M89 Anti-Trafficking Toolkit

Mission89 Toolkit ‘Not in our Game’: an awareness raising campaign Take a stand against human trafficking and modern-day slavery by engaging, educating and empowering youth

Purpose of the Toolkit:

Participants at the end of the session will have a clear understanding of human trafficking, recognize risk factors and ―red flags‖ associated with intermediaries or agents, and be able to identify potential victims.

We encourage you to tailor your awareness raising activities to your specific audience and community, using this Toolkit as a guide to activate your very own anti-trafficking awareness raising campaign!

Target Audience: Primary end beneficiaries are youth between the ages of 11 to 21 that are potentially ‗at risk‘ for trafficking exploitation.

Other key stakeholders within local communities that would benefit from education and awareness raising on the issue would include:  Women, family, friends and community leaders  Schools, youth groups and organisations  Sport academies, clubs, technical staff involved in the training of children or youth  National sport federations, sports for development organizations, sports for change networks  Law enforcement / police authorities / judiciary officials  Ministries of sport, health & youth, embassies, immigration authorities  Health professionals  Faith-based organizations

About Mission 89: Mission 89is a research, education and advocacy organization inspired by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, FIFA‘s Article 19 intended to protect the commercial movement of footballers under the age of 18 and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) principles prohibiting the exploitation of young athletes and ensuring that they are protected from unscrupulous recruiters and agents.

Mission 89‘s action orientated approach is to help keep young athletes safe from exploitation by educating them and their families on the legitimate path to a career in sport.

Building individual capacity, resulting in economic and social well-being, through the provision of education, life-skill competencies and vocational training programs are at the heart of what the organization is about.

What is Human Trafficking? Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery—a multi-billion-dollar criminal industry that denies freedom to 20.9 million people around the world (source: ???). And no matter where you live, chances are it's happening nearby. From the girl forced into prostitution at a truck stop, to the man discovered in a restaurant kitchen, stripped of his passport and held against

1 his will. All trafficking victims share one essential experience: the loss of freedom. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights.

Trafficking in Sport: The demand for talent, especially young talent, is not without its problems and has resulted in diverse migratory patterns within sport whether being seasonal, occupational, cross border (international) or within borders (national). In the process, the end result is not always a planned career and can be problematic for young people.

The need to migrate for sports has led to the exploitation of children in pursuit of a career in sport. The trafficking of children in the sports industry, particularly in the case of football, remains a serious problem. Migration plays a role in this form of trafficking, as young athletes are often moved from ‗source‘ countries through to ‗transition‘ countries, before traveling to ‗destination‘ countries often in Europe, North America and now Asia.

Athletes in this situation may not initially travel through irregular means, (even though some do) but due to the acquisition of short duration visas to travel to football trials, and a possible abandonment afterwards, victims often stay longer than their visa allows and therefore quickly become illegal. It is however important to note that a vast majority of youth pursuing a career in sport never cross-national borders and that exploitation through trafficking occurs without crossing borders.There is a massive issue of victim criminalization in destination countries, which occurs when these groups are not quickly identified as ‗trafficked‘ but rather as illegal migrants who have offset border control laws.

Additionally, opportunistic and often unscrupulous agents aim to make money from selling dreams to vulnerable children and families who are ready to migrate to places unknown for a better future. In 2015, an article in the international press claimed that 15,000 young players were moved from West Africa annually under false pretenses. In Belgium, 442 cases of ―African soccer slaves‖ were uncovered by Senator Jean Marie Dedecker when he exposed the illegal trade in Nigerian players within European football. (Citation)

The recruitment of young athletes for the purpose of exploitation has been recognized as a threat by the International Convention on Children‘s Rights (UN 1989), which condemns child exploitation (Article 32), the European Parliament resolution on the future of professional football in Europe (March 2007), and the International Federation of Association Football‘s (FIFA) Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players. Apart from the fact that FIFA prohibits transfer of players under the age of 18 (with limited exceptions), FIFA‘s Transfer Matching System (TMS) increases the transparency of transactions to ensure compliance. However, the latter resource does not cover rogue recruiters/agents, unsanctioned football academies and other trafficking means through which players are transferred within FIFA‘s scope.

