DOCSLIB.ORG

Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa LANGUAGE POLICIES IN AFRICA INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE POLICIES IN AFRICA Harare, Zimbabwe 17-21 March 1997 FINAL REPORT (revised) by Herbert Chimhundu (Rapporteur General / University of Zimbabwe) Unesco Web version edited by Karsten Legère INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE POLICIES IN AFRICA Harare, Zimbabwe, 17-21 March 1998 FINAL REPORT by Herbert Chimhundu (Rapporteur General / University of Zimbabwe) ©UNESCO 2002 Preliminary remarks The material enclosed in this web version of the forthcoming publication “Language Policies in Africa” was originally compiled by Herbert Chimhundu after the Harare conference in March 1997. At that time, Prof. Chimhundu was commissioned by UNESCO to write a report on the meeting and to compile the speeches and other documents. The manuscript that he subsequently submitted to UNESCO was left unattended until Director Noriko Aikawa (Intangible Heritage Unit of UNESCO) approached me in a letter dated February 6, 2001, where she expressed UNESCO’s wish to have the manuscript published as soon as possible. She suggested that both a publisher and funds for subsidising the publication be found. The latter was a rather difficult issue, since a number of potential donors who were contacted while I was in Namibia were not able to support the publication. Finally, some Norwegian colleagues from Oslo University responded positively. They were prepared to fund publication of the document in Namibia within the framework of the trilateral cooperation between Universities of Oslo, Zimbabwe and Gothenburg. In the meantime, the manuscript returned by UNESCO was thoroughly checked to make sure that the version to be submitted to potential donors and publishers was in a proper shape. As instructed by Director Aikawa, the speeches given at the conference were shortened and clearly focused on the message, while some redundancies (such as long introductions, words of thanks etc.) were dropped. A number of inconsistencies were found and, where possible, corrected. The text was completely revised for typos and formatted to the extent that a publisher’s house style would be easy to apply. Finally, Dr. Carol Benson (Centre for Bilingualism, Stockholm University) went through the manuscript again for a final comprehensive language check. However, the official documents as well as the speech extracts remained untouched, the reason being that it does not seem appropriate to change anything in this type of official text. Prof. Chimhundu was contacted for a final edit in March 2002. Although his feedback could not be obtained until July 2002, all of the remaining questions could be answered meanwhile. Hence the revision of the manuscript of the Harare conference of 1997 was completed in June 2002 and subsequently handed over to Director Aikawa at UNESCO headquarters in Paris during a meeting on June 26, 2002, where benchmarks of the work on the manuscript as well as the strategy for its immediate publication were discussed. Even though we were waiting for a promised update from UNESCO, it was felt that the material was already at a stage that made a web version possible. In fact, the documents of the Harare conference need to be made available to a wider audience, since otherwise the fundamental decisions of March 1997 made to improve the situation of African languages will be completely forgotten. Already more than five years have elapsed since the Harare conference, and if we look at what has been done so far to implement the recommendations, it will be difficult to detect any progress made in this respect. On the contrary, the position of African languages, which was the major focus of the Harare meeting, appears to have been undermined even more than it was five years ago. Some documents included in the Chimhundu manuscript were dropped in consultation with UNESCO Paris. Excluded in this web version are the following: - Report on the Pan African Seminar on the Problems and Prospects of the Use of African National Languages, Accra, 26-30 August 1996 (which is a mixture of English and French texts), - Report on the Experts’ Meeting on the Strategies for the Promotion of African Languages in Education, Conakry, 21-25 September 1991 (the meeting was in 1981 - UNESCO published the proceedings and documents of the Conakry meeting shortly thereafter), - Action Plan on Cultural Policies from the Stockholm Conference