DOCSLIB.ORG

Regents of the University of California Ritual Masks of the Chokwe Author(S)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regents of the University of California Ritual Masks of the Chokwe Author(S) Regents of the University of California Ritual Masks of the Chokwe Author(s): Marie-Louise Bastin Source: African Arts, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Aug., 1984), pp. 40-45+92-93+95-96 Published by: UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3336156 Accessed: 27-10-2016 14:53 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Regents of the University of California, UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to African Arts This content downloaded from 141.213.142.215 on Thu, 27 Oct 2016 14:53:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Ritual Masks of the Chokwe MARIE-LOUISE BASTIN T he majority of the Chokwe, ades aof this century, they pushed into a person might chance to step on or matrilineal Bantu people estimated northwestern to Zambia (McCulloch 1951). touch scrapings of medicine or clothing number more than 600,000, inhabit Chokwe culture seems to have abandoned after an exorcism. The northeastern Angola between the reached its peak during the eighteenth banished spirit still remains in these ma- Kwango and Kasai rivers. At some point and nineteenth centuries, the era terials of the and possesses its new victim. in a history that dates back to the end of great chiefdoms. At their courts a presti-The Chokwe distinguish between the the fifteenth or the sixteenth century and gious style of art unfolded, but itancient disap- mahamba (makulwana) of the an- remains rather obscure (Bastin 1978: 30- peared when the important chiefdoms cestors ofand the parasitic mahamba (yip- 41), Lunda chiefs invaded what is now the original homeland fell into decline;wiya), which have become attached to Angola, conquering the local people, the almost seminomadic lifestyles the of former. the Some of the yipwiya are who may have been of Mbwela stock. Chokwe of the outer territories did not foreign in origin. They are at their most From these origins the Chokwe emerged incorporate works exalting the dangerous when they cause illness, and to develop their own culture. From 1860 sovereign, such as statues of the chief they are also the most difficult to ap- on, they grew at an astonishing rate (see and scepters. The deterioration of the pease. Miller 1969). At the end of the nineteenth ancient courts was not only a result of The mahamba makulwana include the century, the Chokwe had expanded into expansion: famine and disease, mainly ajimu, who represent the lineage's pat- the regions of Kwango (Bandundu), smallpox, ravaged central Angola in the ernal and maternal ancestors and are Kasai, and Shaba, located in present-day last quarter of the nineteenth century, symbolized by two termite mounds (Fig. Zaire, where a large number still reside and the situation was aggravated by war 1). A displeased ajimu causes only minor (Boone 1961, 1973), and in the first dec- and the new colonial presence. Neverthe- illness, which the cult priest, the ances- less, the chief (mwanangana) today re- tors' highest-ranking descendant, can tains his political, legal, and, above all, cure by simply crushing a leaf between religious authority over his subjects, rul- the palms of his hands.2 Other mahamba ing with the support of the ancestors, to makulwana bring good luck to hunters, whom a cult is devoted. Traditional cul- insure the fertility of women, and aid di- ture has been little disturbed by the vari- viners; they have their own cults and ous upheavals of the past: despite ex- rituals. Only those mahamba that cause pansion, the language shows only a few sickness (yikola) will be considered here.3 regional variations in pronunciation, When a Chokwe falls ill, his relatives and the social cultural, and religious tra- treat him with medicine considered ef- ditions are characterized by remarkable fective. If the desired result is not ob- continuity and homogeneity. This paper tained, a doctor who is knowledgeable will deal with some aspects of Chokwe about plants, either with respect to their ancestral beliefs as they relate to certain healing powers or their symbolism or masks, using information obtained magic significance, is summoned. mainly from two Chokwe chiefs, Sa- Should the illness continue or worsen, a chombo and Sakumbu. 