Why Trafficking Exists: All around the world, many people are looking for ‗fast and easy‘ financial profit. Human trafficking is a market-driven criminal industry that is based on the principles of supply and demand. Every year, human traffickers generate billions of dollars in profits by victimizing

2 millions of people around the world. The sport industry is no exception in the trafficking phenomena.

Human trafficking involves recruitment, harboring or transporting people into a situation of exploitation using violence, deception or coercion, forcing them to work against their will. In other words, trafficking is a process of enslaving people, coercing them into a situation with no way out, and exploiting them.

People can be trafficked for many different forms of exploitation such as forced prostitution, forced labor, forced begging, forced criminality, domestic servitude, forced marriage, and forced organ removal. Trafficking for sexual exploitation gets much attention. However, a majority of people are trafficked into labor exploitation.

Contrary to a common misconception, people don‘t necessarily have to be transported across borders for trafficking to take place. In fact, transporting or moving the victim doesn‘t necessarily define trafficking.

When children are trafficked, no violence or coercion needs to be involved. Simply bringing them into exploitative conditions constitutes trafficking.

Many people who fall victim of trafficking want to escape poverty, improve their lives, and support their families. Often, they get an ―offer‖ of a well-paid job abroad or in another region. Often, they borrow money from their traffickers in advance to pay for arranging the job, travel and accommodation.

When they arrive, they find that the work they were promised does not exist, or the conditions are completely different. By that stage, it‘s too late, their documents are often taken away and they are forced to work until their debt is paid off.(www.antislavery.org)

Smuggling or Trafficking? People often confuse human trafficking and people smuggling. People smuggling is the illegal movement of people across international borders for a fee. On arrival, the smuggled person is ―free‖.

Human trafficking is different. The trafficker is moving a person for exploitation. There is no need to cross an international border. Human trafficking also occurs at a national level, or even within one‘s community.

Toolkit Learning Approach: The Mission 89 ―Not in our Game‖ human trafficking awareness raising toolkit is intended to offset trafficking in sport by educating and informing potential youth victims. The structure of the toolkit content is aimed to be flexible and adaptive depending on various factors such as target audience, age and knowledge level of participants, environmental setting, session duration etc. With the Activity Cards provided as an outline, the facilitator has the opportunity to customize his/her own learning materials keeping in mind Mission 89‘s prescribed learning objectives and outcomes (see Activity Card 1). The facilitator preparatory workin relation to the contact person (―the client‖) is an important one and the necessary time should be taken into the planning phase of the event. In contrast to a one-directional flow of teaching, the toolkit activities are based on a learner- centered, active learning approach.

Content should be adapted depending on the respective target audience (e.g.age, gender, families and communities, the entourage) and learning environment (e.g. schools, youth groups from football / sports clubs, elite athletes). Facilitator Follow-up &Deliverables: At the end of each campaign session, you will provide Mission 89 with: - activation feedback report (find attached form) - signed consent forms (find attached) - Mission 89 branded commemorative group photo - three video interviews with individual participants or person in charge (e.g. school principal, football coach, law enforcement officer, parent)

Materials and Equipment: - Smart phone that can record video and take photos - Mission 89 promotional material - Basic sport equipment for games (if needed)

Note: In order to prepare facilitators to deliver the campaign, webinars will be scheduled.

Useful Resources

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybmiihHWEHg

 http://geographical.co.uk/uk/uk/item/2817

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYaq8YhQhDY

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycFu3xka9Xw

 https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/kids-young-13-dreams-football- 12995874

 http://globalinitiative.net/living-the-dream-human-trafficking-the-other-organized- crime-problem-in-sports/

 https://msw.usc.edu/freedoms-journey-understanding-human-trafficking/

 http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/25876477/the-rise-exposure-human-trafficking- sports-world

 https://www.interaction.org/blog/how-global-sporting-events-can-encourage-human- trafficking/ Content for ‘Not in our Game’ Campaign

The following outline will enable the facilitator to deliver the proposed campaign content. Also included are tips for successful delivery and accompanying Activity Cards to guide the facilitator.

I. Icebreaker Activity (see Card 1) Starting out with an icebreaker or warm-up activity provides a useful ‗getting to know you‘ or a ‗group building‘ environment. It also promotes life skills such as

cooperation and participation thereby, encouraging sharing, openness, listening, teamwork and discussion.

