Batman As Wayne's Defense Mechanism in Goyer's

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BATMAN AS WAYNE’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN GOYER’S BATMAN BEGINS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

JATI KUMBARA Student Number: 144214110

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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BATMAN AS WAYNE’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN GOYER’S BATMAN BEGINS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

JATI KUMBARA Student Number: 144214110

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018 ii

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis

Yogyakarta, May 28, 2018

Jati Kumbara

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Jati Kumbara Nomor Mahasiswa : 144214110

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

BATMAN AS WAYNE’S DEFENSE MECHANISM IN GOYER’S BATMAN BEGINS

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada Tanggal 28 Mei 2018

Yang menyatakan,

Jati Kumbara

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“When I understand my enemy well enough to defeat him, then in that moment, I also love him.” A. E. Wiggin

“One often meets his destiny on the road he takes to avoid it.” Master Oogway

“With great power comes great responsibility.”

Uncle Ben vii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to God who blesses me every second of my life and helps me finish this thesis. I believe that He is the One that could make this happen.

My deep gratitude is for Dr. Tatang Iskarna my advisor, for his advice and guidance. He provides help during my revision time and I really appreciate him for giving me support to finish this thesis on time. My deep gratitude is also for

Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum., my co-advisor, who helps me by giving detail correction which becomes so much help. I also thank the English Letters

Department staff and lecturers for guiding and teaching me from the very first moment.

My deepest gratitude also goes to my family for always being there whenever I need and for the best support to finish my study. I realize that my thesis would not finish without their support.

I also thank my Spiritual Master who always supports me and never gives up on me. The kindness and wisdom he has taught me always remind me about the priorities I must do in my life including finishing this thesis.

I also thank my friends, especially Senna Perdana and Thomas who helped me with the technical solving on Microsoft Office, and those whose name could not be mentioned one by one. Finally, I would like to express my thankfulness and my biggest love to my friends of Kapak Corong.

Jati Kumbara

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ..... v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix ABSTRACT ...... x ABSTRAK ...... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 10 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 10 2. Theory of Defense Mechanism ...... 12 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 16

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of Study ...... 17 B. Approach of the Study ...... 18 C. Method of the Study ...... 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. Characterizations of Bruce Wayne and Batman ...... 21 B. Defense Mechanisms Represented by Bruce Wayne’s and Batman’s Attitude ...... 34

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 43

REFERENCES ...... 47 APPENDIX ...... 49 Summary of Goyer’s Batman Begins...... 49

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ABSTRACT

KUMBARA, JATI. (2018). Batman as Wayne’s as a Defense Mechanism in Goyer’s Batman Begins. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Literary text is a significant aspect of human beings. The text has knowledge to be explored and one of them is the study of human mind depicted in the intrinsic element of the text: the character. Bruce Wayne in Goyer’s Batman Begins is described as a generous wealthy man whose parents have been so beneficial to the city where he lives. However, behind the superficial fame, he experiences tragic events during his childhood. It is when he falls into a well and surrounded by swarm of bats making him afraid of bat until the following event which leads him to witnessing his parents’ death. Despite his mournful background, Bruce manages to become a good man and through the role of Batman he saves his city from corruption and fight crimes, meaning that there is a psychological phenomenon represented in the characters Bruce Wayne who successfully copes with his trauma with a psychological effort called defense mechanism. There are two objectives of this study. Firstly, this study tries to understand the way Bruce Wayne and Batman are characterized. Secondly, after knowing the description of Bruce Wayne’s and Batman’s characteristics or traits, this study tries to reveal the defense mechanism represented by the characters’ attitudes. Psychoanalytic approach is used in this study because this study is mainly discussing the subconscious of the character and it is considered the most appropriate approach for the topic of this study. The writer applies some theories such as theory of character and characterization, and theory of defense mechanism. Based on the analysis, Batman is characterized as mysterious figure that helps the city and fights crimes. It is actually the medium Bruce Wayne uses to keep away a feeling of fear and express his desire of saving city as his parents, especially his father, have done. His similarity to his father in some good traits like saving his city and sparing his enemies by not killing them, even though his true nature is actually kind of brutal, is a form of defense mechanism called identification. It is employed by him in order to keep his relationship with his father internally. Bruce also employs several three types of defense mechanisms. First is repression which is done during his childhood to forget or all his unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and impulses. It then results in his dreams about the terrible events. The other defense mechanism he employs is sublimation which empowers him during his training with Ducard. The last is reaction-formation. Regardless his unpleasant feeling towards bat, Bruce modifies the cave under his manor which is the nest of bats to be his base and uses the appearance of bat itself for his costume as Batman. x

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ABSTRAK

KUMBARA, JATI. (2018). Batman as Wayne’s as a Defense Mechanism in Goyer’s Batman Begins. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Teks kesusasteraan merupakan aspek penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Teks tersebut mengandung pengetahuan yang dapat dieksplorasi yang salah satu contohnya kajian mengenai pemikiran manusia melalui unsur instrinsiknya yaitu tokoh. Bruce Wayne pada skrip Batman Begins karangan Goyer dideskripsikan sebagai seorang pria yang kaya dan murah hati yang kedua orang tuanya telah sangat berjasa terhadap kota di mana dia tinggal. Namun, di balik popularitasnya itu, Bruce pernah memiliki pengalaman tragis terkait dengan masa kanak- kanaknya. Berawal ketika dia terjatuh ke sumur tua dan dikerubungi oleh banyak kelelawar yang membuatnya trauma sampai ia menyaksikan kedua orang tuanya dibunuh di depannya. Meskipun masa lalunya penuh duka, Bruce merupakan pria baik yang lewat perannya sebagai Batman, ia mencoba menyelamatkan kotanya dari kerusakan dan melawan tindak kriminal. Hal ini menunjukkan suatu fenomena psikologis yang direpresentasikan melalui karakter Bruce Wayne yang sekaligus berhasil mengatasi traumanya dengan mekanisme pertahanan diri. Terdapat dua tujuan dalam kajian ini. Tujuan pertama kajian ini ialah mencoba memahami karakterisasi tokoh Bruce Wayne dan Batman. Kedua, setelah mngetahui deskripsi dari cirri atau karakteristik kedua tokoh tersebut, kajian ini mencoba mengungkap berbagai mekanisme pertahanan diri dalam aspek psikologis yang ditunjukkan melalui sikap kedua tokoh tersebut. Dalam kajian ini pendekatan psikoanalitik digunakan serta dianggap paling sesuai karena hal yang dibahas perihal alam bawah sadar si tokoh. Penulis juga menerapkan beberapa teori untuk membedah teks tersebut yang melingkupi teori karakter dan karakterisasi dan teori mengenai mekanisme pertahanan diri. Kajian ini menunjukkan tokoh Batman sebagai sosok misterius yang menolong kota melawan kriminalitas. Sebenarnya, Batman merupakan wadah bagi Bruce Wayne yang bisa membuatnya merasa aman dari rasa takutnya sekaligus memenuhi keinginannya untuk menyelamatkan kota seperti yang kedua orang tua, terutama ayahnya, telah lakukan. Kemiripan Bruce dengan ayahnya yaitu menyelamatkan kota dan mengampuni tidak membunuh musuh-musuhnya, meskipun sejatinya Bruce seseorang yang brutal, merupakan mekanisme pertahanan diri yang disebut identifikasi di mana di alam bawah sadarnya Bruce mencoba menjaga ikatan dengan ayahnya. Ada tiga mekanisme pertahanan lain yang Bruce lakukan. Pertama ialah repersi yang dia lakukan semasa kanak-kanak untuk melupakan segala perasaan, pikiran, dan gerak hati yang tidak menyenangkan terkait dengan traumanya. Mekanisme lainnya adalah sublimasi yang ia gunakan dan menguatkannya saat menjalani latihan dengan Ducard. Dan yang terakhir adalah reaksi-formasi. Bruce membangun markas persembunyiannya di dalam goa yang berada di bawah tanah, di bawah kediamannya, dan ia menggunakan sosok kelelawar sebagai tampilan kostumnya hingga mendapat julukan Batman. xi

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is a significant aspect referring to human beings. Robson (1990) states that literature is an open forum for the free exchange of thoughts and the current ideas so much longed for, in closed society, by authors and customers of samizdat (p. 18). It means that there is a significant thing which connecting an author with the readers through a literary work.

Generally, literature describes the reality of human life. According to

Tilghman (2006), literature relating to morality is the imitations of human actions

(p. 149). In other words, literature is an imitation of human life. Mahoney (1998) states that the literature as imitation in better understanding of that classical term is an artful, creative structure that reveals in its pattern the deeper themes of human life that it mimes (p. 77). Literary works commonly portrait the things that happen in the era when those works are written. For example, they can be about the situation of society, economic, religious movements, science, cultures and even politic.

An example of literary work is a drama script. It is a text that contains written dialogues as compile of words and presents a narrative idea. Similar to the drama script, a film script, which is the object of this study, also contains

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exhibition of dialogue which informs the motion of the narrative. It can be read and analyzed as film script has language.