1 relative consults the diviner (tahi). Of the several traditional Chokwe divination Hamba instruments (ngombo), the one presently A hamba (pl. mahamba) is an ancestral or in most widespread use is the ngombo ya nature spirit to which a cult is dedicated. cisuka, a round basket containing sixty Mahamba are represented by trees, pieces small symbolic objects (Fig. 1). The tahi of termite mounds, intentionally shakes the basket, and the subsequent simplified figurines, and by masks. It is pattern reveals the cause of the illness, through these symbolic representations usually a hamba spirit that the tahi specif- that prayers, offerings, and sacrifices are ically names. sent to the spirits in order to insure their Illness caused by mahamba other than protection in everyday life and to soothe ajimu requires a ritual process that can be them if they have been angered by a fol- quite lengthy. Treatment is directed by a lower's neglect, a dispute among their cimbanda, a man or woman who has been descendants, or the failure to observe exorcised of the same spirit and has sub- some act of homage. An angry hamba sequently become a member of its cult. It may cause the offender to fall ill. Women takes place in front of the entire village may have gynecological problems, and a and some of the victim's relatives who 1. DIVINER SAMBAU MWANDUMBA WITH HIS DIVINATION man may be unlucky in the hunt. A have come especially for the ceremony. BASKET (NGOMBO YA CISUKA). WITH THE RATTLE (MUSAMBU) HE CASTS OUT EVIL SPIRITS. THE MOUNDS Chokwe may also become sick if he is Aided by the sound of tambourines and OF EARTH IN THE BACKGROUND REPRESENT HIS caught by a malevolent spirit. When the clapping crowd, the cimbanda in- MAHAMBA AJIMU. VALODIA, OCTOBER 1978. walking through the bush or near a river, duces a fit of possession in the sick per- 40 This content downloaded from 141.213.142.215 on Thu, 27 Oct 2016 14:53:14 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms who dons the mask loses his human qualities and becomes the incarnation of the spirit.5 There are certain hereditary or ac- quired prerequisites for wearing the mask. In 1956, I asked an informant to put on a mask belonging to the Museu do Dundo so that I could photograph him; he refused, fearing the supernatural consequences, but summoned a friend authorized to wear the mask, who spit on it before placing it on his head. Alfred Hauenstein (1981) who spent long years in Angola and the Ivory Coast, did a brief study of the importance of saliva and spit- ting in African rituals. He indicates that the act of spitting is at once a benedic- tion, a purification, an offering, and a way of presenting a request. A Chokwe spits on the inside of a mask before put- ting it on to obtain the spirit's protection and eliminate any danger of evil posses- sion. The Chokwe distinguish three categories of masks. The first type is the sacred sacrificial Cikungu or mukishi wa mwanangana mask, representing the chief's ancestors. Made of resin, it is carefully preserved in a small hut built in 2. SAMUZANGA IN FRONT OF HIS SHRINE (KATUNDA) CONTAINING THE PROTECTORS AGAINST ILLNESS (MAHAMBA A YIKOLA). the bush on the outskirts of the village. Cikungu is brought out only on rare occa- sions, when a sacrifice is required for the son (mwenji), who lies on a mat. In the perform a monthly ritual on the appear- well-being of the community. No one, atmosphere of collective frenzy, the pa- ance of the first quarter of the moon ormale or female, is allowed to see it, ex- tient becomes feverish. He begins to risk falling ill again: outside his house, hecept for a few aged dignitaries. tremble and have violent convulsions, coats his body with the proper medicines The second type is the mukishi a ku speaking loudly and sometimes, if the and white clay, prays to the spirit, and mukanda, which plays a role in the spirit is foreign, incoherently. The cim- honors it with a sacrifice. These curative mukanda initiation. These masks, most of banda rubs him with medicine made from rituals vary according to the afflicting them of resin, are numerous and have a plants and clay, particularly the purify- spirit. The objects used to represent, variety of headdresses (Bastin 1961a: pls. ing white clay (pemba), which symbolizes shelter,and honor the spirit also vary, 233-41). They control the mukanda, keep innocence. ranging from trees and termite mounds women away from the ceremony, and, The spirit must leave the body if it is to to statuettes and masks. when necessary, fetch food prepared by be appeased. Exorcism is achieved when Mukishi the initiates' mothers from the village, the mwenji, feeling the hamba move prog- the women taking refuge in their homes ressively from his feet to his head, cries The Chokwe use the word mukishi (pl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Staging Lusophony: politics of production and representation in theater festivals in Portuguese-speaking countries Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70h801wr Author Martins Rufino Valente, Rita Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Staging Lusophony: politics of production and representation in theater festivals in Portuguese-speaking countries A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Culture and Performance by Rita Martins Rufino Valente 2017 © Copyright by Rita Martins Rufino Valente 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Staging Lusophony: politics of production and representation in theater festivals in Portuguese-speaking countries by Rita Martins Rufino Valente Doctor of Philosophy in Culture and Performance University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Janet M. O’Shea, Chair My dissertation investigates the politics of festival curation and production in artist-led theater festivals across the Portuguese-speaking (or Lusophone) world, which includes Latin America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. I focus on uses of Lusophony as a tactics to generate alternatives to globalization, and as a response to experiences of racialization and marginalization stemming from a colonial past. I also expose the contradictory relation between Lusophony, colonialism, and globalization, which constitute obstacles for transnational tactics. I select three festivals where, I propose, the legacies of the colonial past, which include the contradictions of Lusophony, become apparent throughout the curatorial and production processes: Estação da Cena Lusófona (Portugal), Mindelact – Festival Internacional de Teatro do Mindelo (Cabo Verde), and Circuito de Teatro em Português (Brazil).
    [Show full text]
  • There Has Been a Common Tendency Among Scholars Interested In
    Voices From Lusophone Borderlands: The Angolan Identities Of António Agostinho Neto, Jorge Arrimar And José Eduardo Agualusa There has been a common tendency among scholars interested in African literature in Portuguese, to remember first and foremost those writers who, in one way or another, have come to be associated with the nation-building process. There are a number of reasons why this should have been the case, but possibly the two most important are the following: to begin with, one has to bear in mind the ideologically revolutionary nature of the political regimes which emerged in the five former Portuguese African territories in 1975, and the highly political role ascribed to literature, both during the long colonial wars of the 1960s and early 70s, and in the decade following independence. This was underpinned by the creation of state sponsored writers’ organizations in the newly independent nation states, inspired to a greater or lesser extent by Cuban and East European models. Secondly, the absence of a critical intelligentsia in the early years, either in the new countries or abroad, prepared to separate literary activity from political ideology, threatened to perpetuate a situation in which the role of the intellectual was perceived as being very much tied to the ideals of his (hardly ever her) country’s political leaders. This was particularly the case in Angola, where a high proportion of the writers actually participated in the first independent government of the country, and I am not only thinking here of Agostinho Neto, acknowledged father of Angolan poetry as well as the first president of Angola, and therefore its founding political father, but also of the country’s major 1 fiction writers, like Pepetela and Manuel Rui, not to mention the poet and playwright, Costa Andrade.
