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Kimberlites Associated with the Lucapa Structure, Angola

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Kimberlites associated with the Lucapa structure, Angola Sandra Elvira Robles Cruz ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. Kimberlites associated with the Lucapa structure, Angola Sandra Elvira Robles Cruz Kimberlites associated with the Lucapa structure, Angola by Sandra Elvira Robles Cruz BIENNIUM 2007-2008 Ciencies de la Terra PhD. Thesis ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals Facultat de Geologia Universitat de Barcelona 2012 1 Supervisors: Dr. Joan Carles Melgarejo Draper Universitat de Barcelona Dr. Salvador Galí Medina Universitat de Barcelona Dr. Mónica Escayola CONICET-IDEAN Committee: Dr. José Mangas Viñuela (President) Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Dr. Joaquín A. Proenza F. (Secretary) Universitat de Barcelona Dr. M. Pura Alfonso Abella (Comm. Member) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Dr. Maite García Vallès (Alternate) Dr. Fernando Gervilla L. (Alternate) Universitat de Barcelona Universidad de Granada Cover: View from northwest of the Catoca mine, Angola. 2 ABSTRACT Six kimberlite pipes within the Lucapa structure in northeastern Angola have been investigated using major and trace element geochemistry of mantle xenoliths, macro- and megacrysts. Geothermobarometric calculations were carried out using xenoliths and well-calibrated single crystals of clinopyroxene. Geochronological and isotopic studies were also performed where there were samples available of sufficient quality. Results indicate that the underlying mantle experienced variable conditions of equilibration among the six cites. Subsequent metasomatic enrichment events also support a hypothesis of different sources for these kimberlites. The U/Th values suggest at least two different sources of zircon crystals from the Catoca suite. These different populations may reflect different sources of kimberlitic magma, with some of the grains produced in U- and Th-enriched metasomatized mantle units, an idea consistent with the two populations of zircon identified on the basis of their trace element compositions. Calculated temperature and pressure from xenoliths are less scattered than T-P data calculated from single crystals. The calculated northeastern Angola paleogeotherm is consistent with a single value for the CA and the CU79 kimberlites. The differences in T-P values between these kimberlites may reflect the different way each kimberlite sampled the lithosphere. The lithospheric thickness calculated from the northeastern Angola paleogeotherm yielded 192 km. This research shows that the absence of fresh Mg-rich ilmenite in the Catoca kimberlite (one of the largest bodies of kimberlite in the world), as well as the occurrence of Fe3+-rich ilmenite, do not exclude the presence of diamond in the kimberlite. This is a new insight into the concept of ilmenite and diamond exploration, and leads to the conclusion that compositional attributes must be evaluated in light of textural attributes. 3 The tectonic setting of northeastern Angola was influenced by the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean, which reactivated deep NE–SW-trending faults during the early Cretaceous. The new interpretation of a kimberlitic pulse during the middle of the Aptian and the Albian, which provides precise data on the age of a significant diamond-bearing kimberlite pulse in Angola, will be an important guide in future exploration for diamonds. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the petrogenetic evolution of the kimberlites in northeastern Angola and have important implications for diamond exploration. Keywords: kimberlite; Angola; ilmenite; garnet; clinopyroxene; diamond; zircon; xenolith, mantle, Lucapa. 4 RESUMEN Kimberlitas asociadas a la estructura Lucapa fueron estudiadas mediante geoquímica de elementos mayoritarios y elementos traza tanto en xenolitos del manto, como en macro- y megacristales provenientes de seis chimeneas kimberlíticas localizadas en el noreste de Angola. Cálculos geotermobarométricos se realizaron utilizando xenolitos del manto y cristales individuales de clinopiroxeno bien calibrados. Estudios geocronológicos e isotópicos se realizaron en aquellos casos donde se contaba con muestras de buena calidad disponibles. Los resultados indican que el manto subyacente experimentó diferentes condiciones de equilibrio. Eventos posteriores de enriquecimiento metasomático también apoyan la hipótesis de diferentes fuentes para estas kimberlitas. Los valores de U/Th sugieren al menos dos fuentes diferentes para los cristales de circón provenientes de la kimberlita de Catoca. Estas poblaciones diferentes puede reflejar diversas fuentes de magma kimberlítico, donde algunos de los granos podrían haberse producido en unidades del manto metasomatizadas y enriquecidas en U y Th, una idea que es coherente con las dos poblaciones de circón identificados con base en composiciones de elementos traza. Los valores de temperatura y presión calculados a partir de xenolitos muestran menor dispersión que los datos TP calculados a partir de cristales individuales. La paleogeoterma calculada para las kimberlitas de CA y CU79 se ajusta a un solo rango de valores. En general, las diferencias en los valores de PT entre estas kimberlitas pueden reflejar la forma diferencial como cada kimberlita muestrea la litosfera. El espesor de la litosfera calculado a partir de la paleogeoterma es de 192 km para el noreste de Angola. Esta investigación también demuestra que la ausencia de ilmenita fresca rica en Mg en la kimberlita de Catoca (una de las kimberlitas más grandes del mundo), así como la presencia de ilmenita rica en Fe3+ no excluye la presencia de diamantes en dicha kimberlita. Esta es una nueva 5 visión sobre el concepto de ilmenita en la exploración de diamantes, y conduce a la conclusión de que los estudios de composición deben estar acompañados de caracterizaciones texturales. El ambiente tectónico en el noreste de Angola fue influenciado por la apertura del Océano Atlántico Sur, lo cual reactivó profundas fallas con tren NE-SW durante el Cretácico temprano. La nueva interpretación de un pulso kimberlítico durante la mitad del Aptiense y Albiense proporciona datos precisos sobre la edad de un pulso kimberlítico diamantífero muy significativo en Angola, esta información será una guía importante para futura exploración de diamante. Estos resultados también contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la evolución petrogenética de las kimberlitas en el noreste de Angola y tienen importantes implicaciones para la exploración de diamante. Palabras clave: kimberlita; Angola; ilmenita; granate; clinopiroxeno; diamante; circón; xenolito, manto, Lucapa. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................3 RESUMEN…................................................................................................................................5 TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................7 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS AND PARTICIPATION OF SERC IN EACH PUBLICATION……....................................................................................................................8 PREFACE...................................................................................................................................10
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