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SI Handbook for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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SI Handbook for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory UCRLID-ll997l SI Handbook for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Committee on Metric Transition Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory March 1,1995 This is an informal report intended primarily for internal or limited external dishiition. Theopinionsandconclusionsstatedare thoseof theauthorandmay or may not be those of the Laboratory. Work performed under the auspices of the US. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory tmder Contact W-7405-Eng-48. --.. ... __ , c. DISCLAIMER "hisdocumentwasprepared asan acfountofworksponsoredbyanagency oftheUnitedStatesGovmrnenL NeithertheUnitedStatesGovernmentnortheUniversitp ofCalifornia noranyoftheiremployees,makesany warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibilityfor the accuracy, completenesr, orusefulnessofany information,appaatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnot infringe privately ownedrights. Reference herein to any specific commerdal products, process, or senice by tradename,trademark,manufacturer, orotherwise,doesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement, recommendation, or favoring by theUnitedStatesGovemmt ortheUniversityofCalifornia.Theviewsand opinionsofauthorsexpressedherein donotnecssarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesGovernmmt or the UniverGty of Califom-a, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement pum This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOEand DOE contractors from the Office of Saentificand Technical Information P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Pricesavailablefrom (615) 516-8401 626-8401 Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service US. Deparhnent of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 f DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. To Our Users: This Handbook is a guide to the use of the International System of Units (SI) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It describes the reasons for the United States converting to the metric system, legislation related to metric conversion, why the Laboratory is converting to the metric system, how international standards are established, the structure of SI, rules for using SI units and symbols, allowable non-SI units, and other important information about SI units and international standards. This handbook also demonstrates techniques for converting between inch-pound and metric units, and it contains tables of conversion factors. This Handbook is intended for the person who needs a practical working knowledge of the units of the modernized metric system, SI. The text and figures will be useful also to those who have had some experience with the metric system and want to update their knowledge, as well as to all who are interested in overcoming the normal human tendency to dislike a new system that they do not understand. The material is presented with the intent to implant the awareness of the simplifications possible with the new units, to warn of potential pitfalls associated with their use, and to guide in the recognition of which metric units and practices are correct. The text and figures are organized for ease of orientation. The sequence of units follows the natural progression from the everyday topics to the specialized ones. As directed by the Department of Energy, the goal of the Laboratory will be to use SI units of measurement in all aspects of Laboratory activities. To this end, the Laboratory's . Committee on Metric Transition is pleased to present this Handbook toward achieving the Laboratory goal. Dae-Hyun (Danny) Chung, Chairman Committee on Metric Transition Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SI Handbook for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Committee on Metric Transition Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process. or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors .expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. -,...-... - * . v...'. .. .,. ..... - t' Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory DISTRIBUTION 7'HlS DOCUh4ENT UNLIMITED OF IS w _.- - -- - - - SI HANDBOOKFOR THE LAWRENCELIVERMORE NATIONALLABORATORY 1.0 Background 1.1 Purpose of the SI Handbook 1.2 Why the United States Needs to Convert to the Metric System 1.3 Metric Legislation 1.4 Metric Conversion at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1.5 Origin of the Metric System 2.0 Authority for Determining Standards 2.1 The Constitution of the United States 2.2 International Standards 2.3 International System of Units 3.0 Structure of SI 6 3.1 Types of SI Units 6 3.2 Baseunits 6 3.3 Derived Units 9 3.4 Supplementary Units 10 3.5 SI is a Coherent System 11 4.0 Multiples and Submultiples of SI Units 11 4.1 Prefixes 11 4.2 SIUnits 13 4.3 Non-SI Units 13 4.4 Non-SI Units that may be used temporarily 14 5.0 Converting between inch-pound and metric units 18 6.0 Rules for using SI units and unit symbols 20 7.0 References 23 8.0 Conversion Factors 24 SI[ HANDBOOKFOR THE LAWRENCELIVERMORE NATIONALLABORATORY 1.0 Background 1.1 Purpose of the SI Handbook I This Handbook is a guide to the use of the International System of Units1 (SI) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It describes the reasons for the United States converting to the metric system, legislation related to metric conversion, why the Laboratory is converting to the metric system, how international standards are established, the structure of SI, rules for using SI units and symbols, allowable non-SI units, and other important information about SI units and international standards. This handbook also demonstrates techniques for converting between inch-pound and metric units, and it contains tables of conversion factors. In this handbook the terms International System of Units and metric system are used interchangeably. 1.2 Why the United States Needs to Convert to the Metric System The primary motivation for the United States converting to the metric system is economic. Every developed country in the world - except the United States - is metric. NAFT.A , and the recently ratified GATT agreement involve lower tariffs which will increase trade among member nations. Not using metric units huts our ability to compete in world markets, which is essential to our economic health and ultimately to our national security. Because many markets are now global, there is more interdependence among nations today than even in the recent past. Also, technology is making our world smaller. Technological change and global dependence are powerful forces behind the establishment of worldwide standards in many different areas. In measurement, there is only one international standard the System of International Units. 1.3 Metric Legislation I There are three important pieces of recent legislation that directly relate to metric conversion: 0 Metric Study Act (1968) 0 Metric Conversion Act (1975) 0 Public Law 100-418 (1988) In 1965, the United Kingdom decided to convert to the metric system which was a necessary condition for Britain to join the European Common Market (now called the 'The formal name is French, Le Syseme Internationale dunite, hence the abbreviation SI. 1 ---.-. - ..... ~ .. .I ..... ..,,. I. , . .,-,e.."- . ‘I European Union). Once this decision was made, it was obvious that soon the United States would stand alone as the only industrialized nation in the world that did not use metric units. Congress addressed this dilemma by passing the Mehz’c Study Act which directed the Secretary of Commerce to study the impact of the U.S. conversion to using metric units. The conclusion reached in the study is revealed in the title of its report: A METRIC AMERICA: A Decision Whose Time Has Come. In response to this report, Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act in 1975. This law strongly encouraged metric conversion, but it did not make conversion mandatory. Also, it did not give details on how the conversion was to take place. Thirteen years later Congress amended the Metric Conversion Act with Public Law 100- 418. This law states in part: It is therefore the declaredpolicy of the United States- (I) to designate the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce. (2) to require that each Federal agency, by a date certain and to the extent economicallyfeasible by the end of the fiscal year 1992, use the metric system of measurement in its procurements, grants, and other business-reluted activities, except to the extent that such use is impractical or is likely to cause signijicant ineficiencies or loss of markets to United States firms, such as when foreign competitors are producing competing products in non-metric units. (3) to seek out ways to
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