    [Show full text]
  • Kimberlites Associated with the Lucapa Structure, Angola
    Kimberlites associated with the Lucapa structure, Angola Sandra Elvira Robles Cruz ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.3 Angola Road Network
    2.3 Angola Road Network Distance Matrix Travel Time Matrix Road Security Weighbridges and Axle Load Limits For more information on government contact details, please see the following link: 4.1 Government Contact List. Page 1 Page 2 Distance Matrix Uige – River Nzadi bridge 18 m-long and 4 m-wide near the locality of Kitela, north of Songo municipality destroyed during civil war and currently under rehabilitation (news 7/10/2016). Road Details Luanda The Government/MPLA is committed to build 1,100 km of roads in addition to 2,834 km of roads built in 2016 and planned rehabilitation of 7,083 km of roads in addition to 10,219 km rehabilitated in 2016. The Government goals will have also the support from the credit line of the R. of China which will benefit inter-municipality links in Luanda, Uige, Malanje, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Benguela, Huambo and Bié provinces. For more information please vitsit the Website of the Ministry of Construction. Zaire Luvo bridge reopened to trucks as of 15/11/2017, this bridge links the municipality of Mbanza Congo with RDC and was closed for 30 days after rehabilitation. Three of the 60 km between MCongo/Luvo require repairs as of 17/11/2017. For more information please visit the Website of Agencia Angola Press. Works of rehabilitation on the road nr, 120 between Mbanza Congo (province Zaire) and the locality of Lukunga (province of Uige) of a distance of 111 km are 60% completed as of 29/9/2017. For more information please visit the Website of Agencia Angola Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Proyecto De Arquitectura
    AGENDA DE ACÇÃO DE ANGOLA SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL – ACTION AGENDA - ANGOLA Se4All. Agenda Acçao. Angola Se4All. Agenda Acçao. Angola Se4All. Agenda Acçao. Angola ÍNDICE Prefácio ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 RESUMO EXECUTIVO (Português). ............................................................................................................. 14 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English) ................................................................................................................. 20 1. INTRODUÇÃO. ........................................................................................................................................ 25 1.1. A iniciativa SE4ALL. .......................................................................................................................... 25 1.2. SE4All em Angola. ............................................................................................................................ 31 2. SITUAÇÃO EM ANGOLA. ......................................................................................................................... 33 2.1. Situação Geral do País. .................................................................................................................... 33 2.2. Sector energético Angolano. ........................................................................................................... 38 2.3. Planos de Desenvolvimento doSector
    [Show full text]
  • National Identity and Post-Colonial Development: Dictatorial Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of South Africa Master's Thesis
    National Identity and Post-Colonial Development: Dictatorial Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of South Africa Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Global Studies Chandler Rosenberger, Advisor Jasmine Waddell, Advisor Richard Parmentier, Chairman In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree By Andrea Cohen August, 2011 Copyright by Andrea Cohen © 2011 Dedication I would like to dedicate this piece of work to my parents, Fran and Les Cohen. Their hard work and endless support has allowed me to take up any opportunity that comes my way, including my desire to earn a Master’s degree. My Dad has shown me through example the importance of a strong work ethic. His quotes comparing hard work to sports always hang above my desk. Both my parent’s high regard for the needs of others has in part inspired me with a passion to better the lives of those who live in poverty, fear and oppression. I am eternally grateful for their enduring love, guidance, support. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my graduate advisers for their role in my education and for their guidance and support throughout the process. Professors Jasmine Waddell and Chandler Rosenberger’s intellect always inspired me to keep learning, think harder, and dig deeper. I cannot possibly thank Professor Waddell enough for her enduring support throughout the writing process. Each conversation with her left me feeling renewed, validated, and ready to tackle the challenge ahead. Professor Rosenberger always pushed me to achieve the perfection he knew I was capable of, and for that I am thankful to him.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadernos De Estudos Africanos, 20
