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SI (Metric) Handbook https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940024873 2020-06-16T15:14:57+00:00Z SI (Metric) Handbook Elisa A. Artusa Technical Memorandum 109197 March 1994 KSC-DM-3673 FOREWORD This handbook is a guide to the application of the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), the modem metric system. As a result of Federal legislation, SI is identified as the primary measurement system for Government use. This document is a consolidation of various specifications and standards, primarily ANS//IEEE Std 268 and ASTM E380, recognized by the Metrication Operating Committee of the Interagency Council on Metric Policy as authoritative sources on SI for use by the Federal Government. The information in this handbook is presented with sufficient detail to assist those personnel who may not have had formal training in using either SI or other metric systems. This guide provides information for an understanding of SI units, symbols, and prefixes; style and usage in documentation in both the United States and in international business; conversion techniques; limits, fits, and tolerance data; and drawing and technical writing guidelines. Also provided is information on SI usage for specialized applications like data processing and computer progr_mmlng, science, engineering, and construction. Related information in the appendixes include legislative documents, historical and biographical data, a list of metric documentation, rules for determining significant digits and rounding, conversion factors, shorthand notation, and a unit index. Requests for information, corrections, or additions to this document should be directed to NASA, Engineering Development Directorate, DM-MED-33, Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899. Requests for additional copies of this document should be sent to Forms Warehouse, Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899. v/vi PAGIE BLANK NOT FILMED KSC-DM-3673 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title INTRODUCTION .................................. 1-1 1.1 Scope ........................................... 1-1 / 1.2 Definitions • , • • , • , • • . • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • 1-2 1.3 The International System of Units (SI) .................. 1-3 1.4 Program and Project Use of SI ........................ 1-3 1.5 Waivers ......................................... 1-4 1.6 Project Phases .................................... 1-5 1.6.1 Mission Needs and Conceptual/Preliminary Studies (Phase A) • • • • • • . • . i • • • • t • • • • - • • • • • • - • • • • • • • - • • • - • 1-5 1.6.2 Concept Definition (Phase B) ......................... 1-5 1.6.3 Acquisition 1-5 1.6.4 Design and Development (Phase C) .................... 1-5 1.6.4.1 Hardware ........................................ 1-6 1.6.4.2 Sol, ware ......................................... 1-6 1.6.5 Fabrication, Integration, Test, and Evaluation (Phase D) .... 1-6 1.6.5.1 Tooling, Fabrication, and Assembly .................... 1-6 1.6.5.2 Test Equipment ................................... 1-6 1.6.5.3 Inspection and Acceptance Testing ..................... 1-6 1.6.6 Operation and Maintenance (Phase E) .................. 1-6 1.7 Trainm" g Personnel to Use SI ......................... 1-6 1.8 Applicable Documents .............................. 1-7 1.8.1 Governments] .................................... 1-7 1.8.2 Nongovernmental .................................. 1-8 H SI UNITS AND SYMBOLS .......................... 2-1 2.1 Inta'oduction ...................................... 2.1 2.2 Definitions ....................................... 2-1 2.3 SI Base Units ..................................... 2-1 2.3.1 Meter ........................................... 2-2 2.3.2 Kilogram ........................................ 2-2 2.3.3 Second .......................................... 2-3 2.3.4 Ampere • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • . • • • • 2-3 2.3.5 Kelvin .......................................... 2-3 2.3.6 Mole ............................................ 2-4 2.3.7 Candela ......................................... 2-4 2.4 SI Supplementary Units ............................. 2-4 2.4.1 Radian .......................................... 2-4 2.4.2 Steradian ........................................ 2-5 vii KSC-DM-3673 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) Section _ Pa_e 2.5 SI Derived Units .................................. 2-5 2.5.1 Hertz ........................................... 2-5 2.5.2 Newton ......................................... 2-5 2.5.3 Pascal .......................................... 2-5 2.5.4 Joule ........................................... 2-5 2.5.5 Watt ............................................ 2-5 2.5.6 Coulomb ......................................... 2-7 2.5.7 Volt ............................................ 