of 1998 (found unnecessary by Dir. Aikawa-- to be replaced by a document on linguistic policies [forthcoming]), and - Zimbabwe Report on the Intergovernmental Conference on Culture and Development, Stockholm, 30 March - 2 April 1998 (similar to the Action Plan, but too country-specific). The editor of this web version thanks all who have helped him to complete the manuscript, namely Carol Benson, Herbert Chimhundu, Oddrun Grønvik, Karl Gadellii and Jouni Maho. The financial support of SAREC (via the project “African languages at Gothenburg University”), which enabled the editor to make a visit to UNESCO in June 2002, is gratefully acknowledged. Karsten Legère Göteborg, 2002-12-15 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART IGENERAL REPORT . 2 PART IITHE EXPERTS’ MEETING . 16 PART IIIMINISTERS’ CONFERENCE . 37 PART IV THE HARARE DECLARATION . 49 PART VOTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENTS ONLANGUAGE POLICY IN AFRICA . 57 PART VIEXPERTS’ CONTRIBUTIONS . 69 PART VIIEXTRACTS FROM SELECTED SPEECHES . 76 PART VIII PARTICIPATION . 95 PART IX PROGRAMME . 119 1 PART I GENERAL REPORT A INTRODUCTION 1. The Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa, which was held in Harare (Zimbabwe) from 17 - 21 March 1997, was the first meeting of its kind involving language specialists attending as governmental experts and doing the preparatory work for and advising relevant government ministers from their countries who were also attending the same conference. This conference has had far greater impact than any of the previous ones on language issues in Africa, partly because of this combination within official delegations at such a high level of representation from almost all the countries on the continent, and partly because the whole conference was well focussed on coming up with something concrete at the end of the day. 2. All African Member States of UNESCO were invited to the conference and altogether 51 out of 54 African countries attended as follows: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saõ Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe. 3. At the special invitation of UNESCO, India and Switzerland also sent delegates to the conference, while France, Germany and the United Kingdom sent official observers, as did five intergovernmental or international organisations (OAU, ACCT, AVA, British Council and UNESCO itself.). 4. The general aim of the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa (ICLPA) was to draw up strategies and define prospects for the political and technical management of the African linguistic context, with the main outcome expected being a mutually agreed reference framework to be used by each African state to set out a clear and comprehensive national language policy indicating precisely the statuses and functions of the languages in use and the measures proposed to implement that policy. 5. Since such policy at the national level would have to be specific, coherent and realistic, its formulation would have to be preceded by research, much of which had been done across the continent over the years, to determine: • which languages are the dominant local languages, inter-community languages or languages used more widely; • which languages are used for what and at which levels; • what budget is required for further research, for production of materials (especially for teaching), and for the equipment, personnel and structures to be set up to manage this policy. The language policy itself must: • define short, medium and long term goals; 2 • take stock of the problems to be resolved; • determine the methods and resources to be used, and, in particular, the mechanisms to be set up. The basis for the strategies laid down must • be the linguistic landscape of the country and the region and • among the functions to be specified for each of the languages in the particular context must be its use in the exercise of state functions and in relations between the state and its citizens. 6. Implicit in all this is a new openness to, and acceptance of, multilingualism in the nation states themselves, something that has not always been the case in post-colonial Africa. After African countries gained political independence, impassioned controversy arose in both intellectual and political circles as to the status of the different indigenous languages among themselves and vis-à- vis that of the language of the former colonial power. The debate became highly complex when a whole mosaic of languages was involved and, basically, two opposing views emerged. On the one hand, there were those who saw multilingualism as a conflict situation upon which you could not build a united modern nation state, while on the other hand some emphasised the complimentarity of the different languages as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linguapax Review 2010 Linguapax Review 2010