For the literary works are the imitation of human life, they contain many things which can be analyzed or studied or examined with appropriate theories as an instrument to criticize the literary works themselves. One of them is the scienceor scientific knowledge supporting in writing a literary work. Law in his

Science in Literaturesees that there is connection between science, which is for him it is breath of civilization, and literature where the whole realm of the world is pictured (1929). And the scientific knowledge which the writer means in this thesis is the study of human mind which is psychology. The writer uses one of theories or methods in psychology which is psychoanalysis to question a character in Batman Begins whose name is Bruce Wayne which is elaborated in the analysis of Chapter IV.

Psychoanalysis itself is used by the psychologist to explore the subconscious a patient has deeper enough to state the causal prejudice to be relatively true. According to Freud (1937), psychoanalysis is a therapeutic method which was concerned with the ego and id in which there is investigation of id and of its mode of operation (pp. 7-8). And studying the character Bruce Wayne through psychoanalysis in this thesis has a benefit which is to understand any symptoms in this chase is represented in the character Bruce Wayne that show the defense mechanism of a person’s. The term symptom refers to actions, thoughts, the way of speaking or some other criteria that indicate a form of self-security. By using the character Bruce Wayne as an example to prove the theory of defense

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mechanism, it can be practically applied later in real life in which one may be able to understand other people by perceiving their behaviors, or in the other word, their “symptoms” with practical wherewithal.

In the story, Bruce Wayne is the main character and has the most significant role. He is considered as genius man for his brain capacity and physical extents of being sufficient in several martial arts, besides being a billionaire. He disguises himself as Batman, the hero of Gotham city.

Batman Begins represents its main character Bruce Wayne into material which triggers many kinds of questions to answer, or at least to interpret related to psychological aspect. Wayne’s personalities and behaviors can be criticized with the Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis that in this case has been a critical theory.

The personality includes the consciousness that Wayne clearly does along with the story goes, and the subconscious of his that the story reveals in some scenes, and the part of subconscious which is the writer’s main objective in this thesis which deals with the defense mechanism explanations related to the Batman role for

Wayne.

Wayne’s childhood memories including the loss of his parents due to a murder in an unexpected situation; the fear of certain animal which is bat; the figure of parents, especially his father, who were pictured so kind and generous; and the time during his martial art training influence the personality of Wayne’s psychologically. And the situation of the city he lives which is so low because of the corruption of governments and the many cases of crimes happening every day, emerge an urge of his to eventually be Batman. His interest in saving the city is

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helped and held with the appearance of Batman role. Wayne does not want to save city as he is as well-known billionaire for it is too risky and unacceptable for long period in his opinion.

The writer concerns in a question that the Batman is a medium Wayne uses as his defense mechanism in fulfilling his needs and interest of saving city as his father’s heritage and becoming a memorable figure while keeping the unwanted and unpleasant things such feelings and thoughts away from him.

Hence, analyzing the characteristics of Wayne’s and Batman becomes the object of this thesis which also discusses the defense mechanism through psychoanalysis perspective. This thesis also discusses the way of Wayne’s subconscious emerges in the story of Batman Begins and how the attitudes of both Wayne and Batman represent defense mechanism.

B. Problem Formulation

The followings are the problems or questions which are formulated on this undergraduate thesis.

1. How are Batman and Bruce Wayne characterized?

2. How do their attitudes represent defense mechanism?

C. Objectives of the Study

The purposes of this research are to explain the characterization and discuss the defense mechanisms which are shown in the Batman Begins through the character Wayne. The theories are used as the basic principle and guidance to

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find out the role Batman as Wayne’s form of defense mechanism and the types of defense mechanisms used.

D. Definition of Terms

According to Sigmund Freud, defense mechanisms are the devices that ego defends itself against conflicts and anxieties by forcing unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious level (Kalat, 1993, p. 541-542).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

There are several studies that the writer finds which are related to either the topic of this thesis or the work the writer has chosen. Those thesis include

Mardiko’s thesis “The Significance of Batman in American Society: A Socio-

Historical Study of David S. Goyer’s Batman Begins”;Kiatpattananon’s thesis

“Defense Mechanisms of Batman or Bruce Wayne in Christopher Nolan’s ‘The

Dark Knight Trilogy’”; Anshori’s thesis “Fleming’s Defense Mechanisms and

Process of Maturity in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage”; Fuad’s thesis “Jilly’s Defense Mechanism as Seen in Phyllis’s A. Whitney’s The Singing

Stones”.

First is Mardiko’s thesis. His thesis discusses Batman being characterized in Batman Begins and the significance of the character Batman in American

Society. He uses some theories which are theory on character and characterization, theory of symbolism, and theory of American dream.

Mardiko (2008) explains that the characters of Batman and Bruce Wayne in the story are the same person (p. 28-38). The character has a double live with two personalities in the same body in which each character can affect another one but both of them cannot appear at the same time. The symbol which is bat used by

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the character Batman protects the social life of Wayne’s. The social status of

Wayne’s which is very rich, according to Mardiko, is the representation of the hopes and/or dream of the American which is commonly called as American

Dream (p. 39).

This present thesis is similar to Mardiko’s thesis about elaborating the character Batman in Batman Begins. However, it comes to be different on the second problem formulation, the theories used, and mainly in the topic of the thesis in which the researcher discusses the role of Batman as form of defense mechanism.

Second is Kiatpattananon’s. The thesis discusses the defense mechanisms which are used by Bruce Wayne or Batman. He analyzed the mentality of both characters based on the Nolan’s works The Dark Knight Trilogy by applying the concept of defense mechanism proposed by Sigmund Freud. His research is to find which defense mechanism that Bruce Wayne employs to become Batman and how they affect him.

In his analysis, Kiatpattananon (2017) finds that in order to become

Batman, Bruce Wayne uses two types of defense mechanisms which are displacement and sublimation (p. 24-31) He explains that at first Bruce Wayne channels his anger and vengeance of his parent’s death to the murderer but it is failed because the murderer has been assassinated first before him. Kiatpattananon sees this defense mechanism and as displacement. He then explains that because

Bruce Wayne has realized that killing is not acceptable even for himself, he decide to become Batman not to kill but to preserve justice.

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According to his study, Bruce Wayne relies on his defense mechanism for too long so that they affect his life including the productivity, the self-image perception, and the changes of traits (Kiatpattananon, 2017, p. 40).

His object of the study is similar to this thesis even it is wider in which he uses all the three movies directly while this thesis used the script of the Batman

Begins. The writer finds that there are some differences between the object of the studies which are the settings inside the story.

So far in conducting the study, Kiatpattananon stated that he has only found two types of defense mechanisms which are done by Bruce Wayne. This thesis associates with his research that Batman is a form of Bruce Wayne’s defense mechanism of which the sublimation is applied. However, this thesis tries to discovery new ideas and the possibilities of finding others type of defense mechanisms by analyzing the characters Batman and Bruce Wayne more deeply.

Thus, the problem formulations of this thesis are different from Kiatpattananon’s study.

Next, Anshori discusses the personality of a character named Henry

Flamming in the novel “The Red Badget Courage”. He uses theory of American

Study, theory of defense mechanisms. The approach he uses is psychoanalysis approach.

Anshori (2011) identifies several types of defense mechanisms used by the character Henry in the novel in which the numbers are nine types (p. 7-17). The first type is denial which is the primary act by the character Henry. The second type is regression which is seen from the act of Henry towards his friends. The

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following types of defense mechanisms include displacement, sublimation, projection, rationalization, intellectualization, repression and reaction formation.

His thesis also explains the emotional maturity happening to Henry Fleeming conducting five steps of level.

This present thesis is similar to Anshori’s thesis about the topic of defense mechanism. However, this present thesis is different from the work and problem formulations.

Last is Fuad’s thesis. In his thesis, he discusses the anxiety and the type of defense mechanisms used by child character namedJilly. The researcher uses the theory of anxiety and theory of defense mechanisms introduced by Sigmund

Freud.

Fuad (2014) explains in his thesis that the character named Jilly suffers three types of anxiety (p. 31-40). The first is neurotic anxiety after the character gets bad experience and she becomes afraid of revealing the truth. The second is moral anxiety because of her mother’s obsession. And the third is realistic anxiety because the character Jilly is anxious of losing his father. His thesis also deals with several types of defense mechanisms. Those types of defense mechanisms are repression, aggression, denial, projection and intellectualization (p. 45).

The present thesis is similar to Fuad’s thesis about the topic which is defense mechanism. However, the present thesis is different from his thesis. The differences are the work to study and the problem formulations. The last two theses still discusses defense mechanism and provide knowledge that this thesis can adopt.

