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From the Supreme Islamic Shi'i Council to Amal: Shi'i Politics in Lebanon from 1969-1984

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From the Supreme Islamic Shi'i Council to Amal: Shi'i Politics in Lebanon from 1969-1984 FROM THE SUPREME ISLAMIC SHI'I COUNCIL TO AMAL: SHI'I POLITICS IN LEBANON FROM 1969-1984. Lise Jean Herbert hstitute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montréal December 1999 A thesis subrnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Resemh in partial hifilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts O Lise Jean Herbert 1999 National Library Bibiioth ue naüonale l*I ofCanada du Cana9 a The auîhor has granteci a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence aliowing the exciusive permettant à la National Lt'brary of Canada to BibiiothQue nationale du Canada de reproduce, 10- distn'bute or seil reproduire, prêter, distrier ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproâuction sur papier ou sur fonnat électronique. The author reîains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la prq*étédu copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be pxinted or oîherwise de celie-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced withorrt the anthor's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Author. Lise Jean Herbert Title: From the Supreme Islamic Shi'i Council to AMAL: Shi'i Politics in Lebanon fiom 1969-1984. Department: institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University Degree: Master of Arts (M.A.) This thesis highlights a new approach to the programs and agenda of the Shi'ite representative body in Lebanon known under the acronym AMAL. The period studied is fiom 1969-1984. Previous studies have drawn insufficient attention to the important and quintessentially IsIarnic relation between religion and politics for this particular cornrnunity. This relation becomes a focal point for this thesis. Here, 1 study and tell the story of how a politically and socially marginaiized sector of a Society awakened unto itself and sought change in its political, social and economic position. This change involved a reaffinnation of specifically Shi'i doctrines, beliefs and motifs which heIged this community assert themselves with a new identity during this fifieen year penod, Résumé Auteur: Lise Jean Herbert Titre: Du Conseil Suprême Chi'ite &AMAL:La Politique Chiite au Liban de 1969 à 1984. Département: L'Institut des Etudes Islamiques, Université McGill Niveau: Maiirise en Arts (M.A.) Ce mémoire jette un nouveau regard sur les programmes et ordres du jour du corps représentatif des Chi'ites du Liban, connu sous I'acronym AMAL. La période étudiée s'étend de 1969 & 1984. La plupart des dtudes antdrieures concernant cette communauté n'attirent pas suffisamment l'attention sur le rapport intrendquement islamique entre la religion et la politique. Ce rapport est le point centrai de cette étude. Ici, je présente et j'anaiyse l'histoire d'une communauté, marginalisée politiquement et socialement du reste de Ia société, qui s'éveille et cherche à améliorer sa situation politique, économique et sociale. Cette amélioration implique une reaffiirmation des doctrines, des croyances et des motifs spécifiquement Chi'ites qui aident à une meilleure image pour la communauté sous une nouvelle identité peadant la plupart de la période étudiée. Aithough tbis journey has been a personal one, a journey of pondering both professional and spiritual matters, I've been blessed to share it with some extremely thoughtful and taiwted individu&. For guidance and tirne which my thesis advisor, Dr. Todd Lawson, has devoted to this project I would Iike to express my sincere appreciation. His keen interest in the field of Shi'i Thought habeen infectious throughout the writing of this project and has kept this author on her toes. In addition to this guidance, it is essentia1 to acknowledge the impact of Dr. Howard FederspieI upon the political aspects of this work His understanding of political movements and theory, and how one may recognize similarities between various organizations and their respective agendas, has enriched this thesis and steered it towards new perspectives on Shi'i politics. [t is &O important to recognize Dr. Issa J.Boullata as CO-supervisorand his invaluable advice conceming particda sources and significant points. Dr. A.Uner Turgay, Direct or of the Institute, must aIso be thanked for his advice throughout this three year period, dong with al1 help which he has offered. 1would also Iike to express my gratitude to Ms. Salwa Ferahian, ML Wayne St. Thomas and Mr. Stephen Millier who were continually wanting to lend assistance. They, along with Mrs. Ann YaxIey and Mrs. Dam Richard are highiy cherished for their positive approach to a11 students and their concerns. 1 must finaIly recognize a11 of my family and fiiends, wvhether near or far, for their continual encouragement throughout these three years of study. Without the unfailing support of aII, this project wouId not have been the journey that eventuaily materialized. Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................... a i Résumé.. ........................ .... ............................................................ ü *.* Aclmowledgments.. ............................................................................... LU Table of Contents .................................................................................. iv introduction.. ..................................................................................... .1 Chapter One: The Creation of the Supreme Islamic Shi'i Council and its evolution into the organization icnown as AbW .......................... 22 Chapter Two: The Original Programs and Activities of AU4L .......................... 66 1 1.1 The Shi'i Demands ............................................................. 67 Chapter Three: Muences of the Iranian Revolution upon the Shi'a of Lebanon ....1 IO Chapter Four: The lsraeli Invasions of Southern Lebanon (1976-1 982).,. ........... .I42 Conclusion.. ..................................................................................... J71 Appendix: The Shi'i Demands.. ............................................................... 182 Bibliography. ..................................................................................... 186 htroduct ion Mult i-confessional governance in modemday Lebanon was established after its independence îkom French and British coIoniaI dein 1943. Upon the lifting of the European powers' mandates, the Maronite, Suuni, Shi'i and Drue religious communities were faced with a daunting situation. They were charged with erecting a political system which takes cognizance of communal conditions in the country, assures al1 factions of political faimess, and represents the just aspirations of al1 citizens. Given patterns of communal status, was the system simply to be controIIed by the major communities or was there to be widespread political participation? Could the smaller, Iess powerful communities accept the "majority rule" of the major communities and, particulariy, the controI of key politicd and security offices and agencies that codd affect the smaller communities for good or harm without much opportunity for effective recnurse? And finally, if communal organization was to pervade the political system and be its principal consideration, then how was the government itseIf to be structured so that al1 communities would feeI protected on one hand and as participatory on the other? This thesis treats the Lebanse Shi'ite perspective concerning some of the aforementioned questions. Many authors, whether of the East or the West, have studied the Lebanese CidWa. and attempted to examine its causes, and if possible, its results. There are those who have interested themselves in the history of the nation and its people. The economic development of the country over the span of this century, with Beirut seemingly the West's oasis in an otherwise foreign, Arab world, has aIso been considered. In many of these studies, as well as numerous other approaches left unmentioned, the varying roles of the religious commm*tiesbecomes part and parce1 of the work. During my initial reading as preparation for this thesis, 1quickly became aware of the minor, if not insignificant role the Shi'i comrnunity seemed to assume in al1 dimensions of Lebanese life since the creation of the state. Frantz Fanon, the ideologue for the Algerian revolution, clairns when advantaged and disadvantaged groups within a society face off, usually violence has to occur so that both psychological views of self and opponents take He contends that this confiontation is an inevitable outcome of colonialism, where the colonized cornes to realize that the settler is no better than himself? The early dialogue which the colonizers form with an elite amongst the colonized, during the period of liberation, concems values? However, for the coIonized people, the most essential value is signified by the land: "the land which will bring them bread and, above all, dig~it~.'~Fanon continues by elaborating upan the antagonism between tom and country dweilers: "The rural dwellers talk of 'loss of mords' which is merely antagonism between those who tum colonial exploitation to his account and those who are excluded from the advantages of colonialism.'" Thw an awareness begins to manifest itself where the necessity for national unity and nationd growth lies fîrst in "the unity of a group, the disappearance of oId quarrels and the final iiquidation of unspoken grievances.**
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