Lone Star Chemistry Solu ons
Lone Star Chemistry Solu ons iBook: h ps://itunes.apple.com/us/book/lone-star-chemistry-solu ons/id635036317?mt=11 What Startd in Texas Has Changed te World Part III Emeritus College Spring 2015
Diana Mason, PhD, ACSF (re red) Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry University of North Texas April 21, 2015
Schedule
• April 14: Texas on the World’s Stage • April 16: Early Statehood • April 21: Solu ons & to the Moon (Celebra on!) • April 23: Texas Today
2015 Texas Week: March 1-7 Therefore, be it resolved, that the Senate of Texas, the House of Representatives concurring therein, does here and now approve this Resolution and set apart annually the entire week in which March the Second comes as a season to be known as Texas Week!
Today: 18 minutes that changed the World! Uniquely Texas Solu ons
• Crazy Water—Mineral Wells • Dr Pepper—Waco • Big Red—Waco • Gatorade • Beer Breweries – Lone Star, San Antonio – Shiner, Shiner – Rahr, Fort Worth • Wineries (275+) • Texas Vodkas (20+) • Blue Bell Ice Cream (frozen colloidal suspension!) 18. Braggin’ or True? Texan Saves Wine Industry in France! • In 1880: vineyards of France on the verge of destruc on due to phylloxera root louse – Greatest effect in Charante Region (Cognac) – economic disaster looming • French scien st Pierre Viala chosen to find a cure – led him to Denison, Texas and scien st Thomas Volney Munson • First a empt in Missouri had failed a few year before! Grayson Co. • These scien sts studied the na ve grapes of Texas Thomas Munson – Soils very similar (1843-1913) – Munson knew the Texas rootstocks were resistant to phylloxera Born: Illinois – Munson suggested that the only way to save the French vineyards was to Died: Denison gra the Texas rootstocks with the French vines. – Gra ing con nues to this day Munson received awards from the French Chevalier du Merite Agricule Highest award that could be given to a foreign civilian 1888: Munson inducted into the French Legion of Honor To commemorate the award: Centennial Celebra on was held in Cognac and Denison in 1988!
Texas Wine Les Constable, winemaker, is experimen ng with 36 different vines in Alvord (just north of Decatur) at Brushy Creek Vineyards. Texas Red Grapes
Alvord
Texas is home to over 275 wineries (2014) Over 11,000 jobs Economy: $1.8 billion (2012) 1.2 million cases produced per year Na onal Beer of Texas
• Lone Star Brewery founded by Adolphus Busch was built in 1890s in San Antonio • Produc on is currently contract to Miller Brewing Company in Fort Worth • Slogan: “Long Live Longnecks” Shiner Beer
• Spoetzl Brewery is located in Shiner • Oldest independent brewery in Texas • Founded in 1909 Shiner • Available in 35 states—and everywhere in Texas! Rahr & Sons Brewing Co. • Founded in the fall of 2004 • Loca on: south side of Fort Worth • Fritz Rahr (owner) graduated from Texas Chris an University • 15 na onally-recognized awards! 19. Braggin’ or True? • The first Dr. Pepper (had a period a er the Dr!) was served around 1885 (U.S. Patent Office recognizes December 1, 1885 as the first date served preceding the introduc on of Coca-Cola by one year) • DP was first na onally marketed in 1904 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi on at the World's Fair in St. Louis. • Two types— – Dublin Dr Pepper (from Dublin and now Temple, TX) s ll made with sucrose • Texas original Imperial Pure Cane Sugar (1843) – ”Regular" Dr Pepper made with high-fructose corn syrup • The Dublin Dr Pepper Bo le Company (since 1891-2011) was "The Oldest Dr Pepper Bo ling Plant in the World! A True Texas Original!” • Dr Pepper Museum – Located in the Artesian Manufacturing and Bo ling Company building in downtown Waco, Texas – Opened to the public in 1991
Big Red • Grover Cleveland Thomsen was a Danish- American chemist who co-invented Big Red soda with his coworker, R. H. Roark. – worked for Perfec on Barber and Beauty Supply in Waco when they began making flavoring extracts. • Originally called Sun Tang Cream Soda in 1937 • Given name, Big Red, by two San Antonio caddies in 1969. Diet Dr Pepper • Diet Dr Pepper sweetened with aspartame – ar ficial sweetener that contains phenylalanine – should be avoid by PKU (phenylketonuria) pa ents • Screening for PKU began in Texas in 1965 – Developed by Robert Guthrie, MD, PhD at The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Logo since 2009 Logo 1973 - 2009 Gatorade • Inventor, James Robert Cade (1927-2007) – 4th genera on Texan! – Born in San Antonio, TX – B.S., The University of Texas at Aus n, 1950 – M.D., Southwestern Medical, 1954 – Professor of medicine and nephrology, University of Florida 20. Braggin’ or True? Mineral Wells, TX
Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto and Parker Coun es
• Texas has the second most number of mineral springs of any state, trailing only Wyoming, but only one natural lake (Caddo)! • Story: Mr. Lynch le his home in Denison with his wife and 9 children in search for a drier climate for his wife who had rheuma sm and a family that was in poor health. – Tragedy struck along the way; forced to stop in Mineral Wells • Afraid to drink the water because of the funny smell – A er tas ng, the Lynch’s began drinking the well water. – Mrs. Lynch's rheuma sm subsided and Mr. Lynch, once frail and gaunt, began pu ng on some weight and the other ailments of the family were improved. • News spread – Mr. Lynch started selling his water for a nickel a quart. Baker Hotel
• Mineral Wells became world famous in the 1880s for its “Crazy Water”. • The early promoters credited the water’s medicinal agents—primarily calcium, magnesium, and sulfate—with the power to relieve or cure, dyspepsia, neuralgia, sore eyes, paralysis, insomnia, liver and kidney problems, rheuma sm, scrofula (TB of neck), and improprie es of the blood. Crazy Water
• In 1993 Gene Fowler reported in Texas Highways magazine (p 93), that there is a significant amount of lithium found in some of the town’s wells, indica ng that the Crazy Water story may weave a few facts into the folklore. • Reported lithium content of "Crazy Water" No. 4 (the full- bodied mineral water) is 0.17 mg/L.
lithium citrate Lithium Compounds • Psychiatric medica on – mood-stabilizers – treatment of depression, par cularly preven ng mania – treatment of bipolar disorders • Lithium becomes widely distributed in the central nervous system and interacts with a number of neurotransmi ers and receptors, decreasing norepinephrine (noradrenaline) release and increasing serotonin synthesis.
WW II “Give me an army of West Point graduates and I’ll win the ba le. Give me a handful of Texas Aggies, and I’ll win the war.” −−General George S. Pa on 21. Braggin’ or True? President Eisenhower Recognized
Na ve Texan Dwight D. Eisenhower recognized in London as the Eisenhower was born in Supreme Allied Commander of WW II, Denison. 1944-1945 Belle of Texas
• December 1943 • Belle of Texas, a B-24 bomber – Pilot Charlie Pra e • First plane to land with parachutes improvised as brakes – Last combat mission Ba leship TEXAS Na onal Historical Landmark
• Oldest remaining dreadnought ba leship (launched 1912). • First ba leship memorial museum (1948-present) in U.S. – April 21, 1948 (112th anniversary of Texas Independence) the TEXAS was presented to the State of Texas and commissioned as the flagship of the Texas Navy. • Currently anchored on the Buffalo Bayou in the Houston Ship Channel as the last and oldest ba leship afloat that served in both WW I and II from 1914 to 1948. – Only U.S. ba leship to see combat in Europe (Normandy Landings), African (North African campaign), and the Pacific (Iwo Jima and Okinawa). • Firsts: – Mount an -aircra guns – Control gunfire with directors and range-keepers (analog forerunners to today's computers) – Launch aircra – In February 1941, hosted the founding of the U.S. 1st Marine Division – Walter Cronkite, onboard the Ba leship Texas issued the first uncensored news reports on Opera on Torch that launched his career as a war correspondent. • In 2006 she appeared as herself in two movies – Flags of Our Fathers – Le ers from Iwo Jima Audie Murphy
• Most decorated American combat soldier of WW II 33 awards and medals including: – Dis nguished Service Cross – 3 Purple Hearts – One Medal of Honor – French Legion of Honor • Born in Kingston, TX (10 mi north Greenville) • Enlisted in the army (denied by Navy, Marines!) 10 days a er his 18th birthday • Movie actor: To Hell and Back (1955) • Died in a plane crash in 1971, Virginia
Birthplace, outside Kingston Far right: Audie Murphy Museum Middle: Audie Murphy Memorial Greenville, TX Below: Celeste, TX, boyhood Farmersville, TX home
Hunt Co.