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B. Review of Related Theories

In this chapter, the writer applies two theories to analyze Batman

Beginsfilm script. Those are theory of character and characterization and theory of defense mechanism.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is one of significant elements in a literary work. It becomes the major influence that brings a literary text can be narrated. It answers the question of who is being told or involved in a story. Because of that, character nonetheless must be presented and can be valued. Rohrberger (1971) states that characters must be credible that the readers must accept them as believable person (p. 20). It means that the existence of characters in a literary work is important as they are interpreted as beings that have feelings and emotions, do actions, involve in conflicts and problems, and experience development so that it becomes acceptable by the readers.

McKee (1997) explains that characterization is the sum of all qualities of a human being which are observable. Those qualities include age and IQ; sex and sexuality; style of speech and gesture; choice of personal possessions; education and occupation; values and attitudes that can be known and identified. And he mentions that true character’s nature is to be revealed in the choices a human being take when that person is under some great pressure (p. 100).

Abrams (1981) defines character as a person in dramatic or narrative work that is endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what

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they say that is seen the dialogue, and what they do in performing action. The grounds in a character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and actions constitute his emotion (p. 20).

Stanton (1965) mentions that character can be identified by an explicit description and comment of the author to the character. This explicit description will help both the author and the reader visualize and understand the character in the story. He also mentions that the other character’s attitude towards the major character can be also a help to define the significant traits. According to him, the most practical way to identify a character is through dialogue and behavior from the character directly (pp. 17-18).

Murphy (1972) states that an author may use the ways character is portrayed which is known as characterization in order to present characters in a narrative or dramatic work (pp. 161-173).

Murphy mentions nine methods to make characters understandable for the readers. The first is personal description. The author describes the physical appearance of the character in detail. It helps the reader visualize the character.

Second is character as seen by another. The author describes a certain character by using other characters’ sight and opinion. The third is speech. Through the character’s speech, the reader can identify what kind of characteristics a certain character may have. Fourth is past life. The author gives the description about a character’s life through his direct comment, the person’s speech itself or other characters. It is related to the fifth way which is conversation of others. The reader can get more information about a certain character through the conversation of

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other characters. The next method is reactions. The reader can consider a certain character by seeing his reactions towards some events or situations that happen in the story. The reader can also know the character through direct comment which is sourced from the character directly. The eighth is through other character’s thoughts. These help the reader get more information about the related character.

The last way to know the characteristic of certain character according to Murphy is through mannerism. It is the description about the character’s manners, habits and behaviors.

2. Theory of Defense Mechanisms

In 1894, Freud first introduced the concept of defense mechanism.

According to the man who is awarded with Goethe Prize in 1930, in order to avert unacceptable ideas or feelings that would cause unpleasant effect, a person subconsciously resorts to certain mental processes that oppose those ideas or feeling and render them less disturbing- this mental process is called “defense”.

He previously has divided the psyche into three parts which are ego, superego, and id.

Peter Barry (2009) re-explains that those three parts roughly correspond to the conscious, the conscience, and the unconscious (p. 93). The subconscious, or id, is the part or level that stores the most ideas or feeling or desire of a person without his/her realization of them. This subconscious influences the ego which is a medium to ‘stabilize’ between id and super-ego. Basically, ego will try to get what the id desires but still in the norm that the super-ego has given as limits.

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Id engages in primary process thinking which is primitive, illogical, irrational and fantasy oriented (McLeod, 2016, para. 8). When id achieves its demands, a person experiences pleasure. However, when it is denied, anxiety emerges.

Ego is the part of the mind that works logically to make decision between the unreasonable id and the reasonable reality (McLeod, 2016, para. 9). Ego functions according to reality principle which results in compromising happiness to avoid wrongly impacting society as it also considers social values and norms.

The social values and norms are concerned in superego. It is part of the human’s mind that functions to ensure that the id does not totally go against the moral code of the society that it might hurt itself (McLeod, 2006, para.

19).Superego convinces the ego to choose the moralistic path instead of the realistic part in which it incorporates two systems which are the ideal self and the conscience (McLeod, 2006, para. 21)..The ideal self is an imagery self a person wants to be as it is believed to be perfectly suitable for the society. It rewards the person when behaving properly. In the contrary, the conscience makes the ego feel guilty when making a wrong decision in order to satisfy the id.

In subconscious itself, there are the unpleasant feelings and thoughts kept within which are accumulated from experience of a person has tried to avoid.

Freud explains that these unwanted feelings and thoughts that are firstly repressed will eventually come out for example through dreams or slip of tongue, and desires of sexual intercourse. According to Freud re-explained by Barry (2009),

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those unpleasant, unwanted or even painful admissions or recognitions are avoided in psychic procedures which are called defense mechanism (p. 94).

Freud (1923) describes a primary identification as a defense mechanism.

Initially, it is used by an infant as the earliest expression of an emotional tie with somebody. The alumnus of University of Vienna states that the effect of first identification made in earliest childhood will be general and everlasting. It refers to the ego idealwhich is the father as object of the identification seen as an individual’s first and most important identification (p. 31). Freud also explains other type of identification in which the child becomes attached to an object or lost person in reaction to suffering abandonment or loss. It is called narcissistic identification.

Still relatively similar to Freud’s idea about identification, Laughlin (1979) adds that the object that is to be identified with is more often a positive figure or aspect. It can be someone whom one looks up to, for example, a parent, an authority, or prominent figure or an admired, charismatic, famous person (p. 158).

Anna Freud (1937) elaborates five types of defense mechanism including repression, regression, projection, reaction-formation, and sublimation (pp. 81-

105). Repression is the main type of defense mechanism that later leads into another type. It refers to barring from consciousness of ideas, feelings, thoughts, and memories. Those are pressing for discharge and entry into consciousness.

Regression is complex behavior pattern or psychic phenomenon which is a fundamental characteristic of mental life. It is a movement back which include the childish behaving in psychological time when someone is faced with stress.

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Next type of defense mechanism is projection. It is a process of attributing an unacceptable feeling, impulse, or idea to another person or thing. It can enable the person employing this defense mechanism to blame other instead of himself.

Next, Reaction formation is a mechanism whereby an attitude is repressed and kept unconscious and it is replaced in consciousness or behavior by its opposite.

This defense mechanism has excessive equality.

Lastly, sublimationis a process of the transformation of an activity gratifying an unpleasant feeling or thought into more socially acceptable and creative activity. In the other words, it changes the negative into practically positive ones.

Grohol re-explains the defense mechanism and the type that has been developed by Anna Freud. According to him, defense mechanism is a manner in which someone behaves or thinks in certain ways to protect or defend him or herself (Grohol, 2017, para. 1).

According to Hilgard (1962), defense mechanisms are the immediate reactions to frustrations. They are employed in order to solve the problems. They are meant to protect the individual’s self-esteem, and they defend a person against anxiety when facing continuing frustrations (p. 511). Frustrations mentioned here can be in forms of unstable feeling or emotion.

Krech, Cructhfield and Livson ((1969) state that defense mechanisms are the attempts by the individual to reduce anxiety even though they may not completely solve the problems. Their functions work at the level of subconscious

(p. 755). It means that defense mechanisms work without the realization of the

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person who employs them and the defense mechanisms help to prevent anxiety from worsening.

C. Theoretical Framework

The writer uses two theories in order to analyze the film script of Batman

Begins. The first theory is the theory of character and characterization. This theory is used to reveal the intrinsic element of the story which is the characteristics of

Batman and Bruce Wayne. It helps the writer discuss the first problem formulation which is the way both characters Batman and Bruce Wayne are characterized.

The second theory is the theory of defense mechanism. It is used to help the writer discuss the second problem formulation which is the attitude of both characters Batman and Bruce Wayne representing defense mechanism. This theory helps the writer deal with the unconscious of Bruce Wayne and question if

Batman is actually a form of his defense mechanism.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study in this thesis is Batman Beginsfilm script. The script was written by David S. Goyer and co-writer Christoper Nolan in directing the movie. The script chronicles a character named Bruce Wayne who witnessed the murder of his parents in front of him when he as a kid. Then, he trained himself. Bruce Wayne turns into a mysterious guy in black suit and wears mask fighting crime in his city. He makes use of his intellectual capacity, Ninjutsu art, technology, fund, and his physical power to fight crime.

Batman Begins was directed by Christoper Nolan and it as released in

2005 by Warner Brothers Pictures. The role of Batman and Bruce Wayne is casted by Christian Bale. The script itself was downloaded from website www.imsdb.com.

Batman Begins on several awards in some movie festivals. In Holyood

Film Festival 2005, Batman Begins won Sound of the year from David Evans. In

Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films 2006, it won several awards for some categories, like Christian Bale winning Best Actor award, Christoper

Nolan and David S. Goyer won for Best Writing, and as Best Fantasy Films. In

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MTV Movie Awards 2006, Christian Bale won Best Hero award. The writing of

Batman Begins also won a Saturn Award for Best Writing.

Batman Begins main story is about Bryce Wayne who becomes a mysterious figure which is called Batman who fights the crime in his city Gotham.

