DOCSLIB.ORG

Nation and Nationalities Using the Example of Austria in Past and Present Professor Herbert Schambeck

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nation and Nationalities Using the Example of Austria in Past and Present Professor Herbert Schambeck Nation and Nationalities Using the Example of Austria in Past and Present Professor Herbert Schambeck People’s mutual commitment to one another and their interaction with one another is determined on an intellectual, territorial and imperial level; it leads to spiritual community in an area that is defined by an order which establishes the state. The latter is the autonomous sovereign entity that prevails over the individual and the community and fulfils the supreme function. Based upon this mutual commitment to one another and interaction with one another, the awareness for a certain individuality that is typical of a people is developed and receives its character in the respective underlying rationale which creates a nation – a term which, in its meaning, goes back to the Latin word nasci, i.e. “being born”.[1] I. The term “nation” expressed a dynamic resolve, which has developed into a guiding force in public life and shaped the character of the state. In the 17th century after the Thirty Year’s War, it was the driving force in politics; it accompanied the community of peoples and in the order of states it also found its expression in the term “nation state”. These nation states were characterised and established based on the different concepts of a nation. Culture, religion, language and territories were determining factors for the individual nation. The term was thus understood both in the broader and in the narrower sense. It was understood in broader terms in the concept of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which encompassed many states and territories and also created a legally normative foundation for nation states. When the Habsburg Emperor Francis II renounced the German imperial crown this concept dissolved in 1806, and a new order of nation states evolved especially after the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Following Napoleon’s reign, a common feature of these nation states was then the struggle for liberation from foreign rule and the quest for sovereign statehood. This quest for sovereign statehood was accompanied, in Austria, most noticeably around the middle of the 19th century[2] and as of 1848 by the quest for democratic policy-forming and decision-making in the state and respect for the rule of law. Democratic, legislative, constitutional, imperial and territorial principles were thus combined with people’s mutual commitment to one another and their interaction with one another; earlier pluralisms of state order dissolved. In his paper “Von der Französischen Revolution zum Wiener Kongress: Die Umwälzung und Neuordnung Europas und die Entstehung der ‘Nation’ als politischer Leitbegriff”,[3] Wolfram Siemann noted that in contrast to the outdated empires, “the type of united nation state encompassed … the clearly defined territory of the state …, the internal focus of law, administration, economy, education and language, rather than multi-nationality … the homogeneity of the nation, instead of composed statehood … the bureaucratic institution state which is organised from top to bottom in a hierarchical and rational manner as well as instead of occasional long-term creation … the modern nation state of the 19th century as the result of a major collective effort in war”. Siemann notes a “composite statehood” expressed in “symbolism of power we find very difficult to decipher”.[4] This type of rule was the monarchic system of state and thus represented by monarchs. This is particularly well reflected by the Habsburg monarchy that lasted 640 years and dated back to the 13th century, as well as by the German Empire. The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna signed in 1815 paved the way, provided guidance and was at the same time fateful for the respective state orders of the 19th and early 20th century, as the rulers of Germany, Emperor Wilhelm II, and of Austria, Kaiser Franz Joseph I, in the controversy with Russia, with the Western Powers and later Italy too, led their states in 1914 into the conflict of the First World War that claimed so many lives. Nations that were based on different constitutional law systems also found themselves in confrontation with these states. II. - 1 - The states that formed in the 19th century and especially after 1848 were not only characterised by one, but frequently by a number of ethnic communities. As Dieter Langewiesche stated, “in the vast majority of cases these so-called national states were in reality nationality states, since the alleged nation state encompasses several ethnicities, which in turn see themselves as nations”.