    LINGUAPAX REVIEW 2010 MATERIALS / 6 / MATERIALS Col·lecció Materials, 6 Linguapax Review 2010 Linguapax Review 2010 Col·lecció Materials, 6 Primera edició: febrer de 2011 Editat per: Amb el suport de : Coordinació editorial: Josep Cru i Lachman Khubchandani Traduccions a l’anglès: Kari Friedenson i Victoria Pounce Revisió dels textos originals en anglès: Kari Friedenson Revisió dels textos originals en francès: Alain Hidoine Disseny i maquetació: Monflorit Eddicions i Assessoraments, sl. ISBN: 978-84-15057-12-3 Els continguts d’aquesta publicació estan subjectes a una llicència de Reconeixe- ment-No comercial-Compartir 2.5 de Creative Commons. Se’n permet còpia, dis- tribució i comunicació pública sense ús comercial, sempre que se’n citi l’autoria i la distribució de les possibles obres derivades es faci amb una llicència igual a la que regula l’obra original. La llicència completa es pot consultar a: «http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/es/deed.ca» LINGUAPAX REVIEW 2010 Centre UNESCO de Catalunya Barcelona, 2011 4 CONTENTS PRESENTATION Miquel Àngel Essomba 6 FOREWORD Josep Cru 8 1. THE HISTORY OF LINGUAPAX 1.1 Materials for a history of Linguapax 11 Fèlix Martí 1.2 The beginnings of Linguapax 14 Miquel Siguan 1.3 Les débuts du projet Linguapax et sa mise en place 17 au siège de l’UNESCO Joseph Poth 1.4 FIPLV and Linguapax: A Quasi-autobiographical 23 Account Denis Cunningham 1.5 Defending linguistic and cultural diversity 36 1.5 La defensa de la diversitat lingüística i cultural Fèlix Martí 2. GLIMPSES INTO THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES TODAY 2.1 Living together in a multilingual world.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Language in Angola: Luso-Creoles' Missing Link? John M
    Portuguese language in Angola: luso-creoles' missing link? John M. Lipski {presented at annual meeting of the AATSP, San Diego, August 9, 1995} 0. Introduction Portuguese explorers first reached the Congo Basin in the late 15th century, beginning a linguistic and cultural presence that in some regions was to last for 500 years. In other areas of Africa, Portuguese-based creoles rapidly developed, while for several centuries pidginized Portuguese was a major lingua franca for the Atlantic slave trade, and has been implicated in the formation of many Afro- American creoles. The original Portuguese presence in southwestern Africa was confined to limited missionary activity, and to slave trading in coastal depots, but in the late 19th century, Portugal reentered the Congo-Angola region as a colonial power, committed to establishing permanent European settlements in Africa, and to Europeanizing the native African population. In the intervening centuries, Angola and the Portuguese Congo were the source of thousands of slaves sent to the Americas, whose language and culture profoundly influenced Latin American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish. Despite the key position of the Congo-Angola region for Ibero-American linguistic development, little is known of the continuing use of the Portuguese language by Africans in Congo-Angola during most of the five centuries in question. Only in recent years has some attention been directed to the Portuguese language spoken non-natively but extensively in Angola and Mozambique (Gonçalves 1983). In Angola, the urban second-language varieties of Portuguese, especially as spoken in the squatter communities of Luanda, have been referred to as Musseque Portuguese, a name derived from the KiMbundu term used to designate the shantytowns themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • O Quimbundo Em Cinco Testemunhos Gramaticais Kimbundu Language According to Five Grammars