Bruce Wayne has terrible experience with bat. Once during his childhood, he fell into a kind of abandoned well with many bats inside it. Bruce Wayne was alone at that time and afraid of those bats flying crossing him to the outside. This event becomes a trauma which haunts him until he meets Ducard and the secret organization named the Leage of Shadow that the help him learn.

After he has learned and experienced many lessons, trained his physical abilities and Ninjutsu martial arts, Bruce Wayne decides to get back to his city and becomes a crime fighter in the appearance of bat-like costume. Hence, he is known as Batman.

B. Approach of the Study

In a review of literature, Fisher and Greenberg (1997) conclude that psychoanalysis cannot be accepted or rejected as a package as it is a complete structure that consists of many parts, some of which should be accepted, others rejected and the others at least partially reshaped (p. 75). Psychoanalysis itself is considered to be evaluated in terms of a series of hypothesis rather than as a whole

(p. 7). It means that psychoanalysis is a compilement of some interpretations of the the author’s subconscious that is presented in the work or the individual character that happens to experience psychological phenomenon.

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Ellmann(1994) mentions Freud’s statement in SE X 122 that everything repressed is destined to repeat itself. The phenomena can be in the form of symptoms, dreams, or in the form of action. He said that it is like a thing which has not been understood inevitably reappears. It cannot rest until the mystery has been solved and the spell is broken (p. 16).Using the perspective of psychoanalysis, the impulses that are repressed into subconscious will eventually reappear or emerge again through symptoms, dreams, or action.

Thus, the approach which is used in this thesis is psychoanalytic approach as it is considered the most appropriate one to answer the question in the problem formulations which deals with the certain character that is considered to have psychological phenomenon specifically dealing with defense mechanisms to cope with the negative impulses the character is going through or experiencing. Using this approach, the writer intends to figure out that the character Batman is a form of Bruce Wayne’s defense mechanism through the unconscious motives operating in the character.

C. Method of the Study

It is a library research with the film script as the object of the study. The film script itself is the primary data source. In conducting the study, the writer is supported with several theories from books to provide enhancing evidences as the secondary data source. This study also uses the source from the articles on internet.

There were several steps used by the writer in analyzing the object of the study. First of all, the writer read the object of the study the film script. It was

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done to understand the story and the main character. The film script was considered the primary data. Second step was to collect the data related to the film script including the theories that would be used. Theory of character and characterization was used to analyze Batman’s and Bruce Wayne’s characteristics in the film script. The writer analyzed what both Batman and Bruce Wayne do, say, and think and the other character’s view towards them. Then the theory of defense mechanisms was used to identify the representation of Batman as a form of Bruce Wayne’s defense mechanism. The writer analyzed the attitude of Batman and Bruce Wayne based on their characteristics and dialogues.

Next step was to find the appropriate approach to perceive the text. After that, the writer answered the problem formulations by applying the theories that were considered to use in the previous steps. The last step was to take the conclusion from analyzing the object of the study which was done in the previous step.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the characters of Batman and Bruce

Wayne in the Batman Begin script to answer the problem formulations.

A. The Characterization of Bruce Wayne and Batman

In his thesis, Mardiko (2008) has already explains a fact about Batman. He states that Batman is a unique character who has double lives which in other meaning is alter ego. Batman and Bruce Wayne are actually the same person who cannot appear in the same time (p. 29).

In the analysis of the first problem formulation which is the way Batman and Bruce Wayne are characterized, the writer applies the Robert Mckee’s theory by observing the qualities or traits of both Batman and Bruce Wayne from their reactions under pressure. The writer also applies the M. J. Murphy’s theory of

Character and Characterization besides paying attention to the Stanton’s idea that other characters can help to define the significant traits of the Batman and Bruce

Wayne.

As it has been mentioned above that the characters Batman and Bruce

Wayne cannot appear in the same time because the fact that they are just the same person, the personalities of both characters which are revealed are supposed to be different from each other. This is in fact is to make sense of the reason why

Batman exists simultaneously with Bruce Wayne. 21

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Batman himself in the story is seen by other characters such are Rachel,

Fox, Gordon and Falcon as a mysterious or unidentified figure wearing black suit and always be found in a certain area in which some lawbreaking happens. The enigmatic trait of Batman is even able to make other character question among themselves and give them unclear remark just to describe him.

[From the other roof, Gordon watches Wayne melt into the shadows. The Uniforms arrive either side.] UNIFORM 1.The hell was that? GORDON. [dismissive] Some nut. [But Gordon’s expression is less certain]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 55). The expression used by other character above which is literally a part of men’s genital indicates that the other character, in this case is Gordon, does not have any idea about him that it also annoys him in the same time.

The unknown identity of Batman also flusters the antagonist Carmine

Falcon who is genuinely the enemy of Bruce Wayne’s and Wayne’s family as whole. Falcon himself is a wanted criminal who has authority in the city of

Gotham and control over the police. He has extensive connection with other criminals and has any information he needs and wants except the profile of

Batman’s, who is actually Bruce Wayne, his enemy.

[Batman STANDS there, long cape BILLOWING out to one side. The chain SLIDES from his leg. Falcone is behind him,SHOTGUN aimed dead at Batman’s head]. FALCONE.What in God’s name are you? [CONTINUED] [CONTINUED: 2] [Batman opens his hand, revealing TWO SHOTGUN CARTRIDGES. Then TURNS, billowing cape WRAPPING around him]. BATMAN.I’m Batman. [Falcone pulls the trigger. CLICK]. (Goyer, 2004, pp. 70-71).

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Besides the description of the scene that reveals the properties Batman has, which is a long cape that waves in air when he moves, the anonymousness of

Batman even makes irony of the Falcone himself. He is a boss of criminals in the city but uses the term ‘God’s name’ when he questions Batman’s identity. The strange situation that seems to be opposite of what is expected from one of the most wanted criminals which is the mentioning of God, which generally indicates something good or positive instead of negativity or evil, enhances the enigma of

Batman is able to cause.

The mysterious trait of Batman also makes another character, Rachel

Dodson who is Bruce Wayne’s childhood friend and also a potential person who can be Wayne’s lover, not to realize or at least notice who he really is despite she is very close to Bruce Wayne and understands what kind of man he is by seeing through him. As follows,

[Rachel bolts upright, GRASPING at her bedside table]. RACHEL. Who’s there?!! [She pulls out a TASER- PEERS into the shadows: Silhouetted by the window- a dark, cloaked figure. Batman]. RACHEL (CONT’D). Take one step, I drop you! [Batman moves his arm- something DROPS onto Rachel’s bed: a FILE, spilling PHOTOS. She FLINCHES. GLANCES DOWN: photos of Phelan and the girl in the limo]. RACHEL (CONT’D”). What the hell is this? BATMAN.Leverage. RACHEL. What do I need leverage for? BATMAN.To get things moving. RACHEL. Who are you? BATMAN.Someone like you.Someone who’ll stand against the corruption. [Rachel reaches for the lamp, her eyes off the window for the INSTANT it takes to ILLUMINATE the room, revealing-No one]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 71).

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After he has encountered Falcone, Batman makes a visit to Rachel’s apartment forcibly awaking her when she is trying to sleep. The way he enters the room belittles the standard norm if a person wants to enter somebody else’s room: by knocking the door and ask for permission. The reason Batman meets Rachel is to give her a particular file of photos that can help her in prisoning Falcone.

When Rachel asks Batman his identity to confirm whether he is an ally or enemy, Batman does not indirectly introduce himself as who he is. Instead, he lets her know that he is similar to her. He is also a guy who is against crimes and corruption. The way he explains himself to Rachel is to declare that he is in line with her and supporting her without revealing his true identity behind the mask and costume. Besides being seen by other character, his own manner indicates that he is a mysterious person.

Bruce Wayne, in contrary, is a well-known man. He is a billionaire. The people in the Gotham city generally acknowledge his existence not excluding his enemies too. The writer concurs that in Mardiko’s thesis he explains the character of Bruce Wayne as a billionaire who revels in his wealth and capacity. Mardiko

(2008) portrays in his thesis that Bruce Wayne is in fact loves to do some fun things (p. 29).

WAYNE. What doessomeone like me do? ALFRED. [shrugs] Drive sports cars, date movie stars... Buy things that aren’t for sale. [Wayne looks at Alfred. Nods. DOWNS the water, stands straight, feet together- FALLS FORWARD to the floor- into his dizzyingly fast push-ups. Alfred watches. Concerned.]. ALFRED (CONT’D. Who knows, Master Wayne- if you start pretendingto have fun, you might even have a little by accident. (Goyer, 2004, p. 75).

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In this scene, Bruce Wayne has got some injuries from his own action when he becomes Batman. However, because Bruce Wayne is seen by the people in the city especially by the upper class, the appearance of injuries that Wayne has is tolerated; it will not bring any suspicion of what he actually is doing. This is a kind of stereotyping that most wealthy men tend to have more fun with their money compared to ordinary people so that they often get accident with their own activities. Alfred, the loyal servant of Wayne’s, knows this issue and recommends

Bruce Wayne to actually have fun himself even more though if it exceeds his standard of having fun.