Greenville
Collin Co. Audie Murphy Memorial Holtzwihr Member of the French Legion of Honor USS West Virginia Doris “Dorie” Miller Messman Third Class with Navy Cross (third highest honor)
First African American to receive the Navy Cross • Born in Waco, TX • October 12, 1919-November 24, 1943 • Noted for his bravery during the a ack on Pearl Harbor • KIA when the USS Liscome Bay was sunk by a Japanese submarine during the Ba le of Makin • Recognized as one of the "first U.S. heroes of World War II” • Mess A endant First Class • In 2014, VA Hospital in Waco named for Miller Harlon Block • Marine Corporal Block planted the U.S. Flag at the Ba le of Iwo Jima
– Born in Yorktown, TX February 23 • Originally buried on Iwo Jima (1945), re-interred in Weslaco (1949) and now buried at the Marine Military Academy (1995) in Harlingen
Yorktown Lost Ba alion
• Ba alion of 1,011 men aboard the Cruiser USS Houston launched in 1929 USS Houston (CA-30) only 368 reached Sunk in 1942 (Ba le of Sunda Strait) shore along with another 190 survivors from other vessels the day a er what is named the "Ba le of the Java Sea” it sank.
• Survivors of the 2nd Ba alion, 131st Field Flag from USS Houston Ar llery, 36th Division (Texas Na onal Guard) on the Houston (CA-30), a convoy escort vessel, have become known as the "Texas Lost Ba alion.” • Memorabilia housed in Decatur at the Heritage Museum First U.S. Flag Over Japan • POWs who par cipated in the fu le a empt to save the island of Java as part of the U.S.'s involvement in WWII following the a ack on Pearl Harbor were dispersed to many encampments = hence LOST Ba alion! • Their capture led to 42 months of "hell" inspiring the movie, Bridge on the River Kwai. The Netherlands East Indies was under Dutch control from 1800 un l it was dismantled by the Japanese in 1942. • Right: Dutch POWs made a U.S. Flag out of cow’s blood and mercurochrome.
mercurochrome Captain Ray “Hawk” Hawkins (December 12, 1922 - March 21, 2004)
• Born in Zavalla, TX • Flight training NAS Corpus Chris • Downed 14 enemy aircra in WW II = Naval Ace • Flew on the first carrier based jet bombing mission of the Korean war • Blue Angels (1948-50); resumed (1952-53) – First Flight Leader – First pilot to eject going faster than speed of sound and survive; also blew threw a closed canopy while upside down • Awards – Navy Crosses (3) – Dis nguished Flying Cross (3) – Air Medal (3) Lt. (jg) Hawkins in his F-6F Hellcat – Emperor of Japan Third Order of the Sacred Treasure (Highest award ever given by Japan to a foreign military officer) – Na onal Avia on Hall of Fame (2001) – Texas Avia on Hall of Fame (2006) Texas Honor Day
• September 18
• Texas Heroes Day – To honor and preserve the memory of the volunteer soldiers who died defending the Republic and to pay tribute to the men and women of the military, both past and present, who serve Texas. – Special emphasis is placed on honoring those who died in the Mier Expedi on and the Dawson Massacre. 1941: Magnesium 22. Braggin’ or True?