2-7 2.5.8 Farad ........................................... 2-8 2.5.9 Ohm ............................................ 2-8 2.5.10 Siemeus ......................................... 2-8 2.5.11 Weber .......................................... 2-8 2.5.12 Tesia ........................................... 2-8 2.5.13 Henry ........................................... 2-8 2.5.14 Degree Celsius .................................... 2-8 2.5.15 Lumen .......................................... 2-8 2.5.16 Lux ............................................ 2-9 2.5.17 Special Derived SI Units ............................ 2-9 2.5.17.1 Becquerel ........................................ 2-9 2.5.17.2 Gray ............................................. 2-9 2.5.17.3 Sievert .......................................... 2-9 2.6 Other Derived Quantities ............................ 2-9 2.7 Other Units in Use With SI .......................... 2-9 2.7.1 Units Retained for Practicality ........................ 2-9 2.7.1.1 Time .......................................... 2-11 2.7.1.2 Plane Angle ..................................... 2-11 2.7.1.3 Area ........................................... 2-11 2.7.1.4 Volume ......................................... 2-11 2.7.1.5 Mass .......................................... 2-12 2.7.1.6 Weight ......................................... 2-12 2.7.1.7 Load/Force ...................................... 2-12 2.7.2 Units Temporarily in Use With SI .................... 2-12 2.7.2.1 Energy ......................................... 2-12 2.7.2.2 Pressure and Stress ............................... 2-12 2.7.3 Units Retained for Specialized Fields .................. 2-13 2.8 Discontinued and Miscellaneous Units to Avoid .......... 2-13 2.8.1 Centimeter-Gram-Second (CGS) Units ................. 2-13 2.8.2 Unit Names With Non-SI Prefixes .................... 2-14 2.8.3 Special Names ................................... 2-14 2.8.4 Miscellaneous Units ............................... 2-14 Vlll KSC-DMo3673 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) _ec_on 2.9 Nominal Dimensions .............................. 2-14 2.10 _.Dimensio_dess Quantities - Ratioa and Indexes ........... _..... 2-14 HI SI PREFIXES AND DECIMAL SUBMULTIPLES ......... 3-1 3.1 Definitions ....................................... 3-1 3.2 Use of a Prefix .................................... 3-1 3.3 Attachment of Prefixes .............................. 3-3 3.4 Selection of the Proper Prefix ......................... 3-3 3.5 Prefix Symbols .................................... 3-5 3.6 Prefixes With the Unit of Mass ....................... 3-5 3.7 Commonly Used Prefixes ............................ 3-5 IV STYLE AND USAGE ............................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ...................................... 4-1 4.2 Unit Names and Symbols ............................ 4-1 4.2.1 Capitalization ..................................... 4-1 4.2.2 Pluralization ..................................... 4-2 4.2.3 Abbreviations ..................................... 4-2 4.2.4 Appearance ...................................... 4-3 4.2.5 Greek Symbols .................................... 4-3 4.2.6 Attachments ...................................... 4-3 4.3 Compound Unit Names and Symbols ................... 4-4 4.3.1 Products ......................................... 4-4 4.3.2 Quotients ........................................ 4-4 4.3.3 Powers .......................................... 4-5 4.3.4 Formulas ........................................ 4-5 4.3.5 Combinations of Unit Names and Symbols ............... 4-5 4.4 Numbers ........................................ 4-6 4.4.1 Appearance ...................................... 4-6 4.4.2 Decimal Markers .................................. 4-6 4.4.3 Numbers Greater Than 1000 and Less Than 0.001 ......... 4-6 4.5 Number and Unit Symbol Combinations ................ 4-7 4.6 Compound Expressions .............................. 4-8 4.6.1 Multiple Units .................................... 4-8 4.6.2 Prefixes in Compound Units .......................... 4-8 ix KSC-DM-3673 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont) Section Pa e V INTERNATIONAL STYLE AND USAGE ................ 5-1 5.1 Unit Name and Prefix Spelling ........................ 5-1 5.2 Pluralization ..................................... 5-1 5.3 Symbols ......................................... 5-1 5.4 Numbers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5-2 5.5 Numbers and Units ................................ 5-2 5.6 Referencing Other Units ............................. 5-2 5.7 Other Considerations ............................... 5-2 VI CONVERSION PRACTICES AND CALCULATIONS ....... 6-1 6.1 Introduction ...................................... 6-1 6.2 Definitions ......................................
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