Due to the fact that he is a billionaire, he can buy many luxurious things and high-developed technologies. He then is able to build his own underground base to prepare everything he needs to save his city. Despite all of those things, he is also seen by other character, who is Alfred, as a playboy. His ease in finances often encourages her to get in touch with women.

[Alfred opens the curtains. Wayne WAKES, squinting]. WAYNE. [groggy] Bats are nocturnal. ALFRED.Bats, maybe... but even forbillionaire playboys, 3 o’clock is pushing it. The price of leading adouble life, I fear. (Goyer, 2004, 74).

Alfred sometimes worries Bruce Wayne as he always pushes himself beyond his limits when he has an urge to do something. And it makes Bruce to feel reluctant towards him because of his very concern despite that Alfred is only a servant. The statement which is said by Alfred about his fear of any harms happening to his master strengthens the fact that Wayne has other life as Batman.

The double life that he means indicates that Bruce Wayne live as a relatively

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young billionaire who is known by public, meanwhile, he also lives as Batman, a mysterious figure who fights the crime and corruption in the city.

In order to perceive the true nature of Batman and Bruce Wayne in their own roles, the writer employs the Mckee’s theory of which he explains that the true nature of a person will be revealed when he or is under critical situation that repress him to make a choice whether it is an action or thought only.

Before becoming Batman, Bruce Wayne calmly makes a journey himself.

His journey is about to understand the criminal world. He entered the world of criminals by pretending to be one of them. It takes him to be prisoned in a place named Butanese Jail. It is a common thing that random fights often occur in a prison among the prisoners even it may cause someone to get killed. Bruce

Wayne, somehow, is involved in the fights. As stated in,

[Wayne and the Old Man line up for gruel. PRISONERS are scattered in small groups. All eyes on Wayne]. OLD MAN. They are going to fight you. WAYNE. I fought them yesterday. OLD MAN. They will fight you every day. Until they kill you. [Wayne holds out his plate. Watches gruel dribbled onto it]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 4).

Bruce Wayne is surrounded by six aggressive prisoners who try to beat him up. This is one of the situations that can be seen as a crisis experienced by the character Bruce Wayne. One prisoner punches him hard and he goes down.

From that moment, Bruce Wayne may stay lying down on the ground and shows that he is defenseless in fighting that man and anybody else. By doing it, it can keep him safe. However, he gets up and cleans himself from the dust. He fights those six prisoners. He brutally beats them so that the jailers must hold him and stop the one-side beat down. They place him in solitary.

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[-GUNFIRE- two GUARDS break it up, shooting into the air... they GRAB Wayne]. GUARD. Solitary! WAYNE. [indignant] Why? GUARD.For protection. WAYNE. I don’t need protection. [The Guard points angrily at the unconscious prisoners]. GUARD.Protection for them. (Goyer, 2004, p. 3)

The response which is shown by the guard explicitly tells that Bruce

Wayne is a dangerous man for those prisoners even if they are aggressive and have the background as real criminals. In that critical situation that sets him in a danger, Wayne’s nature is brutal and seemingly to care less of anyone who is in the opposite of his. It is explained by the simple question he asks to the guards. He deficiently demands a reason that he should have known for his being placed into solitary chamber.

The continuation during in the chamber, he meets with other character named Ducard. Ducard is a foreman of a secret organization named the League of

Shadow led by Ra’s Al Ghul. The organization itself is determined to wipe out any evil and corruption in the world. Ducard knows who Bruce Wayne is and his motive of stranding himself in the prison. He invites Wayne to join the organization through several traditional methods that the organization has to initiate a new member. Ducard becomes his teacher of ninjutsu arts of ninjas.

In the process of becoming a ninja, Bruce Wayne often experience situations where he is put under pressure because of the circumstances. For example during the first time he comes at the place of the League of Shadow which is a monastery located on a snowy hill, Wayne must climb the hill beforehand. The cold wind and the terrain totally drain his stamina. However,

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after some moments of his arrival, he is attacked by Ducard witnessed by the members of the league. Wayne tells that he is not ready to fight due to his exhaustion but Ducard merely responds that death will not wait him ready in the first place. Bruce tries to fight him and only get dominated by Ducard who also can see through him. As stated in the conversation,

DUCARD (CONT’D). You are weak... [Ducard SMASHES him in the groin]. DUCARD (CONT’D). You are alone... [Ducard SLAMS Wayne’s chin, sends him DOWN HARD]. DUCARD (CONT’D). And you are afraid... [Ducard crouches at Wayne’s side. Looks into his glazed eyes]. DUCARD (CONT’D).[curious] But not of me. (Goyer, 2004, p. 10).

Ducard can see that Bruce Wyane’s inner side is feeling weak and afraid.

Those feelings that Bruce Wayne has are relatively connected to his traumatic experience when he was a kid. Once, during his childhood, he fell into an abandoned well that is being a part of an underground cave. He was alone in the bottom and hurt by the fall. Suddenly, because of the sound his falling made, a swarm of bats were flying towards him trying to escape through the well that had been opened. This caused him to have unpleasant attitude towards bats of which he then always tried to avoid. He was feeling disturbed when he saw bats or something that appears like ones.

One night, young Bruce and his parents were watching a theatrical performance in Ghotam Opera House. Some of the performers were wearing black cloaks and dancing in such a way so that they looked like a swarm of bats flapping their wings. Young Bruce responded as follows,

[Young Bruce, gulping PANIC breaths, looks around for anexit- they’re in the middle of a row. He GRABS his Dad’sarm].

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YOUNG BRUCE. [desperate whisper] Can we go?! [Thomas stares at his son, confused. Martha looks over. YoungBruce looks at his father, PLEADING. Thomas nods. They maketheir way along the row, Thomas nodding apologies...]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 13)

That time Bruce was unease of the performance that reminded him about bats. He desperately asked his father to get out of that place. However, his unstable condition did not stop there. After they were outside the building, a man who intended to rob was approaching before them. His name is Chill Joe.

Bruce’s father tried to be careful with him and kept his aggressiveness low but because of some accidental mistakes, he got shot as well as Bruce’s mother.

Young Bruce witnessed his parents murdered in front of his eyes while Chill Joe who could not stand the look on Bruce’s face ran away. That traumatic experience of losing his parents affects Bruce’s personality that Ducard sees from him during their training.

Bruce in an occasion has a private training with Ducard. His developed ability and skills can make him slightly on par with Ducard’s. It is just because

Ducard is more experienced that he can still outmatch Bruce. Ducard trains Bruce while speaking to him about his own much grief causing him to blame himself.

He then tells that everything that has happened to him and the fate of his parents are not his fault but his father’s. This triggers the emotion of anger from Bruce.

When Ducard states that his father is the one to blame, Bruce cannot accept that and it makes him attack Ducard more aggressively. Ducard sees anger from the depth of Bruce. He says that anger will not change the fact that his parents have already died. Bruce considers what Ducard has said and be calmer.

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Another thing that can be seen from Bruce showing his true nature is that when he must choose to be a real part of League of Shadow or not. Bruce Wayne has been physically and conceptually trained and by Ducard. After the time of training has finished, Ducard himself considers Bruce the best among his pupils and expect him to be his right hand leading the other members. However, in the last test of initiation, Bruce must be obligated to lead the other members, Ninjas, of the League of Shadow to destroy Gotham city. He rejects it.

The League of Shadow considers Gotham city already broken. It is a place full of corruption from the government and the people themselves. It cannot be saved except by destroying it and let the people to learn and grow from the basics again. Of course the destruction will include killing the evil people. Bruce realizes that he wants to fight these evil people meant by the League of Shadow but not necessarily to kill them. There is something of him does not agree with the true goal of the League of Shadow’s even though he himself is one of the victims from

Gotham’s decay. It makes him and Ducard and the organization as whole to have their path crossed. They are fighting.

Bruce manages to beat all the members of the organization and destroys the place with all techniques he has learnt and the explosion he makes from the barrels of explosive powder. The explosion cause both Bruce and Ducard bounced off out the building into the edge of the cliff. Ducard who is fainted is nearly to fall from the cliff but Bruce holds his body with his hand.

He actually can let Ducard fall off the cliff and die because he is an enemy; instead, he tries hard saving him.

[MERE FEET FROM THE CLIFF EDGE, Wayne GRABS Ducard- raises his free GAUNTLET-CLAD ARM, and SMASHES AT THE ICE,

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DIGGING IN with the BRONZE SCALLOPS... STOPPING on the edge- Ducard HANGS LIMPLY over a tremendous drop- Wayne STRUGGLES with the dead weight. Wayne PULLS Ducard up onto the ice.BREATHING]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 41).

Bruce does not loosen his grip even with only one arm which is weighted by a full body of a man. He just struggles keeping the unconscious Ducard from falling and then pulls him up to safety. The act that Bruce has done topples his previous brutal nature towards his enemies. It is caused by the fact that he acknowledges Ducard as his former friend and master, and he himself has learnt from his training especially from the critical choice he has made not to lead the

League of Shadow in destroying Gotham and stay on his conviction which is to understand the world of criminal.