Keep in mind that you are free to adapt this activity based on the audience. Feel free to bring in and use your own icebreaker (movement-based) or cultural activity (e.g. dance)

II. Introduction to campaign (see Card 2) Information on Mission 89 (and project partners if any), objectives, desired outcomes, campaign duration.

III. Circle of Sharing (see Card 3) This activity provides the opportunity to learn from participant stories and explore their aspirations in sport. Background information to ‗set the stage‘ on trafficking is provided.

IV. Case Study Examples (including guided discussion questions/responses - see Card 4) The case study format is used to provide real-life situations and solutions in and around human trafficking. Learning is facilitated by soliciting and developing the thoughts of the participants in an informative and engaging way.Mission 89 invites the use of Case Studies related to the local situation or iconic sport personality from the country itself, so create and share your own favorite local Case Study.

V. Cool Down –Reflection & interactive Participant Survey (see Card 5)

ACTIVITY CARD 1 – Icebreaker Engage through physical movement

Commonality Game – an icebreaker activity that helps participants start by having fun, meet each other in an informal way and identify what they have in common.

How to play the game: Each round starts with a different kind of movement pattern (jumping on one leg, walk like a spider etc.). Facilitator calls out ―Stop‖ and defines a category of choice (e.g. place of origin, languages, favorite football club, eye color, friends (want) playing football overseas / pursuing a sports career). Participants come together and mingle according to their chosen category to discuss commonalities.

Variation of the Commonality Game for older target audience: Tell your participants that everyone has something in common. It is their job to find out what the commonality is. They have 3-4 minutes in pairs of two to find the one or two things they have in common. These cannot be things that are visible, such as "we both have brown eyes, we both are wearing jeans or we both have long hair..." They have to be intangible items such as "we have both climbed Kilamanjaro‖.

Human Knot – A get-to-know-you icebreaker or name-learning exercise, this activity focuses on group understanding of communication, problem-solving, teamwork, persistence. It involves close physical proximity and can be adapted by using long pieces of string in the length of 1 or 1,5 m. Keep in mind that if you have a group size of 20 or multiple groups depending on number of participants, you will need half the amount of strings (e.g. group size 20; 10 strings).

How to play the game: Standing in a circle, group members reach across and ‗shake hands‘ or pass the string to another person within the circle while introducing themselves (It is not allowed to shake hands with the person on either side of you). Moreover, you cannot let go of the other person‘s hands / string until the game is over. The group then tries to unravel the "human knot" by unthreading their bodies without letting go of each other‘s hands / string. Conclude with a short debrief by asking (e.g. by asking "How well did you think the group worked together?" and "What could have been done differently?" or "What do you think you've learned from this activity which can be applied in future activities?")

Note: depending on number of participants, break into a circle of 8-10 persons. For example, 20 participants = 2 circles of 10 persons

QUIZ – Fun Facts of Football(find attached)

ACTIVITY CARD 2 Introduction – Engage by informing

Ready. Set. Go.

The Organisation: Mission 89 is a research, education and advocacy organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. It isinspired by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, FIFA‘s Article 19 intended to protect the commercial movement of footballers under the age of 18 and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) principles prohibiting the exploitation of young athletes and ensuring that they are protected from unscrupulous recruiters and agents.

Campaign learning objectives& outcomes: - Understand what human trafficking is - Understand child trafficking in sport - Understand risk factors and vulnerabilities of youth related to migration and trafficking in sport - Provide options for positive action o understanding the steps to football trafficking o Recognize risk factors and indicators related to human trafficking. o how to prevent getting tricked and identify the ‗red flags‘ of trafficking o where to go to verify if an opportunity with a sport club is valid o knowing the appropriate pathway to fulfill your dreams

Session duration : Sixty minutes active participation. If time allows, sessions can run up to half a day. Mission 89 will allot a small budget for event delivery and participant refreshments. An itemized breakdown of the event budget needs to be provided and approved by Mission 89.

Note: All the following activities will be delivered better by breaking participants up into active groups. The instructor should break the student up in groups using a method of their choice to ensure a more holistic environment.