Magnesium Mining from Seawater
Freeport
Native magnesium crystals. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg
• The Allies in World War II were so desperate for magnesium, which was needed to make incendiary weapons and to alloy with aluminum and zinc for the aircra industry that used it to make various lightweight parts, like crankcases, that The Dow Chemical Company developed a method for extrac ng magnesium from seawater. • The magnesium plant in Freeport came online January 21, 1941, marking the first me that man had mined the ocean for a metal. • For every cubic kilometer of seawater there is about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium the third most common dissolved mineral in seawater. The Dow Chemical Company Freeport • Magnesium is rarely found in a na ve state in nature even though it though it is the fourth most common element on Earth. • Magnesium's ions, Mg2+, are highly soluble in water and its alloys have good tensile strength and exhibit resistance to corrosion. • To extract magnesium from seawater, first requirement is a large amount of seawater, which is one reason that The Dow Chemical Company plant was built in Freeport. – Next the seawater containing magnesium chloride is mixed with its suspended salts including magnesium hydroxide with lime, calcium oxide, to make a slurry. – This mixture is allowed to sit long enough for the solids to se le to the bo om where they are removed a er the water rises to the top. – A er the solids are removed, filtered, and washed to remove the chlorides, the packed "cake" of material undergoes a thermal treatment process called calcina on in a kiln that leaves the magnesium behind. 23. Braggin’ or True? 1965+: Carbon Carbon Black Industry in Texas • Not soot or coke; it is odorless and insoluble in water • Powdery commercial form of carbon, spontaneously combus ble – MW = 12.0111 g/mol and density of 2.26 g/cm3 – Black and composed of 97% (or more) elemental carbon arranged in aciniform (grape-like clusters). – Electronega vity is 2.55 and specific heat at 25 ℃ is 0.165 cal/g – Thermal conduc vity is 0.057 cal/s-cm-℃ – Mel ng point = 3,727 ℃; boiling point = 4,830 ℃ – Used in res and rubber products, prin ng ink, plas cs, pigments, fer lizers, and other manufactured products. • What makes carbon black a unique choice for use in rubber produc on is that its par cles are usually spherical in shape Sunray, TX near Amarillo (diameter of 13-95 nm) and not as regularly crystalline as seen in the layers of graphite. • If carbon black is heated at 3,000 ℃ for a prolonged period, it changes into graphite that has a layered, planar structure. Carbon Black Plant • In 1965, valued at $87,500,000. • By 1969, valued at $110,816,000 with a daily capacity of 3,945,300 lb. • By 1970, Texas led in the na on's produc on of carbon black being responsible for greater than 90% of the na on's carbon black used in rubber produc on. Carbon-60
• First inten onally prepared in 1985 Professor Emeritus Bob Curl – Robert (Bob) Curl (born in Alice, 1933) – Richard Smalley and Sir Harry Kroto • 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry • “Birthed” nanotechnology
Alice
Buckminsterfullerene (or buckyball) NanoTexan • One of the earliest ways that humans communicated was to make drawings of s ck figures on walls of caves. • Some chemists, like Professor Tour of Rice Reprinted with permission from Arts and University, s ll communicate Sciences Reunite in Nanoput: Communicating Synthesis and the Nanoscale to the Layperson Stephanie H. Chanteau, in this way, but he uses Troy Ruths, and James M. Tour, Journal of Chemical Education, 80(4), 395. Copyright figures that are 2-nm tall. 2003 American Chemical Society. DOI: 10.1021/ed080p395 (Also, reprinted with permission from J. Tour.) State of Texas Molecule
• The carbon cage of the C-60 molecule that birthed nanoscale science and is the official state of Texas molecule, as voted on by the 75th Legislature in 1997!
24. Braggin’ or True? Mart Nobelers with Texas Ties!
Alice
Robert Woodrow Wilson Houston, TX, Physics, 1978, Cosmic Microwave Background Radia on E. Donnall Thomas Mart, TX, Physiology or Medicine, 1990, Development of cell and organ transplanta on; development of bone marrow transplant for leukemia treatment (Story about Coetzee, Nobel Prize in Literature 1993: h ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1T7AaT4nqY)
Floyd Robert (Bob) Curl, Jr. Alice, TX, graduated Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, Chemistry, 1996, third allotrope of carbon, C-60 (Buckyball); birthed nanotechnology
W. E. Moerner Born Pleasanton, CA, graduated Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, Chemistry, 2014, imagining single molecules with the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
James (Jim) P. Allison Alice, TX, 2014 Breakthrough Prize for development of an -CTLA-4 as an body to treat cancer, with FDA-approval of ipilimumab Texas Instruments
• Texas Instruments (TI) was the first to mass produce silicon transistors in 1954 and invented the integrated circuit — the microchip — in 1958 and the electronic hand- held calculator in 1967. • Shipments of calculators bearing the TI brand began five years later. – Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce invented almost iden cal ICs at nearly the same me in 1958. Jerry D. Merryman
• The hand-held pocket calculator was invented at Texas Instruments, Incorporated (TI) in 1966 by a development team which included Jerry D. Merryman (born in Hearne), James H. Van Tassel and Jack St. Clair Kilby.