    O quimbundo em cinco testemunhos gramaticais Kimbundu language according to five grammars Maria Carlota Rosa Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [email protected] Resumo: O presente artigo tem por objetivo servir de introdução ao estudo de uma linguística africana em português, pré-saussureana, que começou a ser escrita no século XVII. Focalizou-se aqui o quimbundo, na medida em que essa língua foi objeto de descrições entre os séculos XVII e XIX, o que permite acompanhar as mudanças introduzidas na descrição linguística ao longo do período. Palavras-chave: tradição gramatical - línguas africanas - quimbundo - séculos XVII-XIX Abstract: This paper aims at introducing the study of a pre-saussurean African linguistics written in Portuguese. Kimbundu was focused here, as this language was the subject of des- criptions between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, which allows us to follow the changes introduced in the linguistic description throughout the period. Keywords: grammatical tradition – African languages – Kimbundu -17th to 19th centuries 1. O surgimento de uma linguística africana O interesse europeu no estudo das línguas africanas subsaarianas começa a crescer a partir do século XVII em decorrência dos esforços de evangeliza- ção e de interesses econômicos. São do século XVII gramáticas sobre o congo N.o 56 – 1.º semestre de 2019 – Rio de Janeiro 56 Maria Carlota Rosa (1659)1, sobre o gueês — ou gueze ou ge’ez — (1661)2, sobre o amárico (1698)3, mas também sobre o quimbundo (1697)4. Entre os trabalhos pioneiros desse campo específico de estudos que então tinha início e viria a ser conhecido como Linguística Africana estão gramáticas escritas em português.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: an Annotated Bibliography
    Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography Volume 11 Prosody and Intonation in Non- Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Article 1 Bibliography 2009 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green Indiana University Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.uiowa.edu/ejab Part of the African History Commons, and the African Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Green, Christopher R. (2009) "Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography," Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography: Vol. 11 , Article 1. https://doi.org/10.17077/1092-9576.1010 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Volume 11 (2009) Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages: An Annotated Bibliography Christopher R. Green, Indiana University Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Atlantic – Ijoid 4 Volta – Congo North 6 Kwa 15 Kru 19 Dogon 20 Benue – Congo Cross River 21 Defoid 23 Edoid 25 Igboid 27 Jukunoid 28 Mande 28 Reference Materials 33 Author Index 40 Prosody and Intonation in Non-Bantu Niger-Congo Languages Introduction Most linguists are well aware of the fact that data pertaining to languages spoken in Africa are often less readily available than information on languages spoken in Europe and some parts of Asia. This simple fact is one of the first and largest challenges facing Africanist linguists in their pursuit of preliminary data and references on which to base their research.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Black Racism and the Foreign Black Other: Constructing Blackness and the Sporting Migrant
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository ANTI-BLACK RACISM AND THE FOREIGN BLACK OTHER: CONSTRUCTING BLACKNESS AND THE SPORTING MIGRANT BY MUNENE FRANJO MWANIKI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Margaret Kelley, Chair Professor Tim Liao Associate Professor Moon-Kie Jung Associate Professor Monica McDermott ABSTRACT The popularity and globalization of sport has led to an ever-increasing black athletic labor migration from the global South to, primarily, the U.S. and Western European countries. While the hegemonic ideology surrounding sport is that it brings different people together and ameliorates social boundaries, sociologists of sport have shown this to be a gross simplification. Instead, sport is often seen to reinforce and recreate social stereotypes and boundaries, especially as it regards race and the black athlete in body and culture. At best we can think of sport as a contested terrain for both maintaining and challenging racial norms and boundaries. The mediated black athlete has thus always, for better or worse, impacted popular white perceptions of blackness broadly and globally. While much work has been done to expose the workings of race and racism in sport, studies have tended to homogenize black populations and have not taken into account the varying histories and complexities of, specifically, black African migrant athletes.