ACTIVITY CARD 3 – Circle of Sharing (Building Trust) Educate through active learning

Gathering Voices - Sharing aspirations and telling stories is a great way to build community. Asking the group, in how far they are involved in sports and even desire a professional sport (e.g. football) career abroad can be informative and provide ways to educate and raise awareness on trafficking risks involved.

Guiding Questions:

 ―Whose dream is it to become a professional football player?”

 If concrete examples occur, go on from there; “Where (Africa, Europe, Asia) do you see your future in football (sports)?Why (not in Africa)?How to get there? Have you heard of friends who were approached by “agents” and paid money for alleged trials abroad?”

 Discuss labor migration in sports for the respective country (e.g. Ivory Coast / Didier Drogba) and then share with the group what the reality looks like for the majority (e.g. 98% of all would-be-footballers arriving in Paris are illegal).

 Share and discuss the TenStep Guide toFootball Trafficking as outlined by Esson & Drywood (2018). To give a fun twist to delivering this information, engage the participants in role play to act out the parts of a rogue agent and player.

Note: The following misconception and steps can be put up on board during the activity and should remain in clear sight of the participants during the whole session. Common Myths & Misconceptions about Football trafficking

 Getting trials for Europe’s top clubs - It is very uncommon to get trials from Europe‘s top clubs and even smaller ones when not training at a popular academy with linkages to a particular club or playing in the national league.

 Fake contracts - Often unscrupulous agents come with fake contracts that do seem real. Do not trust them, but let the paper be verified by experts from your National Football Association.

 Payment in advance is necessary - Agents do not approach young athletes to help them for future careers but for selfish financial gains exploiting their families by requesting a high amount of money. If a trial is real, those clubs will cover the travel costs. Never transfer money to an agent.

 Once in Europe (out of Africa), everything will be better - Even if there is the chance to get a trial abroad, this is no guarantee at all to get a proper contract and earn a lot of money. If the club rejects to sign a player, due to visa regulations the person has to return home soon, otherwise there is a risk of becoming illegal.  Finding a job in Europe – ―if it‘s not football, then I just work somewhere else‖. This is unrealistic: there is no right to work, it is not easy to just find a job on the street; moreover, you are faced with a different environment and language.

Loughborough Ten Step Guide to football trafficking by (Esson, 2018) 1. An intermediary claiming to be a football agent or talent scout identifies a player in a match or trial and offers him the opportunity to be signed by a foreign club. In some rare cases, the intermediary does not physically meet the player, as recruitment takes place via the internet. 2. The intermediary asks the player for money in exchange for securing this opportunity: this is akin to a ―finder‘s fee‖. Additional funds are also asked for to cover living costs and spending money in the destination country. 3. The player‘s immediate and extended family often sell family possessions, remove siblings from schooling or take out a loan to meet the costs. This is typically in the region of €3,000- 5,000. 4. The player arrives in a destination country often on a short-term tourist visa. Contrary to popular media reportage the travel conditions are not always illegal and or dangerous. Players often arrive via legal channels, and in the instances where they do not, it is often using conventional modes of transportation with false travel documents. 5. On arrival in a destination country, the intermediary often takes the player‘s documents and any spending money for ―safe keeping‖. 6. While in a destination country, the player may or may not attend a trial with a club. In some cases, the agent abandons the player on arrival in a destination country. 7. If the player is not abandoned on arrival, they might be taken to multiple trials until a contract is offered and the agent is satisfied with the terms. 8. If the trials are successful the player signs a contract with the club. Problematically, the contract is typically exploitative with unfavorable terms for the player. 9. If the player is unsuccessful at his trials or his contract is not renewed and another club cannot be found, the intermediary abandons him. In most cases, the intermediary will also take his ―finder‘s fee‖, the player‘s documentation and any remaining money with him. 10. Once the player realizes the precarious nature of his situation, he is often reluctant to return to his country of origin and may decide to remain in the destination country illegally without any means of subsistence.

ACTIVITY CARD 4 – Case Study 1 EDUCATE through real-life situations

Weblink: http://mission89.org/true-story

Case Study 1 Discussion Q & A 1. Matthew Edafe was from a small city in Nigeria. Do you know of other Nigerian world- renowned football stars? Why are there so many talented players from Nigeria? 2. What emotions do you think Matthew was feeling when he was in this dangerous situation? 3. How could Matthew have achieved his dream and yet followed the sensible advice of his Mother? What would you have done if you were Matthew? 4.How could being informed and educated on a topic or issue help you make the right decision?