From other minor character, Bruce Wayne also is seen to be a helpful man.

After saving Ducard, he brings him into a hut owned by a local Tibetan people.

[Wayne KICKS the door open. The Old Man he saw on his way up the mountain stares back at him. Then motions Wayne to put Ducard down onto some mats. The Old Man wipes blood from Ducard’s temple. Looks at Wayne, who is moving to the door...]. OLD MAN. I will tell him you saved his life. [Wayne stops. Turns. Looks back at Ducard]. WAYNE. Tell him... I have an ailing ancestor who needs me. [Wayne puts his hands together in formal salute. Bows]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 41).

From the statement he makes, the old man recognizes Bruce that he has saved Ducard. And Bruce responds to it by giving a message to be told to Ducard.

The message is a figurative speech. Bruce metaphorically says that he has s ailing ancestor who needs him to be helped. This ailing ancestor is meant by him as

Gotham city which is in sick and corrupted condition. He is sure that Ducard will understand his message that in the same time he totally declares he will save

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Gotham city with his own way; not by destroying it. And from his manner, he shows a respect to the Tibetan people by putting his hands together indicating his understanding about the way of Tibetan people live which is in solitude and close to spiritual path. He also bows to the old Tibetan man strengthening his act of respectfulness.

After defeating Ducard, Bruce returns to Gotham and starts to fight crimes.

He has learnt that he cannot defeat the criminals as he is. Ducard has taught him before that in order to defeat an enemy; one must become the fear itself that cannot be seen by them. As stated in,

DUCARD.To conquer fear, you must become fear... you must bask in the fearof other men... and men fear mostwhat they cannot see- [Ducard STRIKES at Wayne- Wayne SPINS, PARRIES- but Ducard has gone. The Ninjas movie in unison, forming WALLS...]. DUCARD (CONT’D).It is not enough to be a man... youhave to become an idea... aterrible thought... a wraith- (Goyer, 2004, p. 37).

The statement that Ducard has said to Bruce inspires him to find something that he can use as disguise to summon fears in front of his enemies.

Bruce agrees with the term mentioned by Ducard. It is idea that lasts. It is a symbol.

[Alfred SMILES to himself. Closes his eyes again]. ALFRED.You sound like a man with purpose. [Wayne stares at the vast city beneath them as the jet BANKS]. WAYNE.Gotham needs me, Alfred. Gothamneeds... a symbol. ALFRED.What symbol, sir? WAYNE.I’m not sure. Something for thegood to rally behind... EXT. GOTHAM -- SUNRISE [MOVING over SPIRES of the city catching GOLD of first light]. WAYNE (V.O.)...and the criminals to fear. (Goyer, 2004, p. 43).

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When Bruce decides that he must use the symbol, in the same time he also makes Alfred ensured that Bruce himself finally finds himself. He already knows what he will do. At night in the library, Bruce hears sound of critters then he sees a small shadow sputtering around the ceiling. Responding, Alfred tells that there must be bats making nest around the place.

Bruce checks around the manor and find a way to underground cave which is the abandoned well Bruce has once fallen into. In the cave, he river and water fall. He climbs down the crevice and lights his chemical torch. Then thousands of bats are moving and flaying around the ceiling. Those bats swarm Bruce who in the position of crawling then rising up. He lets himself surrounded by those bats calmly. And he knows what symbol he must use.

[Wayne GRINDS METAL at a lathe. Alfred approaches with a thermos. Wayne stops grinding, BLOWS on his handiwork...]. ALFRED.Why the design, Master Wayne? [Alfred indicates the steel carved into a BAT’S WING]. WAYNE.A man, however strong, howeverskilled, is just flesh and blood. Ineed to be more than a man. I needto be a symbol. ALFRED.And why the symbol of the bat? WAYNE.Bats frighten me.(slight smile)And it’s time my enemies shared mydread. [Wayne tilts the crude BATARANG, watching light dance acrossthe brushed steel. He THROWS it WHISTLING into darkness...]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 63).

When Alfred asks Bruce the reason he uses the shape of a bat for his symbol, Bruce explains that he cannot do anything as an ordinary man. It indicates that he must come as another appearance to fight crime. The appearance has to be relevant to what fear itself. And when Bruce says that the bat frightens him, his smiling shows that somehow he can manage the traumatic experience he has. He is afraid of bats but he uses it. And he adds that his enemies will also feel what he is going through in his fear of bats.

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The Batarang according to urbandictionary.com is a weapon with roughly bat-shape which is used by Batman himself. The name is a blending from the words ‘bat’ and ‘boomerang’. The weapon has become a special attribute of

Batman as he always use is as range weapon and never misses a single target to which he throws the weapon. The description that says him throwing it into darkness and it sounds whistling enhances the theme of the symbol Bruce has chosen as well. The description completes the feature of the symbol which is dark and frightening bringing up the presence of him as Batman.

Bruce’s determination to use bat as his symbol to fight criminals is actually influenced by the traumatic experience he has. His choice shows an act of defense mechanism which will be discussed in the analysis of the next problem formulation.

B. The Defense Mechanisms Represented by Bruce Wayne’s and

Batman’s Attitude

The things that should be paid attention from Bruce Wayne or Batman to go deeper in his mind are his traumatic events happening during his childhood and his perception of his parents especially his father. Those traumatic events are when Bruce falls into a well and being surrounded by the swarm of bats, and when he witnesses his parents being murdered by a strange man in front of his own eyes. And his perception about his father which is progressively accumulated in his childhood has influences to him in making decision and actions.

When Bruce falls into an abandoned well and then being swarmed by bats, he is alone. He is scared and overwhelmed by the situation of darkness and

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creatures of bats that surround him in which he cannot do anything until his father goes down to rescue him. As stated in,

INT. BOTTOM OF THE OLD WELL -- DAY (WAYNE’S MEMORY) [Silence. Young Bruce lies there, exhausted, weeping softly]. MALE VOICE. Bruce? [Young Bruce looks up: a FIGURE, long coat billowing, is lowered down the shaft... THOMAS WAYNE, Young Bruce’s father]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 6).

That traumatic event experienced by young Bruce does not vanish; it is stored in his subconscious in the form of unpleasant feeing towards bats or anything resembles the similar appearance. In the same time, a figure of his father is also following in his memory as someone who is like a hero. His father is a great doctor and an inventor that gives big contribution in helping the Gotham city. His father is so close to Bruce depicted in the events when he saves Bruce from the well, when he carries him and checks him up with a stethoscope. All of those sometimes appear in Bruce’s mind as something that he does not intend to remember or think about. They just emerge like Freud says about the unconscious which often appears in noble things a person subconsciously does.

Bruce’s conviction to his father is also seen when he does not feel alright watching a performance in the opera house that reminds him about bats. He asks his father to leave the place. It shows the significant aspect that he idolizes his father instead of his mother despite, in his childhood; he is supposed to be more close to his mother because he is a boy. It can also be identified when Rachel scolds Bruce for his intention on killing Chill Joe.

[She looks at Bruce. Then SLAPS him. Bruce does nothing. Rachel SLAPS him again and again... Nothing. She stops. Tears flowing]. RACHEL.You’re no better than the rest. [Rachel points at the gun. Looks into Bruce’s eyes].

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RACHEL (CONT’D).Your father would be ashamed of you. (Goyer, 2004, p.29).

From another character’s view, Bruce Wayne is also known to be close and respectful to his father. When Bruce has a will to do a thing that seemingly his father will never do, there is a conflict happening inside him. He realizes that he is wrong from the actions done by Rachel who is slapping him and crying while mentioning that his father will be disappointed of him. On the other hands, Bruce becomes emotional when Rachel tells him about his father as follows,

RACHEL.The day you left Gotham... the day Chill was murdered... I said terrible things. WAYNE.Truethings. You made me see that justice is about more than my ownpain and anger. RACHEL. Well, you proved me wrong. WAYNE.About what? RACHEL.Your father would be proud of you.Just as I am. [Wayne looks at her, emotion rising. He takes Rachel in his arms and they kiss, passionately... desperately]. [They break, Wayne looks into Rachel’s eyes, hopeful. But she gently shakes her head]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 145).

And another thing is when Ducard blames his father for their deaths, Bruce becomes angry. Those are indicating that the figure of his father becomes significant in his subconscious and affects his behavior along the plot.

After young Bruce witnesses his parents’ death, his traumatic experience is on its peak. He feels sadness and guilt. He blames himself for the deaths of his parents.