Hearne
Merryman Cosmos 25. Braggin’ or True? The Moon
• PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY'S RICE STADIUM MOON SPEECH (September 12, 1962) • “But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlan c? Why does Rice play Texas?” • “We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard” .... Texas Trivia
• The first word spoken from the moon on July 20, 1969 was Houston. • The world heard Armstrong's quiet message: – "Houston. Tranquility Base here. Eagle has landed." NASA launch pad 26. Braggin’ or True? Toddie Lee Wynne’s Private Launch • In one toss of the coin, Clint Murchison lost ownership of Matagorda Island to his partner Toddie Lee Wynne (1924-1987), minority owner of the Dallas Cowboys. • Despite a near-fatal 1943 heart a ack, Dallas’ Toddie Lee Wynne would outlive all of his contemporaries and become the sole owner of the lower third of Matagorda Island. • In the 1980s, he harnessed his fortune to finance the world’s first private space launch at his island compound that occurred on September 9, 1987. – Blasted off from Matagorda Island where he and Murchison once entertained Franklin Roosevelt. • Conestoga 1 rocket was in the final countdown for Wynne who had passed away only hours earlier.
Wills Point, Van Zandt Co. Toddie Lee Wynne born in Wills Point. 27. Braggin’ or True? Energy Post-Sputnik Era = Golden Age of Science Bonham
Lyndon B. Johnson Gillespie Co. Sam Rayburn, na ve of TN, but moved to Fannin Co. Served House & Senate: 1937-1963 at age 5, gradua ng from now TAMU, Commerce US President: 1963-1969 Died: Bonham Born and Died: Stonewall Member of House 47 y, Speaker for 17 y (March 4, 1913 – November 16, 1961) • Sputnik provided the thrust for the early Na onal Science Founda on (NSF) programs – Curriculum projects abounded • NSF’s funding grew in President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administra on • Baby boom college popula on in the middle years of the 1960s • Coupled with a wider role for the federal government in educa on under President Johnson's Great Society program State Holiday
• August 27
• Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Superconductor Super Collider (SSC) • Na onal Merit of Science (1988): detec ng superconduc vity at 23 K = -250.15 °C • Paul Chu (Below, le ) University of Houston, found stable reproducible superconduc vity above 90 K (almost 100 K) – Established Texas Center for Superconduc vity and Advanced Materials Waxahachie • Waxahachie (the best geographically stable land in the USA) and build a par cle accelerator complex! – Speaker Jim Wright had enthusias cally supported project – Threw families off their property who had been there for years
Right: Jim Wright Born: Fort Worth, TX Represented 12th Congressional District (defeated Wingate Lucas who had defeated Jim Mason in 1952) Served: January 3, 1955 – June 30, 1989 Speaker: 1987-1989 The Big Hole Circumference was 87.1 km = 54.1 mi
• Awarded to Texas in November 1988 • Major construc on began in 1991 • Seventeen sha s were sunk and 23.5 km (14.6 mi) of tunnel were bored by late 1993 • $2 billion of the projected $5 billion spent • Ask for more funds—defeated in the U.S. Senate 1993 Both Sen. Gramm and Sen. Hutchison voted against the requested funds because the U.S. could not afford to support the SSC and the Interna onal Space Sta on. • Clinton, 1993: “abandoning the SSC at this point would signal that the United States is compromising its posi on of leadership in basic science” • Higgs boson (God Par cle) may have been discovered here! • Property sold to J. B. Hunt in 2006 (investments) § Supposed to become a er III or IV data center § As of October 2010, site—abandoned and run-down § Chemical company Magnablend bought the property and facili es in 2012 US Power Grids
Established in WW II. We actually pay less because we can back it up with other energy sources. Glen Rose
