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Franz Joseph Utilised? Franz Joseph utilised? Why the concept of Kaisertreue in the Austro-Hungarian Empire should be reinterpreted from an anational and national perspective based on two Kaiserreisen to Galicia in 1880 and 1894 N.J. Bakhuis – Prof. Dr. M.K. Baár 1 Franz Joseph utilised? Franz Joseph utilised? Why the concept of Kaisertreue in the Austro-Hungarian Empire should be reinterpreted from an anational and national perspective based on two Kaiserreisen to Galicia in 1880 and 1894 By Niels J. Bakhuis The image on the cover is of emperor Franz Joseph I. of Austria-Hungary (1830 (r. 1848) -1916) as he was presented on the front page of: Die Neue Zeit Nr. 197 (28-08-1880), 1. Used with permission from the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, see: HHStA Neuere Zeremonialakten (NZA) Karton 367. 2 Franz Joseph utilised? Contents Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Note on terminology and geographic names .................................................................................... 10 1. Historiography .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 The Belle Époque and the Great War years ................................................................................. 11 1.2 The Interbellum ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 The post-war debate ................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1. Austro-American school versus Anglo-French school ......................................................... 15 1.4 The historiographic gap ............................................................................................................... 18 2. Nationalism, anationalism, and Kaisertreue ................................................................................... 20 2.1 Nationalism ................................................................................................................................. 20 2.2 Anational imperialism ................................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Promoting Kaisertreue ................................................................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Religion ................................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Education .............................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Personal popularity and Kaiserreisen ................................................................................... 28 3. Conservative rule, Polish loyalty, and Szlachta dominance ............................................................ 31 3.1 The Ausgleich and Cisleithania .................................................................................................... 31 3.1.1 The Habsburg Monarchy ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 The Iron Ring and its successor ............................................................................................ 34 3.2 Galicia .......................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 The Poles .............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.2 The Ruthenes ........................................................................................................................ 40 4. Nationalist Kaisertreue in Galicia 1880 ............................................................................................ 42 4.1 The different ambitions of 1880.................................................................................................. 42 4.2 Cracow and Lemberg ................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Political and national perspectives .............................................................................................. 49 4.4 Interpretation of Kaisertreue ...................................................................................................... 53 5. Kaisertreue in Galicia 1894 ............................................................................................................... 55 5.1 The different ambitions of 1894.................................................................................................. 55 5.2 The 1894 Provincial Universal Exhibition .................................................................................... 57 5.3 Political and national perspectives .............................................................................................. 59 5.4 Interpretation of Kaisertreue ...................................................................................................... 61 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 63 3 Franz Joseph utilised? Literature .............................................................................................................................................. 66 Secondary Sources: ........................................................................................................................... 66 Articles: .......................................................................................................................................... 66 Books: ............................................................................................................................................ 66 Book Chapters ............................................................................................................................... 68 Documents: ................................................................................................................................... 69 Primary sources ................................................................................................................................ 69 Articles: .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Books: ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Documents: ................................................................................................................................... 70 Newspapers: .................................................................................................................................. 72 4 Franz Joseph utilised? Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. M.K. Baár for her help and advice in writing this Master thesis. She always made time for us to meet in order to exchange ideas or to discuss my research, any difficulties I encountered, interesting sources that I found, or just to sit down and have a friendly chat. I am deeply grateful to her for thinking along and helping me to transform a vague idea into the document you see before you. Secondly, I would like to thank the Stichting Oostenrijkse Studiën for financially supporting my journey to Vienna to visit the Austrian State Archives. Not only did their support enable me to search for primary sources which are relevant for my thesis, it also led me to experience the beauty of the imperial city, which to me made the topic feel much more alive. Thirdly, the people working in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, the Kriegsarchiv, and the Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv of the Austrian State Archives, for their advice and great help in getting the documents I wished to see. Finally, I would like to thank my girlfriend Greetje van der Heden for her encouragement, reassurance, inspiration, optimism, and, most important, for being there for me when I needed her to. Also my parents Marie-Christine van den Dungen en Ferry Bakhuis for their support, interest, willingness to listen, and inspiration. All these years you have been there for me and I cannot thank you enough! Niels J. Bakhuis 5 Franz Joseph utilised? Abstract Ever since Oscar Jászi’s thesis on opposing centripetal versus centrifugal forces within the Austro- Hungarian empire, historians have perceived developments within the Dual Monarchy through a dichotomous lens without questioning this assumed mutual exclusivity. This has led to singular interpretations of imperial loyalty, Kaisertreue, as a purely centripetal, read imperial, force. While new studies have shown that the opposition between nationalism and imperial identity is much more complex and that in some cases they could be compatible and even mutually supportive, this has not led to a new interpretation of Kaisertreue. Through
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