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Masteroppgavexbutler.Pdf (3.624Mb) Ambivalent Belonging in a Hierarchy of Others Positioning and Identity-Making in Bucharest Saskia Butler Master’s Thesis – Department of Social Anthropology The University of Oslo 22.05.2012 II Ambivalent Belonging in a Hierarchy of Others Positioning and Identity-Making in Bucharest Saskia Butler III © Saskia Butler 2012 Ambivalent Belonging in a Hierarchy of Others. Positioning and Identity-Making in Bucharest Saskia Butler http://ww.duo.uio.no/ IV Abstract In this thesis I explore aspects of identity-making processes among city dwellers in Bucharest, Romania. The unbounded and fragmented cityscape appeared as ambiguous as the social context, where a lack of positively loaded sense of belonging prevailed. Within this ambiguous framework, categories of ‘Others’, proved to be vital for social orientation. On the basis of five and a half months fieldwork in Bucharest, I suggest that ‘positioning’ in relations to ‘Others’, are significant aspects of identity-making processes among Bucharest dwellers, and in particular, the young middle class. ‘Others’ were represented in the social construct of ‘gypsies’, and categories of ill-mannered Romanians. These internal hierarchical orders also reflect a wider context, wherein Romanians subordinate themselves in relation to an idealized image of the West. Subjects and objects for disdain were saturated by notions of the ‘uncivilized’, contrasted, and compared to an idealized image of the ‘civilized West’. The common denominator that cut across various definitions of ‘Others’, both inferior ones in terms of ‘gypsies’, but also the superior one represented by the West, was this frequent reference to ideas of ‘civilized’ and ‘uncivilized’. This dichotomy, served as a navigator in identity-making processes, and was implemented by similarly positioned people to create a space where, positively loaded belonging emerged, while negative portrayals of ‘Others’ functioned to strengthen this sense of belonging. V VI Acknowledgements First of all I wish to express my warmest gratitude to all of the persons whom generously welcomed me into their lives in Bucharest. I have never before been treated with such cordiality, kindness and sincerity. I owe special thanks to three wonderful Romanians. Thank you for offering me your friendships and for accepting my ignorance. Without your support, care and sense of humor I would have been lost in spirals of self-criticism and rumination. You sure know how to live, vă mulţumesc pentru tot. I am indebted to my academic supervisor Paul Wenzel Geissler, whose sharp comments gave order to my thoughts, and whose encouragement and inspiration pushed me forwards; I could not have been more fortunate. I wish to express my gratitude to the Department of Social Anthropology in Oslo, and to all its dedicated professors who have cultivated my anthropological spirit throughout these five years. I owe thanks to Professor Vintilă Mihăilescu for his clever input, and for providing me with crucial insights about Romania. I wish to thank my parents, Jenny Butler and Carl Gustafsson for always encouraging me, and for teaching me creative thinking, a vital tool in life, in the field and in the process of writing this thesis. I wish to express my gratitude to Peer, for patience, positivity and playfulness. A special thank to Nicole Rovan, for Skype support and for visiting me in Bucharest. Thanks to all of my wonderful and supportive classmates, and to my companion throughout the university years, Tina Svedberg. I am also immensely grateful for bright and critical inputs by Peder Fischer-Griffiths and Betina Torbjørnsen. Reality is multifaceted and inexhaustible, but I have tried my uttermost to provide an accurate account and analysis of people and events in the field. Any possible shortcomings with the aim of doing so are nevertheless fully mine. Accomplishing the fieldwork and writing this thesis has been a demanding, yet amazing experience. I have learnt a lot, and hope that I may transmit some of these insights to the reader. VII Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... V Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. VII Contents ................................................................................................................................. VIII Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Topic and Research Question ................................................................................................. 2 Theoretical and Analytical Framework .................................................................................. 3 Identity-Making .................................................................................................................. 3 Positioning and Orientation ................................................................................................ 4 Differentiation and Belonging ............................................................................................ 4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 7 An Unwanted Observer ...................................................................................................... 8 Informants and Production of Data .................................................................................. 10 Drawing Fieldnotes .......................................................................................................... 11 Historical and Geographical Context ................................................................................... 12 Bucharest “Micul Paris” ................................................................................................... 14 Ethical Reflections ............................................................................................................... 15 Thesis Outline ...................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: An Urban Patchwork .............................................................................................. 19 Analytical Framework: Space, Place and Identity ............................................................... 19 Arenas ................................................................................................................................... 21 Urban Networking: ‘Being Found’ ...................................................................................... 22 Bucharest .............................................................................................................................. 25 Disorganization and Property ............................................................................................... 27 Mihai ................................................................................................................................ 29 Marcel ............................................................................................................................... 30 Herăstrău: the Old and the New ........................................................................................... 31 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3: The Gypsy Other .................................................................................................... 35 Analytical Framework .......................................................................................................... 35 Who are the ‘Gypsies’? ........................................................................................................ 36 A Brief History ..................................................................................................................... 38 VIII Gypsy Criteria ...................................................................................................................... 39 Gypsies in Romanian Self-Perception .................................................................................. 41 The confusion of two extremes ............................................................................................ 42 Romanian Racism: “Your shit is worse than our shit” ......................................................... 43 Gypsies are our Problem ...................................................................................................... 44 An Ambiguous Warning ...................................................................................................... 46 Bad Gypsies/Bad Romanians ............................................................................................... 48 Racism as Commonsense ..................................................................................................... 49 Oana ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Dogs and Gypsies: Manifestations of Embodied Prejudice ................................................. 51 A Walk Through Sinteşti .................................................................................................. 52 Afterthoughts ...................................................................................................................
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