa also as a predator of K lacca was reported by 100% mortality of C lacciperda within 24 hr of treatment Mehra (1965) and Ramesh (2013). In the present case the (Singh et al., 2009). Dichlorvos at 0.03% was found most Bioengineering and Bioscience 2(2): 15-22, 2014 21 suitable for the control of egg, larval and pupal stages of the (Ag.) Thesis submitted in JNKVV, Jabalpur. E amabilis (Mishra et al., 1995). [10] Glover, P.M. (1937). Lac cultivation in India, Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, India. pp 147. [11] Ghosal, S., R. Ramani, Md. Monobrullah And J.P. Singh Acknowledgements (2010). Lac encrustation thickness in relation to spray of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Ann. Entomol., The authors are grateful to the ten women lac growers of 28(2):45-47. SHGs (Mahalaxmi Adivasi Mahila Lac Utpadan Samiti) Malhara villages, Barghat block, Seoni district of Madhya [12] Horn, P. A. and J. Page (2008). Integrated Pest Management Pradesh for their valuable cooperation. Shri Komal Singh for crops and pastures. CSIRO Landlinks Press, Autralia.119p. Bhagel and Shri Dhan Singh Rahangdale of Gram Mangal Institute, Dharna, Seoni acted as facilitator. Authors also [13] Jaiswal, A. K. and S.K. Saha (1995).Estimation of the acknowledge the cooperation of the Director Research population of parasitoids associated with lac insect, Kerria Services and Head, Department of Entomology, JNKVV lacca Kerr. On the basis of biometrical characters. J. Ento. Res., 19(1):27-32. Jabalpur as well as the Project Coordinator, NICRA Project on Climate Change and Lac crop Performance implemented [14] Jaiswal, A.K. and S.K. Saha (1993). Estimation of crop yield in JNKVV. on the basis of correlation and regression analysis in lac host trees. J. Non-Timb Forest Prod., 8(1/2):379-81.

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