    Cadernos de Estudos Africanos 20 | 2010 Identidades, Percursos e Clivagens nos PALOP Gerhard Seibert (dir.) Edição electrónica URL: http://journals.openedition.org/cea/69 DOI: 10.4000/cea.69 ISSN: 2182-7400 Editora Centro de Estudos Internacionais Edição impressa Data de publição: 2 dezembro 2010 ISSN: 1645-3794 Refêrencia eletrónica Gerhard Seibert (dir.), Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, 20 | 2010, « Identidades, Percursos e Clivagens nos PALOP » [Online], posto online no dia 12 outubro 2011, consultado o 21 setembro 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/cea/69 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/cea.69 Este documento foi criado de forma automática no dia 21 setembro 2020. O trabalho Cadernos de Estudos Africanos está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional. 1 Os artigos reunidos na presente edição dos Cadernos de Estudos Africanos são o resultado de um call for papers por ocasião de 35 anos de independência dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP), lançado no ano passado. Devido à recusa da descolonização pela ditadura salazarista, a independência dos PALOP realizou-se quinze anos mais tarde do que na maioria das outras colónias europeias em África, na sequência da Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974 em Portugal. Consequentemente, o contexto histórico-político da descolonização das colónias portuguesas caracteriza-se por algumas particularidades, nomeadamente lutas armadas de libertação, períodos de transição curtos, o êxodo dos colonos portugueses (Angola, Moçambique) e, depois da independência, a instalação de regimes monopartidários de orientação soviética que marcaram os primeiros quinze anos dos PALOP. Passados 35 anos desde a independência política, os caminhos percorridos pelos Cinco mostram semelhanças e diferenças, mudanças e continuidades e, apesar dos desenvolvimentos em algumas áreas, muitas esperanças que a independência criou ficaram ainda por realizar.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow Fever Outbreak in Angola, 01 September 2016
    YELLOW FEVER OUTBREAK WEEKLY SITUATION REPORT, INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TEAM—ANGOLA YELLOW FEVER OUTBREAK IN ANGOLA INCIDENT MANAGEMENT Vol: 8-03 SITUATION REPORT W35, 01 September 2016 I. Key Highlights A total of 2,807,628 (94 %) individuals 6 months and above have been vaccinated in the 22 most recently vaccinated districts as of 01 September 2016, 15 districts out of 22 achieved 90% or more of vaccination coverage. 4 districts achieved between 80-90%. Three districts did not reach 80% coverage and the vaccination campaign was extended there for another one week : Dirico, Namacunde and Sumbe in Currently the IM System is supporting the Ministry of Health in the preparation of the upcoming campaign in 21 districts in 12 provinces. The total population targeted in this new phase is 3,189,392 and requires 3,986,019 doses of vaccines. Is expected the arrival of 1.98 M doses from the last request approved by ICG. The ICG did not communicate yet the date of shipment but is already on process. The preparation of the coverage survey is ongoing. Table 1: National Summary of Yellow Fever Outbreak II. Epidemiological Situation as of 01 September 2016 Yellow Fever Outbreak Summary 26 Aug — 01 Sep 2016, (W35) Reported cases 24 Samples tested 24 Week 35 statistics (26 August to 1 September 2016): Confirmed cases 0 Of 24 suspected cases reported, all of them were tested by the National Total Deaths 1 Laboratory. None of them was positive for yellow fever Total provinces that reported cases 8 One(1) death was reported among the suspected cases during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • IMAGES of POWER: AFRICAN ART and ARCHITECTURE (African Art from Before 1800) AFRICAN ART and ARCHITECTURE Before 1800
    IMAGES OF POWER: AFRICAN ART and ARCHITECTURE (African Art from before 1800) AFRICAN ART and ARCHITECTURE before 1800 Online Links: Great Zimbabwe – Unesco Great Zimbabwe – Wikipedia Great Kingdoms of Africa - Great Zimbabwe - YouTube Great Mosque of Djenné – Wikipedia Great Mosque of Djenne - New York Times Great Mosque of Djenne - Sacred Destinations Golden Stool - Asanteman Association of the USA Documentary - Asante Kingdom – YouTube Ndop Portrait - Brooklyn Museum of Art AFRICAN ART and ARCHITECTURE before 1800 Online Links: Mysteries of Great Zimbabwe - PBS Nova Ashanti Stool - University of Texas Hyder Collection at Tarleton Nok head, fired clay, c. 500 BCE- 200 CE The earliest ceramic sculpture was unearthed in the vicinity around Nok, a small village around Nok, a small village in the Jos plateau of central Nigeria. The great majority of the more than fifteen hundred pieces of recovered sculpture represent human heads and bodies. This head has a much more typical arching brow and an elaborate coiffure of five buns. Four of the buns have a hole on top, probably for the insertion of feathers or other decoration. Although the use of these terracotta sculptures is uncertain, they probably functioned in ancestral worship practices. Some scholars have suggested that woman may have been responsible for modeling some of the ancient ceramic figurative sculpture usually attributed to male artists. Conical Tower and Circular Wall of Great Zimbabwe. Southeastern Zimbabwe. Shona peoples, c. 1000-1400 C.E. Coursed granite blocks. The form of the Conical Tower, the most dramatic of all the symbols at Great Zimbabwe, suggests a grain bin. Traditionally, a Shona ruler receives tribute in grain and distributes this to guests, the needy, and in times of drought, making the grain bin a symbol of royal authority and generosity.