    [Show full text]
  • Cabo Verde Emergency Preparedness and Response Diagnostic: Building a Culture of Preparedness
    Cabo Verde Emergency Preparedness and Response Diagnostic: Building a Culture of Preparedness financed by through CABO VERDE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE DIAGNOSTIC © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This report is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The World Bank and GFDRR does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. 2 CABO VERDE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE DIAGNOSTIC List of Abbreviations AAC Civil Aviation Agency AHBV Humanitarian Associations of Volunteer Firefighters ASA Air Safety Agency CAT DDO Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option CNOEPC National Operations Centre of Emergency and Civil Protection
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Tanzania
    UNITED NATIONS MOZAMBIQUE Geospatial 30°E 35°E 40°E L a k UNITED REPUBLIC OF 10°S e 10°S Chinsali M a l a w TANZANIA Palma i Mocimboa da Praia R ovuma Mueda ^! Lua Mecula pu la ZAMBIA L a Quissanga k e NIASSA N Metangula y CABO DELGADO a Chiconono DEM. REP. OF s a Ancuabe Pemba THE CONGO Lichinga Montepuez Marrupa Chipata MALAWI Maúa Lilongwe Namuno Namapa a ^! gw n Mandimba Memba a io u Vila úr L L Mecubúri Nacala Kabwe Gamito Cuamba Vila Ribáué MecontaMonapo Mossuril Fingoè FurancungoCoutinho ^! Nampula 15°S Vila ^! 15°S Lago de NAMPULA TETE Junqueiro ^! Lusaka ZumboCahora Bassa Murrupula Mogincual K Nametil o afu ezi Namarrói Erego e b Mágoè Tete GiléL am i Z Moatize Milange g Angoche Lugela o Z n l a h m a bez e i ZAMBEZIA Vila n azoe Changara da Moma n M a Lake Chemba Morrumbala Maganja Bindura Guro h Kariba Pebane C Namacurra e Chinhoyi Harare Vila Quelimane u ^! Fontes iq Marondera Mopeia Marromeu b am Inhaminga Velha oz P M úngu Chinde Be ni n è SOFALA t of ManicaChimoio o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gh ZIMBABWE o Bi Mutare Sussundenga Dondo Gweru Masvingo Beira I NDI A N Bulawayo Chibabava 20°S 20°S Espungabera Nova OCE A N Mambone Gwanda MANICA e Sav Inhassôro Vilanculos Chicualacuala Mabote Mapai INHAMBANE Lim Massinga p o p GAZA o Morrumbene Homoíne Massingir Panda ^! National capital SOUTH Inhambane Administrative capital Polokwane Guijá Inharrime Town, village o Chibuto Major airport Magude MaciaManjacazeQuissico International boundary AFRICA Administrative boundary MAPUTO Xai-Xai 25°S Nelspruit Main road 25°S Moamba Manhiça Railway Pretoria MatolaMaputo ^! ^! 0 100 200km Mbabane^!Namaacha Boane 0 50 100mi !\ Bela Johannesburg Lobamba Vista ESWATINI Map No.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2011 EPIGRAPH
    République du Cameroun Republic of Cameroon Paix-travail-patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Ministry of Employment and Formation Professionnelle Vocational Training INSTITUT DE TRADUCTION INSTITUTE OF TRANSLATION ET D’INTERPRETATION AND INTERPRETATION (ISTI) AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF « FEMMES D’IMPACT : LES 50 DES CINQUANTENAIRES » : A LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Vocational Certificate in Translation Studies Submitted by AYAMBA AGBOR CLEMENTINE B. A. (Hons) English and French University of Buea SUPERVISOR: Dr UBANAKO VALENTINE Lecturer University of Yaounde I November 2011 EPIGRAPH « Les écrivains produisent une littérature nationale mais les traducteurs rendent la littérature universelle. » (Jose Saramago) i DEDICATION To all my loved ones ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Immense thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr Ubanako, who took out time from his very busy schedule to read through this work, propose salient guiding points and also left his personal library open to me. I am also indebted to my lecturers and classmates at ISTI who have been warm and friendly during this two-year programme, which is one of the reasons I felt at home at the institution. I am grateful to IRONDEL for granting me the interview during which I obtained all necessary information concerning their document and for letting me have the book at a very moderate price. Some mistakes in this work may not have been corrected without the help of Mr. Ngeh Deris whose proofreading aided the researcher in rectifying some errors. I also thank my parents, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Standardisation of African Languages Michel Lafon, Vic Webb