[5] Such differences may also lead to disparities, as was the case in the Habsburg Empire[6] under Emperor Francis Joseph I when they led to disparities between Austria and Hungary during and within the Dual Monarchy, or to those between Austria and the Lands of Hungary of the Crown of St. Stephen but, however, not the Lands of the Crown of St. Wenceslas of what was later to become Czechoslovakia. In 1867 the developments brought about the Austro-Hungarian Compromise and a dualism in the context of which Hungary referred to territorial boundaries transcending current Slovakia as Upper Hungary. Crossing borders, this Magyarisation spread into what was to become Romania and Yugoslavia; it contributed to the conflict that led to the First World War and subsequently, based on the Treaty of Trianon in 1919, led to the loss of a third of the then Hungarian territory. III. The multi-ethnic state of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was composed of Germans. Czechs, Slovaks, Romanians, Croats, Slovenians, Serbs, Magyars, Poles, Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and Italians. Between 1848 and 1916 they were all represented by Francis Joseph I as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. This monarch integrated and represented two states with a multitude of nations, whose dissimilarities led to contrarieties: those with the Serbs also played a decisive role in the start of the First World War. After losing the First World War, this multi-ethnic state with its monarchic form of government disintegrated in 1918. Out of the Austrian part of this multi-ethnic state, “the kingdoms and countries represented in the Imperial Council”, [7] and following a change of the form of state and a diminution of its territory, arose the Republic of German- Austria[8] with nine federal provinces that originated from the former Crown Lands. During this period of change of both the form of government and the national territory, a continuity of constitutional law arose in one area of law, namely that of fundamental rights, inasmuch as the Basic Law of 1867 on the General Rights of Nationals in the Kingdoms and Länder (Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger), Imperial Legal Gazette (RGBl.) No. 142 that formed part of the December Constitution – which, with its five basic laws[9] (Staatsgrundgesetze) had been in force for the Austrian part of the dual monarchy since 1867 – was incorporated into the constitutional law of the Republic of Austria under Article 149 of the 1920 Federal Constitutional Law of the Republic of Austria (Bundes-Verf. Ges.). There was a caesura between the Austrian part of the monarchy and the Republic of Austria, which ultimately led to the founding of a new state, which found its basis in the Federal Constitutional Law (Bundesverfassungsgesetz) of 1 October 1920.[10] Although the form of government and the constitutional order of Austria had changed, fundamental rights[11] were an expression of the continuity and identity of the constitution in the formal and material sense. IV. In contrast to the previous state, this Republic of Austria, which had evolved after 1918, was not characterised by multi-nationalities, but rather by a German-speaking nationality, alongside which there were recognised Slovenian and Croatian minorities. In the Republic of Austria, Article 8 of the Federal Constitutional Law stipulates that the official language is German, and that Slovenes and Croats have a legal claim to the use of their language[12] and are thus protected as minorities. Today’s German-speaking population in Austria dates back to what remained of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, and the federal provinces of this republic to claims to power as well as to Crown lands of the Habsburg Empire; the federal province of Tyrol, for instance, dates back to the princely counts of Tyrol. There was no such direct connection between the later Czech nation and the subsequent states of Czechoslovakia, since Hungary did not tolerate such national sovereignty. The initiative for the establishment of this nation-state was already launched in confrontation with the Austrian Empire by Tomás Garrigue Masaryk and later by Eduard Benes, who also became heads of state of the Czechoslovak Republic in the interwar period of the 20th century. As individuals, they had thus become personal representatives of this nation.[13] The extent to which the nation’s concept shaped the Austrian multi-ethnic state became apparent on 16 October 1918 when Emperor Charles I called on the national political groups of the Imperial Council (i.e. the deputies that each nation had sent to the Imperial Council) to form national councils;[14] an idea suggested by Hans Kelsen;[15] this did, however, not occur since Austria’s monarchic form of government ended and the republic - 2 - began.[16] In this Republic of Austria, the term National Council (Nationalrat) has been used to the present day for the representation of the people in parliament.[17] Similarly, a term from the time of the monarchy is still used today, namely that of Hofrat (Court Councillor). Court Council was the designation for the central state administration for the Austrian hereditary lands up to the time of Empress Mary Theresia;[18] later and up until the present time, this term has been used as a title for senior civil servants in the Austrian jurisdiction and administration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy Sean Krummerich University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nationalitätenrecht: The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy by Sean Krummerich A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor, Graydon A. Tunstall, Ph.D. Kees Botterbloem, Ph.D. Giovanna Benadusi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 6, 2012 Keywords – Austria, Hungary, Serb, Croat, Slovene Copyright © 2012, Sean Krummerich Dedication For all that they have done to inspire me to new heights, I dedicate this work to my wife Amanda, and my son, John Michael. Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the guidance and support of a number of people. My thanks go to Graydon Tunstall and Kees Boterbloem, for their assistance in locating sources, and for their helpful feedback which served to strengthen this paper immensely.