YOUNG BRUCE.Alfred? [Alfred turns back. Young Bruce is looking at him with TEARS POURING down his cheeks. Alfred tilts his head]. ALFRED. [voice catching] Master Bruce? YOUNG BRUCE.It was my fault, Alfred. [Alfred’s mouth opens]. YOUNG BRUCE (CONT’D).I made them leave the theater-

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ALFRED.Oh, no, no, no- [Alfred moves to Young Bruce, taking the boy in his arms]. YOUNG BRUCE.If I hadn’t got scared- ALFRED. No, no, Master Bruce. Nothing you did. Nothing anyone ever did canexcuse that man. [Alfred holds Young Bruce away to look directly into his eyes]. ALFRED (CONT’D).It’s his, and his alone. Do youunderstand? [Young Bruce nods. Then BURIES his face in Alfred’s chest, Sobbing].

Alfred understands that young Bruce is so sad and he blames himself. He tries to convince him that it is not his fault but the robber’s. It is a normal thing to do that Bruce Wayne feels unpleasant with the performance because it brings back his previous trauma. The situation is just coincident that there is a dangerous robber around the opera house targeting Bruce’s family and finally killing his parents.

Bruce can handle the sadness he feels. He represses all those sadness into his subconscious himself and then he grows up to be current Bruce who is seen by other characters who are Rachel, Fox, Alfred, Maitre and male guest as someone well-known, helpful, but arrogant in the same time. The act that Bruce has done is repression, one of several kinds of defense mechanism by forcing the unpleasant feeling out of his consciousness into his subconscious. The related proves can be seen from what Bruce sometimes dreams which are the events of him falling into the well and the deaths of his parents.

Successfully repressing the unpleasant feelings, however, the guilt is still shadowing him. It is what Ducard sees when he trains Bruce besides his fear.

Bruce is still blaming himself until Ducard states that it is his father’s fault which triggers the anger from Bruce. This process of channeling guilt into anger and strength is sublimation. It is a defense mechanism that let the person to be easier

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in accepting his own feeling from the negative one into practically positive one. In other words, it is less burdening rather than holding his guilt for longer time. His anger and strength are driven through his sword training with Ducard.

Kiatpattananon states in his thesis that the process of sublimation done by Bruce

Wayne is on the way he beats every enemy without killing them. He still takes his revenge on other criminals but in a condition that he will not do any killing

(2017:29).

To complete it, the reason why Bruce never kills his enemies is because it is not what his father will ever do. In fact, Bruce is like his father. He adopts the same idea towards Gotham city which is to save it from corruption and decay with kindness; not destroy or kill it.

Freud explains that this phenomenon is called identification. It is one of the defense mechanism where a person tries to become or partially becomes a figure that is important to him or someone he loves in order to maintain the relationship with that figure internally. This type of defense mechanism is subconsciously done by Bruce since his childhood after he has lost his father

(parents). He in his childhood is close to his father and when his father has gone, he subconsciously practices what his father has done when he lives which is helping Gotham. Bruce takes the characteristics of his father which is considered an external object and forms it into his self-representation. His attitude towards the Gotham city is to help and save it. It has not changed since his childhood until he becomes adult.

The practical way he is doing in order to save Gotham in his adultness is by understanding the criminal world itself as the starting point. That is why he has

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a journey and then he meets with Ducard. However, the idea of saving Gotham is also followed by his fear which is the fear that Ducard can also see. His fear is not about the enemies or the difficulties in doing what he intends to do but his fear is portrayed on the deaths of his parents, specifically his father.

Ducard says to Bruce that his father is failed in saving Gotham. He describes Bruce’s father as follows,

DUCARD.The training is nothing. The willto take control is everything. Yourfather trusted his city, itslogic... he thought he understoodthe attacker and could simply givehim what he wanted... [Wayne considers this... breathing slowing... CALMER... they separate]. DUCARD (CONT’D). [gently] Your father did not understand theforces of decay- cities like Gothamare in their death throes- chaotic, grotesque. Beyond saving. WAYNE.Beyond saving? You believe that? [Ducard regards the harshly beautiful landscape]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 19).

Bruce does not agree with Ducard by questioning him in disbelief. He is sure that Gotham can still be saved but he also realizes the way his father takes to save the city is not suitable that it ends up with his and his wife deaths. It is what

Bruce truly fears: to be finished the same as his father’s fate which is dying in front of the corruption of the Gotham, the city he is trying to help. He wants to save the city like his father has done but he is afraid.

[The guide wheel HITS the grappling gun- BUMPS OFF ITS TRACK...Ra’s DIVES onto Batman- SMASHES him against the roof- the train LURCHES, SCRAPING against the concrete guiderails... Batman ROLLS Ra’s onto the bottom- but Ra’s is CHOKING Batman, THUMBS PUSHED DEEP INTO THE FLESH ABOVE BATMAN’S NECKPIECE… Batman STRUGGLES uselessly against Ra’s Al Ghul IRON GRIP..]. RA’S AL GHUL.Are you afraid?!! [Ra’s looks up at Batman’s DYING eyes... Batman’s hands STOP PUSHING against Ra’s..]. BATMAN. [choked] Yes... [...and slip down his cloak to the activating pockets-] BATMAN (CONT’D)....but not of you.

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[The cloak goes RIGID- CATCHES THE WIND- like pulling a rip cord- Batman YANKED from Ra’s Al Ghul’s hands, INTO THE AIR..]. [Ra’s SCREAMS as he rides the train OFF THE MONORAIL..]. (Goyer, 2004, p. 141-142). When fighting Ducard for the second and last time knowing he is the real

Ra’s Al Ghul, Bruce is in the losing position. Ducard, thinking he is winning, asks

Bruce the same question whether he is afraid or not. And the answer is that Bruce is still afraid but not of him. It is the same understanding that Ducard himself knows about Bruce. Bruce cannot defeat him in fighting so he surrenders by stopping pushing against Ducard and letting him fall into the air. Bruce chooses the option where he still has a chance to flee from the disaster in which the train is running of the rail in high speed towards the Wayne tower. Bruce does not want to die in the train alongside Ducard; Bruce is afraid of it.

Deep inside his subconscious, Bruce wants to be like his father who is a hero helping and saving the Gotham city the place where they live. However,

Bruce also considers that he cannot save the city as he is like his father who tries saving the city as a well-known man with his inventions and generosity. Those plain and pure struggles will lead him into nowhere except dying, the same fate his parents have faced.

To compensate his unrealized interest in becoming like his father by saving the Gotham city and avoid the fear of dying, Bruce needs another appearance. It is an identified figure that will let him do anything necessary in disguise. He needs a medium which his idealization can be put into without revealing who he is. It is Batman.

By becoming Batman, Bruce successfully manages his fear of dying like his parents, specifically his father who is exposedly seen as a hero and eventually

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getting killed. He can disguise in a mysterious figure without anyone knowing his identity while doing all his plans in saving Gotham. As if he has double live, in the society he appears to be highly regarded and acknowledged by the people. On the other hand while fulfilling his personal agenda, he is just known as Batman, a mysterious figure who helps the Gotham city.

Apropos of being a mysterious figure who sneaks around the city to fight crime, Bruce also employs a type of defense mechanism nonetheless. It is particularly related to the symbol and appearance he has chosen which is the symbol of bat conjured into black mask and suit. The defense mechanism he subconsciously employs is reaction-formation.

Anna’s statement about reaction-formation which is the conversion of unacceptable feelings or impulses into the opposite on the surface is employed by

Bruce in the form of Batman having the appearance of bat-like figure. In his subconscious, Bruce has icky feeling towards bat. It is even worse after his parents’ deaths due to his state of mind when seeing bats or only something resembling them: bats have become his weakness point.

His ego thereby tries to fortify itself at its point of greatest weakness as

Bruce decides to use the bat as his symbol that portrays fear haunting the criminals who face him. According to Anna, using the reaction-formation will make the id satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives. It is depicted in what Bruce does which is using his fear of bat without knowing the account of his choice. He just knows that the symbol will brings fear upon his enemies instead.

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Anna also mentions that the quality the defense mechanism of reaction- formation is excessive. One thing that shows the impulsiveness of the defense mechanism Bruce employs besides his detailed stuffs and equipments that resemble a bat is the location where he works on his preparation to save Gotham.

INT. CAVERNS BENEATH WAYNE MANOR [Wayne, high on the cavern wall, in climbing harness, HAMMERS a bracket into the rock securing a line of industrial LAMPS]. WAYNE.Okay! Give it a try. [Alfred throws a switch on a portable GENERATOR: the lamps flicker on, dimly lighting the length of one wall. Alfred peers at the DAMP, DINGY surroundings]. ALFRED.Oh, charming. [Alfred sees the BATS covering the entire ceiling]. ALFRED (CONT’D).At least you’ll have company. (Goyer, 2004, p. 51).

Under the Bruce’s manor, there is a huge cavern that leads to some other caverns in which bats make nest. Instead of leaving out of the place or demolishing it, Bruce is staying there for some time. After several visits to explore the caverns, Bruce decides to build his hideous base inside the caverns and make a secret tunnel connecting it to a room in his manor. This indicates the excessive quality of the reaction-formation Bruce is employing.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

After dissecting Batman Begins script with the theories the writer puts in the Chapter II, the writer is able to answer the problems of this thesis which are the traits of the characters Bruce Wayne and Batman and the defense mechanisms which are represented in the Goyer’s work.