    [Show full text]
  • Tell Me Still, Angola the False Thing That Is Dystopia
    https://doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v26i55.47864 Tell me Still, Angola the False Thing that is Dystopia Solange Evangelista Luis a ABSTRACT José Luis Mendonça’s book Angola, me diz ainda (2017) brings together poems from the 1980s to 2016, unveiling a constellation of images that express the unfulfilled utopian Angolan dream. Although his poems gravitate around his personal experiences, they reflect a collective past. They can be understood as what Walter Benjamin called monads: historical objects (BENJAMIN, 2006, p. 262) based on the poet’s own experiences, full of meaning, emotions, feelings, and dreams. Through these monadic poems, his poetry establishes a dialogue with the past. The poet’s dystopic present is that of an Angola distanced from the dream manifested in the insubmissive poetry of Agostinho Neto and of the Message Generation, which incited decolonization through a liberation struggle and projected a utopian new nation. Mendonça revisits Neto’s Message Generation and its appeal to discover Angola: unveiling a nation with a broken dream and a dystopic present, denouncing a future that is still to come. The poet’s monads do not dwell on dystopia but wrestle conformism, fanning the spark of hope (BENJAMIN, 2006, p. 391). They expose what Adorno named the false thing (BLOCH, 1996, p. 12), sparking the longing for something true: reminding the reader that transformation is inevitable. Keywords: Angolan Literature. José Luís Mendonça. Lusophone African Literature. Dystopia. Walter Benjamin. Recebido em: 29/12/2020 Aceito em: 27/01/2021 a Universidade do Porto, Centro de Estudos Africanos, Porto, Portugal E-mail: [email protected] How to cite: LUIS, S.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Central African Identities and Religiosity in Colonial Minas Gerais 2012
    Kalle Kananoja Central African Identities and Religiosity in Colonial Minas and Religiosity Identities African in Colonial Gerais Central Kalle Kananoja Central African Identities and Religiosity in Colonial Minas Gerais 2012 Åbo Akademi University | ISBN 978-952-93-0489-9 Central African Identities and Religiosity in Colonial Minas Gerais Kalle Kananoja Åbo Akademi University / 2012 © Kalle Kananoja Author’s address: Department of History Åbo Akademi University Fabriksgatan 2 FI-20500 Åbo Finland e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-952-93-0489-9 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-93-0490-5 (PDF) Printed by Uniprint, Turku Table of Contents Maps ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� i Acknowledgments ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii 1 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1.1 Main Issues and Aims of the Study ....................................................... 1 1.2 Overview of the Literature �������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 1.2.1 The Slave Trade between Angola and Brazil and its Cultural Implications ......................................................... 4 1.2.2 Africans and Their Descendants in Mineiro Society ..................... 8 1.3 African Identities in Colonial Brazil.....................................................11 1.4 Creolization and Syncretism in the Southern Atlantic
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Conceptualizations and Structural Environment For
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 6-30-2016 Understanding Conceptualizations and Structural Environment for Improving Pre-Pregnancy Planning for Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Harare, Zimbabwe Chiwoneso Beverley Tinago University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Health and Medical Administration Commons Recommended Citation Tinago, C. B.(2016). Understanding Conceptualizations and Structural Environment for Improving Pre-Pregnancy Planning for Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Harare, Zimbabwe. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3515 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTUALIZATIONS AND STRUCTURAL ENVIRONMENT FOR IMPROVING PRE-PREGNANCY PLANNING FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE by Chiwoneso Beverley Tinago Bachelor of Science William Carey University, 2009 Master of Public Health University of Southern Mississippi, 2010 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior The Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Lucy Annang Ingram, Major Professor Edward A. Frongillo, Committee Member Christine E. Blake, Committee Member David Simmons, Committee Member Barbara Engelsmann, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Chiwoneso Beverley Tinago, 2016 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this research to my family. To my dearest mother, Gloria Chiedza Tinago for being my rock throughout this process.
    [Show full text]