*** Ideal Answers:

1.Jay Jay Okocha: position played: midfield; played for 7 international clubs / Samson Siasia: position played: striker; played for 9 international clubs; played for and later in life coached the national team / Celestine Babayaro: position played: midfield; played for 4 international clubs; played for the Nigerian national team / Nwankwo Kanu: position played: striker; played for 6 international clubs; played in the national team/ John Obi Mikel: position played: midfield; still active and has to date played for 3 international clubs Nigeria is on the list of 10 ten countries where football is very popular… 2. Paralyzed by fear and loneliness. He was young and in a strange land. He felt he would never see his family ever again. He was feeling alone, trapped, in a daze. In his own words, ―There was no going forward. There was no going back‖. 3. Decision making can often times be based on cultural perspectives. For example, many African countries stress the values and behavior of respecting and not questioning their elders. 4. Reference Loughborough‘s Ten Step Guide to Football Trafficking and how it signposts the pitfalls and dangers involved. Also share the Common Myths.

Case Study 2

Weblink: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34849619

Case Study 2 Discussion

1. Is going off alone to far-away places a safe and smart move to take? 2. How did luck play a part in saving Al Bangura from a dangerous situation? 3.What might be the ongoing challenges as a result of being a trafficking survivor that Al and his family may continue to face in the future?

*** Ideal Answers 1. Children on the move are especially vulnerable because of their age and migration status. They are easy to target by unethical and unofficial agents; they have no protection. The share of children is particularly high in some regions: 64% in sub-Saharan Africa 62% in Central America and the Caribbean.

2. The validated figures are still unknown, but it is estimated that 15,000 teenage footballers are moved out of 10 West African countries every year - many of them under-age. 3. Communication and trust issues may surface. Al Bangura himself has stated that he still faces emotional challenges although he is a survivor and that is why he wants to help others by telling them his story.

Case Study 3

Football transformed into a venture - Right to Dream (RtD) Academy in Ghana capital business model is supported by €1 million annually via a major club in Europe Disregarding FIFA regulations, recruiting and resale of young players is becoming a - FIFA regulations prohibit involvement of business model and booming market third-party ownership; this happens anyway in the context of clubs and investors Financial impact for one major EU club with a 48 million investment, 24% projected - Selected young players are used as tradable profit, estimated end result ± £ 110 million commodities and moved between clubs for comprised of 140 young players ROI

FIFA Department of Compliance and - Football Leaks state that involved parties Integrity flags that this phenomenon is claim these transactions are executed inside systematic the rules

Talent Development Plans are being used as - Manipulation of transfer rules signify a a human investment portfolio potential danger to the integrity and reputation of the GAME

Source: 24 Heures – Saturday-Sunday Issue – 10-11 November 2018

Case Study 3 Discussion Q & A 1. How does this business model relate to ethical values or modern slavery issues? 2. How could this system reflect on football as a sport (e.g. reputational risks involved)? 3. How could the individual player be given opportunity in this business model,but his/her rights be protected? *** Ideal Answers 1. The players have no control over where they end up and as a result are pushed around like commodities with little regard for human life. 2. It has the potential to damage the reputation that football has. The practices enlisted here are part of a large problem which needs to be kicked out of football. The manipulation of transfer rules show that teams and academies take advantage of them and should not be trusted blindly. 3. The individual player needs to know their rights. Through campaigns like this one, more and more young footballers can be made aware of their rights about what‘s right and what‘s wrong and how to differentiate between the two. Case Study 4

Weblink:https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/aug/03/sporting-slaves-ethiopian-trade- athletes-lily-abdullayeva-azerbaijan Case Study 4 Discussion Q & A

1.Why would a country try to persuade an athlete to come to their country and change nationality?

2.What are some of the reasons that an athlete would switch allegiance from their home country to another?

3.What are the similarities that a traded athlete experience related to trafficking?

4.In the end, did Lily‘s dream come true? How does the Guardianby sharing Lily‘s story help other elite athletes to avoid the trap?