    The Standardisation of African Languages Michel Lafon, Vic Webb To cite this version: Michel Lafon, Vic Webb. The Standardisation of African Languages. Michel Lafon; Vic Webb. IFAS, pp.141, 2008, Nouveaux Cahiers de l’Ifas, Aurelia Wa Kabwe Segatti. halshs-00449090 HAL Id: halshs-00449090 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00449090 Submitted on 20 Jan 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Standardisation of African Languages Language political realities CentRePoL and IFAS Proceedings of a CentRePoL workshop held at University of Pretoria on March 29, 2007, supported by the French Institute for Southern Africa Michel Lafon (LLACAN-CNRS) & Vic Webb (CentRePoL) Compilers/ Editors CentRePoL wishes to express its appreciation to the following: Dr. Aurelia Wa Kabwe-Segatti, Research Director, IFAS, Johannesburg, for her professional and material support; PanSALB, for their support over the past two years for CentRePoL’s standardisation project; The University of Pretoria, for the use of their facilities. Les Nouveaux Cahiers de l’IFAS/ IFAS Working Paper Series is a series of occasional working papers, dedicated to disseminating research in the social and human sciences on Southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • '.Kita. JT 'Pami "Yam" :*Tg Inhame /I'pamw/) the Cognat
    171 Tb word is alsv. trisyllabic in Principense,which has ma.’.kita . jT 'pami "yam" :*tg inhame /i'pamw/) The cognate stem for to eat" occurs in various African language groups, e.g. Se-er (Adamawa group) ^am "to eat". In Gullah there is <nyam> " <yam>, and L'illard (1972a: 118) refers to Krapp’s opinion that "present infantile <yum-yum> may be related to this word.". According to Alvarez Nazario (1961), the Gullah word also means ..potato" , which supports the view that the verb could be the etymon for the noun <yam> "type of edible tuber". The Cape Verde word is ‘pame . Alvarez Nazario gives examples of the occurrence of cognates in several Creoles. .1.3. Extension of Portuguese Meaning For some ST words, Portuguese has supplied the linguistic orm and the African substratum the area of reference. The ortuguese form thus ceases to be associated with its con- :eptual area and covers in ST the conceptual area which had ,een covered by an African linguistic form. As an instance, •tg mao (hand up to the wrist) - ST m® (covering the ifrican concept hand and arm up to the shoulder). In both ,i„i (Kwa) and Kongo (Bantu), two languages representing a „ajor substratum influence on ST , "hand" and "arm" are one concept, obi in 0ini and in K°n9°- There is always a degree of overlap in the criteria! attributes which the linguistic form had in Portuguese and those which it has in ST. In the case of mo , the part o the co' ceptual area up to the wrist is common to the concept labelled by Portuguese and the African languages.
    [Show full text]
  • African Dialects
    African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy in Small Islands
    Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second edition august 2000 Sponsored by: Renewable Energy on Small Islands Second Edition Author: Thomas Lynge Jensen, Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Layout: GrafiCO/Ole Jensen, +45 35 36 29 43 Cover photos: Upper left: A 55 kW wind turbine of the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Middle left: Solar water heaters on the Danish island of Aeroe. Photo provided by Aeroe Energy and Environmental Office. Upper right: Photovoltaic installation on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Middle right: Waiah hydropower plant on Hawaii-island. Photo provided by Energy, Resource & Technology Division, State of Hawaii, USA Lower right: Four 60 kW VERGNET wind turbines on Marie Galante Island, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Photo provided by ADEME Guadeloupe. Printing: Vesterkopi Printing cover; Green Graphic No. printed: 200 ISBN: 87-90502-03-5 Copyright (c) 2000 by Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Feel free to use the information in the report, but please state the source. Renewable Energy on Small Islands – Second Edition August 2000 Table of Contents Table of Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements by the Author i Introduction iii Executive Summary v 1. The North Atlantic Ocean Azores (Portugal) 1 Canary Island (Spain) 5 Cape Verde 9 Faeroe Islands (Denmark) 11 Madeira (Portugal) 13 Pellworm (Germany) 17 St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) 19 2. The South Atlantic Ocean Ascension Island (UK) 21 St. Helena Island (UK) 23 3. The Baltic Sea Aeroe (Denmark) 25 Gotland (Sweden) 31 Samsoe (Denmark) 35 4.
    [Show full text]