The first problem formulation is about the way Bruce or Batman is characterized in the story. Using Murphy’s theory of characterization, Bruce is seen by people in the Gotham city as a well-known person. He is a billionaire who benefits the city of Gotham purely that it makes him acknowledged by both the people and his enemies. However, the Bruce’s fame is only his outer trait. Bruce has deeper nature that leads brutality indicated by his attitude towards the prisoners he has beaten down badly. In the same time, despite his aggressiveness and brutality, he is a respectful and helpful person. He shows respect to other people considering the tradition and norm a place has like when he bows with closed hands gesturing a prayer to an elderly in the mountain. He also saves

Ducard, his former teacher that has become his enemy, after defeating him and his organization.

His act towards his losing enemies that is rather kind, like saving Ducard, is related to his view of his father. His parents, specifically his father, are good and generous persons who have helped Gotham in high degree. Bruce imitates the figure of his father into his own way in confronting his enemies, by understanding

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them, and helping the city. It leads to the second problem formulation which discusses defense mechanism.

The second problem formulation is the way defense mechanisms are represented through Batman’s and Bruce’s attitudes. Following the things that

Bruce does about imitating his father is a form of defense mechanism itself which is identification. It is subconsciously employed by Bruce to maintain his internal relationship with his father that resembles his parents even though they have already gone. The positive figure of his father can be identified from Bruce who becomes a helpful guy going around saving the city and Batman who spares his enemies by not killing them. It is in line with Kiatpattananon’s statement in his thesis that Bruce not killing his enemies even though still acting brutally is a defense mechanism which is sublimation (Kiatpattananon, 2017, p. 40). Instead, this thesis shows that Bruce employs identification.

Bruce also employs another type of defense mechanism which is repression. At the moment he fell into a well and surrounded by bats and the events when he witnesses his parents’ deaths, he has experienced most terrible things in his life during his childhood. The clue showing that he repressed those terrible and unpleasant feeling and memories is through the same dreams of the events that often occur.

Bruce responding to Ducard’s mockery towards his father also represents that he employs a defense mechanism which is sublimation. He is angered by

Ducard’s statement about his father’s failure. The anger practically can boost his power in melee fighting so that he can slightly defeat Ducard in the training process. Besides, it substitutes the feeling of grief and guilt he has over his

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parents’ deaths. Even though it does not solve his permanent trauma, it gives him a temporal psychological safety like Krech stated in his theory.

After he comes home, Bruce’s eagerness to save and help the Gotham city that is considered already broken and corrupted is still the same; it becomes stronger instead. However, in the deepest part of him, he feels fear of totally becoming like his parents which is dying. This fear is seen by Ducard when he trains Bruce although that time he does not know it clearly.

The fact is that Bruce cannot save the city as he is like what his parents, especially his father, has done as Waynes. Bruce is afraid but he wants to save the city. That is why a role of Batman exists. Bruce hides in the mysteriousness and the enigma of Batman when he does his business helping the city and fighting crime fulfilling his interest.

His choice of having the appearance of Batman which is similar to bat by far is another type of defense mechanism he employs. It is reaction-formation.

Bruce has bad experience towards bat and just by seeing a thing that resembles bat is already enough to give him unpleasant feeling. However, after finding the nest of the bats which is under his manor, instead of leaving out of the place or forbid the place to visit, he stays. He uses the place as his hideous base and makes a costume that is like a bat figure for his disguise.

Many of those defense mechanisms Bruce employs wrap up into the existence of Batman figuratively indicates that the Batman itself is his defense mechanism to keep him safe from the feelings of fear, guilt and grieve that will never truly vanish from his subconscious and enable him to fulfill his desire of

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saving the city where he lives in the same time. As whole, the existence of

Batman is a form of all Bruce’s unpleasant feelings sublimation.

There is actually an alternative reflection about Bruce Wayne’s defense mechanism that the writer thinks it can be explored in the further research. It is another type of defense mechanism which is suppression. Suppression is almost similar to repression, however, suppression works in the conscious state of mind instead of subconscious level which means that one who employs this psychological effort is aware of what one is doing or escaping from. Anderson

(2004) restates Freud’s idea that suppression is considered to have more positive display than repression (p. 234). And it is depictured in the character Batman. It may explain that Bruce perhaps is actually aware that the existence of Batman is to make him such ‘busy’ to forget all his unpleasant feelings and impulses. This new finding may lead either to refuting this thesis or completing it with new idea.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1981). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Anderson, M. C., et al. (2004). Neural Systems Underlying the Suppression of Unwanted Memories, 303(5655), 234.

Anshori, Adam. (2011). Defense Mehanism.Fleming’s Defense Mechanisms and Process of Maturity in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage, 5(2), 7-18. Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com>publications

Barry, Peter. (2009). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester : Manchester University Press. Ellmann, Maud. (1994). Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism. New York: Longman Publishing. . Fisher, Seymour & Roger P. Greenberg.(1977). The Scientific Credibility of Freud’sTheories and Therapy. New York: Hassocks.

Freud, Anna. (1937).The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. London: Hogarth Press.

Freud, Sigmund. (1923).The Ego and the Id: Standard Edition of Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press.

Fuad, Khairul. (2014). Jilly’s Defense Mechanism as Seen in Phyllis’s A. Whitney’s The Singing Stones (Undergraduate Thesis). Retrieved from http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/11480/

Goyer, David. (2005). Batman Begins. Retrieved from http:// www.imdb.scripts/Batman-Begins.html (on 8 August 2017).

Goyer, David (2017, September 6) Batman Begins Awards. Retrieved from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0372784/awards

Grohol, John. (2017, September 12). Defense Mechanism. 2017. 15 Common Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved from http://www.psyhcentral.com/lib/15- common-defense-mechanism/

Hilgard, Ernest R. (1962). Introduction to Psychology. California: Harcourt, Brace & World.

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Kalat, James W. (1993).“Theory of Personality.”Introduction to Psychology.California: Brook/Cole Publishing Company.

Kiatpattananon, Supasit. (2017). Defense Mechanism of Batman or Bruce Wayne in Christopher Nolan’s “The Dark Knight Triloogy”.24-40. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319243986

Kretch, David , Richard S. Crutchfield, & NormanLivson. (1969). “Theory of Personality.”Element of Psychology. New York: Knopt.

Laughlin, Prather. (1979). The Ego and Its Defenses. New York: J. Aronson.

Law, Houk. (1929).Science in Literature: a Collection of Literary Scientific Essays. New York: HerperCollins Publisher.

Mahoney, John. (1998). Seeing Into Life of Things: Essays on Iterature and Religious Experience. New York: Fordham University Press.

Mardiko, Setio. (2008). The Significant of Batman in American Society: a Socio Historical Study of David Goyer’s Batman Begins (Undergraduate Thesis). UniversitasSanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Mckee, Robert. (1997). Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenriting. New York: HerperCollins Publisher.

McLeod, Saul. (2016). Id, Ego, and Superego.Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html (on 18 July 2018).

Murphy, Murtagh. (1972). Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel. London: George AllenanUnwin.

Robson, William. (1982).The Definition of Literature and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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APPENDIX

Summary of Goyer’sBatman Begins

There is a man named Bruce Wayne. He is a well-known billionaire who lives in the Gotham city. During his childhood, he once falls into an abandoned well that is connected to cave full of bats. Those bats are flying surround him and make him traumatized. Later it also makes him lose his parents in front of his eyes.

In his adulthood, he makes a journey himself into the world of criminals to understand how crimes work and what causes them. It leads him to become a prisoner. There, he beats down several other prisoners so bad that he must be caged in solitary. He then meets Ducard.

Ducard is a leader of an organization that fights the evil according to his perspective that happens in the world. Feeling interested and called, Bruce joins and trains under his direction. In a session of training, Ducard offends Bruce by mentioning his father’s failure. Triggered, Bruce become angry and more powerful than he is before when he feels there is only guilt left. Bruce becomes the best disciple of Ducard and hoped to be his successor. However, their different idea about what shall be done to evil people and criminals makes their path cross.

Bruce fights the organization and win. In edge of battle with Ducard, Bruce has a chance to let him die by falling off the cliff but he saves him instead.

Bruce comes home and takes care of his business. One day, he follows the track that there is a bat flees from the inside of his manor. He finds a huge cave

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under his manor. He has idea to make use of it. He starts to modify the cave as hisbase and makes a costume and tools that have traits like bat. He becomes

Batman and starts to hunt criminals.

It’s a destiny that his path and Ducard’s must cross once again. Ducard’s initial motive which is destroying Gotham has been scheduled to execute. Bruce fights him in the train that will strike the Wayne’s Tower, a great invention of

Bruce’s father, and in the critical moment he manages to escape and let Ducard die in the train off the monorail because of the help from a good police inspector.