Glen Rose Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center World's largest wind farm spread over nearly 47,000 acres in two coun es, Taylor Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center and Nolan World's largest wind farm 735.5 megawatt (MW) capacity
Consists of Taylor County Nolan County 291 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines 130 Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbines
Manure Gasifica on Plant
Hereford • Manure Gasification Plant – Hereford, TX – World's largest commercial cattle feeding operation • 3.5 million head of cattle • Generates 2.1 million tons of manure annually – Produces 115 million gallon-per-year denatured ethanol Abbo
2014 Willie’s Gas
• Willie Nelson, born in Abbo , TX ("suburb" of West), in 1933. • His concern to save the environment and help the farmers, resulted in his promo on of "Willie Gas". • Biofuels are fuels derived from living organisms, such as trees, algae plankton, etc. but burning these might not be any be er than using coal. • Early biofuels came about from fermen ng sugars from foods such as corn and wheat to produce ethanol, but this led to some crop shortages. • BioWillie (B20 blend) gas is made from soybean and other vegetable oils. Willie Nelson Born: April 29, 1933 (age 81) in Abbo , Texas • Nelson spent the '60s wri ng songs that became hits for stars like Ray Price ("Night Life"), Patsy Cline ("Crazy"), Faron Young ("Hello Walls"), and Billy Walker ("Funny How Time Slips Away") • Came into his own in the 1970s • Has wri en 337 songs Red Adair (1915-2004)
• Paul Neal "Red" Adair – born in Houston – a ended Reagan High School but did not finish since he had to drop out in The Depression to help his family. • Red quickly became his trademark since he wore red clothes and red boots; he drove a red car, his company all drove red trucks and owned red equipment. • Renowned American oil well firefighter. – John Wayne made the movie, Hellfighters, in 1968 about his life. • Specialized in an extremely dangerous profession—capping oil well, natural gas well 28. Braggin’ or True? Bureau of Engraving and Prin ng U.S. Department of the Treasury • Five ci es competed – Fort Worth won! • Land loca on good – Perfect geographically stable land and acreage perfect – Close to the Federal Reserve in Dallas (could truck money) – Near airport (Alliance Airport) – fly in paper and truck over • Poli cs – Ross Perot donated land (son operates airport) – Senator Bentson, U.S. Secretary of Treasury (1993-1994) Le : Ross Perot (born 1930, Texarkana) Born: Texarkana Founder: EDS and Perot Systems Corp. Inc Right: Lloyd Bentson Born: Mission, TX; Died: Houston, TX House: December 4, 1948 – January 3, 1955 Senator: January 3, 1971 – January 20, 1993 Demo: Bills under black light
• Denomina on Fluorescence of Security Thread • $100 pink (606 nm)/orange (590 nm) $50 yellow (570 nm) $20 green (495 nm) $10 red (620 nm) $5 blue (450 nm) Cladding
• Early 1960s coins started to disappear from circula on because they were worth more than face value to a metal dealer. • Prompted the U.S. Mint to reconsider the metallic composi on of our coins. • By 1964, Texas Instruments was able to solve this problem when they developed an economical method to bond together dissimilar metals in a process called cladding. • Cladding is achieved by using high pressure to help extrude two metals through a die while pressing or rolling the sheets together. Let’s Review 18. Braggin’ or True? 19. Braggin’ or True? 20. Braggin’ or True? 21. Braggin’ or True? 22. Braggin’ or True? 23. Braggin’ or True? 24. Braggin’ or True? 25. Braggin’ or True? 26. Braggin’ or True? 27. Braggin’ or True? 28. Braggin’ or True? You may purchase Thursday for $30!
Lone Star CHEMISTRY Solu ons By Diana Mason, PhD h ps://itunes.apple.com/us/book/lone-star-chemistry-solu ons/id635036317?mt=11 Texas Has Braggin’ Rights! THANK YOU SEE YOU THURSDAY!