    [Show full text]
  • World History Period 2 Study Guide for Nationalism & Imperialism
    World History Period 2 Study Guide for Nationalism & Imperialism Nationalism- Not patriotism! Extreme loyalty and love. Patriotism on steroids. Unify and destroy. Many dangers. Genocide, militarism, prejudice. Hate for other countries. Often leads to imperialism. More dangerous when industrialized. Nationalism as a unifying force (Italy) Mazzini Common language, culture, and religion. Risorgimento. Red shirts and Garibaldi (South). Young Italy. Victor Emmanuel II (Kingdom of Sardinia). Cavour – Prime minister of Emmanuel II. Realpolitik. Conflict with the church. Anarchists. Napoleon III Lombardi and Venetia. Northern and southern differences. Emigration – immigrating to a different country. Congress of Vienna. Nationalism as a destructive force (Austria-Hungary/Ottoman Empire Dying man of Europe. Dual Monarchy – same guy, two areas. Balkan and the Balkan powder keg. Rule and change nothing – Absolutism, Metternich, Francis I. Significant differences language, culture, and religion. Lagging behind within industrialism. Imperialism Motivations of E-MP-RH Means of colonies, protectorates, and sphere of influences. Social Darwinism. Leopold II. Western advantages; industrialism, superior weapons. Disadvantages for others; Colonies; Indirect and direct rule. Rebellions and critics. Imperialism in the Middle East Wide spread corruptions. Multiethnic. Pashas. Muhammad Ali – Father of Egypt. Young Turks. Age of Oil. Mahdi. Modernize, and canals. Genocides in Armenia. Usman Dan Fodio of Sudan. Concessions to the west. Wahhabis. Imperialism in China Opium War. Balance of trade and trade deficit. Hundred Days of Reform. Treaty of Nanjing. Boxer Rebellion. Open door policy. Extraterritoriality. Threats from the west and Japan – Sino-Japan War. Taiping Rebellion. Indemnity. Sun Yixian. .
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • HABSBURG Syllabi:The Habsburg Monarchy 1526-1918
    HABSBURG Syllabi:The Habsburg Monarchy 1526-1918 HAVERFORD COLLEGE SPRING 1995 HISTORY 224B AND 355B John Spielman THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 1526-1918 This course will concentrate on the history of the Habsburg dynastic empire in central and eastern Europe from the late middle ages to the end of the empire at the conclusion of World War I. The instructor's prejudices will dictate a heavy emphasis on the early modern period (late 16th to mid-18th centuries), but the whole of the empire's history will be dealt with. This course is made possible because of the publication of several books in the past decade, and particularly the works of Branger and Ingrao in the past year. Beyond the problems specific to the Austrian monarchy lies another, more general issue: the question of "empire" as a form of polity. This course will invite comparison with a range of imperial states in all parts of the planet, the problems common to all, the variety of their responses to centrifugal social forces, and the conditions contributing to their durability or lack of it. (Some other empires: Mughal, Ottoman, Roman, Spanish, British, several French, USA, USSR, Swedish, Third Reich, Manchu and other Chinese empires, Japanese, Dutch, etc. etc.) The course operates both as an intermediate course and as a topics course. Students taking this as 224b will be expected to follow the reading as outlined on the syllabus, take a one-hour mid-term examination, a three-hour final examination, and produce a term paper (12-15 pages). Students who are doing this course as a topics course (355b) will have a reading knowledge of German or Italian, and will be working on a major research paper (30+ pages) based in part at least on primary materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Cultural Influences Contributing To
    SOME CULTURAL INFLUENCES CONTRIBUTING TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE DUAL MONARCHY by NICHOLAS THOMAS KOERNER B-.Avj University of British Columbia; 1910 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Slavonic Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1958 ii ABSTRACT This inquiry is concerned with some of the cultural influences which contributed to the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy, Before an attempt could be made in this direction, a brief historical survey had to precede the detailed analysis, to show the evolution of the Dual Monarchy of the Danube basin from an unpretentious principality to the "universal" realm it ultimately became. Highly important was the mis• sion of the Hapsburgs, in their sincere endeavours as defen• ders of the Christian faith against the Turk. In this they believed themselves to be the champions of Western civilis• ation - to them the process of empire building was legitimate and fitted in with the German drive to the East and the rulers thus were able to absorb numerous non-German peoples. Already by 1620 the state had nearly reached its greatest degree of expansion. The Hapsburgs during the ensuing centuries achieved much to make the disparate "ramshackle" state into some sort of a whole: such was the state-idea, their substitute for the naturally evolved nation. This was exemplified by the dynasty with its experienced time tested paternalism, in which the last Hapsburg emperor, Pranz Joseph, was a past master.