*** Ideal Answers: 1. Often times countries take this course of action to increase their chances of winning medals on the internationalsport circuit. The Guardian has reported that ―during the European championships in Amsterdam, Turkey had its most successful performance, winning 12 medals, six of those claimed by former Kenyan athletes. Kazakhstan is expected to follow suit with many African-born athletes thought to be making their debut for the country at the world championships in London‖

2.Greater opportunities - One of the primary reasons is that due to national competition, the athlete may not be selected in their country of origin but qualifies or has greater opportunities in the national team of another country. However, athletes should ensure that they are informed on contract conditions, fair payment for their services. Often times, contract conditions are benefitting the agent rather than the athlete. Lily is still waiting to be paid her rightful earnings.

3.Moving a person for exploitation or profit is wrong and against the law. It is understandable that an athlete may take sporting opportunities offered, but it is important that the athlete be paid a fair price for services rendered and have access to good living conditions.

4. Being informed is the only way to protect oneself.

ACTIVITY CARD 5 – Cool Down EMPOWER by knowing the facts

The cool down is intended to reinforce information learned and act as a wrap-up. It also serves as a form of assessment of how well the information has been taken on board. Concluding with the Mannequin Challenge is a fun way to close the campaign activities.

How do I know if the agent is good or bad?

• First of all, since April 1st, 2015, FIFA ended its licensing scheme for players agents, devolving monitoring responsibilities to national federations. This means the system is unstructured and everybody can basically become an agent.

• Real agents normally don‘t come to informal academies but visit the ones with official links to European clubs or clubs playing in the national leagues.

• Many fake contracts look professional, but they are not. Contact the respective club and ask for confirmation of trial as designated in the contract (help center or hotline to support youths is necessary). Is the prior payment of money necessary? No. If a club is really interested in you, they will cover all travel costs and don‘t try to persuade your family to pay that money. What can possibly happen to me when I decide to leave for my dreams? Depending on form of movement (by feet, bus, vessel, airplane) and route, various dangers will occur throughout the way (need to further explain on them?). Even if flying and making it to a European country, being there without passport or expired visa is illegal which means lacking the right to work and move freely; vicious cycle of poverty due to illegal status often ending up in prostitution and other crimes. How many people are trafficked in Africa? In Sub-Saharan Africa children make up 64 % of the trafficked population while 34 % are adults (need to add numbers/link to UNODC, ILO, IOM website) Who can I call when observing suspicious actions or report concrete cases of fake agents approaching youths? Ivory Coast: https://www.humanium.org/en/child-trafficking/ Nigeria: www.naptip.gov.ng Kenya: https://www.stopthetraffik.org/intelligence/child-trafficking-kenya/ (many numbers on the bottom page)

How to avoid being tricked: What to do when being approached by someone – a few steps:

• don‘t be impressed by their ―story-telling‖ about Europe, the chances to earn huge money and the compliments about your football skills => their only interest is to make money by exploiting you.

• Ask for a copy of all relevant documents and information (contract for trial, clubs contact details, ―travel costs‖, etc.) and let them be checked by (there should be something like an independent task-force or maybe even affiliated with the national sports federation).

• Never give money to any agent as real trials at professional clubs will be for free. If they are interested travel costs etc. will be paid by them.

• Never give away your personal belongings such as the passport.

Post-campaign reflection:

• What would you do if someone tells you about being contacted by an agent promising a trial abroad?

• Will you talk about it with your friends/parents? • Did the workshop change your mind about becoming a professional footballer in Europe? Would you still pay money to an agent if you have the chance to do so? If yes, why?

Mannequin Challenge (sometimes called Living Statue) Who doesn‘t like getting results? The Mannequin Challenge is a good way to conclude activities and a great take-away for participants. Share the recorded video with Mission 89 so that it can be uploaded onto the website.

How to create a Mannequin Challenge: Step 1: Have on hand a camera that records video or use your smartphone. Make sure that you film in horizontal format. Step 2: Participants to form groups of two or more (maximum of 5-6). Step 3: Since the selected theme is sport, ask participants to choose their favorite sport or sport movement. Step 4: Participants are asked to freeze in a position and hold still for 3 minutes. Step 5: Facilitator to move around and video record the mannequins.