    [Show full text]
  • O Du Mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in The
    O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Jason Stephen Heilman 2009 Abstract As a multinational state with a population that spoke eleven different languages, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was considered an anachronism during the age of heightened nationalism leading up to the First World War. This situation has made the search for a single Austro-Hungarian identity so difficult that many historians have declared it impossible. Yet the Dual Monarchy possessed one potentially unifying cultural aspect that has long been critically neglected: the extensive repertoire of marches and patriotic music performed by the military bands of the Imperial and Royal Austro- Hungarian Army. This Militärmusik actively blended idioms representing the various nationalist musics from around the empire in an attempt to reflect and even celebrate its multinational makeup.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    PATHS TO SUCCESS, PATHS TO FAILURE: HISTORICAL TRAJECTORIES TO DEMOCRATIC STABILITY By ADAM BILINSKI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 1 © 2015 Adam Bilinski 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the work on this project, I received enormous help from a number of people. The indispensable assistance was provided by my advisor Michael Bernhard, who encouraged me to work on the project since I arrived at the University of Florida. He gave me valuable and timely feedback, and his wide knowledge of the European political history and research methods proved irreplaceable in this regard. He is otherwise a warm, humble and an understanding person, a scholar who does not mind and even appreciates when a graduate student is critical toward his own ideas, which is a feature whose value cannot be overestimated. I received also valuable assistance from members of my dissertation committee: Benjamin Smith, Leonardo A. Villalon, Beth Rosenson and Chris Gibson. In particular, Ben Smith taught me in an accessible way about the foundational works in Political Science, which served as an inspiration to write this dissertation, while Chris Gibson offered very useful feedback on quantitative research methods. In addition, I received enormous help from two scholars at the University of Chicago, where this research project passed through an adolescent stage. Dan Slater, my advisor, and Alberto Simpser helped me transform my incoherent hypotheses developed in Poland into a readable master’s thesis, which I completed in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Empress Elisabeth ('Sisi') of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism
    VanDemark, Christopher. “Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 9 (2016): http://ahea.pitt.edu DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2016.254 Empress Elisabeth (‘Sisi’) of Austria and Patriotic Fashionism Christopher M. VanDemark Abstract: In this article, Christopher VanDemark explores the intersections between nationalism, fashion, and the royal figure in Hungary between 1857 and the Compromise of 1867. Focusing on aesthetics as a vehicle for feminine power at a critical junction in Hungarian history, VanDemark contextualizes Empress Elisabeth’s role in engendering a revised political schema in the Habsburg sphere. Foreseeing the power of emblematic politics, the young Empress adeptly situated herself between the Hungarians and the Austrians to recast the Hungarian martyrology narrative promulgated after the failed revolution of 1848. Eminent Hungarian newspapers such as the Pesti Napló, Pester Lloyd, and the Vasárnapi Újság form the backbone of this article, as publications such as these facilitated the dissemination of patriotic sentiment while simultaneously exulting the efficacy of symbolic fashions. The topic of study engages with contemporary works on nationalism, which emphasize gender and aesthetics, and contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on important women in Hungarian history. Seminal texts by Catherine Brice, Sara Maza, Abby Zanger, and Lynn Hunt compliment the wider objective of this brief analysis, namely, the notion that the Queen’s body can both enhance and reform monarchical power within a nineteenth-century milieu. Keywords: Empress Elisabeth, Habsburg Monarchy, fashion and politics, fashion and nationalism, 1867 Compromise Biography: Christopher VanDemark received his B.A in History and Political Science from the University of Florida, Gainesville.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching the Empire: Education and State Loyalty in Late Habsburg Austria
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 5-2020 Teaching the Empire: Education and State Loyalty in Late Habsburg Austria Scott O. Moore Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the European History Commons This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. TEACHING THE EMPIRE Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, founding editor Paul Hanebrink, editor Maureen Healy, editor Howard Louthan, editor Dominique Reill, editor Daniel L. Unowsky, editor Nancy M. Wingfield, editor The demise of the Communist Bloc a quarter century ago exposed the need for greater understanding of the broad stretch of Europe that lies between Germany and Russia. For four decades the Purdue University Press series in Central European Studies has enriched our knowledge of the region by producing scholarly monographs, advanced surveys, and select collections of the highest quality. Since its founding, the series has been the only English-language series devoted primarily to the lands and peoples of the Habsburg Empire, its successor states, and those areas lying along its immediate periphery. Among its broad range of international scholars are several authors whose engagement in public policy reflects the pressing challenges that confront the successor states. Indeed, salient issues such as democratization,
    [Show full text]
  • Austria-Hungary
    International Law Studies—Volume 17 International Law Documents Neutrality Breaking of Diplomatic Relations War With Notes U.S. Naval War College (Editor) The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the U.S. Government, the U.S. Department of the Navy or the Naval War College. 38 .l!ustria-Hungary Ultimatwm to Serbia. , n i 8 1JI is sal of German JJ!linister, September 13, 1917. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic to the Argentine Minister. Ar.Gr~N TIKE l\liXISTER: Please deliver to the Gennan Government the following: The Argentine Government has recognized and valued highly the exalted 1nanner in which the Government of Germany has soh·ecl in mnple tenns all the Argentine clailns, but must inform the Gennan Governn1ent that, because of the texts of l\Hnister von Luxburg's telegrmns which have been published, he has ceased to be persona grata, and in consequence this Governn1ent has delivered to hiln his passports. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Ultimatum to Serbia, July ·22, 1914.1 [Austro-Hungarian Red Book.] VII. Count Berchtold to Baron von Giesl, Belgrade. VIENNA, July 22, 1911.. You a re directed to hand the follo\ving note to the Royal Govern­ ment, in the course of the afternoon of Thursday, July· 23: · On the 31st of l\1arch, 1909, the Servian minister in Vienna, on instructions fr01n the Servian Government, made the follo\ving declaration to. the Itnperial and Royal Government: Servia recognizes that the fait accompli regarding Bosnia has not af­ fected her rights, and consequently she will conform to such decisions as t he powers may take with regard to Article XXV of the treaty of Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective
    CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.), Williamson (Guest Ed.) • 1914: Aus tria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I War of World the Origins, and First Year tria-Hungary, Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof AustrianFerdinand Federalism Karlhofer (Eds.) in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Federalism in ŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2015 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Cover photo © Parlamentsdirektion Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011124 ISBN: 9783902936691 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through generous grants from the the Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration, and Foreign Affairs in Vienna through the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, as well as the Federal Ministry of Economics, Science, and Research through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Break an Empire
    University of Birmingham How to break a state Deak, John; Gumz, Jonathan DOI: 10.1093/ahr/122.4.1105 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Deak, J & Gumz, J 2017, 'How to break a state: the Habsburg Monarchy's internal war', The American Historical Review, vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 1105–1136. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.4.1105 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in American Historical Review following peer review. The version of record John Deak, Jonathan E. Gumz; How to Break a State: The Habsburg Monarchy’s Internal War, 1914–1918, The American Historical Review, Volume 122, Issue 4, 3 October 2017, Pages 1105–1136 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.4.1105 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
    [Show full text]